Unit AMPMSY413 Recognise diseases and conditions during inspection of food animal:
第AMPMSY413单元 在检查食用动物时识别疾病和状况：

• The test is 20 questions.
  测试是 20 个问题。
• Need to pass. 需要 通过。
• Each question has a photo of a disease/condition and the student will need to state what the disease is and what parts can be affected.
  每个问题都有一张疾病/病症的照片，学生需要说明疾病是什么以及哪些部位会受到影响。
• The test will cover things like emaciation, fever, pleurisy, arthritis, Ovis, Liver Fluke etc.
  该测试将涵盖消瘦、发烧、胸膜炎、关节炎、Ovis、肝吸虫等。
• Because this is a Core unit it has to cover multiple species but TAFE tried to keep it as generic as possible.
  因为这是一个核心单元，所以它必须涵盖多个物种，但TAFE试图使其尽可能通用。

Nature, signs and causes of pathology
病理的性质、体征和原因

• Part 1 - Inflammation
  第 1 部分 - 炎症
• Part 2 - Physical abnormalities, emaciation and growth disturbances
  第 2 部分 - 身体异常、消瘦和生长障碍
• Part 3 - Pigmentations and neoplasms
  第 3 部分 - 色素沉着和肿瘤
• Part 4 - Poisons, fever and other miscellaneous conditions
  第 4 部分 - 中毒、发烧和其他杂项

Examples:- inflammation, swelling, pain, fever, petechial haemorrhage
示例：- 炎症、肿胀、疼痛、发烧、瘀点出血

Localised - restricted to a particular place or part of the body
局部 - 仅限于身体的特定部位或部位

Types of Inflammation 炎症的类型

• Acute - First phase initiated by body's defence system (reddening, swelling, pain)
  急性 - 由身体防御系统启动的第一阶段（发红、肿胀、疼痛）
• Chronic - Second phase initiated by affected tissue resulting in proliferation of connective tissue (blood capillaries & fibrous tissue) to start repairing damage
  慢性 - 由受影响的组织启动的第二阶段，导致结缔组织（毛细血管和纤维组织）的增殖，开始修复损伤

Arthritis in pig carcass
猪胴体关节炎

Arthritis in pig carcass
猪胴体关节炎

Arthritis 关节炎

Polyarthritis 多发性关节炎

Dermatitis 皮炎

• Caused by 引起
• mechanical or chemical injury
  机械或化学损伤
• thermal (excessive heat & cold)
  热（过热和过冷）
• bacteria (erysipelas) 细菌（丹毒）
• parasite (mange, mites) 寄生虫（疥癣、螨虫）
• Signs 招牌
• reddening of skin 皮肤发红
• swelling 肿胀
• serous exudation 浆液性渗出
• vesicles (blisters), scabs & pustules
  水疱（水泡）、结痂和脓疱

Dermatitis 皮炎

Mastitis 乳腺炎

Mastitis 乳腺炎

Mastitis 乳腺炎

Metritis 子宫炎

Metritis  子宫炎

Myositis 肌炎

• Inflammation of voluntary muscle
  随意肌炎症
• Caused by 引起
• Injury 损伤
• Infection 感染
• Types 类型

• Mild cases - muscles or part of muscles are pale/white
  轻度病例 - 肌肉或部分肌肉苍白/白色

Chronic Inter-myositis 慢性间肌炎

Eosinophilic myositis 嗜酸性粒细胞性肌炎

• Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell with a role to defend the body against parasites
  嗜酸性粒细胞是一种白细胞，具有保护身体免受寄生虫侵害的作用
• Pentastomes are the larvae of tiny mites that live in the noses of dogs & can affect cattle. (Travelling throughout the muscles)
  五口虫是生活在狗鼻子里的微小螨虫的幼虫，可以影响牛。（遍布肌肉）
• Parasites provoke an eosinophilic reaction- hence the greenish spots
  寄生虫会引起嗜酸性粒细胞反应，因此会出现绿色斑点
• Affects individual or groups of muscles
  影响单个或一组肌肉
• Appears as well defined greenish foci
  出现明确的绿色病灶

Eosinophilic myositis 嗜酸性粒细胞性肌炎

Eosinophilic myositis 嗜酸性粒细胞性肌炎

Eosinophilic myositis  嗜酸性粒细胞性肌炎

Nephritis 肾炎

• Causes 原因
• Chemical irritant 化学刺激物
• Bacteria 细菌
• Renal calculi 肾结石
• Acute nephritis 急性肾炎
• swelling & infiltration of white blood cells resulting in white foci
  白细胞肿胀和浸润导致白色病灶
• capsule can be stripped
  胶囊可以剥离
• Chronic nephritis 慢性肾炎
• shrunken & shrivelled 萎缩和萎缩
• capsule cannot be stripped
  胶囊不能剥离

Nephritis 肾炎

Inflammation of kidney 肾脏炎症

Nephritis 肾炎

Hydro nephritis 肾积水炎

• literally "water inside the kidney" - refers to distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney.
  字面意思是“肾内的水” - 指肾盂和肾萼的膨胀和扩张，通常是由于肾脏尿液自由流动受阻引起的。

Hydronephritis 肾积水

Uraemia 尿毒症

Three categories: 三类：

• Pre-renal uraemia - decreased blood flow through the kidneys due to low blood pressure, congestive heart failure or dehydration
  肾前尿毒症 - 由于低血压，充血性心力衰竭或脱水导致肾脏血流量减少
• Renal uraemia - decreased kidney function caused by damaged kidneys by disease
  肾性尿毒症 - 由疾病导致的肾脏受损引起的肾功能下降
• Post-renal uraemia caused by obstructions such as calculi, tumours or severe infection
  由结石、肿瘤或严重感染等梗阻引起的肾后尿毒症

Name of the condition: Uraemia
病症名称：尿毒症

Part/s affected: Blood/generalised condition
受影响部位：血液/全身性疾病

Pericarditis  心包炎

• Inflammation of pericardium
  心包炎症
• Caused by 引起
• hardware disease 硬件疾病
• bacteria such as Glasser's disease
  细菌，如格拉瑟氏病
• viral and 病毒和
• fungi such as Aspergillosis
  曲霉病等真菌

Pericarditis 心包炎

Pneumonia 肺炎

Types 类型

• Broncho-pneumonia (catarrhal)
  支气管肺炎（卡他性）
• infection gaining entry from airways
  感染从气道进入
• bronchioles & alveoli become filled with inflammatory products (bronchitis)
  细支气管和肺泡充满炎症产物（支气管炎）
• Croupous or lobar pneumonia
  哮吼性肺炎或大叶性肺炎

Enzootic chronic Pneumonia
地方性慢性肺炎

Enzootic Pneumonia active
地方性肺炎活跃

Enzootic Active Pneumonia
地方性活动性肺炎

Enzootic Chronic Pneumonia
地方性慢性肺炎

Enzootic Active Pneumonia
地方性活动性肺炎

Pneumonia active 肺炎活动

Pneumonia 肺炎

Pleurisy 胸膜炎

• Pleura is a double-layered structure made up of an inner membrane, which surrounds the lungs, and an outer membrane, which lines the chest cavity.
  胸膜是一种双层结构，由环绕肺部的内膜和排列胸腔的外膜组成。
• Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura
  胸膜炎是胸膜的炎症
• occurs when pleural surfaces rub against one another, due to irritation and inflammation.
  当胸膜表面因刺激和炎症而相互摩擦时发生。

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae (pneumonia in pigs)
  肺炎支原体（猪肺炎）
• Mannheimia haemolytica (Bovine Respiratory Disease)
  曼海姆溶血性病（牛呼吸道疾病）
• Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (pneumonia in pigs)
  胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（猪肺炎）

Pleurisy 胸膜炎

Pleurisy 胸膜炎

Peritonitis 腹膜炎

Caused by: 引起：

• Organisms entering the cavity from diseased tissues and organs or rupture of the intestinal tract
  病变组织和器官进入腔内或肠道破裂的病原体
• Often followed by septicaemia
  常出现败血症

Peritonitis 腹膜炎

Nature causes of physical abnormalities
身体异常的自然 原因

• Physical injury 身体伤害
• Circulatory disturbances
  循环障碍
• Immaturity and growth disturbances
  发育不成熟和生长障碍
• Emaciation 憔悴

Haemorrahage 出血

• Escape of blood from blood vessels
  血液从血管中逸出
• External haemorrahage - blood escapes to surface of the body
  外部出血 - 血液逸出到身体表面
• Internal haemorrahage - blood escapes into the tissue or body cavities
  内出血 - 血液逃逸到组织或体腔中
• Caused by 引起
• injuries or wounds 受伤或受伤
• increased permeability of vessel walls caused by damage from toxins
  毒素损伤导致血管壁渗透性增加

Examples of circulatory disturbances include:
循环障碍的例子包括：

• Anaemia - lack of red blood cells in blood caused by diseases, parasites or metabolic conditions
  贫血 - 由疾病、寄生虫或代谢状况引起的血液中缺乏红细胞
• Thrombosis - blood clot in a blood vessel caused by injury, disease or abnormal endocrine gland activity
  血栓形成 - 由损伤、疾病或内分泌腺活动异常引起的血管血凝块
• Hematoma - localized bleeding outside of blood vessels which is caused by disease or trauma & which forms a blood clot
  血肿 - 由疾病或创伤引起的血管外局部出血，形成血凝块

Examples of circulatory disturbances include:
循环障碍的例子包括：

• Anaemia - lack of red blood cells in blood caused by diseases, parasites or metabolic conditions
  贫血 - 由疾病、寄生虫或代谢状况引起的血液中缺乏红细胞
• Thrombosis - blood clot in a blood vessel caused by injury, disease or abnormal endocrine gland activity
  血栓形成 - 由损伤、疾病或内分泌腺活动异常引起的血管血凝块
• Hematoma - localized bleeding outside of blood vessels which is caused by disease or trauma & which forms a blood clot
  血肿 - 由疾病或创伤引起的血管外局部出血，形成血凝块
• Oedema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in body tissue
  水肿是体液在身体组织中的异常积聚

Oedema 水肿

• Anasarca - oedema of the connective tissue especially of subcutaneous tissue
  Anasarca-结缔组织水肿，尤其是皮下组织水肿
• Ascites-Accumulation of oedematous fluid in peritoneal cavity
  腹水-腹膜腔内水肿液积聚
• Hydrothorax - Accumulation of oedematous fluid in thoracic cavity
  胸腔积水 - 胸腔内水肿液积聚
• Hydropericardium -Accumulation of oedematous fluid in pericardial sac
  心包积水 - 心包积液在心包囊中积聚
• Hydrocephalus -Accumulation of oedematous fluid in cranial cavity
  脑积水 - 颅腔内水肿液积聚

Anasarca 阿纳萨卡

Anasarca 阿纳萨卡

Anasarca 阿纳萨卡

Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarcts
血栓形成、栓塞、梗塞

• Thrombosis - blood clot formed within heart or blood vessel
  血栓形成 - 在心脏或血管内形成的血凝块
• Caused by injury to blood vessel
  由血管损伤引起
• Embolism is when a blood clot blocks an artery and cuts off blood supply to surrounding tissue
  栓塞是指血凝块阻塞动脉并切断周围组织的血液供应
• Infarct is the tissue (wedge shaped) that has died because its blood supply has been blocked by an embolism
  梗塞是由于其血液供应被栓塞阻塞而死亡的组织（楔形）
• Heart, lungs, spleen & kidneys are susceptible
  心脏、肺、脾脏和肾脏都容易受到感染

Congenital Malformations
先天性畸形

Emaciation -signs 消瘦 - 迹象

• General wasting of the musculature
  肌肉组织普遍萎缩
• Visceral organs look smaller
  内脏器官看起来更小
• Carcase will not set during chilling
  胴体在冷却过程中不会凝固
• Any fat visible on the carcase is brownish and jelly like
  胴体上可见的任何脂肪都是褐色的，像果冻一样

Emaciation 憔悴

Emaciation 憔悴

Emaciation 憔悴

Emaciation 憔悴

Growth disturbances 生长障碍

• Atrophy is the reduction in size of a body part
  萎缩是身体部位尺寸的减小
• Hyperplasia is the enlargement of a body part such as in cirrhosis
  增生是身体部位的增大，例如肝硬化
• Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell type
  化生是一种细胞类型与另一种细胞类型的可逆替代

Emphysema 肺气肿

• A condition where air or gas if formed in tissue
  在组织中形成空气或气体的情况
• Types 类型

• Vesicular emphysema (within air sacs)
  水疱性肺气肿（气囊内）
• Interstitial emphysema (inside the connective tissue)
  间质性肺气肿（结缔组织内）

Interstitial emphysema 间质性肺气肿

Interstitial emphysema 间质性肺气肿

Pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿

Hepatitis 肝炎

• Acute 急性

• Chronic 慢性

Portal Cirhosis 门静脉卷曲

• Irritant enters liver via portal blood from alimentary tract (poisonous plants)
  刺激物通过消化道门静脉血（有毒植物）进入肝脏
• Affects whole liver 影响整个肝脏
• Initial enlargement then shrunken
  最初扩大，然后缩小
• “Hobnails" appearance “Hobnails”外观
• Reddish or tawny yellow (nutmeg liver)
  红黄色或黄褐色（肉豆蔻肝）

Biliary Cirrhosis 胆汁性肝硬化

• Irritant reach liver via bile duct
  刺激物通过胆管到达肝脏
• Usually calculi or parasites (liver fluke)
  通常为结石或寄生虫（肝吸虫）
• Chronic biliary cirrhosis - fibrosis & thickening of bile duct
  慢性胆汁性肝硬化 - 胆管纤维化和增厚

Necrosis of the liver
肝坏死

• Death of parenchyma cells of liver
  肝脏实质细胞死亡
• Necrosis 坏死

Necrosis of the liver
肝坏死

Necrosis 坏死

• Death of tissue within living animal
  活体动物体内组织死亡
• Common causes 常见原因
• Interference with nutrition to tissue caused by cessation of blood supply eg embolism, thrombosis, pressure by a tumour
  停止供血引起的组织营养干扰，例如栓塞、血栓形成、肿瘤压力
• Physical agent eg heat,cold, injury
  物理代理，例如热、冷、损伤
• Bacteria or their toxins
  细菌或其毒素
• Poisons eg acids or caustics
  毒物，例如酸或腐蚀性物质
• Appearance: Firm, swollen, dull white or yellow in colour, Calcification can occur
  外观：坚硬、肿胀、暗白色或黄色，可发生钙化

Name of the condition: Liver necrosis
病症名称：肝坏死

Fat Necrosis 脂肪坏死

• Usually occurs in well conditioned animals
  通常发生在条件良好的动物身上
• Usually affects the omentum, mesentery & sub-lumbar fat
  通常影响网膜、肠系膜和腰下脂肪
• Takes form of opaque spots ( ) which join together to form large whitish masses
  以不透明斑点（ ）的形式出现，这些斑点结合在一起形成大的白色团块
• Usually occurs when fat animals are transported, there is an absences of food and there is an urgent draw on stored fat for needed energy
  通常发生在运输肥胖动物时，缺乏食物，并且迫切需要消耗储存的脂肪以获取所需的能量

Fat Necrosis 脂肪坏死

Caseation 凯西亚

• Physical & chemical changes affecting necrotic tissue (dead tissue)
  影响坏死组织（坏死组织）的物理和化学变化
• Mass of degenerated cells simulating cheese
  模拟奶酪的大量退化细胞
• Seen in CLA, tuberculous etc
  见于共轭亚油酸、结核病等

Calcification 钙化

• Calcification is the deposition of mineral salts (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate) in dead and degenerating tissue.
  钙化是矿物盐（磷酸钙、碳酸钙）在死亡和退化组织中的沉积。
• Occurs as normal in old age
  在老年时正常发生
• Occurs in necrotic tissue
  发生在坏死组织中
• Particularly common in dead & degenerating tissue eg
  在死亡和退化组织中尤为常见，例如
• TB (gritty to cut)
  结核病（坚韧不拔）
• Parasitic lesions 寄生虫病变
• Putty brisket (pressure causes death of tissue)
  腻子牛腩（压力导致组织死亡）

Pre-sternal calcification - putty brisket
胸骨前钙化 - 腻子牛腩

Fatty infiltration 脂肪浸润

• Storage of globules of fat within cell
  细胞内脂肪球的储存
• Body cells can only handle fat in the presents of and at the required level of lipotropic factors (amino-acid methionine)
  身体细胞只能处理脂肪因子（氨基酸蛋氨酸）的呈现和所需水平的脂肪
• Therefore cells will appear infiltrated if :-
  因此，如果出现以下情况，细胞将出现浸润：

Fatty metamorphosis 脂肪

• Fatty changes in individual cells of liver & kidney
  肝脏和肾脏单个细胞的脂肪变化
• Cells are degenerated and lose their normal function & are only capable of storing fat
  细胞退化并失去正常功能，只能储存脂肪

Fatty Infiltration 脂肪浸润

Part/s affected: Liver 受影响部位：肝脏

Fatty Degeneration 脂肪变性

• Fatty infiltration can change into fatty degeneration
  脂肪浸润可转变为脂肪变性
• Causes 原因
• disease 疾病
• poison 毒
• prolonged or severe fatty infiltration
  长期或严重的脂肪浸润
• The condition affecting the cells become irreversible, the cells are filled with fat & they lose their ability to function normally
  影响细胞的状况变得不可逆转，细胞充满脂肪，它们失去了正常运作的能力
• The cells become degenerated & die leaving a collection of fat globules
  细胞变性并死亡，留下一系列脂肪球

Fatty Degeneration 脂肪变性

Name of the condition: Fatty Degeneration
病症名称：脂肪变性

Steatosis 脂肪变性

• Overfed animal can put on excess fat and become obese
  过度喂养的动物会增加多余的脂肪并变得肥胖
• Obese animals may deposit fat between the muscles and muscle bundles
  肥胖的动物可能会在肌肉和肌肉束之间沉积脂肪
• This condition is called steatosis
  这种情况称为脂肪变性

Bovine Muscular Steatosis
牛肌肉脂肪变性

Muscular steatosis 肌肉脂肪变性

Muscular Steatosis 肌肉脂肪变性

Muscular Steatosis  肌肉脂肪变性

Name of the condition: Muscular Steatosis
病症名称：肌肉性脂肪变性

Abnormal Pigmentation 色素沉着异常

• Exogenous pigments (greenish-yellow) are synthesized outside of the body eg
  外源性色素（黄绿色）是在体外合成的，例如
• carotene A 胡萝卜素A
• carotene B 胡萝卜素B
• xanthophyll 叶黄素
• Endogenous pigment are produced within the body itself and except for melanin and lipofuscin are derivates of haemoglobin
  内源性色素在体内产生，除黑色素和脂褐素外，都是血红蛋白的衍生物

Jaundice (icterus) 黄疸（黄疸）

• Bilirubin & biliverdin pigments are made in liver, spleen bone marrow & excreted by liver in the bile.
  胆红素和胆绿素色素是在肝脏、脾 脏、骨髓中产生的，并由肝脏在胆汁中排泄。
• Jaundice is the presence of these pigments in excessive quantities in the body
  黄疸是体内过量存在这些色素
• Three basic types 三种基本类型
• Prehepatic jaundice (haemolytic icterus)
  肝前黄疸（溶血性黄疸）
• Hepatic jaundice (toxic icterus)
  肝性黄疸（中毒性黄疸）
• Posthepatic jaundice (obstructive icterus)
  肝后黄疸（梗阻性黄疸）

Jaundice types 黄疸类型

• Prehepatic jaundice occurs following excessive destruction of red blood cells. Tick-borne diseases such as Babesia and Anaplasmosis cause this type of icterus
  肝前黄疸发生在红细胞过度破坏后。巴贝虫病和无形体病等蜱传疾病会导致这种类型的黄疸
• Hepatic jaundice occurs due to direct damage to liver cells caused by systemic infections, or chemical and plant poisoning
  肝性黄疸是由于全身感染或化学和植物中毒对肝细胞的直接损害而发生的

Jaundice types Cont 黄疸类型 Cont

• Causes 原因
• Blockage of bile duct by calculi/parasite
  结石/寄生虫阻塞胆管
• Narrowing of bile duct by inflammation, neoplasm
  炎症、肿瘤导致胆管变窄
• Mechanical pressure caused by cirrhosis
  肝硬化引起的机械压力

Jaundice 黄疸

Melanosis 黑变病

• Melanin normal pigmentation
  黑色素正常色素沉着
• Melanosis is deposits of melanin in abnormal situations or excessive amounts
  黑色素沉积是黑色素在异常情况下或过量的沉积
• Does not affect well being of animal
  不影响动物的健康
• Black livers in sheep occur in mulga country where bore water is consumed
  绵羊的黑肝发生在消耗钻孔水的穆尔加国家

Melanosis 黑变病

Melanosis 黑变病

Melanosis 黑变病

Black Liver 黑肝

Seedy belly 肮脏的肚子

• Occurs during foetal development.
  发生在胎儿发育期间。
• Occurs when melanin pigmentation is distributed in the belly fat or mammary tissue
  当黑色素色素沉着分布在腹部脂肪或乳腺组织中时发生
• Affects black female pigs
  影响黑母猪

Xanthosis 黄肿病

• Caused by - Abnormal accumulation of the pigment Xanthine
  引起原因 - 色素黄嘌呤的异常积累
• Visual signs - Brownish discolouration of the heart and muscles
  视觉体征 - 心脏和肌肉变褐
• Class of stock - Mainly old cows and bulls
  股票类别 - 主要是老牛和公牛

Xanthosis 黄肿病

Xanthosis 黄肿病

Part/s affected: Heart and muscles
受影响部位：心脏和肌肉

Osteo-haemochromatosis (porphyria)
骨血色素沉着症（卟啉症）

• Heredity condition due to recessive gene which leads to the distribution of porphyrin metabolism(haemosiderin & haematorphyrin)
  由于隐性基因导致卟啉代谢（含铁血黄素和含血素）分布的遗传状况
• Bones are uniformly discoloured with reddish or blackish-brown iron bearing pigmentation
  骨骼均匀变色，带有红色或黑褐色的铁色素沉着
• In newly born animals the teeth may be a deep pink (“pink tooth")
  在新生动物中，牙齿可能是深粉红色（“粉红色牙齿”）

Osteo-haemochromatosis 骨血色病

Abnormal odours 异味

Causes: 原因：

• Sexual 性的
• male animals due to hormones (boar taint in pigs)
  荷尔蒙引起的雄性动物（猪的公猪异味）
• Dietary 膳食
• fish/fish meal fed to pigs or onion weed, peppercress, some clover and brassica species
  喂给猪或洋葱杂草、胡椒菜、一些三叶草和芸苔属植物的鱼/鱼粉
• Contamination 污染
• environment (ammonia from leaking refrigeration)
  环境（制冷泄漏产生的氨）
• Metabolic 新陈代谢的
• physiological and metabolic upsets (ketosis where acetone is produced by the body due to insufficient feed-lactating)
  生理和代谢紊乱（由于饲料泌乳不足而由身体产生丙酮的酮症）

Neoplasms 肿瘤

• Growth of abnormal cells or tissues
  异常细胞或组织的生长
• Caused by 引起
• irritations (chemicals, UV light, radioactivity or chronic physical irritations)
  刺激（化学物质、紫外线、放射性或慢性物理刺激）
• viral infections 病毒感染
• age and inherited susceptibility
  年龄和遗传易感性

Neoplasms 肿瘤

• Benign 良性
• grow slowly 生长缓慢
• surrounded by fibrous capsule
  被纤维囊包围
• do not invade surrounding tissue
  不要侵入周围组织
• Malignant 恶性

• grow rapidly 快速增长
• not surrounded by capsule
  没有被胶囊包围
• infiltrate deeply in surrounding tissue
  深入浸润周围组织
• rarely resemble their tissue of origin
  很少与它们的起源组织相似
• metastasise (multiply & spread )
  转移（乘增和扩散）

Metastasis 转移

• Means the neoplasm spreads to a different body part from where it started
  意味着肿瘤从它开始的地方扩散到不同的身体部位
• Malignant neoplasms metastasise
  恶性肿瘤转移

• Involves tissue that produces white blood cells
  累及产生白细胞的组织
• Increase in white blood cells in blood
  血液中白细胞增加
• Blood may appear milky
  血液可能呈乳白色
• lymph nodes enlarged 淋巴结肿大
• Spleen enlarged 脾脏肿大
• Liver & kidneys maybe enlarged & pale
  肝脏和肾脏可能肿大和苍白

Types of tissue and neoplasms
组织和肿瘤的类型

Epithelioma of eye 眼部上皮瘤

Epithelioma of eye 眼部上皮瘤

Part/s affected: Eye, evelid, surrounding area and potentially head's Lymph nodes if spreaded out.
受影响的部位：眼睛、眼睑、周围区域，如果扩散开来，可能还会影响头部的淋巴结。

Part/s affected: Liver 受影响部位：肝脏

Renal Adenoma 肾腺瘤

Part/s affected: Kidney 受影响部位：肾脏

Bovine Leucosis, Malignant lymphoma
牛白血病，恶性淋巴瘤

Cancerous growth in lungs
肺部癌变

Sarcoma 肉瘤

Malignant Neoplasm 恶性肿瘤

Lymphosarcoma 淋巴肉瘤

Lymphosarcoma 淋巴肉瘤

Neurofibroma in heart 心脏神经纤维瘤

Osteosarcoma 骨 肉瘤

Melanoma 黑色素瘤

Bovine liver melanoma 牛肝黑色素瘤

Telangiectasis 毛细血管扩张症

• Selective destruction of hepatic cells lining the sinusoids (capillary spaces in liver tissue)
  选择性破坏窦内壁的肝细胞（肝组织中的毛细血管间隙）
• Caused by toxins (feedlot animals susceptible)
  由毒素引起（饲养场动物易感）
• Resulting in expansion in size of sinusoids
  导致正弦曲线尺寸的扩大
• Appears as dark bluish-black spots on surface
  表面表现为深蓝黑色斑点
• Empting of blood during bleeding results in the surface of the lesion becoming depressed below surface of surrounding tissue
  出血时排空血液导致病变表面在周围组织表面以下凹陷

Telangiectasis 毛细血管扩张症

In what ways can food animals be poisoned
食用动物会以何种方式中毒

• plants 植物
• fungi 真菌
• mould 模子
• bacterial toxins 细菌毒素
• venom or other body fluid from other animals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects
  来自其他动物、鸟类、爬行动物、鱼类和昆虫的毒液或其他体液
• heavy metals in the soil such as selenium or organophosphates
  土壤中的重金属，如硒或有机磷酸盐

In what ways can food animals be poisoned
食用动物会以何种方式中毒

Industrial (anthropogenic) poisons
工业（人为）毒物

• medication such as foot bath chemical
  药物，如足浴化学品
• supplementary feeds such as those containing copper
  补充进料，例如含铜的进料
• equipment used such as lead from batteries
  使用的设备，例如电池中的铅

Signs of poisoning 中毒迹象

• sudden death 猝死
• sensitivity to light 对光敏感
• chronic diseases such as emaciation
  慢性疾病，如消瘦
• abnormal behaviour such as head pressing
  按头等异常行为
• respiratory distress 呼吸窘迫
• diarrhoea 腹泻
• hair loss 脱发
• haemorrhage or bleeding 出血或出血
• break down of the blood called haemolysis
  血液分解称为溶血
• liver necrosis 肝坏死

Fever(pyrexia) 发烧（发热）

Symptoms of fever 发烧的症状

• Inflammation of mucus membranes (gums, around eye)
  粘膜（牙龈、眼睛周围）发炎
• Increase blood supply 增加血液供应
• Increase heart rate 提高心率

• Metabolic processes speed up
  代谢过程加速

• Addition fluid loss by sweating & urination (dehydration & increase thirst - mucous membranes appear dull)
  出汗和排尿导致的补充液体流失（脱水和口渴增加 - 粘膜显得迟钝）

Signs of fever 发烧迹象

• Reddening of carcase 胴体变红
• Enlargement & reddening of lymph nodes
  淋巴结肿大和变红
• Enlargement & reddening of body organs
  身体器官的增大和变红
• Ecchymotic haemorrhages (increase heart rate & increase blood supply- leaking from small capillaries)
  瘀斑性出血（增加心率和增加血液供应 - 从小毛细血管渗漏）
• Carcase will not set as all glycogen used up
  胴体不会凝固，因为所有的糖原都用完了
• Dehydration - carcase sticky & soapy to touch
  脱水 - 胴体粘稠，摸起来有肥皂味
• Fat appears greyish & dull
  脂肪呈灰色和暗淡

Fever 发烧

Fever - Liver 发烧 - 肝脏

Petechial haemorrhage 瘀点出血

• Pin point haemorrhages in muscles and organ tissue
  肌肉和器官组织中的针点出血
• Found in carcases affected by disease and conditions such as fever or septicaemia
  存在于受疾病和发烧或败血症等病症影响的胴体中

Petechial haemorrhages 瘀点性出血

Petechial Haemorrhages 瘀点出血

Petechial haemorrhages 瘀点性出血

Fevers of various origins
各种起源的发烧

• Bacteraemia - bacteria in blood stream
  菌血症 - 血液中的细菌
• Viraemia - viruses in blood stream
  病毒血症 - 血液中的病毒
• Toxaemia - toxins in blood stream
  毒血症 - 血液中的毒素
• Septicaemia - bacteria & toxins in blood stream
  败血症 - 血液中的细菌和毒素
• Pyaemia - pus forming organisms in blood stream forming abscesses in which ever organ they lodge
  脓血症 - 在血液中形成脓液的生物体，形成脓肿，它们停留在哪个器官中

Gangrene 坏疽

Types of gangrene 坏疽的类型

- Wet gangrene - 湿性坏疽

• Gas gangrene 气性坏疽
• Internal gangrene 内坏疽

Types of Gangrene 坏疽的类型

• Moist or wet gangrene caused by a serious bacterial infection
  由严重细菌感染引起的湿性或湿性坏疽
• No evaporation, moisture assist rapid bacteria growth
  不蒸发，水分有助于细菌快速生长
• There is no demarcation between affected/unaffected
  受影响/未受影响之间没有界限
• Dry gangrene caused by lack of circulation in an injured or diseased area
  干性坏疽由受伤或患病部位血液循环不足引起
• Evaporation occurs, little fluid and the bacteria grow slowly
  蒸发发生，液体很少，细菌生长缓慢
• There is clear demarcation between affected/unaffected
  受影响/未受影响之间有明确的界限

Dry Gangrenous Mastitis 干性坏疽性乳腺炎

Dry Gangrenous Mastitis 干性坏疽性乳腺炎

Types of Gangrene cont-
坏疽的类型

• Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues. Usually caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria
  气性坏疽是一种细菌感染，可在组织内产生气体。通常由产气荚膜梭菌引起
• Internal gangrene can develop when the blood flow to an internal organ is blocked. It can affects one or more organs, most commonly the intestines, gallbladder or appendix
  当流向内脏器官的血流受阻时，就会发生内坏疽。它可以影响一个或多个器官，最常见的是肠道、胆囊或阑尾

Gangrene 坏疽

Echymosis 瘀斑

• Caused by 引起
• stress prior to death
  死前压力
• poor stunning 可怜的惊艳
• agonal struggle (death throws)
  痛苦的挣扎（死亡投掷）
• delay between stunning & bleeding
  眩晕和出血之间的延迟
• high blood pressure resulting rupture of capillaries
  高血压导致毛细血管破裂
• Common sites 常用网站
• diaphragm 隔膜
• abdominal muscles 腹部肌肉

Ecchymosis 瘀斑

Lithiasis 结石

• Condition in which stone like concretions (calculi) are deposited in ducts or organs.
  结石状结核（结石）沉积在管道或器官中的状况。
• Types of calculi 结石的类型
• Urinary calculi (kidney/bladder stones)
  泌尿路结石（肾结石/膀胱结石）
• Pancreatic calculi 胰腺结石
• Salivary calculi 唾液结石
• Biliary calculi (gall stones)
  胆道结石（胆结石）

Urinary calculi 泌尿路结石

Prolapse uterus 子宫脱垂

• Due to trauma at parturition
  由于分娩时的创伤
• Occurs directly after parturition
  产后直接发生
• Uterus inverts & is pushed to exterior
  子宫内翻并被推到外部
• Uterus becomes inflamed, inverted & hangs outside the vulva
  子宫发炎，内陷并悬挂在外阴外

Prolapse 下垂

Bone taint 骨质异味

• Class of stock All classes may be affected. Mainly found in heavy cattle, large pigs.
  股票类别 所有类别都可能受到影响。主要见于重牛、大猪。
• Caused by Growth spoilage bacteria, generally Clostridia, in the deep muscle as a result of poor chilling.
  由生长腐败细菌（通常是梭状芽胞杆菌）引起的，由于冷却不良，在深层肌肉中。
• Visual signs Usually found in boning room in deep muscle, e.g. knuckle, inside, outside, blade. Characterised by putrid, sour odours and green discolouration.
  视觉体征 通常见于深层肌肉的骨骼室，例如指关节、内侧、外侧、刀片。以腐烂、酸味和绿色变色为特征。

PSE Meat - watery pork
PSE 肉 - 水猪肉

• Class of stock - Pigs.
  股票类别 - 猪。
• Caused by - Acute stress and genetic susceptibility.
  引起原因 - 急性应激和遗传易感性。
• Visual signs - Pale, soft exudative or dripping meat, especially loin, eye fillet, leg.
  视觉体征 - 苍白，柔软的渗出或滴落的肉，尤其是里脊肉，眼片，腿。

PSE

Parasites affect their host
寄生虫影响宿主

• Consuming the tissue of the host eg blood sucking ticks
  消耗宿主的组织，例如吸血蜱虫
• Absorbing food intended for the host eg tape worms
  吸收宿主的食物，例如绦虫
• Causing blockages eg liver fluke in bile ducts
  导致阻塞，例如胆管中的肝吸虫
• Causing irritation eg lice
  引起刺激，例如虱子
• Their general activity resulting in debilitation & possible death of the host
  它们的一般活动导致宿主衰弱和可能死亡

• Obligate parasite depends completely on the host to complete its life cycle
  专性寄生虫完全依赖宿主来完成其生命周期
• Facultative parasite do not absolutely rely on any host to complete its life cycle
  兼性寄生虫并不绝对依赖任何宿主来完成其生命周期
• Direct life cycles involve one host
  直接生命周期涉及一个主机
• Indirect life cycles involve at least one intermediate host
  间接生命周期涉及至少一个中间宿主

Types 类型

• Ectoparasites are parasites who live on the outside of their host such as fleas
  体外寄生虫是生活在宿主外部的寄生虫，例如跳蚤
• Endoparasites are parasites who live inside their host such as round worms
  内寄生虫是生活在宿主体内的寄生虫，例如蛔虫

Overview 概述

• This session provides an overview of parasites that affect food animals
  本课程概述了影响食用动物的寄生虫
• A more extensive outline of parasites will be covered in the "Perform ante & post mortem inspection" units for the specific species
  在针对特定物种的“进行前后验尸”单元中将涵盖更广泛的寄生虫概述

External 外部

(Ecto-parasites) （体外寄生虫）

Arthropods 节肢动物

• Arthropods are invertebrates with jointed legs
  节肢动物是具有关节腿的无脊椎动物
• Two classes which are important to meat safety inspectors
  对肉类安全检查员很重要的两类

Class I - Insecta (divided into head, thorax & abdomen)
第一类 - 昆虫（分为头部、胸部和腹部）

Examples include: 示例包括：

• Bots flies 机器人飞
• Blowflies 苍蝇
• Buffalo flies 水牛苍蝇
• Stable flies 稳定的苍蝇
• Sheep ked or sheep tick
  羊蜱或羊蜱
• Biting lice 叮咬虱子
• Sucking lice 吸吮虱子

• Fleas 跳蚤
• Warble flies, Screw worm flies, Tsetse flies (not in Australia)
  莺蝇、螺旋虫蝇、采采蝇（不在澳大利亚）

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1. Part affected: Lung (inner pleure) and rib cage (outer pleura)
   受累部位 ：肺（胸膜内）和肋骨（胸膜外）
2. Name of the condition: Osteo-haemochromatosis
   病症名称：骨血色病