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PEARSON EDEXGEL INTERNATIONAL AS / A LEVEL

PHYSICS STUDENT BOOK 1 物理学生读物 1

MILES HUDSON 迈尔斯·哈德森

PDF COMPILED BY SAAD 由 SAAD 编译的 PDF

PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL AS/A LEVEL PHYSICS
培生爱德思国际 AS/A LEVEL 物理

Student Book 1 学生用书 1
Miles Hudson 迈尔斯·哈德森
Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R ORL.
由 Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R ORL 出版。

www.pearsonglobalschools.com
Copies of official specifications for all Pearson Edexcel qualifications may be found on the website: https://qualifications.pearson.com
所有 Pearson Edexcel 资格证书的官方规格副本可在网站上找到:https://qualifications.pearson.com
Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018
文 © 培生教育有限公司 2018

Designed by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK
由英国盖茨黑德的 Tech-Set Ltd 设计

Edited by Kate Blackham and Jane Read
编辑:Kate Blackham 和 Jane Read

Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK
由英国盖茨黑德的 Tech-Set Ltd 排版

Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018
原创插图 © 培生教育有限公司 2018

Cover design by Pearson Education Limited 2018
封面设计:培生教育有限公司 2018

Picture research by Aptara, Inc
图片研究由 Aptara, Inc 提供

Cover photo © RUSSELL CROMAN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
封面照片 © RUSSELL CROMAN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Inside front cover photo: Dmitry Lobanov
封面内页照片:Dmitry Lobanov

The right of Miles Hudson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Miles Hudson 有权根据 1988 年《版权、设计和专利法》主张被确定为本作品的作者。
First published 2018 首次发布于 2018 年
21201918
10987654321
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
大英图书馆出版物数据编目

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
本书的目录记录可从大英图书馆获得

ISBN 9781292244877 国际标准书号9781292244877
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Barnard’s Inn, 86 Fetter Lane, London EC4A 1EN (www.cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission should be addressed to the publisher.
保留所有权利。未经版权所有者的书面许可,不得以任何形式或任何方式复制本出版物的任何部分(包括通过电子方式将其影印或存储在任何媒体中,无论是否暂时或偶然地用于本出版物的其他用途),除非符合版权的规定, 1988 年《外观设计和专利法》或根据版权许可机构颁发的许可条款,Barnard's Inn, 86 Fetter Lane, London EC4A 1EN (www.cla.co.uk)。版权所有者书面许可的申请应提交给出版商。
Printed by Neografia in Slovakia
由 Neografia 在斯洛伐克印刷

Endorsement statement 认可声明

In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated Pearson qualification, it has been through a review process by the awarding body. This process confirmed that this resource fully covers the teaching and learning content of the specification at which it is aimed. It also confirms that it demonstrates an appropriate balance between the development of subject skills, knowledge and understanding, in addition to preparation for assessment.
为了确保该资源为相关的 Pearson 资格认证提供高质量的支持,它已通过颁奖机构的审查过程。这个过程证实了该资源完全涵盖了其所针对的规范的教学内容。它还证实,除了为评估做准备外,它还展示了学科技能、知识和理解的发展之间的适当平衡。
Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes (e.g. practice questions or advice on how to answer assessment questions) included in the resource, nor does it prescribe any particular approach to the teaching or delivery of a related course.
认可不包括资源中包含的任何评估活动或过程的指导(例如练习题或关于如何回答评估问题的建议),也不规定相关课程的教学或交付的任何特定方法。
While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the qualification and its assessment is accurate, the official specification and associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative source of information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance.
虽然出版商已尽一切努力确保有关资格认证及其评估的建议准确无误,但官方规范和相关的评估指导材料是唯一的权威信息来源,应始终参考以获得明确的指导。
Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to examination papers for which they have responsibility.
Pearson 考官未为本资源中与其负责的试卷相关的任何部分做出贡献。
Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any assessment set by Pearson. Endorsement of a resource does not mean that the resource is required to achieve this Pearson qualification, nor does it mean that it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and any resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources.
考官不会使用认可的资源作为 Pearson 设置的任何评估的材料来源。认可资源并不意味着需要该资源才能获得此 Pearson 资格,也不意味着它是支持该资格的唯一合适材料,颁奖机构制作的任何资源清单均应包括此资源和其他适当资源。

Acknowledgements 确认

Logos 标志

Logo on page 168 from LIFEPAK® 1000 DEFIBRILLATOR brochure, http://www. physio-control.com/uploadedFiles/Physio85/Contents/Emergency_Medical_Care/ Products/Brochures/LP1000_Brochure 20w 20Rechargable 20Battery_3303851_C. pdf, copyright © 2012 Physio-Control, Inc.
LIFEPAK® 1000 除颤监护仪手册第 168 页的徽标,http://wwwphysio-control.com/uploadedFiles/Physio85/Contents/Emergency_Medical_Care/产品/宣传册/LP1000_Brochure 20w 20可充电20Battery_3303851_C. pdf,版权所有 © 2012 Physio-Control, Inc.

Tables 

Table on page 84 from Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 6th Edition, published by Mountaineers Books, Seattle and Quiller Publishing, Shrewsbury 148, copyright © 1997. Illustration and table reprinted with permission of the publisher; Table on page 84 adapted from ‘The 2013/14 catalogue of DMM International’, www.dmmwales.com. Reproduced with permission from DMM International Ltd; Table on page 144 from ‘Electrical Power Annual’ report, December 2013, The United States Energy Information Association Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration (Dec 2013).
第 84 页的表格,摘自《登山:山丘的自由》,第 6 版,由西雅图登山者图书公司和 Quiller 出版社出版,什鲁斯伯里 148 号,版权所有 © 1997。插图和表格经出版商许可转载;第 84 页的表格改编自 www.dmmwales.com 的“DMM International 2013/14 目录”。经 DMM International Ltd 许可转载;第 144 页的表格摘自“电力年度”报告,2013 年 12 月,美国能源信息协会来源:美国能源信息署(2013 年 12 月)。

Text 发短信

Extract on page 54 from manufacture hockey goalkeeping equipment, 8 July 2014, http://www.obo.co.nz/the-o-lab, OBO. Reproduced by permission; Extract on page 70 from ‘What is a Plimsoll line?’, http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/plimsoll-line. html. Source: NOAA’s National Ocean Service; Extract on page 96 from USGC FAQs, http://www.usgs.gov/faq. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Department of the Interior/USGS; Extract on page 114 adapted from ‘Tuning the Marimba Bar and Resonator’ http://lafavre.us/tuning-marimba, copyright © 2007 Jeffrey La Favre; Extract on page 126 from ‘Forensic Glass Comparison: Background Information Used in Data Interpretation’, publication number 09-04 of the Laboratory Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Vol.11, No 2 (Maureen Bottrell),April 2009, Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Quantico, Virginia, USA; Extract on page 168 from LIFEPAK® 1000 DEFIBRILLATOR brochure, pp. 56-57, http://www. physiocontrol.com /uploadedFiles/Physio85/Contents/Emergency_Medical_ Care/Products/Brochures/LP1000_Brochure%20w%20Rechargable%20 Battery_3303851_C.pdf, copyright © 2012 Physio-Control, Inc. ; Extract on page 190 from ‘Rover Team Working to Diagnose Electrical Issue’, 2 November 2013, http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=3958, Source: NASA.
第 54 页摘自制造曲棍球守门员设备,2014 年 7 月 8 日,http://www.obo.co.nz/the-o-lab,OBO。经许可转载;摘自第 70 页的“什么是 Plimsoll 线?”,http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/plimsoll-line。html 的 URL 中。资料来源:NOAA 国家海洋局;第 96 页摘自 USGC 常见问题解答,http://www.usgs.gov/faq。资料来源:美国地质调查局内政部/USGS;第 114 页摘录自“调整马林巴琴杆和共鸣器”http://lafavre.us/tuning-marimba,版权所有 © 2007 Jeffrey La Favre;第 126 页摘自“法医玻璃比较:数据解释中使用的背景信息”,联邦调查局实验室部门出版物编号 09-04,第 11 卷,第 2 期 (Maureen Bottrell),2009 年 4 月,来源:美国弗吉尼亚州匡蒂科联邦调查局;摘自 LIFEPAK® 1000 除颤监护仪手册第 168 页,第 56-57 页,http://wwwphysiocontrol.com /uploadedFiles/Physio85/Contents/Emergency_Medical_ Care/Products/Brochures/LP1000_Brochure%20w%20Rechargable%20 Battery_3303851_C.pdf,版权所有 © 2012 Physio-Control, Inc. ;摘自“漫游者团队致力于诊断电气问题”,2013 年 11 月 2 日,http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=3958,来源:NASA。
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material reproduced in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in subsequent printings if notice is given to the publishers.
已尽一切努力联系本书中转载材料的版权所有者。如果通知出版商,任何遗漏将在后续印刷中得到纠正。
For Photo and Figure Acknowedgements please see page 214
有关照片和图表致谢,请参见第 214 页

COURSE STRUCTURE … iv 课程结构 ...四
ABOUT THIS BOOK … vi
关于这本书 ...六

PRACTICAL SKILLS … viii 实用技能 ...八
ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW … x x x\mathbf{x}
评估概述 ... x x x\mathbf{x}

WORKING AS A PHYSICIST … 2
作为一名物理学家......2

TOPIC 1 … 8 主题 1 ...8
TOPIC 2 … 58 主题 2 ...58
TOPIC 3 … 88 主题 3 ...88
TOPIC 4 … 148 主题 4 ...148
MATHS SKILLS … 194 数学技能 ...194
PREPARING FOR YOUR EXAMS … 200
准备考试 ...200

SAMPLE EXAM ANSWERS … 202
样本考试答案 ...202

COMMAND WORDS … 205 命令词 ...205
GLOSSARY … 207 词汇表。。。207
INDEX … 211 指数。。。211

WORKING AS A PHYSICIST 作为物理学家工作

1 STANDARD UNITS IN PHYSICS
1 物理学标准单位
2 ESTIMATION 2 估计

TOPIC 1 MECHANICS 主题 1:机制

1A MOTION 1A 运动
1 VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
1 速度和加速度
2 MOTION GRAPHS 2 个运动图
3 ADDING FORCES 15 3 加力 15
4 MOMENTS 17 4 时刻 17
5 NEWTON’S LAWS 5 牛顿定律
OF MOTION 运动
6 KINEMATICS EQUATIONS 23
6 运动学方程 23

7 RESOLVING VECTORS 26 7 解析矢量 26
8 PROJECTILES 28 8 弹道 28
THINKING BIGGER: 放眼大处:
THE BATTLE OF AGRA 30
阿格拉战役 30

EXAM PRACTICE 32 考试练习 32
1B ENERGY 34 1B 能源 34
1 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGIES36
1 引力势和动能ENERGIES36
2 WORK AND POWER 39
2 工作和力量 39

THINKING BIGGER: 放眼大处:
THE MECHANICS 机制
OF SOCCER42
EXAM PRACTICE … 44 考试练习 ...44
1C MOMENTUM 1C 动量 46
1 MOMENTUM 1 动量 48
2 CONSERVATION OF 2 保护
LINEAR MOMENTUM 线性动量 50
1C MOMENTUM 46 1 MOMENTUM 48 2 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM 50| 1C MOMENTUM | 46 | | :--- | :--- | | 1 MOMENTUM | 48 | | 2 CONSERVATION OF | | | LINEAR MOMENTUM | 50 |
THINKING BIGGER: 放眼大处:
SAVING HOCKEY GOALKEEPERS
拯救曲棍球守门员

EXAM PRACTICE … 56 考试练习 ...56
TOPIC 2 主题 2
MATERIALS 材料
2A FLUIDS … 58 2A 流体 ...58
1 FLUIDS, DENSITY AND UPTHRUST … 60
1 流体、密度和上推力 ...60

2 FLUID MOVEMENT … 63
2 流畅的运动 ...63

3 VISCOSITY … 65 3 粘度 ...65
4 TERMINAL VELOCITY … 67
4 终端速度 ...67

THINKING BIGGER: 放眼大处:
THE PLIMSOLL LINE … 70
普利姆索尔线 ...70

EXAM PRACTICE … 72 考试练习 ...72
2B SOLID MATERIAL PROPERTIES … 74
2B 固体材料特性 ...74

1 HOOKE’S LAW … 76
1 胡克定律 ...76

2 STRESS, STRAIN AND THE YOUNG MODULUS … 79
2 应力、应变和杨氏模量 ...79

3 STRESS-STRAIN GRAPHS … 81
3 应力-应变图 ...81

THINKING BIGGER 放眼更远
GET ROPED IN … 84
加入 ...84

EXAM PRACTICE … 86 考试练习 ...86

TOPIC 3
WAVES AND PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT
主题 3 光的波和粒子性质

3A BASIC WAVES 88 3A 基本波 88
1 WAVE BASICS 90 1 WAVE 基础知识 90
2 WAVE TYPES 93 2 波型 93
THINKING BIGGER: 放眼大处:
EARTHQUAKE 地震
96
EXAM PRACTICE … 98 考试练习 ...98
3B THE BEHAVIOUR OF WAVES … 100
3B 波浪的行为......100

1 WAVE PHASE AND SUPERPOSITION … 102
1 波相位和叠加 ...102

2 STATIONARY WAVES … 105
2 驻波 ...105

3 DIFFRACTION … 108 3 衍射 ...108
4 WAVE INTERFERENCE … 111
4 波干扰111

THINKING BIGGER THE MARIMBA … 114
想得更大 马林巴琴 ...114

EXAM PRACTICE … 116 考试练习 ...116
3C MORE WAVE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT … 118
3C 更多光的波浪特性118

1 REFRACTION … 120 1 折射 ...120
2 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION … 122
2 全内反射 ...122

3 POLARISATION … 124 3 极化 ...124
THINKING BIGGER: GLASS FORENSICS … 126
放眼大处:玻璃法医 ...126

EXAM PRACTICE … 128 考试练习 ...128

3D QUANTUM PHYSICS 3D 量子物理学

1 WAVE-PARTICLE 1 波粒
DUALITY 二重性
2 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
2 光电效应
3 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION AND INTERFERENCE
3 电子衍射和干涉
4 ATOMIC ELECTRON ENERGIES
4 原子电子能
THINKING BIGGER: 放眼大处:
SOLAR CELLS TO POWER 太阳能电池供电
THE USA? 美国?
EXAM PRACTICE 考试练习
TOPIC 4 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
主题 4 电路

4A ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES 4A 电量

1 ELECTRIC CURRENT 1 电流
2 ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRANSFER
2 电能传输
3 CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIPS156
3 电流和电压 RELATIONSHIPS156

4 RESISTIVITY … 159 4 电阻率 ...159
5 CONDUCTION AND RESISTANCE … 161
5 传导和电阻161

6 SEMICONDUCTORS … 164 6 半导体 ...164
THINKING BIGGER: 放眼大处:
SHOCKING STUFF … 168 令人震惊的东西......168
EXAM PRACTICE … 170 考试练习 ...170
4B COMPLETE 4B 完成
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS … 172
电路。。。172

1 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS … 174
1 串联和并联电路 ...174

2 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT RULES … 178
2 电路规则178

3 POTENTIAL DIVIDERS … 180
3 个可能的分隔器 ...180

4 EMF AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE … 184
4 电动势和内阻 ...184

5 POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS … 186
5 电路中的电源 ...186

THINKING BIGGER: 放眼大处:
CURIOUS VOLTAGE DROP … 190
奇怪的电压降 ...190

EXAM PRACTICE … 192 考试练习 ...192
MATHS SKILLS … 194 数学技能 ...194
PREPARING FOR YOUR EXAMS … 200
准备考试 ...200

SAMPLE EXAM ANSWERS … 202
样本考试答案 ...202

COMMAND WORDS … 205 命令词 ...205
GLOSSARY … 207 词汇表。。。207
INDEX … 211 指数。。。211

ABOUT THIS BOOK 关于本书

This book is written for students following the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary (IAS) Physics specification. This book covers the full IAS course and the first year of the International A Level (IAL) course.
本书是为遵循 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary (IAS) 物理规范的学生编写的。本书涵盖了完整的 IAS 课程和国际 A Level (IAL) 课程的第一年。
The book contains full coverage of IAS units (or exam papers) 1 and 2. Each unit in the specification has two topic areas. The topics in this book, and their contents, fully match the specification. You can refer to the Assessment Overview on page X X XX for further information. Students can prepare for the written Practical Skills Paper (unit 3) by using the IAL Physics Lab Book (see page viii of this book).
本书全面涵盖 IAS 单元(或试卷)1 和 2。规范中的每个单元都有两个主题区域。本书中的主题及其内容完全符合规范。有关更多信息,请参阅页面上 X X XX 的评估概述。学生可以使用 IAL 物理实验书(见本书第 viii 页)为书面实践技能试卷(第 3 单元)做准备。
Each Topic is divided into chapters and sections to break the content down into manageable chunks. Each section features a mix of learning and activities.
每个主题都分为章节和部分,以将内容分解为可管理的块。每个部分都包含学习和活动。
Learning objectives 学习目标
Each chapter starts with a list of key assessment objectives.
每章都以关键评估目标列表开始。

1 A 1 VELOCITY AND ACGELERATION
1 A 1 速度和加速度

Mowemenn is fundamental to the denctioning of our univesse. Whetber you are rurring to catch a
Mowemenn 是我们大学的基础。你急于赶上

RATE OF MOVEMENT 移动速率
One of the simplest thans we can measure is how tas an abject is moving You can cakculate an arestain distance
我们可以测量的最简单的方法之一是 tas an abject 是如何移动的 You can cakculate a arestain distance

Howews the calculstion for powed will only tell you how fast an nbigect is moring Often it is also
Howews powed 的计算只会告诉你 nbigect 的 moring 有多快 通常也是



OR v = s t v = Δ s M v = s t v = Δ s M quad^(v=(s)/(t))v=(Delta s)/(M)\quad{ }^{v=\frac{s}{t}} \mathrm{v}=\frac{\Delta s}{M}  v = s t v = Δ s M v = s t v = Δ s M quad^(v=(s)/(t))v=(Delta s)/(M)\quad{ }^{v=\frac{s}{t}} \mathrm{v}=\frac{\Delta s}{M}

the messurement is reseredet to os a a colalar quasunity The
测量是 reseredet to os a a colalar quasunity

scalar. aistarce is a scalar and depplacement is a vectoc.
标量。aistarce 是标量,而 depplacement 是 vectoc。

Specification reference The exact specification references covered in the section are provided.
规范参考 提供了本节中涵盖的确切规范参考。
Subject vocabulary 学科词汇
Key terms are highlighted in blue in the text. Clear definitions are provided at the end of each section for easy reference, and are also collated in a glossary at the back of the book.
关键术语在文本中以蓝色突出显示。每个部分的末尾都提供了清晰的定义,以便于参考,并且还整理在本书后面的词汇表中。

Exam hints 考试提示

Tips on how to answer examstyle questions and guidance for exam preparation. Worked examples also show you how to work through questions and set out calculations.
有关如何回答 Examstyle 问题的提示和考试准备指南。工作示例还向您展示了如何解决问题和设置计算。

Checkpoint 检查站

Questions at the end of each section check understanding of the key learning points in each chapter.
每部分末尾的问题检查对每章中关键学习点的理解。
These help you focus your learning and avoid common errors.
这些可以帮助您集中精力学习并避免常见错误。
Did you know? 您知道吗?
Interesting facts help you to remember the key concepts.
有趣的事实可以帮助您记住关键概念。
Your learning, chapter by chapter, is always put in context:
您的学习,逐章,始终放在上下文中:
  • Links to other areas of Physics include previous knowledge that is built on in the topic, and future learning that you will cover later in your course.
    指向物理学其他领域的链接包括该主题所建立的先前知识,以及您将在课程后面介绍的未来学习。
  • A checklist details maths knowledge required. If you need to practise these skills, you can use the Maths Skills reference at the back of the book as a starting point.
    清单详细说明了所需的数学知识。如果您需要练习这些技能,您可以使用书后面的 Maths Skills 参考资料作为起点。

TOPIC 1 MECHANICS 主题 1:机制

1A MOTION 1A 运动








MathS sKILL FOR THIS CHAPTER
MathS sKILL 本章

Unit of messuremem ieg are nemoan n n nn






1A THINKING BIGGER 1A 思考更大
THE BATTLE OF AGRA 阿格拉战役


Thinking Bigger 放眼大处

At the end of each topic, there is an opportunity to read and work with real-life research and writing about science. The activities help you to read real-life material that’s relevant to your course, analyse how scientists write, think critically and consider how different aspects of your learning piece together.
在每个主题的末尾,都有机会阅读和处理现实生活中的研究以及有关科学的写作。这些活动可帮助您阅读与您的课程相关的现实生活中的材料,分析科学家的写作方式,批判性地思考,并考虑学习的不同方面如何组合在一起。

Skills 技能

These sections will help you develop transferable skills, which are highly valued in further study and the workplace.
这些部分将帮助您培养可转移的技能,这些技能在进一步学习和工作场所中受到高度重视。

Exam Practice 考试练习

Exam-style questions at the end of each chapter are tailored to the Pearson Edexcel specification to allow for practice and development of exam writing technique. They also allow for practice responding to the command words used in the exams (see the command words glossary at the back of this book).
每章末尾的考试式问题是根据 Pearson Edexcel 规范量身定制的,以便练习和发展考试写作技巧。它们还允许练习回答考试中使用的命令词(请参阅本书后面的命令词词汇表)。

1A EXAM PRACTICE 1A 考试练习


PRACTICAL SKILLS 实践技能

Practical work is central to the study of physics. The Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary (IAS) Physics specification includes eight Core Practicals that link theoretical knowledge and understanding to practical scenarios.
实践工作是物理学研究的核心。Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary (IAS) 物理规范包括八项核心实践,将理论知识和理解与实际场景联系起来。
Your knowledge and understanding of practical skills and activities will be assessed in all examination papers for the IAS Level Physics qualification.
您对实践技能和活动的知识和理解将在 IAS Level Physics 资格的所有试卷中进行评估。
  • Papers 1 and 2 will include questions based on practical activities, including novel scenarios.
    试卷 1 和 2 将包括基于实践活动的问题,包括新场景。
  • Paper 3 will test your ability to plan practical work, including risk management and selection of apparatus.
    试卷 3 将测试您规划实际工作的能力,包括风险管理和设备选择。
In order to develop practical skills, you should carry out a range of practical experiments related to the topics covered in your course. Further suggestions in addition to the Core Practicals are included below.
为了培养实践技能,您应该进行一系列与课程涵盖的主题相关的实践实验。除了核心实践之外,下面还包括更多建议。
STUDENT BOOK TOPIC 学生用书主题 IAS CORE PRACTICALS IAS 核心实践
TOPIC 1 MECHANICS 主题 1:机制 CP1 Determine the acceleration of a freelyfalling object
确定自由落体物体的加速度
 主题 2 材料
TOPIC 2
MATERIALS
TOPIC 2 MATERIALS| TOPIC 2 | | :--- | | MATERIALS |
CP2 Use a falling-ball method to determine the viscosity of a liquid
使用落球法测定液体的粘度
CP3 Determine the Young modulus of a material
确定材料的杨氏模量

主题 3:波和光的粒子性质
TOPIC 3
WAVES AND THE PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT
TOPIC 3 WAVES AND THE PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT| TOPIC 3 | | :--- | | WAVES AND THE PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT |
CP4 Determine the speed of sound in air using a two-beam oscilloscope, signal generator, speaker and microphone
使用双波束示波器、信号发生器、扬声器和麦克风确定空气中的声速
CP5 Investigate the effects of length, tension and mass per unit length on the frequency of a vibrating string or wire
研究长度、张力和每单位长度的质量对振弦或线材频率的影响
CP6 Determine the wavelength of light from a laser or other light source using a diffraction grating
使用衍射光栅确定来自激光或其他光源的光的波长

主题 4 电路
TOPIC 4
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
TOPIC 4 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS| TOPIC 4 | | :--- | | ELECTRIC CIRCUITS |
CP7 Determine the electrical resistivity of a material
确定材料的电阻率
CP8 Determine the e.m.f. and internal resistance of an electrical cell
确定电池的电动势和内阻
STUDENT BOOK TOPIC IAS CORE PRACTICALS TOPIC 1 MECHANICS CP1 Determine the acceleration of a freelyfalling object "TOPIC 2 MATERIALS" CP2 Use a falling-ball method to determine the viscosity of a liquid CP3 Determine the Young modulus of a material "TOPIC 3 WAVES AND THE PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT" CP4 Determine the speed of sound in air using a two-beam oscilloscope, signal generator, speaker and microphone CP5 Investigate the effects of length, tension and mass per unit length on the frequency of a vibrating string or wire CP6 Determine the wavelength of light from a laser or other light source using a diffraction grating "TOPIC 4 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS" CP7 Determine the electrical resistivity of a material CP8 Determine the e.m.f. and internal resistance of an electrical cell| STUDENT BOOK TOPIC | IAS CORE PRACTICALS | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | TOPIC 1 MECHANICS | CP1 | Determine the acceleration of a freelyfalling object | | TOPIC 2 <br> MATERIALS | CP2 | Use a falling-ball method to determine the viscosity of a liquid | | | CP3 | Determine the Young modulus of a material | | TOPIC 3 <br> WAVES AND THE PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT | CP4 | Determine the speed of sound in air using a two-beam oscilloscope, signal generator, speaker and microphone | | | CP5 | Investigate the effects of length, tension and mass per unit length on the frequency of a vibrating string or wire | | | CP6 | Determine the wavelength of light from a laser or other light source using a diffraction grating | | TOPIC 4 <br> ELECTRIC CIRCUITS | CP7 | Determine the electrical resistivity of a material | | | CP8 | Determine the e.m.f. and internal resistance of an electrical cell |

UNIT 1 (TOPICS 1 AND 2) MECHANICS AND MATERIALS
第 1 单元(主题 1 和 2)力学和材料

Possible further practicals include:
可能的进一步实践包括:
  • Strobe photography or the use of a video camera to analyse projectile motion
    频闪摄影或使用摄像机分析弹丸运动
  • Determine the centre of gravity of an irregular rod
    确定不规则杆的重心
  • Investigate the conservation of momentum using light gates and air track
    使用光门和空气轨迹研究动量守恒
  • Hooke’s law and the Young modulus experiments for a variety of materials
    各种材料的胡克定律和杨氏模量实验

UNIT 2 (TOPICS 3 AND 4)
第 2 单元(主题 3 和 4)

WAVES AND ELECTRICITY 波浪和电
Possible further practicals include:
可能的进一步实践包括:
  • Estimating power output of an electric motor
    估算电动机的功率输出
  • Using a digital voltmeter to investigate the output of a potential divider and investigating current/ voltage graphs for a filament bulb, thermistor and diode
    使用数字电压表研究分压器的输出,并研究白炽灯泡、热敏电阻和二极管的电流/电压图
  • Determining the refractive index of solids and liquids, demonstrating progressive and stationary waves on a slinky
    测定固体和液体的折射率,在 slinky 上展示行波和驻波

In the Student Book, the Core Practical specification and Lab Book references are supplied in the relevant sections.
在 Student Book 中,相关部分提供了 Core Practical 规范和 Lab Book 参考资料。

Practical Skills 实践技能

Practical skills boxes explain techniques used in the Core Practicals, and also detail useful skills and knowledge gained in other related investigations.
实用技能框解释了核心实践中使用的技术,还详细介绍了在其他相关调查中获得的有用技能和知识。
This Student Book is accompanied by a Lab Book, which includes instructions and writing frames for the Core Practicals for students to record their results and reflect on their work.
这本学生用书附有一本实验本,其中包括核心实践的说明和写作框架,供学生记录他们的结果并反思他们的工作。

Practical skills checklists, practice questions and answers are also provided.
还提供实用技能清单、练习题和答案。

The Lab Book records can be used as preparation and revision for the Practical Skills Paper.
实验手册记录可用作实用技能试卷的准备和修订。

ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW 评估概述

The following tables give an overview of the assessment for Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary course in Physics. You should study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in each part of the examination. More information about this qualification, and about the question types in the different papers, can be found on page 200 of this book.
下表概述了 Pearson Edexcel 国际物理高级辅助课程的评估。您应该仔细研究这些信息,以帮助确保您为本课程做好充分准备,并确切了解考试的每个部分会发生什么。有关此资格以及不同论文中问题类型的更多信息,请参见本书的第 200 页。
PAPER / UNIT 1 纸张 / 单元 1 PERCENTAGE OF IAS IAS 的百分比 PERGENTAGE OF IAL IAL 的持久性 MARK TIME AVAILABILITY

机械和材料 笔试卷 试卷代码 WPH11/01 外部设置和评分 由 Pearson Edexcel 进行单级参赛
MECHANICS AND MATERIALS
Written exam paper
Paper code
WPH11/01
Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel
Single tier of entry
MECHANICS AND MATERIALS Written exam paper Paper code WPH11/01 Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel Single tier of entry| MECHANICS AND MATERIALS | | :--- | | Written exam paper | | Paper code | | WPH11/01 | | Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel | | Single tier of entry |
40 % 40 % 40%40 \% 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% 80

1 小时 30 分钟
1 hour
30 minutes
1 hour 30 minutes| 1 hour | | :--- | | 30 minutes |

1 月、6 月和 10 月 第一次评估 : 2019 年 1 月
January, June and October
First assessment : January 2019
January, June and October First assessment : January 2019| January, June and October | | :--- | | First assessment : January 2019 |
PAPER / UNIT 2 纸张 / 单元 2 PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OF IAL IAL 的百分比 MARK TIME AVAILABILITY

WAVES AND ELECTRICITY 笔试卷 试卷代码 WPH12/01 外部设置和评分 由 Pearson Edexcel 单级参赛
WAVES AND ELECTRICITY
Written exam paper
Paper code
WPH12/01
Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel
Single tier of entry
WAVES AND ELECTRICITY Written exam paper Paper code WPH12/01 Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel Single tier of entry| WAVES AND ELECTRICITY | | :--- | | Written exam paper | | Paper code | | WPH12/01 | | Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel | | Single tier of entry |
40 % 40 % 40%40 \% 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% 80

1 小时 30 分钟
1 hour
30 minutes
1 hour 30 minutes| 1 hour | | :--- | | 30 minutes |

2019 年 1 月、6 月和 10 月第一次评估
January, June and October
First assessment June 2019
January, June and October First assessment June 2019| January, June and October | | :--- | | First assessment June 2019 |
PAPER / UNIT 3 纸张 / 单元 3 PERCENTAGE
 IAL 的百分比
PERCENTAGE
OF IAL
PERCENTAGE OF IAL| PERCENTAGE | | :--- | | OF IAL |
MARK TIME AVAILABILITY

物理实用技能 1 笔试 试卷编号 WPH13/01 外部设置和评分 由 Pearson Edexcel 单级参赛
PRACTICAL SKILLS IN PHYSICS 1
Written examination
Paper code
WPH13/01
Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel
Single tier of entry
PRACTICAL SKILLS IN PHYSICS 1 Written examination Paper code WPH13/01 Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel Single tier of entry| PRACTICAL SKILLS IN PHYSICS 1 | | :--- | | Written examination | | Paper code | | WPH13/01 | | Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel | | Single tier of entry |
20 % 20 % 20%20 \% 10 % 10 % 10%10 \% 50 1 hour 20 minutes 1 小时 20 分钟

1 月、6 月和 10 月 第一次评估 : 2019 年 6 月
January, June and October
First assessment : June 2019
January, June and October First assessment : June 2019| January, June and October | | :--- | | First assessment : June 2019 |
PAPER / UNIT 1 PERCENTAGE OF IAS PERGENTAGE OF IAL MARK TIME AVAILABILITY "MECHANICS AND MATERIALS Written exam paper Paper code WPH11/01 Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel Single tier of entry" 40% 20% 80 "1 hour 30 minutes" "January, June and October First assessment : January 2019" PAPER / UNIT 2 PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE OF IAL MARK TIME AVAILABILITY "WAVES AND ELECTRICITY Written exam paper Paper code WPH12/01 Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel Single tier of entry" 40% 20% 80 "1 hour 30 minutes" "January, June and October First assessment June 2019" PAPER / UNIT 3 PERCENTAGE "PERCENTAGE OF IAL" MARK TIME AVAILABILITY "PRACTICAL SKILLS IN PHYSICS 1 Written examination Paper code WPH13/01 Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel Single tier of entry" 20% 10% 50 1 hour 20 minutes "January, June and October First assessment : June 2019"| PAPER / UNIT 1 | PERCENTAGE OF IAS | PERGENTAGE OF IAL | MARK | TIME | AVAILABILITY | | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | MECHANICS AND MATERIALS <br> Written exam paper <br> Paper code <br> WPH11/01 <br> Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel <br> Single tier of entry | $40 \%$ | $20 \%$ | 80 | 1 hour <br> 30 minutes | January, June and October <br> First assessment : January 2019 | | PAPER / UNIT 2 | PERCENTAGE | PERCENTAGE OF IAL | MARK | TIME | AVAILABILITY | | WAVES AND ELECTRICITY <br> Written exam paper <br> Paper code <br> WPH12/01 <br> Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel <br> Single tier of entry | $40 \%$ | $20 \%$ | 80 | 1 hour <br> 30 minutes | January, June and October <br> First assessment June 2019 | | PAPER / UNIT 3 | PERCENTAGE | PERCENTAGE <br> OF IAL | MARK | TIME | AVAILABILITY | | PRACTICAL SKILLS IN PHYSICS 1 <br> Written examination <br> Paper code <br> WPH13/01 <br> Externally set and marked by Pearson Edexcel <br> Single tier of entry | $20 \%$ | $10 \%$ | 50 | 1 hour 20 minutes | January, June and October <br> First assessment : June 2019 |

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND WEIGHTINGS
评估目标和权重

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE 评估目标 DESCRIPTION % IN IAS IAS 中的百分比 % IN IA2 IA2 中的百分比 % IN IAL 在 IAL 中 %
A01 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of science
展示对科学的知识和理解
34 36 34 36 34-3634-36 29 31 29 31 29-3129-31 32 34 32 34 32-3432-34
A02

(a) 在熟悉和不熟悉的环境中应用知识和对科学的理解。 (b) 分析和评估科学信息以做出判断并得出结论。
(a) Application of knowledge and understanding of science in
familiar and unfamiliar contexts.
(b) Analysis and evaluation of scientific information to make
judgments and reach conclusions.
(a) Application of knowledge and understanding of science in familiar and unfamiliar contexts. (b) Analysis and evaluation of scientific information to make judgments and reach conclusions.| (a) Application of knowledge and understanding of science in | | :--- | | familiar and unfamiliar contexts. | | (b) Analysis and evaluation of scientific information to make | | judgments and reach conclusions. |
34 36 34 36 34-3634-36 33 36 33 36 33-3633-36 34 36 34 36 34-3634-36
A03

科学实验技能,包括数据和方法的分析和评估
Experimental skills in science, including analysis and evaluation
of data and methods
Experimental skills in science, including analysis and evaluation of data and methods| Experimental skills in science, including analysis and evaluation | | :--- | | of data and methods |
20 14 16 14 16 14-1614-16 11 14 11 14 11-1411-14
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION % IN IAS % IN IA2 % IN IAL A01 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of science 34-36 29-31 32-34 A02 "(a) Application of knowledge and understanding of science in familiar and unfamiliar contexts. (b) Analysis and evaluation of scientific information to make judgments and reach conclusions." 34-36 33-36 34-36 A03 "Experimental skills in science, including analysis and evaluation of data and methods" 20 14-16 11-14| ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE | DESCRIPTION | % IN IAS | % IN IA2 | % IN IAL | | :---: | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | | A01 | Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of science | $34-36$ | $29-31$ | $32-34$ | | A02 | (a) Application of knowledge and understanding of science in <br> familiar and unfamiliar contexts. <br> (b) Analysis and evaluation of scientific information to make <br> judgments and reach conclusions. | $34-36$ | $33-36$ | $34-36$ | | A03 | Experimental skills in science, including analysis and evaluation <br> of data and methods | 20 | $14-16$ | $11-14$ |

RELATIONSHIP OF ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES TO UNITS
评估目标与单位的关系

UNIT NUMBER 单元号 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE 评估目标
A01 A02 (a) A02 (一) A02 (b) A02 (二) A03
UNIT 1 单元 1 17 18 17 18 17-1817-18 17 18 17 18 17-1817-18 4.5 5.5 4.5 5.5 4.5-5.54.5-5.5 0.0
UNIT 2 第 2 单元 17 18 17 18 17-1817-18 17 18 17 18 17-1817-18 4.5 5.5 4.5 5.5 4.5-5.54.5-5.5 0.0
UNIT 3 第 3 单元 0.0 0.0 0.0 20
TOTAL FOR INTERNATIONAL ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY
国际先进子公司合计
34 36 34 36 34-3634-36 34 36 34 36 34-3634-36 9 11 9 11 9-119-11 20
UNIT NUMBER ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE A01 A02 (a) A02 (b) A03 UNIT 1 17-18 17-18 4.5-5.5 0.0 UNIT 2 17-18 17-18 4.5-5.5 0.0 UNIT 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 20 TOTAL FOR INTERNATIONAL ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY 34-36 34-36 9-11 20| UNIT NUMBER | ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE | | | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | | A01 | A02 (a) | A02 (b) | A03 | | UNIT 1 | $17-18$ | $17-18$ | $4.5-5.5$ | 0.0 | | UNIT 2 | $17-18$ | $17-18$ | $4.5-5.5$ | 0.0 | | UNIT 3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20 | | TOTAL FOR INTERNATIONAL ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY | $34-36$ | $34-36$ | $9-11$ | 20 |

WORKING AS A PHYSICIST 作为物理学家工作

Throughout your study of physics, you will develop knowledge and understanding of what it means to work scientifically. You will develop confidence in key scientific skills, such as handling and controlling quantities and units and making estimates. You will also learn about the ways in which the scientific community functions and how society as a whole uses scientific ideas.
在整个物理学习过程中,您将发展对科学工作意味着什么的知识和理解。您将培养对关键科学技能的信心,例如处理和控制数量和单位以及进行估算。您还将了解科学界的运作方式以及整个社会如何使用科学思想。

At the end of each chapter in this book, there is a section called Thinking Bigger. These sections are based broadly on the content of the chapter just completed, but they will also draw on your previous learning from earlier in the course or from your previous studies and point towards future learning and less familiar contexts. The Thinking Bigger sections will also help you to develop transferable skills. By working through these sections, you will:
在本书每一章的末尾,都有一个名为 Thinking bigger 的部分。这些部分大致基于刚刚完成的章节的内容,但它们也将借鉴您之前在课程早期或以前的学习中的学习,并指出未来的学习和不太熟悉的背景。Thinking Bigger 部分也将帮助您培养可转移的技能。通过完成这些部分,您将:
  • read real-life scientific writing in a variety of contexts and aimed at different audiences
    在各种环境中阅读针对不同受众的真实科学著作
  • develop an understanding of how the professional scientific community functions
    了解专业科学界的运作方式
  • learn to think critically about the nature of what you have read
    学会批判性地思考你所读内容的本质
  • understand the issues, problems and challenges that may be raised
    了解可能提出的问题、问题和挑战
  • gain practice in communicating information and ideas in an appropriate scientific way
    获得以适当的科学方式传达信息和想法的练习
  • apply your knowledge and understanding to unfamiliar contexts.
    将您的知识和理解应用于不熟悉的环境。
You will also gain scientific skills through the hands-on practical work that forms an essential part of your course. As well as understanding the experimental methods of the practicals, it is important that you develop the skills necessary to plan experiments and analyse and evaluate data. Not only are these very important scientific skills, but they will be assessed in your examinations.
您还将通过实践工作获得科学技能,这是您课程的重要组成部分。除了了解实践的实验方法外,您还必须培养规划实验以及分析和评估数据所需的技能。这些不仅是非常重要的科学技能,而且它们将在您的考试中进行评估。

MATHS SKILLS FOR PHYSICISTS
物理学家的数学技能

  • Recognise and make use of appropriate units in calculations (e.g. knowing the difference between base and derived units)
    在计算中识别并使用适当的单位(例如,了解基本单位和派生单位之间的区别)
  • Estimate results (e.g. estimating the speed of waves on the sea)
    估计结果(例如,估计海浪的速度)
  • Make order of magnitude calculations (e.g. estimating approximately what an answer should be before you start calculating, including using standard form)
    进行数量级计算(例如,在开始计算之前估计大致应该是什么答案,包括使用标准格式)
  • Use algebra to rearrange and solve equations (e.g. finding the landing point of a projectile)
    使用代数重新排列和求解方程(例如,找到弹丸的着陆点)
  • Recognise the importance of the straight line graph as an analysis tool for the verification and development of physical laws by experimentation (e.g. choosing appropriate variables to plot to generate a straight line graph with experimental data)
    认识到直线图作为分析工具的重要性,通过实验验证和发展物理定律(例如,选择合适的变量进行绘制,以生成包含实验数据的直线图)
  • Determine the slope and intercept of a linear graph (e.g. finding acceleration from a velocity-time graph)
    确定线性图的斜率和截距(例如,从速度-时间图中求加速度)
  • Calculate the area under the line on a graph (e.g. finding the energy stored in a stretched wire)
    计算图表上线下的面积(例如,找到存储在拉伸导线中的能量)
  • Use geometry and trigonometry (e.g. finding components of vectors)
    使用几何和三角函数(例如,查找向量的分量)

What prior knowledge do I need?
我需要什么先验知识?

  • Understanding and knowledge of physical facts, terminology, concepts, principles and practical techniques
    理解和了解物理事实、术语、概念、原理和实用技术
  • Applying the concepts and principles of physics, including the applications of physics, to different contexts
    将物理学的概念和原理(包括物理学的应用)应用于不同的环境
  • Appreciating the practical nature of physics and developing experimental and investigative skills based on the use of correct and safe laboratory techniques
    欣赏物理学的实用性,并在使用正确和安全的实验室技术的基础上发展实验和调查技能
  • Communicating scientific methods, conclusions and arguments using technical and mathematical language
    使用技术和数学语言交流科学方法、结论和论点
  • Consideration of the implications, including benefits and risks, of scientific and technological developments
    考虑科学和技术发展的影响,包括利益和风险
  • Understanding how society uses scientific knowledge to make decisions about the implementation of technological developments
    了解社会如何利用科学知识来做出有关技术发展实施的决策

    Understanding of how scientific ideas change over time, and the systems in place to validate these changes
    了解科学思想如何随时间变化,以及验证这些变化的系统

What will I study later?
我以后会学习什么?

  • Knowledge and understanding of further physical facts and terminology, deeper concepts, principles and more complex practical techniques
    了解和理解进一步的物理事实和术语、更深的概念、原理和更复杂的实践技术
  • Practical skills and techniques for some key physics experiments
    一些关键物理实验的实用技能和技巧
  • How to communicate information and ideas in appropriate ways using appropriate terminology
    如何使用适当的术语以适当的方式传达信息和想法
  • The implications of science and their associated benefits and risks
    科学的影响及其相关的益处和风险
  • The role of the scientific community in validating new knowledge and ensuring integrity
    科学界在验证新知识和确保完整性方面的作用
  • The ways in which society uses science to inform decision making
    社会利用科学为决策提供信息的方式

1 STANDARD UNITS IN PHYSICS
1 物理学标准单位

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 学习目标

  • Understand the distinction between base and derived quantities.
    了解基数和派生量之间的区别。

    ■ Understand the idea of a fixed system of units, and explain the SI system.
    ■ 理解固定单位制的概念,并解释 SI 制。

BASE AND DERIVED QUANTITIES
基础数量和派生数量

A fig A The international standard kilogram, officially known as the International Prototype Kilogram, is made from a mixture of platinum and iridium and is held at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Paris. All other masses are defined by comparing with this metal cylinder.
A 图 A 国际标准千克,正式名称为国际原型千克,由铂和铱的混合物制成,保存在巴黎的国际计量局。所有其他质量都是通过与这个金属圆柱体进行比较来定义的。

Some measurements we make are of fundamental qualities of things in the universe. For example, the length of a pencil is a fundamental property of the object. Compare this with the pencil’s speed if you drop it. To give a value to the speed, we have to consider a distance moved, and the rate of motion over that distance - we also need to measure time and then do a calculation. You can see that there is a fundamental difference between the types of quantity that are length and speed. We call the length a base unit, whilst the speed is a derived unit. At present, the international scientific community uses seven base units, and from these all other units are derived. Some derived units have their own names. For example, the derived unit of force should be kg m s 2 kg m s 2 kgms^(-2)\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m} \mathrm{s}^{-2}, but this has been named the newton (N). Other derived units do not get their own name, and we just list the base units that went together in deriving the quantity. For example, speed is measured in m s 1 m s 1 ms^(-1)\mathrm{m} \mathrm{s}^{-1}.
我们所做的一些测量是关于宇宙中事物的基本品质的。例如,铅笔的长度是对象的基本属性。将此值与铅笔掉落时的速度进行比较。为了给速度一个值,我们必须考虑移动的距离,以及该距离上的运动速率 - 我们还需要测量时间,然后进行计算。您可以看到 length 和 speed 的数量类型之间存在根本区别。我们将长度称为基本单位,而速度是派生单位。目前,国际科学界使用七个基本单位,所有其他单位都是从这些单位派生出来的。一些派生单位有自己的名称。例如,力的派生单位应该是 kg m s 2 kg m s 2 kgms^(-2)\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m} \mathrm{s}^{-2} ,但这已被命名为牛顿 (N)。其他派生单位没有自己的名称,我们只列出在派生数量时一起出现的基本单位。例如,速度以 m s 1 m s 1 ms^(-1)\mathrm{m} \mathrm{s}^{-1} 为单位。
BASIC QUANTITY 基本数量 UNIT NAME 单元名称 UNIT SYMBOL 单位符号
mass 质量 kilogram 公斤 kg 公斤
time 时间 second 第二 s
length 长度 metre  m
electric current 电流 ampere 安培 A
temperature 温度 kelvin 开尔文 K
amount of substance 物质量 mole 鼹鼠 mol 摩尔
light intensity 光强度 candela 坎德拉 cd 光盘
BASIC QUANTITY UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL mass kilogram kg time second s length metre m electric current ampere A temperature kelvin K amount of substance mole mol light intensity candela cd| BASIC QUANTITY | UNIT NAME | UNIT SYMBOL | | :--- | :--- | :---: | | mass | kilogram | kg | | time | second | s | | length | metre | m | | electric current | ampere | A | | temperature | kelvin | K | | amount of substance | mole | mol | | light intensity | candela | cd |
table A A A\mathbf{A} The base units.
A A A\mathbf{A} 基本单位。

The choice of which quantities are the base ones is somewhat a matter of choice. The scientists who meet to decide on the standard unit system have chosen these seven. You might think that electric current is not a fundamental property, as it is the rate of movement of charge. So it could be derived from measuring charge and time. However, scientists had to pick what was fundamental and they chose current. This means that electric charge is a derived quantity found by multiplying current passing for a given time.
选择哪些数量是基本数量在某种程度上是一个选择问题。开会决定标准单位制的科学家们选择了这七种。您可能认为电流不是一个基本属性,因为它是电荷的移动速率。因此,它可以从测量电荷和时间中得出。然而,科学家们必须选择什么是基本的,他们选择了电流。这意味着电荷是通过将给定时间内通过的电流相乘得出的量。

SI UNITS 国际单位制

For each of the base units, a meeting is held every four or six years of the General Conference on Weights and Measures, under the authority of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Paris. At this meeting, they either alter the definition, or agree to continue with the current definition. As we learn more and more about the universe, these definitions are gradually moving towards the fundamental constants of nature.
对于每个基本单位,在巴黎国际计量局的授权下,每四年或六年召开一次度量衡大会会议。在这次会议上,他们要么改变定义,要么同意继续当前的定义。随着我们对宇宙的了解越来越多,这些定义正逐渐朝着自然界的基本常数发展。

A fig B A standard metre, made to be exactly the length that light could travel in 1 / 299792458 1 / 299792458 1//2997924581 / 299792458 of a second.
A 图 B A 标准米,正好是光可以传播的 1 / 299792458 1 / 299792458 1//2997924581 / 299792458 一秒长度。
The current definition of each of the seven base units is listed below:
下面列出了 7 个基本单位的当前定义:
  • The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, as in fig A A A\mathbf{A}.
    千克是质量单位;它等于国际原型千克的质量,如图 A A A\mathbf{A} 所示。
  • The second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.
    第二个是辐射的9192631770持续时间,对应于铯 133 原子基态的两个超精细能级之间的跃迁。
  • The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum
    米是光在真空中行进的路径长度
  • during a time interval of 1 299792458 1 299792458 (1)/(299792458)\frac{1}{299792458} of a second (see fig B).
    在一秒的 1 299792458 1 299792458 (1)/(299792458)\frac{1}{299792458} 时间间隔内(见图 B)。
  • The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10 7 2 × 10 7 2xx10^(-7)2 \times 10^{-7} newton per metre of length.
    安培是恒定电流,如果保持在两个无限长、圆形横截面可以忽略不计的平行直导体中,并在真空中相距 1 m,则在这些导体之间产生的力等于每米长度的 2 × 10 7 2 × 10 7 2xx10^(-7)2 \times 10^{-7} 牛顿。
  • The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1 273.16 1 273.16 (1)/(273.16)\frac{1}{273.16} of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
    开尔文是热力学温度的单位,是水的三相点的热力学温度的分数 1 273.16 1 273.16 (1)/(273.16)\frac{1}{273.16}
  • The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. (When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles.)
    摩尔是一个系统的物质量,它包含的基本实体与 0.012 公斤碳 12 中的原子一样多。(使用摩尔时,必须指定基本实体,可以是原子、分子、离子、电子、其他粒子或此类粒子的指定组。

EXAM HINT 考试提示

Table A has the complete list of SI base units. You will not be asked questions about the candela in the exam.
表 A 包含国际单位制基本单位的完整列表。考试中不会询问您有关坎德拉的问题。

LEARNING TIP 学习小贴士

‘Metrology’ is the study of the science of measurement, and ‘metrics’ refers to ways of standardising measuring techniques.
“计量学”是对测量科学的研究,而“度量”是指标准化测量技术的方法。

DERIVED UNITS 派生单位

In table B you will see many of the derived units that we will study in this book, but this is only a list of those that have their own name.
在表 B 中,您将看到我们将在本书中研究的许多派生单位,但这只是那些具有自己名称的单位的列表。
 派生数量
DERIVED
QUANTITY
DERIVED QUANTITY| DERIVED | | :--- | | QUANTITY |
UNIT NAME 单元名称 UNIT SYMBOL 单位符号
 基本单位等效
BASE UNITS
EQUIVALENT
BASE UNITS EQUIVALENT| BASE UNITS | | :---: | | EQUIVALENT |
force  newton 牛顿 N kg m s 2 kg m s 2 kgms^(-2)\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m} \mathrm{s}^{-2}
energy (work) 能量(功) joule 焦耳 J kg m 2 s 2 kg m 2 s 2 kgm^(2)s^(-2)\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m}^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-2}
power 权力 watt 瓦特 W W WW kg m 2 s 3 kg m 2 s 3 kgm^(2)s^(-3)\mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{~m}^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-3}
frequency 频率 hertz  Hz 赫兹 s 1 s 1 s^(-1)\mathrm{s}^{-1}
charge 负责 coulomb 库仑 C As 
voltage 电压 volt 伏特 V V VV kg m 2 s 3 A 1 kg m 2 s 3 A 1 kgm^(2)s^(-3)A^(-1)\mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{~m}^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-3} \mathrm{~A}^{-1}
resistance 电阻 ohm 欧姆 Ω Ω Omega\Omega kg m 2 s 3 A 2 kg m 2 s 3 A 2 kgm^(2)s^(-3)A^(-2)\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m}^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-3} \mathrm{~A}^{-2}
"DERIVED QUANTITY" UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL "BASE UNITS EQUIVALENT" force newton N kgms^(-2) energy (work) joule J kgm^(2)s^(-2) power watt W kgm^(2)s^(-3) frequency hertz Hz s^(-1) charge coulomb C As voltage volt V kgm^(2)s^(-3)A^(-1) resistance ohm Omega kgm^(2)s^(-3)A^(-2)| DERIVED <br> QUANTITY | UNIT NAME | UNIT SYMBOL | BASE UNITS <br> EQUIVALENT | | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | | force | newton | N | $\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m} \mathrm{s}^{-2}$ | | energy (work) | joule | J | $\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m}^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-2}$ | | power | watt | $W$ | $\mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{~m}^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-3}$ | | frequency | hertz | Hz | $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ | | charge | coulomb | C | As | | voltage | volt | $V$ | $\mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{~m}^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-3} \mathrm{~A}^{-1}$ | | resistance | ohm | $\Omega$ | $\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m}^{2} \mathrm{~s}^{-3} \mathrm{~A}^{-2}$ |
table B Some well known derived units.
表 B 一些众所周知的衍生单位。

POWER PREFIXES 电源前缀

Sometimes the values we have to work with for some quantities mean that the numbers involved are extremely large or small. For example, the average distance from the Earth to the sun, measured in metres, is 150000000000 m . Scientists have made an easier system for writing such large values by adding a prefix to the unit which tells us that it has been multiplied by a very large or very small amount. In the Earth orbit example, the distance is equivalent to 150 billion metres, and the prefix giga- means multiply by a billion. So the Earth-sun distance becomes 150 gigametres, or 150 Gm .
有时,我们必须处理某些数量的值意味着所涉及的数字非常大或非常小。例如,从地球到太阳的平均距离(以米为单位)为 1500000000000 米。科学家们通过向单位添加前缀来制作一个更简单的系统来写入如此大的值,该前缀告诉我们它已经乘以非常大或非常小的量。在地球轨道示例中,距离相当于 1500 亿米,前缀 giga- 表示乘以十亿。因此,地球与太阳的距离变为 150 吉米特或 150 吉米 。
FACTOR NAME SYMBOL FACTOR NAME SYMBOL
10 1 10 1 10^(1)10^{1} deca-  da  10 1 10 1 10^(-1)10^{-1} deci- 决定- d
10 2 10 2 10^(2)10^{2} hecto- 公顷- h 10 2 10 2 10^(-2)10^{-2} centi- 厘- c
10 3 10 3 10^(3)10^{3} kilo- 公斤- k 10 3 10 3 10^(-3)10^{-3} milli- 毫- m
10 6 10 6 10^(6)10^{6} mega- 巨型- M 10 6 10 6 10^(-6)10^{-6} micro- 微- μ μ mu\mathrm{\mu}
10 9 10 9 10^(9)10^{9} giga- 吉- G 10 9 10 9 10^(-9)10^{-9} nano- 纳米 n
10 12 10 12 10^(12)10^{12} tera- 万亿 T 10 12 10 12 10^(-12)10^{-12} pico- 微微- P
10 15 10 15 10^(15)10^{15} peta- P 10 15 10 15 10^(-15)10^{-15} femto- 飞度- f
10 18 10 18 10^(18)10^{18} exa- E 10 18 10 18 10^(-18)10^{-18} atto- 阿托- a
10 21 10 21 10^(21)10^{21} zetta- 泽塔- Z 10 21 10 21 10^(-21)10^{-21} zepto- 泽普托- z
10 24 10 24 10^(24)10^{24} yotta- 约塔- Y 10 24 10 24 10^(-24)10^{-24} yocto- y
FACTOR NAME SYMBOL FACTOR NAME SYMBOL 10^(1) deca- da 10^(-1) deci- d 10^(2) hecto- h 10^(-2) centi- c 10^(3) kilo- k 10^(-3) milli- m 10^(6) mega- M 10^(-6) micro- mu 10^(9) giga- G 10^(-9) nano- n 10^(12) tera- T 10^(-12) pico- P 10^(15) peta- P 10^(-15) femto- f 10^(18) exa- E 10^(-18) atto- a 10^(21) zetta- Z 10^(-21) zepto- z 10^(24) yotta- Y 10^(-24) yocto- y| FACTOR | NAME | SYMBOL | FACTOR | NAME | SYMBOL | | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | $10^{1}$ | deca- | da | $10^{-1}$ | deci- | d | | $10^{2}$ | hecto- | h | $10^{-2}$ | centi- | c | | $10^{3}$ | kilo- | k | $10^{-3}$ | milli- | m | | $10^{6}$ | mega- | M | $10^{-6}$ | micro- | $\mathrm{\mu}$ | | $10^{9}$ | giga- | G | $10^{-9}$ | nano- | n | | $10^{12}$ | tera- | T | $10^{-12}$ | pico- | P | | $10^{15}$ | peta- | P | $10^{-15}$ | femto- | f | | $10^{18}$ | exa- | E | $10^{-18}$ | atto- | a | | $10^{21}$ | zetta- | Z | $10^{-21}$ | zepto- | z | | $10^{24}$ | yotta- | Y | $10^{-24}$ | yocto- | y |
table C Prefixes used with SI units.
表 C 与 SI 单位一起使用的前缀。

CHECKPOINT 检查站

SKILLS PROBLEM SOLVING 技能 解决问题

  1. Refer to table B and answer the following questions:
    请参阅表 B 并回答以下问题:

    (a) Pick any quantity that you have studied before and explain how its base unit equivalent is shown.
    (a) 选择您之前研究过的任何数量,并解释其基本单位当量是如何显示的。

    (b) All of the derived quantity units are named after scientists. Compare their names and abbreviations. What do you notice?
    (b) 所有派生的量单位都以科学家的名字命名。比较它们的名称和缩写。您注意到了什么?
  2. Write the following in standard form:
    以标准格式编写以下内容:

    (a) 9.2 GW (a) 9.2 吉瓦
    © 6400 km © 6400 公里
    (b) 43 mm (b) 43 毫米
    (d) 44 ns. (d) 44 纳秒。
  3. Write the following using an appropriate prefix and unit symbol:
    使用适当的前缀和单位符号编写以下内容:

    (a) 3600000 joules (a) 3600000 焦耳
    © 10 millionths of an ampere
    © 10 万分之一安培

    (b) 31536000 seconds (b) 31536000 秒
    (d) 105000 hertz. (d) 105000 赫兹。

2 ESTIMATION 2 估计

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 学习目标

Estimate values for physical quantities. Use your estimates to solve problems.
估计物理量的值。使用您的估计值来解决问题。

ORDER OF MAGNITUDE 数量级

In physics, it can be very helpful to be able to make approximate estimates of values to within an order of magnitude. This means that the power of ten of your estimate is the same as the true value. For example, you are the same height as the ceiling in your classroom, if we consider the order of magnitude. The ceiling may be twice your height, but it would need to be ten times bigger to reach the next order of magnitude.
在物理学中,能够将值近似估计到一个数量级以内可能非常有帮助。这意味着您估计值的 10 的幂与真实值相同。例如,如果我们考虑数量级,您与教室中的天花板高度相同。天花板可能是你高度的两倍,但它需要大十倍才能达到下一个数量级。

This is made clearer if we express all values in standard form and then compare the power of ten. You are likely to be a thousand times taller than an ant, so we would say you are three orders of magnitude larger.
如果我们以标准形式表示所有值,然后比较 10 的幂,这会更清楚。你可能比蚂蚁高一千倍,所以我们会说你大三个数量级。

typical ant height: 1.7 mm = 1.7 × 10 3 m 1.7 mm = 1.7 × 10 3 m 1.7mm=1.7 xx10^(-3)m1.7 \mathrm{~mm}=1.7 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m}
典型的蚂蚁高度: 1.7 mm = 1.7 × 10 3 m 1.7 mm = 1.7 × 10 3 m 1.7mm=1.7 xx10^(-3)m1.7 \mathrm{~mm}=1.7 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m}

typical human height: 1.7 m = 1.7 × 10 m 1.7 m = 1.7 × 10 m 1.7m=1.7 xx10^(@)m1.7 \mathrm{~m}=1.7 \times 10^{\circ} \mathrm{m}
典型人体身高: 1.7 m = 1.7 × 10 m 1.7 m = 1.7 × 10 m 1.7m=1.7 xx10^(@)m1.7 \mathrm{~m}=1.7 \times 10^{\circ} \mathrm{m}


fig A We are three orders of magnitude taller than an ant.
图 A 我们比蚂蚁高三个数量级。

In many situations, physicists are not interested in specific answers, as circumstances can vary slightly and then the specific answer is incorrect. An order of magnitude answer will always be correct, unless you change the initial conditions by more than an order of magnitude. So a physicist could easily answer the question ‘What is the fastest speed of a car?’ because we don’t really want to know the exact true value. To give an exact answer would depend on knowing the model of car, and the weather and road conditions, and this answer would only be correct for that car on that day. By estimating important quantities, like a typical mass for cars, we can get an approximate - order of magnitude - answer. The reason for doing so would be that it allows us to develop ideas as possible or impossible. Also it helps us focus on developing the ideas along lines that will eventually be feasible when we get to developing a specific solution. This reduces time and money wasted by following ideas that are impossible. It also
在许多情况下,物理学家对具体的答案不感兴趣,因为情况可能会略有不同,然后具体的答案是不正确的。数量级的答案始终是正确的,除非您将初始条件更改了一个数量级以上。因此,物理学家可以很容易地回答“汽车的最快速度是多少”这个问题,因为我们真的不想知道确切的真实值。给出确切的答案将取决于了解汽车的型号、天气和路况,而这个答案仅适用于当天的那辆车。通过估计重要的量,例如汽车的典型质量,我们可以得到一个近似的 - 数量级 - 答案。这样做的原因是它允许我们尽可能或不可能地发展想法。此外,它还有助于我们专注于沿着最终在我们开发特定解决方案时可行的思路发展想法。这减少了因遵循不可能的想法而浪费的时间和金钱。它还

helps us quickly notice any miscalculations in an answer to a question. If we used an equation to calculate the answer to the fastest speed of a particular car in particular conditions, and the answer came out as 300000000 metres per second (the speed of light), we would immediately know that the answer is wrong, and re-check the calculation.
帮助我们快速注意到问题答案中的任何计算错误。如果我们用一个方程来计算特定汽车在特定条件下的最快速度的答案,答案是每秒 300000000 米(光速),我们会立即知道答案是错误的,并重新检查计算。

数量级比例
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
SCALE
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE SCALE| ORDER OF MAGNITUDE | | :--- | | SCALE |
TYPICAL OBJECT 典型对象
1 × 10 13 m 1 × 10 13 m 1xx10^(13)m1 \times 10^{13} \mathrm{~m} size of the solar system
太阳系的大小
1 × 10 11 m 1 × 10 11 m 1xx10^(11)m1 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{~m} size of Earth's orbit around the sun
地球绕太阳轨道的大小
1 × 10 8 m 1 × 10 8 m 1xx10^(8)m1 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m} size of Moon's orbit around Earth
月球绕地球轨道的大小
1 × 10 4 m