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--第一大题 ( 5 题,满分 25.0 )
--第一大题 (5 . 5题,满分25.0)

1.填空题 (5)
1. 填空题 (5

Pageants are usually conceived on a fairly large scale, often under the auspices of some local or civic authority or at any rate in connection with local groups of some kind. This sometimes means that there is an allocation of funds available for the purpose of mounting the production, though unfortunately this will usually be found to be on the meager side and much ingenuity will have to be used to stretch it so that all performers can be adequately clothed.
选美比赛通常是在相当大的规模上构思的,通常是在一些地方或民间当局的赞助下,或者至少与当地的某种团体有关。这有时意味着有一笔资金可用于安装生产的目的,尽管不幸的是,这通常会被发现是在微薄的一面,必须使用许多独创性来扩展它,以便所有表演者都能穿得很好。

Most pageants have a historical flavor as they usually come about through the celebration of the anniversary of some event of historic importance, or the life or death of some local worthy. Research among archives and books in the public library will probably prove very useful and produce some workable ideas which will give the production an especially local flavor. From the beginning, economy will have to be practiced because there are usually a great number of people to dress. Leading characters can be considered individually in the same way as when designing for a play; but the main body of the performers will need to be planned in groups and the massed effect must be always borne in mind.
大多数选美比赛都有历史色彩,因为它们通常是通过庆祝一些具有历史意义的事件的周年纪念日,或者一些当地值得纪念的人的生或死来进行的。在公共图书馆的档案和书籍中进行研究可能会证明是非常有用的,并产生一些可行的想法,这将使作品具有特别的地方风味。从一开始,经济将不得不实行,因为通常有很多人穿。主角可以像剧本设计一样,以个人为单位来考虑;但演员的主体则需要以群体为单位来规划,必须时刻考虑群体效应。

Many pageants take place in daylight in the open air. This is an entirely different problem from designing costumes which are going to be looked at under artificial lighting; for one thing, scenes viewed in the daylight are subject to many more distractions. No longer is everything around cut out by the surrounding darkness, but instead it is very easy to be aware of disturbing movement in the audience or behind the performers. Very theatrically conceived clothes do not always look their best when seen in a daylight setting of trees, verdant lawns and old ivy-covered walls; the same goes for costumes being worn in front of the mellow colors of stately homes. The location needs to be studied and then a decision can be made as to what kinds of colors and textures will harmonize best with the surroundings and conditions and then to carry this out as far as possible on the funds available.
许多选美比赛在白天露天举行。这是一个完全不同的问题,从设计服装,将被视为在人工照明;一方面,在白天观看的场景受到更多的分心。周围的一切不再被周围的黑暗切断,而是很容易意识到观众或表演者背后的干扰运动。非常戏剧化的服装并不总是看起来最好的时候,在白天的设置树木,青翠的草坪和古老的常春藤覆盖的墙壁;同样的服装被穿在前面的醇厚的颜色庄严的家园。需要对地点进行研究,然后决定什么样的颜色和纹理与周围环境和条件最协调,然后尽可能在可用资金的情况下进行。

If money is available to dress the performers without recourse to their own help in the provision of items, it is best to arrange for all the cutting and pinning together of the costumes to be done by one or two experienced people than to be given out to the groups and individuals for completion. When there is little or no money at all, the garments need to be reduced to the basic necessities. Cloaks and shawls become invaluable, sheets and large bath towels and bath sheets are admirable for draping. Unwanted curtains and bed spreads can be cut to make tunics, robes and skirts. These are particularly valuable if they are of heavy fabrics such as velvet or chenille.
如果有足够的资金为表演者提供服装,而不需要他们自己提供物品,最好安排一个或两个有经验的人来完成服装的剪裁和钉在一起,而不是交给团体和个人完成。当钱很少或根本没有钱时,衣服需要减少到基本的必需品。斗篷和披肩变得无价,床单和大浴巾和浴巾是令人钦佩的悬垂。不需要的窗帘和床罩可以剪下来做长袍、长袍和裙子。如果是天鹅绒或雪尼尔等厚重的织物,这些就特别有价值。

Colors should be massed together so that there are contrasting groups of dark and light, this will be found to help the visual result substantially. Crowds of people gathered together in a jumble of colors will be ground to look quite purposeless and will lack dramatic impact.
颜色应该聚集在一起,这样就有对比鲜明的黑暗和光明,这将有助于视觉效果。一群人聚集在一个混乱的颜色将地面看起来相当没有特色,将缺乏戏剧性的影响。

The use of numbers of identical head-dresses, however simply made, is always effective when working with groups. If these are made of cardboard and painted boldly the cost can be almost negligible. Helmets, hats and plumes will all make quite a show even if the costumes are only blandest or sheets cleverly draped. The same can be said of the use of banners, shields and poles with stiff pennants and garlands—anything which will help to have a unifying effect. Any kind of eye-catching device will always go with a flourish and add excitement to the scenes.
使用相同的头饰数量,但简单的制作,总是有效的工作时,与群体。如果这些都是由纸板和大胆地画的成本几乎可以忽略不计。头盔,帽子和羽毛都将使相当显示,即使服装只是最温和的或床单巧妙地覆盖。旗帜、盾牌和带有硬饰和花环的杆子的使用也是如此任何有助于产生统一效果的东西。任何一种引人注目的设备总是会伴随着蓬勃发展,并为场景增添刺激。

1. What is the main idea of this passage? 
1.这篇文章的中心思想是什么?

A. Pageants.    
a.选美

B. Costumes on the stage.
B。舞台上的服装。

C. Costumes for pageants.  
C.选美的服装。  

D. How to arrange a pageant.
D.如何安排选美比赛。

2. Why do most pageants have a historical flavor? 
2.为什么大多数选美比赛都有历史的味道?

A. Because most pageants take place for celebration.
a.因为大多数选美比赛都是为了庆祝。

B. Many pageants take place for amusement.
B。许多选美比赛是为了娱乐而举行的。

C. A lot of pageants take place for religion.
C.很多选美比赛都是为了宗教。

D. Because pageants usually take place for competition.
D.因为选美比赛通常都是为了竞争。

3. It can be inferred that the most important factor in costume design is  
3.由此可以推断,服装设计中最重要的因素是

A. money         
A.钱

B. color          
B。颜色

C. harmony         
C.和谐        

D. texture
D.纹理

4. Very theatrically conceived clothes do not always look their best in the daylight because  
4.非常戏剧化的衣服并不总是在白天看起来最好,

A. people’s movement will distract the audience
A.人的运动会分散观众的注意力

B. the location needs to be studied
B。位置需要研究

C. they don’t harmonize best with the surrounding environment
C.它们与周围的环境并不协调

D. everything around can be cut out by the surrounding darkness
D.周围的一切都能被周围的黑暗隔绝

5. Why will much ingenuity have to be required in costume design? 
5.为什么服装设计需要如此多的独创性?

A. Because pageants take place in daylight in the open air.
A.因为选美比赛是在白天露天举行的。

B. Because different characters require different costumes.
B。因为不同的角色需要不同的服装。

C. Because the colors and textures must be in harmony with the setting.
C.因为颜色和质地必须与背景相协调。

D. Because an allocation of the funds available is usually rather small.
D.因为可用资金的分配通常相当小。

本题得分: 4
本题分数: 4

正确答案:

填空1 : C
填充空间1:C

填空2 : A
填充空间2:A

填空3 : C
填充空间3:C

填空4 : C
填充空间4:C

填空5 : D
填充空间5:D

2.填空题 (5)
2. 填空题 (5

It was in the 1960's that federal efforts to aid minority businesses began when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.
正是在20世纪60年代当小企业管理局(SBA)开始向少数民族企业提供联邦担保的贷款和政府资助的管理和技术援助时,联邦开始努力援助少数民族企业。虽然这一计划使许多少数民族企业家成立了新的企业,但结果令人失望,因为管理经验不足,不利的地理位置和资金短缺导致了高失败率。即使在该计划实施15年后,少数民族企业的收入也不到国民经济总收入的2%。

Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Company of MESBIC. The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company.
最近,联邦政策制定者采取了一种旨在加速少数民族商业部门发展的方针,不再直接援助小型少数民族企业,而是通过中介公司支持大型、以增长为导向的少数民族企业。在这种方法中,大公司利用政府资助的风险资本,参与发展成功和稳定的少数民族企业。该资本由一家参与公司用于建立MESBIC的少数民族企业小企业投资公司。然后,MESBIC向有可能成为赞助公司客户未来供应商的少数民族企业提供资金和指导。

MESBIC are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises.  Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent course is followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.
MESBIC是这样一种信念的结果,即为老牌企业提供更容易获得相关管理技术和更多针对具体工作的经验以及大量资本,使这些企业有更大的机会发展健全的业务基础,而不仅仅是提供一般管理经验和少量资本。此外,由于少数族裔业务的潜在市场已经通过赞助公司存在,少数族裔业务在地点和市场波动方面面临的风险大大减少。在早期的财务和经营问题之后,赞助公司开始将MESBIC的资本化,远远超过法律的最低50万美元,产生足够的收入并维持所需的管理质量。MESBIC目前正在成为少数民族企业日益重要的资金来源。 具有讽刺意味的是,MESBIC的工作人员通常由西班牙裔和黑人专业人士组成,他们往往比许多MESBIC董事更务实地对待少数族裔公司的投资,后者通常是赞助公司的高级管理人员。后者通常仍然主要从“社会责任方法”的角度思考问题,因此似乎更喜欢风险更大、吸引力低于正常投资标准的交易。这种观点上的分歧使许多少数民族工作人员感到不安,他们认为,少数民族企业家和企业应该根据既定的商业考虑来判断。这些工作人员认为,他们的观点更接近MESBIC的原始理念,他们担心,除非遵循更谨慎的方针,否则MESBIC董事可能会重新采取政策,可能会重现SBA原始方法的令人失望的结果。

1. What's the central idea of the passage? 
1.这篇文章的中心思想是什么?

    A. The use of MESBIC for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.
A.利用MESBIC帮助少数民族企业家似乎比原来的SBA方法有更大的成功潜力。

    B. There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC.
 B。某些MESBIC的工作人员和董事之间的观点存在重大分歧

    C. After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.
C.在经历了最初的管理和营销问题后,少数族裔企业已开始以稳定的速度扩张。

    D. Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely.
D.希望成立新企业的少数民族企业家现在有几个同样成功的联邦计划可以依赖。

2. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differs from the SBA approach in that MESBIC's  
2.根据文章,MESBIC方法与SBA方法的不同之处在于MESBIC的

    A. seeks federal contracts to provide market for minority businesses
A.寻求联邦合同为少数民族企业提供市场

    B. encourages minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses
B。鼓励少数民族企业为其他少数民族企业提供市场

    C. attempts to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector
C.试图在少数民族商业部门保持一定的增长率

    D. relies on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses
D.依靠大公司的参与来资助少数民族企业

3. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage? 
3.从文章中可以推断出下列关于SBA项目的陈述中的哪一项?

    A. The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.
A.向受援企业提供的贷款最长期限为15年。

    B. Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.
 B。人们认为商业贷款比管理和技术援助对接受贷款的企业更有用。

    C. The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted
C.接受企业的预期失败率明显低于实际结果
.

    D. Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.
D.鼓励中小企业向有利于企业发展的地区转移。

4. The author refers to the “financial and operating problems” encountered by MESBIC primarily in order to  
4.提交人提到MESBIC遇到的“财务和业务问题”,主要是为了  

    A. broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC through sponsoring companies
A.扩大讨论范围,纳入通过赞助公司为MESBIC提供资金的法律的考虑因素

    B. call attention to the fact that MESBIC must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively
B。提请注意,MESBIC必须获得足够的资金,以有效运作,

    C. show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC
C.显示赞助公司只愿意在最初的MESBIC中投资50万美元的政府赞助风险资本

    D. compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding
D.比较SBA和MESBIC对最低资金的限制

5. It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff members toward the investments preferred by some MESBIC directors can be best described as  
5.从这段话中可以推断,MESBIC的一些工作人员对MESBIC一些董事偏爱的投资的态度可以最好地描述为:

    A. disappointed
A.失望

    B. indifferent
B。无动于衷

    C. shocked
C.震惊

    D. defensive
D.防御

本题得分: 1
本题分数: 1

正确答案:

填空1 : A
填充空间1:A

填空2 : D
填充空间2:D

填空3 : C
填充空间3:C

填空4 : B
填充空间4:B

填空5 : A
填充空间5:A

3.填空题 (5)
3. 填空题 (5

Greece is relatively weak in the economy. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from “invisible earnings” to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things, the Greeks earn only 285million;fromtourism,shippingandtheremittancesofGreeksabroad,thecountrytakesinanadditional375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.
希腊经济相对较弱。除了烟草、棉花和水果等农产品外,该国几乎没有什么可出口的,该国从“无形收入”中赚取的收入足以支付其所需的、不断增长的进口。从出口商品中,希腊人只赚了 2.85亿美元;从旅游业、航运业和希腊人的海外汇款中,希腊人又赚了3.75亿美元,这抵消了进口超过出口的近4亿美元。

  It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus—$66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.
它有一个平衡的预算。虽然四分之一以上的德拉克马用于国防,但政府最近一年略有盈余--6600万美元。希腊拥有近三分之一的黄金和外汇储备。它的政府不依赖于联合不相容的政党来获得议会多数。

  In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of 60to70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:
在总结一些令人高兴的亮点时,我并不想低估希腊问题的严重程度。它是自由欧洲最贫穷的国家,贫困现象普遍存在。许多农民的年收入充其量也就60到70英镑,大量的失业困扰着希腊的农村、城市和城镇。几乎没有什么自然资源可以用来建立任何实质性的工业基础。几年前,我在这里写道:

  “Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the backward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”
“希腊的政治家必须创造一种气氛,使国内外储蓄愿意在希腊落后的经济中寻求投资机会。到目前为止,大多数美国和其他外国的尝试都陷入了希腊政府的繁文缛节和对小事的精明。”

  Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.
已经取得了很大的进步。早在1956年,扩大旅游业似乎是为希腊带来所需外汇和额外就业机会的合理途径。当时我与希尔顿酒店的人进行了交谈,他们一直在研究酒店的可能性,并与希腊政府负责这一经济领域的部门进行了交谈。他们在意见和观点上几乎完全不同,陷入了绝望的僵局。

  Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately 31milliontoover5 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome—without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.
今天,希腊的大多数令人难以置信的多样,美丽的历史景点都有新的,如果在许多情况下适度的旅游设施。旅游业本身也从大约3100万跃升至500多万。有一个宏伟的新希尔顿酒店在雅典和一个完全现代化,大大扩大了大布列塔尼,以及其他一流的新酒店。喷气式飞机的出现使雅典变得像巴黎或雅典一样容易到达,而没有交通堵塞的街道的天价。

1. Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? 
1.以下哪一项最适合作为文章的标题?

A. Greek income and expenditures.
A.希腊的收入和支出。

B. The improving economic situation in Greece.
B。希腊的经济状况正在改善。

C. The value of tourism.
C.旅游的价值。

D. Military expenditures.
D.军事开支。

2. Greece imports annually goods and materials  
2.希腊每年进口商品和材料

A. totaling almost $700 million
A.总计近7亿美元

B. that balance exports
B。平衡出口

C. that are paid by tourists
C.由游客支付

D. costing $66 million
D.耗资六千六百万元

3. The Greek Government spends  
3.希腊政府花费

A. more than 25% of its budget on military terms
A.超过25%的预算用于军事方面

B. More than its collects
B。比它的收藏更多

C. A third of a billion dollars in gold
C.价值30亿美元的黄金

D. Less than 25% of its budget on military terms
D.在军事方面的预算不到25%

4. According to the passage, Greece has  
4.根据这段话,希腊

A. a dictatorship    
A.独裁政权

B. a monarchy
B。君主制

C. a single majority party  
C.单一多数党  

D. too much red tape
D.太多的繁文缛节

5. Many peasants earn less than  
5.许多农民的收入低于

A. $60 a week
A.一周60美元

B. $2 a week
B。每周2美元

C. $1 a day
C.每天1美元

D. $20 a month
D.每月20美元

本题得分: 3
本题分数: 3

正确答案:

填空1 : B
填充空间1:B

填空2 : A
填充空间2:A

填空3 : A
填充空间3:A

填空4 : C
填充空间4:C

填空5 : B
填充空间5:B

4.填空题 (5)
4. 填空题 (5

The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.
城市是一个非凡的质量和能量处理器,有自己的新陈代谢。每天输入的水、食物和各种能源,与之相匹配的是污水、固体废物、空气污染物、能源和以某种方式转化的材料。涉及的数量是巨大的。这种能源使用的许多方面都会影响城市的大气,特别是在热量的产生方面。

In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, on adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.
在冬季,城市产生的热量可以等于或超过太阳提供的热量。所有使建筑物升温的热量最终都会转移到周围的空气中,这一过程在房屋隔热效果差的地方最快。但是,一辆汽车在冬天产生的热量足以温暖一所普通的房子,如果一所房子完全隔热,一个成年人也可以产生足够的热量来温暖它。因此,即使没有任何工业生产的热量,城市地区往往比周围的乡村更温暖。

The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored--to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significant lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloud-like layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through te pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.
燃料的燃烧,例如汽车的燃烧,并不是增加热量的唯一来源。另外两个因素导致城市总体气温较高。首先是构成城市的材料的热容量,通常以混凝土和沥青为主。在白天,太阳的热量可以传导到这些材料中并储存起来,在晚上释放出来。但在农村,材料的热容明显较低,因为植物覆盖层阻止热量轻易流入和流出地面。第二个因素是,从太阳进入城市的辐射热以两种方式被捕获:(1)通过建筑物所呈现的众多垂直表面之间的一系列连续反射,以及(2)通过灰尘圆顶,大多数城市产生的污染空气的云层。 来自太阳的短波辐射比向外的长波辐射更容易穿过污染穹顶;后者被穹顶的气态污染物吸收,并重新辐射回城市表面。

Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃ warmer than the side streets. Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving. The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.
因此,城市比周围的农村地区更温暖,它们共同产生了一种被称为城市热岛的现象。热岛在与微风相关的特定条件下发展得最好,但它们几乎可以在任何时候形成。热岛的精确结构取决于几个因素。例如,风可以使热岛在它吹的方向伸展。当热岛发展得很好时,变化可能会很极端;在冬天,城市中忙碌的街道可能比小街高1.7℃。交通信号灯附近的区域可能同样比它们之间的区域更热,因为汽车在交通中站立而不是移动。邻近城市和农村环境之间的最大温差称为该地区的热岛强度。一般来说,城市越大,其热岛强度越大。 实际的密集程度取决于大都会的地理布局、人口密度和生产活动等因素。

1. The word enormous in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to  
1.第1段中的巨大一词在意义上最接近于

  A. growing
A.增长

  B. frightening
B。可怕

  C. very large
  C.非常大

  D. strictly controlled
D.严格控制

2. How soon heat from a warmed house reaches the outside air greatly affected by  
2.温暖的房子里的热量到达室外空气的时间有多快,

  A. how well the house is heated
A.房子的供暖情况如何

  B. how well the house is insulated
  B。房子的隔热效果如何

  C. how many adults live in the house
C.有多少成年人住在房子里

  D. how much sunshine the house receives
D.房子能接受多少阳光

3. Each of the following contributes to making urban areas warmer than the surrounding countryside EXCEPT  
3.以下每一项都有助于使城市地区比周围的农村更温暖,除了

  A. The fuel consumed by motor vehicles
A.机动车辆消耗的燃料

  B. the capacity to store heat of materials used in building a city
B。用于建造城市的材料的储热能力

  C. the easy flow of heat into ground in city areas covered by vegetation
  C.在有植被覆盖的城市地区,热量容易流入地下

  D. the repeated reflection of solar radiation back and forth among buildings.
D.太阳辐射在建筑物之间来回的反复反射。

4. Why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do? 
4.为什么农村的材料比城市的材料热容量低?

  A. In the countryside the Sun is the only important source of heat.
A.在农村,太阳是唯一重要的热源。

  B. Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the  countryside
B。城市里的建筑材料不像乡村里的建筑材料那样能很好地保持建筑物的温度
.

  C. In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.
C.在农村,流入地下的太阳热很快又流出来。

  D. Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.
  D.农村的植被可以防止热量被困在地下。

5. What can explain the substantial differences in temperature between one area and another within a well-developed heat island? 
5.什么可以解释在一个发展良好的热岛中,一个地区和另一个地区之间的温度差异?

  A. The overall size of the heat island that includes the two areas.
  A.包括这两个区域的热岛的总体大小

  B. The intensity of the heat island that includes the two areas.
B。包括这两个地区的热岛强度。

  C. Differences between the two areas in the general level of activity, including traffic.
  C.这两个地区在一般活动水平,包括交通方面的差异。

  D. Differences between the two areas in the insulation materials used in construction.
D.这两个地区在保温材料的使用上存在差异。

本题得分: 3
本题分数: 3

正确答案:

填空1 : C
填充空间1:C

填空2 : B
填充空间2:B

填空3 : C
填充空间3:C

填空4 : D
填充空间4:D

填空5 : C
填充空间5:C

5.填空题 (5)
5. 填空题 (5

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts between the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of PhDs. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22, 000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.    
教育工作者严重关注哲学博士候选人之间的高辍学率,以及随之而来的人才流失到一个需要博士学位的国家。一些人认为辍学率高达50%。然而,损失的程度主要是专家猜测的问题。上周,一项全面的研究发表了。这项调查是根据22000份发给24所大学的研究生的调查问卷得出,调查似乎表明过去的许多担忧是没有根据的。   

The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the PhD requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.    
辍学率为31%,在大多数情况下,辍学者虽然没有完成博士学位要求,但继续从事生产性工作。他们不仅在经济上做得很好,而且根据报告,他们的收入水平也不比那些继续完成博士学位的人低多少。   

Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated “because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of PhD programs were capable of completing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the PhD level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the PhD.” “The results of our research,” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”
在上周讨论这项研究时,塔克博士说,该项目的启动“是因为研究生院和管理人员经常表达的担忧,即一些从博士课程辍学的人有能力完成学位要求。博士学位也被认为是浪费宝贵的教师时间,消耗已经被利用的大学资源。有些人认为,可以通过说服辍学者回到研究生院完成博士学位来减少训练有素的专家和大学教师的短缺。“我们的研究结果,”塔克博士总结道,“并不支持这些观点。”

1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.    
1.缺乏动力是辍学的主要原因。

2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties.    
2.大多数辍学者在他们的博士课程中走得很远,这与他们的能力水平或专业一致。

3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation. Nearly 5 percent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass to the qualifying examination, uncompleted thesis and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their PhD program, lack of finances was marked by 19 percent.
3.大多数辍学者现在从事与其教育和动机相符的工作。近5%的辍学者说他们的决定没有学术原因,但那些提到学术原因的人提到了未能通过资格考试、未完成论文和未能通过语言考试。在辍学者未完成博士课程的最重要的个人原因中,缺乏资金占19%。

As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $20,000 and more annually while none of the PhD’s with that background reached this figure, and 3% at the level of 7,500to15,000 against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where PhD’s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.   
作为辍学者情况的一个指标,一张图表显示,2%的人文学科博士每年获得20,000美元或更多,而具有这种背景的博士没有一个达到这个数字,3%的人在7,500到15,000美元之间,而辍学者的比例为50%。这也可能表明,在学术领域,博士往往会涨到最高工资,但最高工资仍然落后于其他领域。  

As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25% of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
至于让辍学学生重返校园的可能性,前景 不容乐观。对于至少25%可能考虑重返研究生院的辍学者来说,必须满足的主要条件是保证他们将保持目前的收入水平,在某些情况下,他们将保持目前的工作。

1. The author states that many educators feel that  
1.作者指出,许多教育工作者认为,

A. steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus
A.应该采取措施让辍学学生重返校园

B. the dropouts should return to a better school to continue their study
B。辍学学生应该回到更好的学校继续学习

C. the PhD holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout
C.博士保持器通常是一个更好的调整人比辍学

D. the high dropout rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members
D.辍学率高主要是由于教师缺乏激励

2. What has the research mentioned in the passage shown? 
2.文章中提到的研究表明了什么?

A. Dropouts are substantially below PhDs in financial attainment.
A.辍学者在经济成就方面远远低于博士。

B. The incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing PhD studies.
B。在攻读博士学位方面,激励因素是次要的

C. The PhD candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.
C.博士候选人如果退学,很可能会改变他的专业领域。

D. About one-third of those who start PhD work do not complete the work to earn the degree.
D.大约三分之一开始攻读博士学位的人没有完成获得学位的工作。

3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true
3.根据这篇文章,下列哪一项陈述是正确的?
 

A. Meeting foreign language requirements for the PhD is the most frequent reason for dropping out.
A.满足博士学位的外语要求是辍学的最常见原因。

B. Meeting foreign language requirements for the PhD is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.
B。满足博士学位的外语要求对科学候选人来说比人文候选人更困难。

C. It is an essential part of many PhD programs to meet foreign language requirements for the PhD.
C.这是许多博士课程的重要组成部分,以满足博士的外语要求。

D. Foreign language requirements for the PhD does not vary in difficulty among universities.
D.博士学位的外语要求在大学之间的难度没有变化。

4. What does the author mean by “glum” in the last paragraph? 
4.作者在最后一段中用“gloom”是什么意思?

A. bright           
A.明亮

B. gloomy          
B。阴沉         

C. clear         
C.明确

D. uncertain
D.不确定

5. What can be inferred from the passage? 
5.从这篇文章中可以推断出什么?

A. The high rate of dropouts lies in the fact that the salary for PhD is too low.
A.博士生辍学率高的原因在于博士生的工资太低。

B. The reason why so many PhD candidates drop out is that academic requirement is too high for them.
B。这么多博士生退学的原因是学术要求对他们来说太高了。

C. The high rate of dropouts is because the salary for dropouts is too high.
C.辍学率高是因为辍学者的工资太高。

D. The number of PhD dropouts is on the rise in recent years
D.近年来博士辍学人数呈上升趋势

本题得分: 3
本题分数:3

正确答案:

填空1 : A
填充空间1:A

填空2 : D
填空2:D

填空3 : C
填空3:C

填空4 : B
填空4:B

填空5 : A
填空5:A

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense against society. To make repayment for this offense, society must get equally balanced, which can be done only by imposing an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel, who believed that society owed it to the criminal to put into operation a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.
社会正义必须包括对被告的公正审判和对被证明有罪者选择适当的惩罚。因为正义被认为是平等的一种形式,所以我们在它的早期表述中发现了惩罚与犯罪相等的观念。在旧约中有这样的记载:“以眼还眼,以牙还牙”。也就是说,做错事的个人已经犯下了对社会的罪行。为了补偿这种冒犯,社会必须达到同样的平衡,这只能通过对他施加同样的伤害来实现。这种报应正义的概念反映在现代法律的文件和程序的许多部分。当我们要求对一个犯了谋杀罪的人判处死刑时,就说明了这一点。这种惩罚哲学得到了德国唯心主义者黑格尔的支持,他认为社会有责任对罪犯实施与他所犯罪行相当的惩罚。 罪犯通过自己的行为否认了他的真实自我,有必要做一些事情来抵消这种否认,恢复被否认的自我。对杀人犯来说,只有牺牲自己的生命才能偿还他的债务。死刑要求是国家赋予罪犯的权利,不应剥夺其应有的权利。
  

Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be put into operation, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society, and his conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
现代法学家试图用矫正正义的概念取代报应正义。后者的目的不是要放弃平等的概念,而是要找到一种更适当的方式来表达这一概念,它试图维护每个人都有平等机会实现其最佳价值的观念。罪犯被视为社会病态,需要治疗,使其成为社会的正常成员。在进行治疗之前,必须找出他的反社会行为的原因,如果可以消除原因,就必须作出规定。只有那些无法治愈的罪犯才应该与社会其他人永久隔离。这并不意味着罪犯将逃脱惩罚或很快被送回犯罪生涯。这意味着正义是为了治愈个人,而不仅仅是为了报复他。 如果严厉的惩罚是实现这一目标的唯一适当手段,那么就应该执行。然而,个人应获得一切机会,在社会中占有正常的地位,他被判有罪不应剥夺他在社会中谋生的机会,因为他是社会的一部分。

1. The best title for this passage is  
1.这篇文章最好的标题是

 A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime
A.罪与罚

B. Approaches to Just Punishment
B。公正惩罚的途径

 C. Improvement in Legal Justice                   
C.改善法律的公正

D. Attaining Justice in the Courts
D.在法庭上伸张正义

2. Hegel would view the death sentence for murder as  
2.黑格尔会把谋杀罪的死刑

 A. inadequate justice
A.不适当的正义

 B. an admission of not being able to cure a disease
B。承认不能治愈疾病

 C. the best way for society to get revenge
C.社会报复的最好方式

 D. an inalienable birthright of the murderer
D.凶手与生俱来的不可剥夺的权利

3. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the  
3.这段话暗示,报复性正义和矫正性正义的根本区别在于,

 A. type of crime that was proven                    
A.被证实的犯罪类型

B. severity of the punishment
B。刑罚的严厉性

 C. reason for the sentence               
C.判刑理由  

D. outcome of the trial
D.审判结果

4. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be  
4.最不符合矫正正义观点的惩罚是

 A. forced labor       
A.强迫劳动

B. imprisonment       
B。监禁

C. fair sentence       
C.公正判决

D. the electric chair
D.电椅

5. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth" was presented in order to  
5.《圣经》中的表达 “以眼还眼,以牙还牙” 是为了  

 A. show that equality demands just punishment for a crime
A.表明平等要求对犯罪进行公正的惩罚

 B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law
B。证明惩罚是法律的一部分

 C. give moral backing to retributive justice
C.为报复性正义提供道德支持

 D. show that man has long been interested in taking revenge
D.显示出人类对复仇的兴趣由来已久

本题得分: 2
本题分数: 2

正确答案:

填空1 : B
填充空间1:B

填空2 : D
填充空间2:D

填空3 : C
填充空间3:C

填空4 : D
填充空间4:D

填空5 : A
填充空间5:A

2.填空题 (5)
2. 填空题 (5

In patients with Huntington’s disease, it’s the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that’s destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can’t learn new motor skills. An Alzheimer’s patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can’t remember doing it; a Huntington’s patient can’t do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory—the phenomenon that famously led Parlov’s dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what’s new and different upon encountering a new experience.
在患有亨廷顿氏病的患者中,被破坏的是大脑中被称为基底神经节的部分。虽然这些受害者的外显记忆系统完好无损,但他们无法学习新的运动技能。阿尔茨海默氏症患者可以学会在镜子前画画,但不记得做过;亨廷顿氏症患者不能做,但可以记得尝试学习。大脑的另一个区域,一个杏仁大小的神经组织结,似乎在形成和触发与强烈情绪,特别是恐惧有关的特殊记忆子类的回忆方面至关重要。这些只是一些主要的分歧。 例如,在内隐记忆的范畴中,存在着联想记忆的子范畴。这种现象导致了帕洛夫的狗在听到铃铛声时分泌唾液,它们已经学会了将铃铛声与食物和 习惯联系起来,在这种情况下,我们会无意识地环境中不变的特征归档,以便在遇到新的体验时更密切地关注新的和不同的东西。

Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names, even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain’s cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer—a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool’s name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect a person’s name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downright worrisome when we reach our 50s.
另一方面,在外显记忆或陈述性记忆中,有特定的子系统处理形状,纹理,如面孔,名字,甚至是不同的系统来记住名词和动词。所有这些不同类型的记忆最终都储存在大脑皮层中,在它深深的皱纹外层大脑的一个组成部分比其他物种的可比部分要复杂得多。大脑成像专家才刚刚开始了解什么去了哪里,以及如何将部分重新组装成一个连贯的整体,似乎是一个单一的记忆实际上是个复杂的结构。想象一把锤子,你的大脑会迅速检索出这个工具的名称、外观、功能、重量和铿锵声,每 一个都是 从大脑的不同区域提取出来的。 如果不能把一个人的名字和他或她的脸联系起来,你就会体验到这种组装过程的崩溃,我们中的许多人开始在20多岁的时候就经历过这种过程,当我们到了50多岁的时候,这种过程就会变得非常令人担忧。

It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. “This age-dependent loss of function,” he says, “appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity.”
正是这种记忆力的减弱和学习新事物能力的同时丧失,导致生物学家乔·钱(Joe Tsien)进行了上周报道的实验。他说:“这种与年龄相关的功能丧失出现在许多动物身上,它始于性成熟的开始。”

What’s happening when the brain forms memories—and what fails with aging, injury and disease — involves a phenomenon known as “plasticity”. It’s obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it’s equally obvious that the organ doesn’t change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it’s the connections between new cells—and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.
大脑形成记忆时发生的事情,以及随着年龄增长、受伤和疾病而失败的事情,都涉及到一种被称为“可塑性”的现象。很明显,当我们学习和记忆新事物时,大脑中的某些东西会发生变化,但同样明显的是,该器官不会改变其整体结构或大量生长新的神经细胞。取而代之的是新细胞之间的连接,尤其是这些连接的强度会被经验所改变。一遍又一遍地听一个单词,某些细胞以一定的顺序重复放电,这使得以后重复放电模式变得更容易。它是代表每个特定记忆的模式。

1. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington’s disease? 
1.患有亨廷顿舞蹈症的人会出现以下哪种症状?& nbsp;你好

A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.
A.他不记得自己做过什么,但能记得努力学习。

B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.
B。他不能做新的事情,但他记得做过。

C. He suffers from a bad memory and lacks motor skills.     
C.他记忆力不好,缺乏运动技能。

D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.
D.他患有基底神经节缺陷,外显记忆完好无损。

2. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory? 
2.根据这篇文章,下面哪种记忆与内隐记忆无关?

A. Associating a signal with an action.           
A.将信号与动作相关联。

B. Recognizing new features.
B。识别新的特征。

C. Focusing on new environment.     
C.专注于新环境。

D. Remembering a face of a friend.
D.记住一个朋友的脸。

3. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory? 
3.外显记忆受损的病人可能会发生以下哪种情况?nbsp;你好

A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.       
A.当他在一个新的环境中时,他总是感到害怕。

B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.
B。当他踢足球时,他学不到新的技巧。

C. When he sees a friend, it’s hard for him to remember his name.     
C.当他看到一个朋友时,他很难记住他的名字。

D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.
D.当他找到一把锤子时,他什么也说不出来

4. The word “extracted” in the second paragraph means  
4.第二款中的 “提取”一词是指  

A. obtained           
A.获得

B. removed             
B。移除

C. pulled            
C.拉

D. derived
D.衍生

5. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that  
5.我们可以从这篇文章中得出结论

A. scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activities
A.科学家已经发现了记忆活动的内在机制

B. more research must be done to determine the brain structure      
B。必须做更多的研究来确定大脑结构     

C. researchers have already found a cure to Huntington's disease
C.研究人员已经找到了治疗亨廷顿病的方法

    D. it is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember
D.很明显,当我们学习和记忆时,

本题得分: 1
本题分数: 1

正确答案:

填空1 : D
填充空间1:D  

填空2 : D
填充空间2:D

填空3 : D
空白3:D

填空4 : D
填充空间4:D

填空5 : B
填充空间5:B

3.填空题 (5)
3. 填空题 (5

Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance, the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look at you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.” You’re supposed to figure this out for yourself.
尽管丹麦有着明显的美德,但丹麦人从不谈论他们为自己是丹麦人而感到自豪。这在丹麦语里听起来很奇怪。当丹麦人与外国人谈论丹麦时,他们总是开始就评论它的渺小,它的不重要性,它的语言的困难,他们的同胞普遍的心胸狭窄和自我放纵以及高税收。没有丹麦人会看着你的眼睛说,“丹麦是一个伟大的国家。”你应该自己想办法
 

It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budget goes toward smoothing out life’s inequalities, and there is plenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programs, job seminars. Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs (there is no Danish Academy to defend against it) old dialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land where, as the saying goes, “Few have too much and fewer have too little,” and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerk gives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It’s a nation of recyclers—about 55% of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants. It’s a nation of tireless planner. Trains run on time. Things operate well in general.
这是一个丝绸安全网的国度,几乎一半的国家预算都用于消除生活中的不平等,还有大量的资金用于学校、日托、再培训项目和就业研讨会。丹麦人喜欢研讨会:在学习中心听三天关于废物管理的讲座几乎和滑雪旅行一样好。这是一种被英语轰炸的文化,在广告,流行音乐,互联网上,尽管丹麦人吸收了所有的英语(丹麦没有学院来抵御它),但古老的方言在日德兰半岛仍然存在,哥本哈根人几乎听不懂。这是一个土地,正如俗话所说,“很少有人拥有太多,更少的人拥有太少,”一个外国人被盛行的甜蜜平等主义所打动,最低的职员给你一个水平的目光,先生和夫人已经从常见的用法中消失了,甚至先生和夫人。 这是一个不知疲倦的计划者的国家。火车准时运行。总的来说,事情进展顺利。
 

Such a nation of overachievers, a brochure from the Ministry of Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world’s cleanest and most organized countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere.” So, of course, one’s heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti on buildings (“Foreigners out of Denmark!”), broken beer bottles in the gutters, drunken teenagers slumped in the park. 
工商部的一本小册子说:“丹麦是世界上最干净、最有组织的国家之一,几乎没有污染、犯罪和贫困。丹麦是北方半球最廉洁的社会。”所以,当然,人们看到丹麦的任何肮脏景象都会感到振奋:建筑物上的光头涂鸦(“外国人滚出丹麦!”),阴沟里的破啤酒瓶,公园里的醉酒少年。
 

Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not a nation of jay-walkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light to change, even if it’s 2 a.m. and there’s not a car in sight. However, Danes don’t think of themselves as a waiting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people—that’s how they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though one should not say it) that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ships to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-maintained.
然而,这是一个有秩序的土地。你开车穿过一个丹麦小镇,它在一堵石墙前停了下来,另一边是一片大麦地,一条漂亮的直线:这里是小镇,那里是乡村。这不是一个乱穿马路的国家。人们站在路边等红灯,即使是凌晨2点,看不到一辆车。然而,丹麦人并不认为自己是凌晨2点的等待者。他们就是这样看待瑞典人和德国人的。丹麦人认为自己是爵士乐的人,即兴表演者,比瑞典人更自由,但事实是(尽管人们不应该说出来)丹麦人非常像德国人和瑞典人。有序是主要卖点。丹麦自然资源少,制造能力有限;它在欧洲的未来将是作为经纪人、银行家和商品分销商。 你用集装箱船把货物运到哥本哈根,这些聪明、年轻、讲英语、非常诚实、纪律严明的人会把你的货物运到斯堪的纳维亚半岛、波罗的海国家和俄罗斯。机场、海港、高速公路和铁路线都是超现代化的,维护得很好。
 

The orderliness of the society doesn’t mean that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. An orderly society can not exempt its members from the hazards of life.
社会的秩序并不意味着丹麦人的生活比你我的生活少混乱或孤独,没有丹麦人会告诉你这一点。你可以听到很多关于痛苦的家庭不和和酗酒的痛苦,以及关于完全明智的人有一天自杀的故事。一个有秩序的社会不能使其成员免于生活中的危险。
 

But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and you shouldn’t feel bad for taking what you’re entitled to, you’re as good as anyone else. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.
但丹麦人在成长过程中有一种权利感和安全感。由于公民身份,某些东西是你的,你不应该为获得你有权获得的东西而感到难过,你和其他人一样好。福利制度的规则是每个人都清楚的,如果你失业了,你会得到什么样的福利,你会采取什么样的步骤来获得一个新的;而这个制度的有序性使这个国家有可能在没有危机感的情况下度过高失业率和社会动荡。

1. The author thinks that Danes adopt a   attitude towards their country.
1.作者认为丹麦人对自己的国家采取一种  态度。

A. boastful         
A.自夸

B. modest          
B。谦虚         

C. deprecating       
C.贬低

D. mysterious
D.神秘
 

2. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the passage?  
2.下列哪一项不是文中所引用的丹麦人的特征?nbsp ;

A. Fondness of foreign culture.           
A. 外国文化的喜爱。           

B. Equality in society.
B。社会平等。

C. Linguistic tolerance.                 
C.语言宽容。

D. Persistent planning.
D.坚持不懈的计划。

3. The author's reaction to the statement by the Ministry of Business and Industry is  
3.提交人对工商部声明的反应是:  

A. critical          
A.关键

B. approving       
B。批准

C. noncommittal      
C.不置可否

D. doubtful
D.可疑

4. According to the passage, Danish orderliness  
4.根据这篇文章,丹麦的秩序

A. sets the people apart from Germans and Swedes.
A.把德国人和瑞典人区分开来

B. spares Danes social troubles besetting other people.
B。避免丹麦人的社会麻烦困扰其他人。

C. is considered economically essential to the country.
C.被认为是国家的经济命脉。

D. prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles.
D.阻止丹麦人承认存在的问题。

5. At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT that  
5.在文章的结尾,作者陈述了以下所有内容,除了:

A. Danes are clearly informed of their social benefits.
A.丹麦人清楚地了解他们的社会福利。

B. Danes take for granted what is given to them.
B。丹麦人认为给予他们的是理所当然的。

C. the open system helps to tide the country over.
C.开放的体制有助于国家渡过难关。

D. orderliness has alleviated unemployment.
D.秩序减轻了失业。

本题得分: 2
本题分数: 2

正确答案:

填空1 : B
填充空间1:B

填空2 : A
填充空间2:A

填空3 : D
空白3:D

填空4 : C
填充空间4:C

填空5 : D
填充空间5:D

4.填空题 (5)
4. 填空题 (5

The single greatest shift in the history of mass-communication technology occurred in the 15th century and was well described by Victor Hugo in a famous chapter of Notre-Dame de Paris. It was a cathedral. On all parts of the giant building, statuary and stone representations of every kind, combined with huge windows of stained glass, told the stories of the Bible and the saints, displayed the intricacies of Christian theology, adverted to the existence of highly unpleasant demonic winged creatures, referred diplomatically to the majesties of political power, and, in addition, by means of bells in bell towers, told time for the benefit of all of Paris and much of France. It was an awesome engine of communication.
大众传播技术史上最大的一次转变发生在世纪,维克托·雨果在《巴黎圣母院》的一个著名章节中对此作了很好的描述 是一座大教堂。在这座巨大的建筑物的各个部分,各种雕像和石头代表物,加上彩色玻璃的巨大窗户,讲述了圣经和圣徒的故事,展示了基督教神学的复杂性,注意到非常令人讨厌的恶魔翅膀生物的存在,提到政治权力的威严,此外,通过钟楼上的钟声,为了整个巴黎和法国大部分地区的利益,这是一个令人敬畏的沟通引擎。

Then came the transition to something still more awesome. The new technology of mass communication was potable, could sit on your table, and was easily replicable, and yet, paradoxically, contained more information, more systematically presented, than even the largest of cathedrals. It was the printed book. Though it provided no bells and could not tell time, the over-all superiority of the new invention was unmistakable.
然后是过渡到更令人敬畏的东西 。大众传播的新技术是可饮用的,可以放在你的桌子上,并且很容易复制,然而,矛盾的是,包含更多的信息,更系统地呈现,甚至比最大的大教堂还要多。这是印刷书。虽然它没有铃铛,也不能报时,但这项新发明的总体优越性是毋庸置疑的。

In the last ten or twenty years, we have been undergoing a more or less equivalent shift—this time to a new life as a computer-using population. The gain in portability, capability, ease, orderliness, accuracy, reliability, and information-storage over anything achievable by pen scribbling, typewriting, and cabinet filing is recognized by all. The progress for civilization is   undeniable and, plain]y, irreversible. Yet, just as the book's triumph over the, cathedral divided people into two groups, one of which prospered, while the other lapsed into gloom, the computer's triumph  has also divided the human race.
在过去的十年或二十年里,我们经历了一次或多或少的转变,这一次是作为一个使用计算机的人口的新生活。所有人都认识到,在便携性、能力、方便性、有序性、准确性、可靠性和信息存储方面,钢笔涂鸦、打字和橱柜归档所能实现的任何东西都是不可或缺的。文明的进步是  不可否认的,而且显然是不可逆转的。然而,正如书战胜了大教堂,把人们分成了两类,一类繁荣了,而另一类陷入了黑暗,计算机的胜利 也把人类分成了两类。

You have only to bring a computer into a room to see that some people begin at once to buzz with curiosity and excitement, sit down to conduct experiments, ooh and ah at the boxes and beeps, and master the use of the computer or a new program as quickly as athletes playing a delightful new game. But how difficult it is—how grim and frightful!—for the other people, the defeated class, whose temperament does not naturally respond to computers. The machine whirrs and glows before them and their faces twitch. They may be splendidly educated, as measured by book-reading, yet their instincts are all wrong, and no amount of manual-studying and mouse-clicking will make them right. Computers require a sharply different set of aptitudes, and, if the aptitudes are missing, little can be done, and misery is guaranteed.
你只要把一台计算机带进一个房间,就会看到有些人立刻开始充满好奇和兴奋地嗡嗡作响,坐下来做实验,对着盒子和哔哔声,像运动员玩一个令人愉快的新游戏一样迅速掌握计算机或新程序的使用。但这是多么困难-多么严峻和可怕!对于其他人来说,失败的阶级,他们的气质 不会自然 地对计算机做出反应 。机器在他们面前嗡嗡作响,闪闪发光,他们的脸抽搐着。从读书的角度来看,他们可能受过良好的教育,但他们的直觉都是错误的,再多的手工学习和鼠标点击也不能使他们正确。计算机需要一组截然不同的能力,如果缺乏这些能力,几乎什么也做不了,而且肯定会有痛苦。

      Is the computer industry aware that computers have divided mankind into two new, previously unknown classes, the computer personalities and the non-computer personalities? Yes, the industry knows this. Vast sums have been expended in order to adapt the computer to the limitations of non-computer personalities. Apple's Macintosh, with its zooming animations and pull-down menus and little pictures of file folders and watch faces and trash cans, pointed the way. Such seductions have soothed the apprehensions of a certain number of the computer-averse. This spring, the computer industry's efforts are reaching a culmination of sorts .Microsoft Bill Gates' giant corporation, is to bring  out a program  package called Microsoft Bob, desired by Mr. Gates' wife, Melinda  French, and intended  to render computer technology  available even to people who are openly terrified of computers. Bob's principle is to take the several tasks of operating a computer, rename them in a folksy style, and assign to them the images of an ideal room in an ideal home, with furniture and bookshelves, and with chummy cartoon helpers (“Friend, of Bob”. to guide the computer user over the rough spots, and, in that way, simulate an atmosphere that feels nothing like computers.
     计算机工业是否意识到计算机已经将人类分为两个新的、以前不为人知的阶层,即计算机人格 和非计算机人格?是的,业界知道这一点。为了使计算机适应 非计算机人格的限制,已经花费了大量的资金。苹果的麦金塔电脑,它的缩放动画和下拉菜单,以及 文件夹、表盘和垃圾桶的小图片,为我们指明了方向。这样的诱惑已经缓解了一定数量的电脑厌恶者的担忧。今年春天,计算机行业的努力正在达到 某种 高潮。比尔·盖茨的大公司微软公司将推出一个名为微软鲍勃的程序包,这是盖茨先生的妻子梅林达·弗伦奇所希望的,旨在使计算机技术甚至对那些公开害怕计算机的人也能使用。鲍勃的原则是采取操作计算机的几项任务,以民间风格重新命名它们,并为它们分配理想家庭中理想房间的图像,家具和书架,以及亲密的卡通助手(“鲍勃的朋友”)。引导计算机用户克服困难,这样就可以模拟出一种完全不像计算机的气氛。

1. According to this passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? 
1.根据这篇文章,以下哪一个陈述是不正确的?

A. It is because the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris had many bell-towers and could tell time to people that the writer regards it as an engine of mass communication.
A.正是因为巴黎的圣母院有许多钟楼,可以告诉人们时间,作者把它看作是大众传播的引擎。

B. From cathedrals to books to computers the technology of communication has become more convenient, reliable and fast
B。从大教堂到书籍再到电脑,通讯技术变得更加方便、可靠和快捷

C. Every time when a new communication means triumphed over the old, it divided mankind into two groups.
C. 每当一种新的通信手段战胜旧的通信手段时,它就把人类分成两类。

D. Computer industry has been trying hard to make people accept computers.
D.计算机行业一直在努力使人们接受计算机。

2. The printed book is more progressive than the cathedral as a communication means, because  
2.作为一种交流手段,印刷书籍比大教堂更进步,因为

A. it could sit on your table and did no longer tell time
A.它可以坐在你的桌子上,不再告诉时间

 B. it was more reliable and did not tell the stories of saints and demons
B。它更可靠,没有讲述圣徒和恶魔的故事

 C. it was small, yet contained more information
C.它很小,但包含了更多的信息

 D. it did not flatter religious and political power
D.它并没有奉承宗教和政治权力,

3. The word "awesome" underlined in the passage means  
3.文章中下划线的“awesome”一词的意思是

A. frightening  
A.可怕

B. causing fear and respect
B。引起恐惧和尊敬

 C. amazingly new  
C.令人惊讶的新

D. awful
D.可怕

4. People who feel miserable with computers are those  
4.对电脑感到痛苦的人是那些

 A. who love reading books and writing with a pen or a typewriter
A. 喜欢阅读书籍和用笔或打字机写作的人

 B. who possess the wrong aptitudes of disliking and fearing new things
B。他们具有不喜欢和害怕新事物的错误倾向

C. who have not been trained to use computers
C.没有受过电脑使用训练

 D. who are born with a temperament that does not respond to computers
D.他们天生对电脑没有反应

5. Melinda French designed Microsoft Bob which was to ease the misery of computer users by  
5.梅林达·弗伦奇设计了微软鲍勃,这是为了减轻计算机用户的痛苦,

A. making users feel that they are not dealing with machines
A.让用户觉得他们不是在和机器打交道,

 B. making the program more convenient and cartoon-like
B。使程序更加方便和卡通化,

 C. adding home pictures to the program design
C.在程序设计中添加主页图片

D. renaming the computer tasks in a folksy style
D.以通俗的方式重命名计算机任务

本题得分: 2
本题分数: 2

正确答案:

填空1 : A
填充空间1:A

填空2 : C
填充空间2:C

填空3 : B
填充空间3:B

填空4 : D
填充空间4:D

填空5 : A
填充空间5:A

5.填空题 (5)
5. 填空题 (5

Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction--and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
生活将我们置于一个复杂的人际关系网中。我们的人性产生于社会交往过程中的这些关系。此外,我们的人性必须通过社会互动来维持--而且相当经常地如此。当一种联系持续足够长的时间,使两个人通过一套相对稳定的期望联系在一起时,它就被称为关系。

People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
人们在关系中通过两种类型的纽带联系在一起:表达性纽带和工具性纽带。表达性联系是当我们在情感上投入并承诺他人时形成的社会联系。通过与对我们有意义的人交往,我们获得了安全感,爱,接受,友谊和个人价值。工具性关系是我们与他人合作以实现某个目标时形成的社会联系。有时,这可能意味着与竞争对手合作而不是对抗。更多的时候,我们只是与他人合作,以达到某种目的,而没有赋予这种关系任何更大的意义。

Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
社会学家建立在表达性和工具性联系之间的区别之上,以区分两种类型的群体:初级群体和次级群体。一个主要群体包括两个或两个以上的人,他们彼此之间有着直接、亲密、有凝聚力的关系。表达性联系在初级群体中占主导地位;我们认为人本身就是目的,本身就有价值。有时候,初级群体关系是从次级群体关系演变而来的。这种情况发生在许多工作环境中。工作中的人们经常与同事建立密切的关系,因为他们会分享抱怨,笑话,八卦和满意度。

A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about the dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
一些条件增加了初级群体出现的可能性。首先,群体规模很重要。当人们成群结队地四处走动时,我们发现很难亲自了解他们。在小团体中,我们有更好的机会与他们接触并建立融洽的关系。第二,面对面的接触使我们能够评估他人。在身体上接近的地方互相观看和交谈,使思想和感情的微妙交流成为可能。第三,当我们经常和持续接触时,我们发展初级基团键的可能性会增加。随着时间的推移,我们与人们的联系往往会加深,并逐渐形成连锁的习惯和兴趣。

1. Which of the following is true of a relationship? 
1.以下哪一项是关于关系的正确描述?

  A. It is a structure of associations with many people.
  A.这是一个与许多人联系的结构。

  B. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.
  B。它应该在社会交往过程中进行研究

  C. It places great demand on people.
  C.它对人提出了很高的要求。

  D. It develops gradually overtime
D.随着时间的推移,
.

2. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author’s mention of working with competitors? 
2.从作者提到的与竞争对手合作中,可以推断出以下哪一项关于工具关系的内容?

  A. Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally no cooperate.
  A.即使在人们通常不会合作的情况下,工具性联系也会发展

  B. Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
  B。工具性关系需要和表达性关系一样多的情感投入。

  C. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.
  C.工具性的关系包括安全感、爱和接纳。

  D. Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.
  D.工具性联系应该是重要的。

3. The word “endowing” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to  
3.第2款中的 “赋予”一词的含义最接近于  

  A. leaving
  A.离开

  B. exposing
  B。暴露

  C. providing
  C.提供

  D. understanding
  D.理解

4. What do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups? 
4.社会学家认为主要群体和次要群体之间的主要区别是什么?

  A. Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.
  A.初级组由一起工作的人组成,而次级组存在于工作环境之外。

  B. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.
  B。在初级群体中,人被视为手段,而在次级群体中,人被视为目的。

  C. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.
  C.初级群体涉及个人关系,而次级群体主要是实用的目的。

  D. Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.
  D.初级组通常较小,而次级组通常包含两个以上的人。

5. The phrase "size up" in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to  
5.第4段中的“size up”一词的含义最接近于

  A. enlarge
  A. 扩大

  B.evaluate

  C. impress
  C.打动

  D. accept
  D. 接受


本题得分: 4
本题分数: 4

正确答案:

填空1 : D
填充空间1:D  

填空2 : A
填充空间2:A

填空3 : C
填充空间3:C

填空4 : C
填充空间4:C

填空5 : B
填充空间5:B

10-15

1.填空题 (5)
1. 填空题 (5

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1860-1865), as ice used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
到了世纪中期,“冰箱”一词进入了美国语言,但冰还只是开始影响美国普通公民的饮食。冰块贸易随着城市的发展而增长。冰被用于酒店、酒馆和医院,并被一些有远见的城市经销商用于鲜肉、鲜鱼和黄油。南北战争(1860-1865)后,冰被用来覆盖货运汽车,也进入了家庭使用。甚至在1880年之前,纽约、费城和巴尔的摩出售的冰中有一半,波士顿和芝加哥出售的冰中有三分之一都是供家庭自用的。这之所以成为可能,是因为一种新的家庭便利设施--冰箱--现代冰箱的前身被发明了。

Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
制造一个高效的冰箱并不像我们现在想象的那么容易。在世纪早期,对制冷科学至关重要的热物理学知识还很初级。最好的冰箱是防止冰融化的冰箱,这种常识性的想法当然是错误的,因为正是冰的融化实现了冷却。尽管如此,早期节约冰的努力包括用毯子包裹冰,这使得冰无法发挥作用。直到接近19世纪末,发明家们才实现了高效冰箱所需的隔热和循环的微妙平衡。

  But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
但早在1803年,一位天才的马里兰州农民,托马斯摩尔,已经走上了正确的道路。他在华盛顿城外约20英里处有一个农场,乔治敦村是那里的市场中心。当他用自己设计的冰箱将黄油运送到市场时,他发现顾客会放弃竞争对手的桶中快速融化的东西,而为他的黄油支付溢价,新鲜而坚硬,整齐,一磅重的砖块。摩尔解释说,他的冰箱的一个优点是,农民们不必再为了保持农产品的凉爽而在夜间前往市场。

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? B
1.这篇文章主要讨论什么?B

A. The influence of ice on the diet
A.冰对饮食的影响

B. The development of refrigeration
B。制冷的发展

C. The transportation of goods to market
C.货物运往市场的运输

D. Sources of ice in the nineteenth century
D.世纪的冰源

2. According to the passage, when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States? D
2.根据文章,“冰箱”这个词是什么时候成为美国语言的一部分的?D

A. In 1803.
A. 1803年

B. Sometime before 1850.
B。在1850年之前。

C. During the Civil War.
C.在南北战争期间。

D. Near the end of the nineteenth century.
D.在世纪末。

3. According to the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox? D
3.根据文章,以下哪一项是冰箱发展的障碍?D

 A. Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars.
A.冷藏货运汽车车主之间的竞争。

 B. The lack of a network for the distribution of ice.
B。缺乏冰的分配网络。

 C. The use of insufficient insulation.
C.使用绝缘不足。

 D. Inadequate understanding of physics.
D.对物理学的理解不足。

4. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would  A.
4.根据第二段中的信息,一个理想的冰箱应该是  A。

 A. completely prevent ice from melting
A.完全防止冰融化

 B. stop air from circulating
B。阻止空气循环

 C. allow ice to melt slowly
C.让冰慢慢融化

 D. use blankets to conserve ice
D.用毯子保存冰块

5. According to the passage, Moore’s icebox allowed him to  A.
5.根据这篇文章,摩尔的冰箱使他能够用  A。

 A. charge more for his butter
A.他的黄油要价更高

 B. travel to market at night
B。晚上去市场

 C. manufacture butter more quickly
C.更快地生产黄油

 D. produce ice all year round
D.终年结冰

本题得分: 3
本题分数: 3

正确答案:

填空1 : B
填充空间1:B

填空2 : B
填充空间2:B

填空3 : D
空白3:D

填空4 : C
填充空间4:C

填空5 : A
填充空间5:A

2.填空题 (5)
2. 填空题 (5

By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
到1950年,试图将大脑过程与心理体验联系起来的结果似乎相当令人沮丧。神经细胞在大小、形状、化学成分、传导速度、兴奋阈值等方面的变化,对于与心理体验的多个维度之间的任何可能的关联来说,都是微不足道的。

Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
在接近世纪之交的时候,赫林提出,不同的感觉模式,如疼痛、味觉和颜色,可能与特定种类的神经能量的释放有关。然而,随后开发的记录和分析神经电位的方法未能揭示任何这种定性的多样性。我们可以用其他方法来证明神经元类型之间的精细结构差异;然而,缺乏证据证明冲动的质量或其传导受到这些差异的影响,而这些差异似乎影响了神经回路的发育模式。虽然神经之间的质的差异被严格地否定了,但该学说通常被放弃,而赞成相反的观点,即神经冲动在质量上基本上是同质的,并作为“共同货币”在整个神经系统中传播。 根据这一理论,并不是感觉神经冲动的质量决定了它们产生的不同的意识感觉,而是它们释放到大脑的不同区域,并且有一些证据支持这一观点。在一个实验中,当一个电刺激被施加到一个有意识的人类受试者大脑皮层的一个给定的感觉区域时,它产生了一种与该特定部位相适应的感觉,即来自视觉皮层的视觉感觉,来自听觉皮层的听觉感觉,等等。其他实验显示,神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接都有轻微的变化,但就心理神经而言,当考虑到相关性时,这些感觉场彼此之间的明显相似性似乎比任何微小的差异都要显著得多。

However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience, psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.
然而,红、黑、绿色和白色等不同的皮层,或者触摸、冷、热、运动、疼痛、姿势和压力,显然可以通过激活相同的皮层区域而产生。在大脑兴奋中,似乎存在着某种差异模式效应:重要的是脉冲在中枢分布的差异。简而言之,大脑理论认为,心理体验与相对同质的神经细胞单位的活动之间存在相关性,这些神经细胞单位通过同质的脑组织传导基本上同质的冲动。为了与心理体验的多个维度相匹配,心理学家只能指出神经冲动的时空模式存在无限的变化。

1. What is the main idea of this passage? C
1.这篇文章的中心思想是什么?C

A. The structure of the human brain.
A.人类大脑的结构。

B. The development of the brain processes.
B。大脑的发育过程。

C. The correlation between brain processes to mental experience.
C.大脑过程与心理体验之间的相关性。

D. The explanation of brain theory.
D.大脑理论的解释。

2. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met with  C.
2.直到1950年,试图建立大脑过程和心理体验之间的联系的努力很可能会遇到  C。

A. vexation.        
A.烦恼

B. irritability.       
B。易怒

C. discouragement        
C.气馁       

D. neutrality
D.中立

3. The author mentions “common currency" primarily in order to emphasize the  D.
3.作者提到 “共同货币” 主要是为了强调  D。

A. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings
A.人类神经冲动之间缺乏区分

B. similarities in the views of the scientists
B。科学家观点的相似性

C. similarity of sensations of human beings
C.人类感觉的相似性

D. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system
D.神经脉冲通过神经系统的连续传递

54. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment underlined? A
54.下列哪一个理论被划线的实验描述所强化?一

A. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.
A.由感觉神经冲动表现出来的认知体验受到大脑受刺激区域的影响。

B. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
B。现在可以更准确地研究神经电位的定性多样性。

C. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.
C.感觉刺激是异质的,并且受到它们产生的神经传感器的极大影响。

D. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
D.神经形态的分化影响神经传递的长度。

55. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation? D
55.从文章中可以推断出下列哪一项表现出最少的质的变化?D

A. Nerve cells.                   
A.神经细胞。

B. Nerve impulses.
B。神经冲动。

C. Cortical areas.                 
C.皮质区。

    D. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.
D.神经脉冲的空间模式。

本题得分: 3
本题分数: 3

正确答案:

填空1 : C
填充空间1:C

填空2 : C
填充空间2:C

填空3 : A
填充空间3:A

填空4 : A
填充空间4:A

填空5 : B
填充空间5:B

3.填空题 (5)
3. 填空题 (5

President Clinton’s decision on Apr.8 to send Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji packing without an agreement on China’s entry into the World Trade Organization seemed to be a massive miscalculation. The President took a drubbing from much of the press, which had breathlessly reported that a deal was in the bag. The Cabinet and White House still appeared divided, and business leaders were characterized as furious over the lost opportunity. Zhu charged that Clinton lacked “the courage” to reach an accord. And when Clinton later telephoned the angry Zhu to pledge a renewed effort at negotiations, the gesture was widely portrayed as a flip-flop.    
4月8日,克林顿总统在没有就中国加入世界贸易组织达成协议的情况下,决定让中国总理朱镕基走人,这似乎是一个巨大的错误估计。总统受到了许多新闻界的猛烈抨击,他们曾气喘吁吁地报道说一项协议已成定局。内阁和白宫似乎仍然存在分歧,商界领袖对失去的机会感到愤怒。朱指责克林顿缺乏达成雅阁的“勇气”。当克林顿后来打电话给愤怒的朱镕基,承诺重新努力进行谈判时,这一姿态被广泛描述为一个翻转。    

In fact, Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal. A lot more horse trading is needed before a final agreement can be reached. And without the Administration’s goal of a “bullet-proof agreement” that business lobbyists can enthusiastically sell to a Republican Congress, the whole process will end up in partisan acrimony that could harm relations with China for years.    
事实上,克林顿坚持争取更好的世贸组织协议是正确的决定。在达成最终协议之前,还需要进行更多的讨价还价。如果没有政府的目标,即达成一项商业游说者可以热情地向共和党国会推销的“防弹协议”,整个过程将以党派之争告终,这可能会损害与中国的关系多年。    

THE HARD PART. Many business lobbyists, while disappointed that the deal was not closed, agree that better terms can still be had. And Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin, National Economic Council Director Gene B. Sperling, Commerce Secretary William M. Daley, and top trade negotiator Charlene Barshefsky all advised Clinton that while the Chinese had made a remarkable number of concessions, “we’re not there yet,” according to senior officials.
最难的部分。许多商业游说者虽然对交易未能完成感到失望,但也同意仍可以有更好的条款。财政部长罗伯特·E.鲁宾,国家经济理事会主任吉恩B。斯珀林,商务部长威廉M。据高级官员说,戴利和高级贸易谈判代表查琳·巴尔舍夫斯基都建议克林顿说,虽然中国已经做出了大量让步,但“我们还没有做到这一点”。

Negotiating with Zhu over the remaining issues may be the easy part. Although Clinton can signal U.S. approval for China’s entry into the WTO himself, he needs Congress to grant Beijing permanent most-favored-nation status as part of a broad trade accord. And the temptation for meddling on Capital Hill may prove overwhelming. Zhu had barely landed before Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss) declared himself skeptical that China deserved entry into the WTO. And Senators Jesse A. Helms (R-N. C.) and Emest F. Hollings (D-S. C.) promised to introduce a bill requiring congressional approval of any deal.    
与朱镕基就剩下的问题进行谈判可能是容易的部分。尽管克林顿本人可以表示美国批准中国加入世贸组织,但他需要国会给予北京永久最惠国待遇,作为广泛贸易雅阁的一部分。干预国会山的诱惑可能会被证明是压倒性的。朱刚一落地,参议院多数党领袖特伦特·洛特(R-Miss)就宣布他对中国是否值得加入世贸组织持怀疑态度。参议员Jesse A. Helms(R-N.  C.)&和Emest F. Hollings(D-S. C.)&承诺提出一项法案,要求国会批准任何交易。    

The hidden message from these three textile-state Southerners: Get more protection for the U. S. clothing industry. Hoping to smooth the way, the Administration tried, but failed, to budge Zhu on textiles. Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, and Detroit. Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese securities market and insisted on “cultural” restrictions on American movies and music. He also blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto makers to provide fleet financing.    
这三个南方纺织业大州的隐含信息是:为美国纺织业提供更多的保护。S.服装行业。为了铺平道路,政府试图在纺织品问题上说服朱镕基,但没有成功。同样留在洛杉矶的还有:华尔街、好莱坞和底特律。朱镕基拒绝开放利润丰厚的中国证券市场,坚持对美国电影和音乐进行“文化”限制。他还阻止了允许美国在伊拉克部署军事力量的努力。S.汽车制造商提供车队融资。    

BIG JOB. Already, business lobbyists are blanketing Capitol Hill to presale any eventual agreement, but what they’ve heard so far isn’t encouraging. Republicans, including Lott, say that “the time just isn’t right” for the deal. Translation: We’re determined to make it look as if Clinton has capitulated to the Chinese and is ignoring human, religious, and labor rights violations; the theft of nuclear-weapons technology; and the sale of missile parts to America’s enemies. Beijing’s fierce critics within the Democratic Party, such as Senator Paul D. Wellstone of Minnesota and House Minority leader Richard A. Gephardt of Missouri, won’t help, either.    
大工程。商业游说者已经在国会山大肆宣传任何最终的协议,但到目前为止,他们听到的并不令人鼓舞。包括洛特在内的共和党人说,达成协议的“时机不对”。翻译:我们决心让它看起来像克林顿已经向中国投降,无视人权、宗教和劳工权利的侵犯;盗窃核武器技术;以及向美国的敌人销售导弹部件。民主党内对北京持激烈批评态度的人士,如参议员保罗.明尼苏达州的韦尔斯通和众议院少数党领袖理查德A。密苏里州的格普哈特也帮不上忙。    

Just how tough the lobbying job on Capitol Hill will become clear on Apr. 20, when Rubin lectured 19chief executives on the need to discipline their Republican allies. With business and the White House still trading charges over who is responsible for the defeat of fast-track trade negotiating legislation in 1997, working together won’t be easy. And Republicans—with a wink—say that they’ll eventually embrace China’s entry into the WTO as a favor to Corporate America, though not long before they torture Clinton. But Zhu is out on a limb, and if Congress overdoes the criticism, he may be forced by domestic critics to renege. Business must make this much dear to both its GOP allies and the White House: This historic deal is too important to risk losing to any more partisan squabbling
在国会山的游说工作有多么坚韧将在4月20日变得清晰,届时鲁宾将向19位首席执行官发表演讲,强调有必要约束他们的共和党盟友。由于商界和白宫仍在就谁应对1997年快速贸易谈判立法的失败负责进行指责,合作并不容易。美国人眨眨眼说,他们最终会接受中国加入世贸组织,作为对美国企业的一种帮助,尽管不久之后他们就会折磨克林顿。但朱镕基现在处境艰难,如果国会的批评过分,他可能会被国内的批评者逼得食言。企业必须让它的共和党盟友和白宫都珍视这一点:这项历史性的协议太重要了,不能再冒着输给任何党派争吵的风险

1. The main idea of this passage is  B.
1.这篇文章的中心思想是  B。

A. The Contradiction between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party
A.民主党和共和党之间的矛盾

B. On China’s entry into WTO
B。关于中国加入WTO的思考

C. Clinton was right
C.克林顿是对的

D. Business Lobbyists Control Capitol Hill
D.商业游说者控制国会山

2. What does the sentence "Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, Detroit" convey? C
2.“也留在了洛杉矶:华尔街、好莱坞、底特律”这句话传达了什么意思?C

A. Premier Zhu rejected their requirements.
A.朱总理拒绝了他们的要求。

B. The three places overdid criticism.
B。这三个地方批评得太过分了。

C. They wanted more protection.
C.他们想要更多的保护。

D. They are in trouble.
D.他们有麻烦了。

3. What was the attitude of the Republican Party toward China’s entry into the WTO? C
3.共和党对中国加入世贸组织持什么态度?C

A. Contradictory.
A.矛盾。

B. Appreciative.
B。谢谢

C. Disapproving.  
C.不同意。

D. Detestful
D.可恨
.

4. Who plays the leading part in the deal in America? D
4.谁在美国的交易中起主导作用?D

A. White House.    
A.白宫。

B. Republicans.
B。共和党人。

C. The Democratic Party.  
C.民主党。

D. Businessmen.
D.商人

5. It can be inferred from the passage that  A.
5.从文章中可以推断出  A.

A. America will make concessions.
A.美国将做出让步。

B. America will hold out for a better WTO
B。美国将坚持一个更好的世贸组织

C. Clinton has the right to signal U. S. approval for China’s entry
C.克林顿有权向美国发出信号。S.批准中国入境

D. Democratic Party approve China’s entry into the WTO.
D.民主党赞成中国加入世贸组织.

本题得分: 2
本题分数: 2

正确答案:

填空1 : C
填充空间1:C

填空2 : A
填充空间2:A

填空3 : A
填充空间3:A

填空4 : D
填充空间4:D

填空5 : A
填充空间5:A

4.填空题 (5)
4. 填空题 (5

The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth’s atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.
在地球的大气层中,南北磁极周围出现的壮观极光曾经是一种神秘的现象。现在,科学家们从卫星和地面观测中获得的数据表明,极光的亮度是一种巨大的放电,类似于氖灯中发生的放电。

To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed. Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible light.
要了解极光的成因,首先要想象一下地球被磁层包围的画面,磁层是由地球磁场产生的一个巨大区域。在磁层之外,向地球猛烈吹来的是太阳风,它是一种快速移动的电离气体等离子体,具有自己的磁场。太阳风中的带电粒子沿着太阳风的磁力线以螺旋运动的方式向地球加速。地球的磁层是太阳风的屏障迫使太阳风的带电粒子绕着磁层流动。但是在极地地区,地球的磁力线和太阳风的磁力线聚在一起。在这里,许多太阳风的带电粒子突破磁层,进入地球的磁场。然后,它们在地球磁极之间快速地来回盘旋。 在极地地区,来自太阳风的电子激发并激发上层大气的原子和分子,使它们发出可见光的极光辐射。

The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit a crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.
极光的颜色取决于发射它们的原子。占主导地位的绿色白色光来自氧原子的低能量激发。在巨大的磁暴中,氧原子也会受到高能量的激发,发出深红色的光。受激的氮原子提供从蓝色到紫色的色带。从外太空看,极光可以被看作是围绕地球磁极的暗淡的发光带。每一个极光都像一个光幕一样悬挂在极地地区,一直延伸到高纬度地区。当导致磁暴和极光活动的太阳耀斑非常强烈时,极光显示可能会延伸到美国南部地区。

Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.
对极光的研究为物理学家提供了有关等离子体行为的新信息,这有助于解释外层空间的性质,并被应用于试图利用原子聚变产生的能量。

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? B
1.这篇文章主要讨论什么?B

A. The methods used to observe auroras from outer space.
A.从外太空观测极光的方法。

B. The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles.
B。地球两极极光的形成和出现。

C. The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras.
C.导致极光颜色变化的因素。

D. The periodic variation in the display of auroras.
D.极光显示的周期性变化。

2. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier because  .
2.文章把磁层描述成一个屏障,因为  。

A. its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth
A.它的位置使它很难从地球上被观测到

B. it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere
B。它可以防止太阳风中的粒子轻易进入地球大气层

C. it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind
C.它增加了太阳风中粒子的速度

D. it is strongest in the polar regions
D.它在极地最强

3. According to the passage, which color appears most frequently in an aurora display? 
3.根据文章,哪种颜色在极光中出现的频率最高?

A. Greenish-white
A.绿白色
.

B. Crimson.
B。深红色

C. Blue.
C.蓝色的.

D. Violet.
D.维尔莉特

4. Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when  .
4.极光可以在美国南部地区看到  。

A. magnetic storms do not affect Earth
A.磁暴不会影响地球

B. solar flares are very intense
B。太阳耀斑非常强烈

C. the speed of the solar wind is reduced
C.太阳风的速度会降低

D. the excitation of atoms is low
D.原子的激发是低的

5. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists' understanding of auroras? 
5.这篇文章支持下列哪一个关于科学家对极光的理解的陈述?

A. Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.
A.在包括卫星在内的技术进步之前,科学家对极光知之甚少。

B. New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.
B。关于原子融合的新知识使科学家们能够更多地了解极光。

C. Scientists cannot explain the cause of the different colors in auroras.
C.科学家们无法解释极光不同颜色的原因。

    D. Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be available.
D.在科学家们对等离子体物理学有更多的了解之前,关于极光的知识将是很少的。

本题得分: 2
本题分数: 2

正确答案:

填空1 : B
填充空间1:B

填空2 : B
填充空间2:B

填空3 : A
填充空间3:A

填空4 : B
填充空间4:B

填空5 : A
填充空间5:A

5.填空题 (5)
5. 填空题 (5

The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle. Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the first step in continent growth, or have been subject to serious objections. It is the purpose of this article to examine the possible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in the production of continental nuclei. Unfortunately, the geological evolution of the Earth’s surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin. Paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of the Earth may be found on the Moon and planets, rather than on the Earth, because some of these bodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. As a result, relatively primitive surface features are preserved for study and analysis. In the case of both the Moon and Mars, it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. Likewise, it would appear a reasonable hypothesis that the Earth has also been subjected to meteoroid bombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the Earth early in its geological history
大陆核的起源长期以来一直是一个谜。到目前为止,先进的理论一般都未能解释大陆增长的第一步,或者受到严重的反对。这篇文章的目的是研究大型陨石或小行星的撞击在大陆核的产生中可能发挥的作用。不幸的是,地球表面的地质演化已经对大陆的原始组成和结构产生了毁灭性的影响,以至于进一步的陆地调查几乎没有机会对大陆起源的问题得出明确的答案。巧合的是,地球表面特征的起源和早期历史的线索可能在月球和行星上找到,而不是在地球上,因为这些天体中的一些似乎有一个不那么活跃的地质历史。 因此,相对原始的表面特征被保留下来以供研究和分析。就月球和火星而言,一般从它们表面的严重撞击坑推断,它们在地质历史中曾遭受过大型流星体的轰击。 同样,似乎有一个合理的假设,即地球在过去也受到过流星体的撞击,而且在地球地质历史的早期,有非常大的天体撞击过地球

The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 25 km. However, if we accept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunar impact crater diameter is probably as large as 50km. Based on a lunar analogy, one might expect several impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on Earth. By applying Baldwin’s equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. Baldwin admits that his equation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhat smaller. Based on the measured depth of smaller lunar craters, a depth of 10 km is probably a conservative estimate for the diameter of a 500 km impact crater. Baldwin’s equation gives the depth of the zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 5km. The plasticity of the Earth’s mantle at the depth makes it impossible to speak of “bracciation” in the usual sense. However, local stresses may be temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes. Thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.
鲍德温列出的月球上的大陨石坑直径为25公里。然而,如果我们接受一些月海盆地是由撞击形成的假设,那么月球撞击坑的最大直径可能高达50公里。根据月球的类比,人们可能会期望在地球上形成几个直径至少500公里的撞击坑。根据鲍德温公式,这样一个陨石坑的深度应该在20公里左右。鲍德温承认,他的公式给出了大陨石坑的深度,因此实际深度应该小一些。根据较小的月球陨石坑的测量深度,10公里的深度可能是500公里撞击坑直径的保守估计。鲍德温的方程式给出了这样一个陨石坑的角砾岩带的深度约为5公里。地幔在深部的可塑性使得不可能用通常意义上的“地壳收缩”来描述。 然而,局部应力可能暂时维持在该深度,如深源地震的存在所示。因此,短期影响可能会在地幔中超过50公里的深度。

Even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. Numerous authors have considered the geological implications of such an event. Donn et al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-size bodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. Two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.
即使不知道确切的影响,毫无疑问,一个500公里长的陨石坑的形成将是一个重大的地质事件。许多作者已经考虑了这种事件的地质影响。例如,Donn等人曾呼吁,大陆大小的唾液酸组成的物体的影响来自原始大陆。nbsp;你好这一概念中固有的两个主要困难是缺乏任何已知的硅铝陨石,以及撞击的能量很可能导致硅铝物质广泛散布,而不是集中在撞击点。

Gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of ocean basins. The major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basins is not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequately explained.
一方面,Gilvarry呼吁用流星体撞击来解释海洋盆地的形成。该模型的主要困难是大多数海洋盆地的形态与影响不一致,并且大陆的起源和生长没有得到充分解释。

We agree with Donn et al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may have caused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy to the system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material.
我们同意Donn等人的观点,即大型陨石或小行星的撞击可能导致了大陆的形成,但我们更愿意从局部能量向系统的增加方面来考虑,而不是从实际硅铝物质的增加方面来考虑。

1. The article is primarily concerned with  .
1.这篇文章主要关注  。

A. the origin of continents
A.大陆的起源

B. the relationship between astral phenomena and the moon
B。星体现象和月亮之间的关系

C. differences of opinion among authoritative geologists
C.权威地质学家之间的意见分歧

D. the relationship between asteroids and meteorites
D.小行星和陨石之间的关系

2. A mare basin is  .
2.一个海盆地是  。

A. a formula for determining the relationship between the depth and width of craters
A.确定陨石坑深度和宽度之间关系的公式

B. a valley that is filled in when a spatial body has impact with the moon or the earth
B。当一个空间物体与月球或地球发生碰撞时,

C. a planetoid (small planet. created when a meteorite, upon striking the moon, breaks off a part of the moon
C.小行星(小行星)当陨石撞击月球时,月球的一部分被撞碎,

D. a dark spot on the moon, once supposed to be a sea, now a plain
D.月球上的一个黑点,曾经被认为是海洋,现在是平原

3. The writer does not believe that  .
3.作者不相信这一点  。

A. an asteroid is larger than a meteorite
A.小行星比陨石大

B. material from space, upon hitting the earth, was eventually distributed
B。来自太空的物质,在撞击地球时,

C. the earth, at one time, had craters
C.地球上曾经有过陨石坑

D. ocean were formerly craters
D.海洋以前是火山口

4. Sialic material refers to  .
4. Sialic材料是指  。

A. the broken rock resulting from the impact of a meteorite against the earth
A.陨石撞击地球产生的破碎岩石

B. material that exists on planets other than the earth
B。存在于地球以外的行星上的物质

C. a composite of rock typical of continental areas of the earth
C.地球大陆地区典型的岩石组合

D. material that is man-made to simulate materials that existed far back in geological history
D.一种人造材料,用来模拟地质历史上存在的材料

5. Donn et al. is commonly agreed at the point that  .
5. Donn等人普遍同意这一点  。

  A. continent formation is caused by the sialic material
  A.大陆的形成是由硅铝质物质引起的

  B. the geological evolution of the Earths surface is unanswered
  B。地球表面的地质演化是没有答案的

  C. the large meteorites help to form the continent
  C.巨大的陨石帮助形成了大陆

  D. the sialic material results in the a wide dissemination
  D.唾液酸材料导致广泛传播

本题得分: 2
本题分数: 2

正确答案:

填空1 : A
填充空间1:A

填空2 : D
填充空间2:D

填空3 : D
空白3:D

填空4 : C
填充空间4:C

填空5 : C
填充空间5:C