1. 绪论
1. Introduction
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.1 Background and significance
温室气体排放量日益增多并引发气候问题,全球范围内均需重视碳减排行动。作为碳排放总量约占世界总量的30%的国家,中国的碳减排行动非常重要,事关中华民族永续发展,关乎人类前途命运。中国于2011年开始进行碳排放权交易。经过十余年的摸索,目前已完成了约11亿吨CO2的交易,交易额达到了百余亿元。中国有着全球最大的温室气体排放碳市场,而低碳产业情况介绍大致从以下三个方面展开:
Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing and causing climate problems, and carbon reduction actions need to be taken globally. As a country that accounts for about 30% of the world's total carbon emissions, China's carbon emission reduction actions are very important, which is related to the sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the future and destiny of mankind. China began trading carbon emissions in 2011. After more than 10 years of exploration, about 110 million tons of CO2 transactions have been completed, and the transaction volume has reached more than 10 billion yuan. China has the world's largest carbon market for greenhouse gas emissions, and the introduction of low-carbon industries is broadly carried out from the following three aspects:
(1)碳减碳政策:各国已推行的碳减排政策总共有三大类。直接管制手段,即针对能源消耗和碳排放水平的排放标准、限额等手段。碳排放权交易,一种基于碳排放量的碳排放控制方法,通过直接控制和经济奖励的方法。 税收手段,如能源和环境相关的税收及补贴。
(1) Carbon reduction policies: There are three main types of carbon reduction policies that have been implemented by various countries. Direct control means, i.e., emission standards, allowances, etc., for energy consumption and carbon emission levels. Carbon emissions trading, a carbon emission control method based on carbon emissions, through direct control and economic incentives. Tax instruments, such as energy and environment-related taxes and subsidies.
(2)碳税政策:碳税指的是针对温室气体排放而征收的环境税。每年温室气体直接排放量达2万5000公吨或以上的工业设施需要缴纳碳税,我国是最早宣布征收碳税的国家之一。征收碳税的红利主要有: 征收碳税能提高传统化石能源的使用成本,促使相关企业通过引进低碳生产技术或利用新能源替代化石能源来进行生产等方式,合理减少碳税支出,从而实现全社会减排。政府开征碳税的同时会相对应的降低其他税种的税率或者相对应的增加转移支付的比例,创造社会福利。碳排放交易和碳税是基于市场机制的两种主要碳减排工具,这是环境经济学争论其优点的经典研究命题。
(2) Carbon tax policy: Carbon tax refers to the environmental tax levied on greenhouse gas emissions. Industrial facilities with direct greenhouse gas emissions of 25,000 metric tons or more per year are required to pay a carbon tax, and China is one of the first countries to announce a carbon tax. The main dividends of the carbon tax are: the levy of carbon tax can increase the cost of traditional fossil energy, and encourage relevant enterprises to reasonably reduce carbon tax expenditure by introducing low-carbon production technologies or using new energy to replace fossil energy for production, so as to achieve emission reduction in the whole society. When the government imposes a carbon tax, it will reduce the tax rate of other taxes or increase the proportion of transfer payments accordingly, creating social welfare. Emissions trading and carbon tax are the two main tools for carbon emission reduction based on market mechanisms, which are classic research propositions in environmental economics to argue for their merits.
(3)减碳减排技术:指所有能降低人类活动碳排放的技术。有无碳或减碳技术、捕存和利用二氧化碳的技术。燃料和碳排放息息相关,企业所用燃料包括煤炭、焦炭、兰炭、燃料油、汽柴油、液化气、煤层气等等。影响燃料消耗及碳排放的主要因素是工艺过程,但在燃料的购入储备、加工转换、终端利用等环节仍有很多减少碳排放的技术,如减少燃料中有机成分无谓的损失,使用的燃料应该符合锅炉等燃烧设备的设计要求,减少燃料燃烧过程的能量浪费等。
(3) Carbon reduction and emission reduction technologies: refers to all technologies that can reduce carbon emissions from human activities. There are carbon-free or decarbonisation technologies, technologies for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide. Fuel and carbon emissions are closely related, and the fuels used by enterprises include coal, coke, blue charcoal, fuel oil, gasoline and diesel, liquefied gas, coalbed methane, etc. The main factor affecting fuel consumption and carbon emissions is the process, but there are still many technologies to reduce carbon emissions in the purchase and storage, processing and conversion, and terminal utilization of fuel, such as reducing the unnecessary loss of organic components in the fuel, and the fuel used should meet the design requirements of boilers and other combustion equipment, and reducing the energy waste in the fuel combustion process.
本研究集中关注的是在节能减排技术方面,利用减碳技术实现生产消费使用过程的减碳,从而实现高效能和低排放的目标。在减碳的大环境下,政府发布了一系列的相关政策和补贴。随着全球化的进程,企业间的竞争愈演愈烈,若想要实现低碳发展,需要投入巨大的成本,企业的资金问题仍然突出。为帮助解决此问题,本文提出从低碳减碳技术、供应链和信息共享角度展开研究,旨在探索出在不同的政府减碳政策和零售商与制造商之间的信息共享策略下的低碳供应链模型。
This study focuses on energy conservation and emission reduction technologies, and uses carbon reduction technologies to achieve carbon reduction in the process of production, consumption and use, so as to achieve the goals of high efficiency and low emissions. In the context of carbon reduction, the government has issued a series of relevant policies and subsidies. With the process of globalization, the competition between enterprises is becoming more and more fierce, and if you want to achieve low-carbon development, you need to invest huge costs, and the capital problem of enterprises is still prominent. In order to help solve this problem, this paper proposes to conduct research from the perspectives of low-carbon reduction technology, supply chain and information sharing, aiming to explore a low-carbon supply chain model under different government carbon reduction policies and information sharing strategies between retailers and manufacturers.
可以发现,二级供应链上制造商与零售商之间信息共享可以使得供应链达到最优绩效,二者之间存在Stackelberg博弈;在完全信息共享下,零售商的绩效会有一定程度的损失,因而零售商会选择不完全信息共享,零售商的利益也将得到保障。因此本文将利用博弈论计算模型的均衡解。
It can be found that the information sharing between manufacturers and retailers in the secondary supply chain can make the supply chain achieve optimal performance, and there is a Stackelberg game between the two. Under full information sharing, the performance of retailers will be lost to a certain extent, so retailers will choose not to share complete information, and the interests of retailers will also be protected. Therefore, this paper will use the equilibrium solution of the game theory calculation model.
1.2 研究内容及方法
1.2 Research content and methodology
本文研究的二级供应链内,单一零售商需要选择采取两种信息共享策略之一。单一制造商生产产品后,交由零售商销售。在追求低碳消费的背景下,消费者分为低碳产品偏好者和低碳产品不偏好者。零售商可以通过历史信息了解到当期的市场需求,并选择是否和制造商共享需求信息,而制造商无法预知当期的市场需求。制造商可以自由的选择是否引进低碳生产技术,引进低碳生产技术后,制造商可以获得来自政府的补贴以及降低生产的能耗。本文主要采用以下几种方法开展研究:
Within the secondary supply chain studied in this paper, a single retailer needs to choose one of two information sharing strategies. After a single manufacturer produces a product, it is sold by retailers. In the context of the pursuit of low-carbon consumption, consumers are divided into low-carbon product preferences and low-carbon product non-preferences. Retailers can use historical information to understand the current market demand and choose whether to share the demand information with manufacturers, who cannot predict the current market demand. Manufacturers are free to choose whether to introduce low-carbon production technologies, and after the introduction of low-carbon production technologies, manufacturers can obtain subsidies from the government and reduce the energy consumption of production. In this paper, the following methods are used to carry out research:
(1)文献研究法:基于低碳供应链的信息共享这一研究方向,在中国知网、Web of Science、超星等国内外数据库查阅大量文献,较全面地了解掌握供应链管理、信息共享、低碳政策相关研究成果及国内外研究现状,找到研究空白。
(1) Literature research method: Based on the research direction of information sharing of low-carbon supply chain, a large number of literature was consulted in domestic and foreign databases such as CNKI, Web of Science, and Chaoxing, so as to comprehensively understand and grasp the research results related to supply chain management, information sharing, and low-carbon policy, as well as the research status at home and abroad, and find research gaps.
(2)模型方法:根据原型的主要特征创建一个数学模型,再通过模型来间接研究低碳供应链中,制造商同零售商之间的信息共享和制造商所采取的策略同政府减碳政策之间的关系。
(2) Model method: Create a mathematical model according to the main characteristics of the prototype, and then indirectly study the relationship between information sharing between manufacturers and retailers and the strategies adopted by manufacturers and government carbon reduction policies in the low-carbon supply chain.
(3)定性分析:针对低碳供应链方面,制造商和零售商间的关系和政府制定的低碳政策进行分析。
(3) Qualitative analysis: In terms of low-carbon supply chain, the relationship between manufacturers and retailers and the low-carbon policies formulated by the government are analyzed.
(4)运用数据分析法分析低碳偏好因子、碳排放惩罚率因子和单位降低能耗的敏感性。使用Mathematica软件处理预设的数学博弈模型,并调整参数,探讨不同情况下模型的最优结果,得到数值分析的结果并进行研究结论验证。
(4) Data analysis was used to analyze the low-carbon preference factor, carbon emission penalty rate factor and the sensitivity of unit energy consumption. Mathematica software is used to process the preset mathematical game model, adjust the parameters, discuss the optimal results of the model under different circumstances, obtain the results of numerical analysis, and verify the research conclusions.
1.3 技术路线与论文结构
1.3 Technical route and paper structure
图1-1:研究技术路线
Figure 1-1: Research technology route
1.4 创新之处
14 Innovations
(1)在研究市场需求时,引入了价格敏感因子和低碳偏好敏感因子这两个变量,从多角度衡量低碳供应链的最优决策。
(1) In the study of market demand, two variables, price sensitive factor and low-carbon preference sensitive factor, are introduced to measure the optimal decision-making of low-carbon supply chain from multiple perspectives.
(2)以往研究低碳供应链的文献大多是基于理论进行分析,本文在考虑低碳供应链技术的情况下,结合Stackelberg博弈模型分析制造商、零售商和供应链整体的最优决策。
(2) Most of the previous literature on low-carbon supply chain is based on theoretical analysis, and this paper analyzes the optimal decision-making of manufacturers, retailers and supply chains as a whole by combining the Stackelberg game model with the consideration of low-carbon supply chain technology.
2. 相关理论综述
2. A review of relevant theories
2.1 低碳供应链相关研究
2.1 Research on low-carbon supply chains
已有的关于低碳供应链的研究中,以二级供应链为主,但各自从不同的视角展开了研究。Zu等人[1]对以提高可持续收入为目标的单一制造商和单一供应商构成的碳减排供应链进行了研究,通过 Stackelberg博弈分析,得出了制造商和供应商付出最大的努力时,其减排量也是最大的。Wang等学者[2]建立了一个由生产商与零售商构成的两层供应链博弈模型,通过对两个企业的成本分摊与批发价溢价契约的约束,两个企业能够在帕累托改进的条件下合作完成碳排放的目标。
The existing research on low-carbon supply chains focuses on secondary supply chains, but they have been studied from different perspectives. Zu et al. [1] studied the carbon reduction supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a single supplier with the goal of increasing sustainable income, and concluded that the manufacturers and suppliers also reduce the largest emissions when they put in the greatest effort. Wang et al. [2] established a two-tier supply chain game model composed of producers and retailers, and through the constraints of the cost-sharing and wholesale price premium contracts of the two firms, the two firms can cooperate to achieve the carbon emission goal under the condition of Pareto improvement.
Peng等学者[3]所研究的供应链,由碳排放配额和交易计划下产量不确定的供应商和制造商构成,采用 Stackelberg模型,对集中和分散的供应链中数量折扣合同和收入共享合同、生产、价格、碳减排决策进行分析。通过引入一种新型的收入共享契约,结合减排补助的协同效应,实现对产量不确定因素的协调;同时,通过引入数量折扣契约,实现对低碳供应链的协调。Yu等学者[4]则指出,零售商只偏好批发价格合约,而生产商甚至供应链更偏好利润分享合约,而非成本分摊合约。较高份额的利益分享能减少成本,减少排放量,造福于消费者。
Peng et al. [3] used the Stackelberg model to analyze quantity discount contracts and revenue sharing contracts, production, price, and carbon emission reduction decisions in centralized and decentralized supply chains, consisting of suppliers and manufacturers with uncertain output under carbon emission allowance and trading schemes. By introducing a new type of revenue sharing contract, combined with the synergistic effect of emission reduction subsidies, the coordination of output uncertainties can be realized; At the same time, through the introduction of quantity discount contracts, the coordination of low-carbon supply chains will be realized. Yu et al. [4] point out that retailers only prefer wholesale-price contracts, while producers and even supply chains prefer profit-sharing contracts rather than cost-sharing contracts. A higher share of benefit-sharing reduces costs, reduces emissions, and benefits consumers.
Hu等学者[5]通过数值分析,将碳税政策和碳总量管制与贸易政策进行了比较,得出结论:只有在碳配额水平太高的时候,碳税政策才会更好。
Hu et al. [5] compared the carbon tax policy with the total carbon cap policy with the trade policy through numerical analysis, and concluded that the carbon tax policy would be better only when the carbon quota level was too high.
谢新鹏等学者[6]针对碳排放配额提供者与两个生产商构成的供应链,构建了纳什均衡问题的博弈模型,对其进行了分析。提出在供应链对碳排放进行严格管控,政府对其设定了一定的碳排放权,可以使得其能够通过契约方式获得更大的收益,从而使得其收益更高。
Xie Xinpeng et al. [6] constructed a game model of the Nash equilibrium problem for the supply chain composed of carbon emission allowance providers and two producers, and analyzed it. It is proposed that carbon emissions should be strictly controlled in the supply chain, and the government has set certain carbon emission rights for it, which can enable it to obtain greater benefits through contracts, so as to make its benefits higher.
Li G[7]研究了国家配额制度和贸易制度对企业节能减排和低碳生产决策的影响,并揭示了消费者的低碳偏好程度对其决策有重要的影响。
Li G. [7] studied the impact of the national quota system and the trade system on the decision-making of enterprises on energy conservation, emission reduction and low-carbon production, and revealed that the degree of consumers' low-carbon preference has an important impact on their decision-making.
2.2 考虑政府补贴的低碳供应链
2.2 Consider government-subsidized low-carbon supply chains
目前,我国已有众多政府针对低碳减排的政策,这些政策对于企业开展生产和减排工作具有比较显著的影响,但是其效果如何以及影响的具体程度还需要通过试验来检验,这也是很多学者所关注的问题。Chen和Hu [8]运用演化博弈的方法,证明,双边动态税负与补贴对企业低碳生产的影响更大。Cao等学者[9]对碳配额交易和补贴政策对制造商生产和减排的影响进行了分析,并探讨了对社会更有利的政策。
At present, there are many government policies for low-carbon emission reduction in China, which have a significant impact on the production and emission reduction work of enterprises, but the effect and the specific degree of impact still need to be tested through experiments, which is also a problem that many scholars are concerned about. Chen and Hu [8] used the evolutionary game method to prove that bilateral dynamic tax burdens and subsidies have a greater impact on firms' low-carbon production. Cao et al. [9] analyzed the impact of carbon allowance trading and subsidy policies on manufacturers' production and emission reduction, and discussed policies that are more beneficial to society.
李友东等学者[10]将最优的碳减排成本与最优补贴纳入到模型中,对补贴政策与合作减排决策的关系进行了较为系统的研究。赵敬华等人[11]研究了不同类型的政府补助对渠道成员的价格和收益的影响,结果表明,当政府补助的目标不同时,会产生不同的补助效应。汪传旭等学者[12]研究了碳排放限制对闭环供应链中政府与供应链决策的影响,并在此基础上探索了政府补贴、碳排放限制、碳排放比率等多个变量对其优化决策执行的作用机制。
Li Youdong et al. [10] incorporated the optimal carbon emission reduction cost and optimal subsidy into the model, and systematically studied the relationship between subsidy policy and cooperative emission reduction decision-making. Zhao et al. [11] studied the impact of different types of government subsidies on the prices and returns of channel members, and the results showed that when the targets of government subsidies are different, different subsidy effects will occur. Wang Chuanxu et al. [12] studied the impact of carbon emission restrictions on government and supply chain decision-making in closed-loop supply chains, and explored the mechanism of multiple variables such as government subsidies, carbon emission restrictions, and carbon emission ratios on the implementation of optimal decision-making.
张正等学者[13]基于技术创新,对政府的研发和消费补贴对供应链决策的影响进行了研究,发现实施研发和消费补贴等激励措施,不但可以提高供应链中企业的技术创新,还能使供应链中的利润得到明显提高。曹裕等学者[14]将无政府补助和单一补助进行比较,并以此为依据,分别考察了在政府和供应链内部两种补助政策下,供应链的最优决策。
Zhang Zheng et al. [13] studied the impact of government R&D and consumption subsidies on supply chain decision-making based on technological innovation, and found that the implementation of incentives such as R&D and consumption subsidies can not only improve the technological innovation of enterprises in the supply chain, but also canSo that the profit in the supply chain has been significantly improved. Cao Yu et al. [14] compared no government subsidies with single subsidies and used this as a basis to examine the benefits of government and supply chains, respectively Under the two subsidy policies of the ministry, the optimal decision-making of the supply chain.
夏西强等学者[15]将政府补贴与碳税政策在低碳经济中的作用纳入考量,在构建两个生产模型的基础上,得出在低碳企业同时生产这两个产品的情况下,政府的补贴同步减低产品的销售价格。而在低碳型企业仅生产低碳型产品的情况下,政府采取碳税政策将导致销售价格提高。
Xia Xiqiang et al. [15] consider the role of government subsidies and carbon tax policies in a low-carbon economy, and on the basis of constructing two production models, they conclude that when low-carbon enterprises produce both products, government subsidies are reduced simultaneouslyThe selling price of the product. In the case of low-carbon enterprises that only produce low-carbon products, the government's adoption of a carbon tax policy will lead to higher selling prices.
2.3 碳交易理论
23 Carbon Trading Theory
碳交易是指将二氧化碳排放权当作一种商品,将碳限额和碳配额交易进行统一,在碳交易合同中,一方通过向另一方支付温室气体减排额,买家可以将购买的减排额用于缓解温室效应,从而实现其减排的目的。排污权交易在20世纪被提出并演化出碳交易,中国的碳交易市场中实施的是免费分配初始碳配额的政策。
Carbon trading refers to the carbon dioxide emission rights as a commodity, the carbon allowance and carbon allowance trading are unified, in the carbon trading contract, one party pays the other party greenhouse gas emission reductions, buyers can use the purchased emission reductions to mitigate the greenhouse effect, so as to achieve their emission reduction purposes. Emissions trading was proposed in the 20th century and evolved into carbon trading, and China's carbon trading market implements a policy of free allocation of initial carbon allowances.
许多学者都在探讨碳交易的监管与发展问题。王科等学者[16]通过整理中国碳市建设的相关政策,对比不同试点区域的运作情况和效果,进行经验分析,归纳不同试点区域所采取的减少和减少措施,并对其效果进行初步评估,最终为中国碳市建设提供相关的政策建议。尹敬东等学者[17]在比较了世界上几种主要的碳排放交易体系后,指出了中国在实施碳排放交易时存在的问题,并提出了解决问题的措施。本课题将在此基础上,对中国的碳排放交易体系进行比较和分析。郭道燕等学者[18]以消费者端的碳交易为切入点,研究博弈行为的演进稳定性,利用政府和家庭组成的博弈模型,进行模拟仿真,指明多个情形下不同主体的关系,为政府制定初始碳配额的政策提供参考。Liu等学者[19]通过建立台湾地区碳市场的供给与需求模型,通过对四种不同的交易方案进行对比,得出最优的交易定价与时机,为政府制定相应的碳交易政策提供参考。
Many scholars have discussed the regulation and development of carbon trading. Wang Ke et al. [16] summarized the reduction and reduction measures taken in different pilot areas by collating the relevant policies of China's carbon city construction, comparing the operation and effects of different pilot areas, conducting empirical analysis, and making a preliminary assessment of their effects. Finally, it provides relevant policy recommendations for the construction of China's carbon city. Yin Jingdong et al. [17] compared several major ETS in the world, pointed out the problems existing in China's implementation of ETS, and proposed measures to solve them. On this basis, this topic will compare and analyze China's ETS. Guo Daoyan et al. [18] took carbon trading on the consumer side as the starting point to study the evolution and stability of game behavior, using government and household compositionThe game model is simulated to indicate the relationship between different subjects in multiple situations, and provide a reference for the government to formulate the policy of initial carbon quotas. Liu et al. [19] established a supply and demand model of Taiwan's carbon market, and compared four different trading schemes to obtain the optimal trading pricing and timing, which provided a reference for the government to formulate corresponding carbon trading policies.
Ivan Kockar[20]分析了碳交易对欧洲国家碳排放的约束,分析了输电容量对发电计划的影响,并对其在碳减排、成本和发电效率等方面的作用进行了评价。Du等学者[21]利用博弈理论,研究了基于碳交易的碳排放相关供应链各成员在碳交易中的行为与决策。在欧盟碳交易体系基础上,Jaber等人[22]利用两级供应链模型对各种碳交易方案及其组合进行了分析,从而为企业在不同的碳交易方式下,最大限度地降低了库存和碳排放成本。
Ivan Kockar [20] analyzed the constraints of carbon trading on carbon emissions in European countries, analyzed the impact of transmission capacity on power generation plans, and evaluated its role in carbon emission reduction, cost, and power generation efficiency. Du et al. [21] used game theory to study the behavior and decision-making of members of the carbon emission related supply chain based on carbon trading. Based on the EU ETS, Jaber et al. [22] used a two-tier supply chain model to evaluate various carbon trading schemes and theirThe combination was analysed to minimize inventory and carbon emission costs for companies under different carbon trading methods.
2.4 信息不对称理论
24 Information Asymmetry Theory
计国君等学者[23] 在信息不对称的情况下利用Satckelberg模型,分析了一个零售商与两个制造商组成的供应链进行决策的问题,解释其中的三方博弈机制,并探讨其对供应链绩效的影响。Wang等学者[24]对在信息不对称的情况下,由风险中立的零售商和具有生产成本的风险中立供应商构成的供应链的契约进行了研究,并对不同契约对供应链绩效的影响进行了分析和对比。
Ji Guojun et al. [23] used the Satckelberg model to analyze the situation of information asymmetryThe problem of a retailer making decisions with a supply chain consisting of two manufacturersExplain the three-way game mechanism and explore its impact on supply chain performance. Wang et al. [24] describe the contract of the supply chain consisting of risk-neutral retailers and risk-neutral suppliers with production costs in the case of information asymmetryA study was conducted and the impact of different contracts on supply chain performance was analyzed and compared.
2.5 文献评述
2.5 Literature Review
通过对上述四个方面和供应链相关的文献整理可得,现有研究已经从不同的视角对低碳供应链各种问题进行了积极探索并取得丰富的研究成果,为制造商进行低碳生产提高了借鉴的思路,但在低碳生产与消费者的效用研究方面还存在一定的研究空间:
Through the literature collation of the above four aspects and supply chain, the existing studies have actively explored various problems of low-carbon supply chain from different perspectives and obtained rich research results, which improves the reference ideas for manufacturers to carry out low-carbon production, but there is still some research space in the research on the utility of low-carbon production and consumers:
(1)目前关于低碳供应链的研究多集中于制造商和零售商方面,以及相关的政策和减排合作,而对于社会中普遍存在的消费者效用的关注较少。然而,随着低碳政策的普及,消费者的低碳商品购买偏好增加,低碳供应链也需要考虑消费者效用对供应链所产生的影响。因此,本文引入消费者效用函数,分析消费者对低碳供应链的影响。
(1) At present, most of the research on low-carbon supply chains focuses on manufacturers and retailers, as well as related policies and emission reduction cooperation, and pays less attention to the consumer utility that is prevalent in society. However, with the popularization of low-carbon policies, consumers' preference for low-carbon goods has increased, and the impact of consumer utility on the supply chain also needs to be considered in the low-carbon supply chain. Therefore, this paper introduces the consumer utility function to analyze the impact of consumers on the low-carbon supply chain.
(2)目前低碳减排方法主要采取的手段是碳减排权交易市场和碳税政策的影响为主,由于低碳政策还属于起步发展的阶段,相关法律法规和优惠政策还不完善,将低碳生产技术和碳补贴结合的研究较少。因此,本文有必要研究低碳生产技术和碳补贴对低碳供应链的促进作用。
(2) At present, the main means of low-carbon emission reduction methods are the impact of carbon emission reduction rights trading market and carbon tax policy, because low-carbon policy is still in the initial stage of development, relevant laws, regulations and preferential policies are not perfect, and there are few studies on the combination of low-carbon production technology and carbon subsidies. Therefore, it is necessary to study the role of low-carbon production technologies and carbon subsidies in promoting low-carbon supply chains.