4.6 Winter Operations 4.6 冬季运行
4.6.1 Clean Aircraft Concept
4.6.1 清洁飞机概念
The clean aircraft concept is a crucial element for the safety of flight. An aircraft is considered to be clean when all surfaces are completely clean or when surfaces are protected by de-icing/anti-icing fluid and the surface aerodynamic characteristics are unaffected.
清洁飞机概念是飞行安全的关键要素。当所有表面完全清洁或表面受到除冰/防冰液保护并且表面空气动力特性不受影响时，飞机被认为是清洁的。
Exposure to weather conditions on the ground that are conducive to ice formation can cause the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice on aircraft critical surfaces and components that will adversely affect aircraft performance and control. The operation of mechanical devices, such as control surfaces, sensors, flaps and landing gear, will also be affected.
地面上有利于结冰的天气条件可能会导致飞机关键表面和部件上霜、雪、雪泥或冰的积累，从而对飞机的性能和控制产生不利影响。操纵面、传感器、襟翼和起落架等机械装置的操作也会受到影响。
If frozen contamination is present, the ability for the aircraft to fly safely may be greatly reduced and will cause potentially dangerous conditions. Any deposit of ice, snow or frost on the external surfaces of an aircraft may drastically affect its performance due to reduced aerodynamic lift and increased drag resulting from the disturbed airflow. Slush, freezing snow or ice may cause moving parts, such as control surface and flap-actuation mechanisms to jam, therefore creating a hazardous situation. These adverse effects on the aerodynamic properties of the airfoil may result in sudden departures from the commanded flight path and may not be preceded by any indications or stall warning to the pilot.
如果存在冷冻污染物，飞机安全飞行的能力可能会大大降低，并会导致潜在的危险情况。飞机外表面的任何冰、雪或霜沉积都可能会严重影响其性能，因为空气动力升力会减少，气流扰动会导致阻力增加。雪泥、冰雪或冰可能会导致控制面和襟翼驱动机构等运动部件卡住，从而造成危险情况。这些对机翼的空气动力学特性的不利影响可能导致突然偏离命令的飞行路径，并且之前可能不会向飞行员发出任何指示或失速警告。
An aircraft ready for departure shall be a clean aircraft that has no frozen contamination adhering to any critical surface.
准备起飞的飞机应是干净的飞机，任何关键表面上均未粘附冻结污染物。
Numerous techniques for complying with the Clean aircraft concept have been developed. Proper and adequate de-icing followed by an application of appropriate antiicing fluid provides the best protection against contamination. The selection of a one or two step procedure depends upon weather conditions, available equipment, available fluids and the Holdover Time to be achieved. A visual or physical check of the critical aircraft surface to confirm that the treatment has been effective, and that the aircraft is in compliance with the clean aircraft concept, must be carried out.
已经开发出许多符合清洁飞机概念的技术。适当且充分的除冰，然后使用适当的防冰液，可提供最佳的防污染保护。一步或两步程序的选择取决于天气条件、可用设备、可用流体和要达到的保持时间。必须对关键飞机表面进行目视或物理检查，以确认处理有效，并且飞机符合清洁飞机概念。
4.6.2 Aircraft De-icing/Anti-icing Program
4.6.2 飞机除冰/防冰计划
a. Airlines of the Cargolux Group shall take all reasonable measures to ensure that an aircraft is not taking-off unless free of any ice or other contaminants, please refer to “Clean Aircraft Concept”.
一个。卢森堡货运航空集团的航空公司应采取一切合理措施，确保飞机在没有任何冰或其他污染物的情况下不会起飞，请参阅“清洁飞机概念”。
b. No aircraft shall be released when the wings, tail surfaces or other critical surfaces have a coating of ice, snow, or frost.
b.当机翼、尾翼表面或其他关键表面有冰、雪或霜涂层时，不得放行飞机。
c. The Pilot-in-Command has the responsibility to ensure compliance with the Clean Aircraft Concept and for continually monitoring the environmental situation after the performed de-icing/anti-icing procedure, and for, prior to take-off, assessing whether the applied hold-over time is still appropriate.
c.机长有责任确保遵守清洁飞机概念，并在执行除冰/防冰程序后持续监测环境状况，并在起飞前评估所应用的等待是否有效。 ——过一段时间还是合适的。
d. Airlines of the Cargolux Group will only use de-icing/anti-icing fluids, including their holdover times, which are qualified in accordance with SAE and FAA standards, please refer to “CLX/ICV Approved De-icing and Anti-icing Fluids”.
d. Cargolux 集团的航空公司仅使用符合 SAE 和 FAA 标准的除冰/防冰液，包括其保持时间，请参阅“CLX/ICV 批准的除冰和防冰液” 。
e. Service providers shall ensure the first step fluid and the second step fluid used on aircraft are compatible, in case of a two-step de-icing/anti-icing method with different fluids, especially when the two fluids are provided by two different manufacturers.
e.对于使用不同液体的两步除冰/防冰方法，特别是当两种液体由两个不同制造商提供时，服务提供商应确保飞机上使用的第一步液体和第二步液体兼容。
f. The Ground De-icing/Anti-Icing Program includes the following elements:
f.地面除冰/防冰计划包括以下内容：
| Elements 元素 |
GOM Ref.# GOM 参考# |
| Responsibilities 职责 |
“流程负责人” “地勤人员” “地勤人员以外的人员” “冬季运营管理审查委员会”
| "Process Owner" |
| "Ground Staff" |
| "Personnel other than Ground Staff" |
| "Winter Ops Management Review Board" |
"Process Owner"
"Ground Staff"
"Personnel other than Ground Staff"
"Winter Ops Management Review Board"| "Process Owner" |
| :--- |
| "Ground Staff" |
| "Personnel other than Ground Staff" |
| "Winter Ops Management Review Board" | |
| Procedures 程序 |
《飞机地面除冰/防冰方法》 《地面除冰/防冰检查》
| "Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing |
| Methods" |
| "Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Checks" |
"Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing
Methods"
"Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Checks"| "Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing |
| :--- |
| Methods" |
| "Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Checks" | |
| HOT tables 热门表 |
“保持时间和最低操作使用温度”
| "Holdover Times & Lowest Operational |
| Use Temperatures" |
"Holdover Times & Lowest Operational
Use Temperatures"| "Holdover Times & Lowest Operational |
| :--- |
| Use Temperatures" | |
| Policy 政策 |
"Clean Aircraft Concept" “清洁飞机概念” |
| Communication 沟通 |
"Ground De-icing/Anti-icing
“地面除冰/防冰 |
| Communication" 沟通” |
|
| Training 训练 |
《外部资质》《货运操作及地勤人员资质》
| "External Qualifications" |
| "Qualifications for Cargo Operations and |
| Ground Handling Staff" |
"External Qualifications"
"Qualifications for Cargo Operations and
Ground Handling Staff"| "External Qualifications" |
| :--- |
| "Qualifications for Cargo Operations and |
| Ground Handling Staff" | |
| Reporting 报告 |
"Ground Ops Forms and other Support
“地面行动表格和其他支持 |
Elements GOM Ref.#
Responsibilities ""Process Owner"
"Ground Staff"
"Personnel other than Ground Staff"
"Winter Ops Management Review Board""
Procedures ""Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing
Methods"
"Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Checks""
HOT tables ""Holdover Times & Lowest Operational
Use Temperatures""
Policy "Clean Aircraft Concept"
Communication "Ground De-icing/Anti-icing
Communication"
Training ""External Qualifications"
"Qualifications for Cargo Operations and
Ground Handling Staff""
Reporting "Ground Ops Forms and other Support| Elements | GOM Ref.# |
| :--- | :--- |
| Responsibilities | "Process Owner" <br> "Ground Staff" <br> "Personnel other than Ground Staff" <br> "Winter Ops Management Review Board" |
| Procedures | "Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing <br> Methods" <br> "Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Checks" |
| HOT tables | "Holdover Times & Lowest Operational <br> Use Temperatures" |
| Policy | "Clean Aircraft Concept" |
| Communication | "Ground De-icing/Anti-icing |
| Communication" | |
| Training | "External Qualifications" <br> "Qualifications for Cargo Operations and <br> Ground Handling Staff" |
| Reporting | "Ground Ops Forms and other Support |
g. Where winter operation is required, airports shall carry out a snow plan, which should at least include the following elements:
g。需要冬季运行的，机场应当制定降雪计划，该计划至少应包括以下内容：
- the Snow Committee members and the person in charge of the snow clearance operation, with a chain of command giving a breakdown in duties;
除雪委员会成员和除雪行动负责人，并通过指挥系统划分职责；
- methods of communication between aerodrome operations, air traffic control, and the Meteorological Office;
机场运行、空中交通管制和气象办公室之间的通信方法；
- the equipment available for snow clearance. This should include equipment for ploughing, sweeping, and blowing snow;
可用于除雪的设备。这应包括犁地、扫地和吹雪的设备；
- priority of surfaces to be cleared, and clearance limits for aircraft using the aerodrome;
需要清理的表面的优先顺序以及使用机场的飞机的清理限制；
- collection of information for SNOWTAM and dissemination of this information;
为 SNOWTAM 收集信息并传播该信息；
- designated snow dumping or melting areas to avoid confusion during the actual clearance operations;
指定积雪倾倒或融化区域，以避免在实际清理作业中出现混乱；
- an alerting system in order that sufficient warning is given to all bodies concerned;
警报系统，以便向所有有关机构发出充分的警告；
- the manpower available, including staff for equipment maintenance arrangements for shifts, and call out procedures;
可用人力，包括轮班设备维护安排人员和呼叫程序；
- deployment of equipment and tactical approaches to be used;
部署装备和使用的战术方法；
- general principles to be followed in deciding when to close runways for snow clearance and designation of management personnel authorized to make the decision;
决定何时关闭跑道以进行除雪以及指定有权做出决定的管理人员时应遵循的一般原则；
- methods of assessing and reporting the surface conditions; and
评估和报告表面状况的方法；和
- criteria for the suspension of runway operations.
暂停跑道运行的标准。
4.6.3 Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Methods
4.6.3 飞机地面除冰/防冰方法
a. When aircraft surfaces are contaminated by frozen moisture, they shall be de-iced prior to dispatch with fluids, mechanical methods, alternative technologies, or combinations thereof. When freezing precipitation exists and the precipitation is adhering to the surfaces at the time of dispatch, aircraft surfaces shall be deiced/ anti-iced with fluids. If both de-icing and anti-icing are required, the procedure may be performed in one or two steps. The selection of a one- or two-step process depends upon weather conditions, available equipment, available methods (generally the use of de-icing and anti-icing fluids), and the holdover time needed.
一个。当飞机表面被冰冻湿气污染时，应在放行前使用液体、机械方法、替代技术或其组合进行除冰。当存在冰冻降水且在放行时降水粘附在表面时，应使用液体对飞机表面进行除冰/防冰。如果同时需要除冰和防冰，则该过程可以分一步或两步进行。选择一步或两步过程取决于天气条件、可用设备、可用方法（通常使用除冰和防冰液）以及所需的保持时间。
b. An aircraft shall not be dispatched for departure after a de-icing/anti-icing operation until the flight crew is notified of the type of de-icing/anti-icing operation performed.
b.在通知飞行机组所执行的除冰/防冰操作类型之前，飞机不得在除冰/防冰操作后被派出出发。
c. Aircraft shall be treated symmetrically (de-icing and anti-icing), that is, left-hand and right-hand side shall receive the same and complete treatment, even when only one side of the aircraft is contaminated.
c.飞机应对称处理（除冰和防冰），即左侧和右侧应接受相同且完整的处理，即使仅飞机一侧受到污染。
d. Where possible, two (2) de-icing vehicles should be used for the de-icing/anti-icing of CV/C8 aircrafts.
d.如果可能，应使用两 (2) 辆除冰车对 CV/C8 飞机进行除冰/防冰。
e. The aircraft should be in the following configuration:
e.飞机应具有以下配置：
- The use of the APU should be avoided if possible. If the APU is to be used, then the APU bleed and air-conditioning packs should be turned off;
如果可能，应避免使用 APU。如果要使用APU，则应关闭APU排气和空调机组；
- Engines should be in forward idle;
发动机应处于前进怠速状态；
- Flaps will normally be retracted;
襟翼通常会缩回；
- All doors and access panels should be closed prior to de-icing.
除冰前应关闭所有门和检修板。
Aircraft type specific instructions are included in the Maintenance Manual and OM-B.
飞机类型的具体说明包含在维护手册和 OM-B 中。