沉浸式翻译2023补充题库第二版
目 录
第一章 总论
第一节 概念
一、单选
1. Which relationships as following are regulated by International Economic Law?
1. 国际经济法规定了以下哪些关系？
A. Only the economic relationships among states.
一个。只有国家之间的经济关系。
B. Only the economic relationships among international organizations.
B.只有国际组织之间的经济关系。
C. Only the trans-countries economic relationships among natural persons or legal persons.
C. 只有自然人或法人之间的跨国经济关系。
D. The economic relationships among states, international organizations, natural persons and legal persons.
D.国家、国际组织、自然人和法人之间的经济关系。
D
2. Which statement concerning International Economic Law is correct?
2. 关于国际经济法的哪项说法是正确的？
A. Only legal persons are the subjects of IEL.
一个。只有法人是IEL的主体。
B. The objects of IEL are the economic relationships with foreign elements.
B.IEL的对象是与外国因素的经济关系。
C. IEL is a new branch of public international law.
C. 国际仲裁法是国际公法的一个新分支。
D. None of the above is correct.
D. 以上均不正确。
B
3. International business may be classified into which of the following three categories:
3. 国际业务可分为以下三类中的哪一类：
A. Trade, import/export, foreign exchange.
A. 贸易、进出口、外汇。
B. International licensing agreements, investments, law.
B. 国际许可协议、投资、法律。
C. Trade, international licensing agreements, investment.
C. 贸易、国际许可协定、投资。
D. International licensing agreements, trade, franchising.
D. 国际许可协议、贸易、特许经营。
C
二、多选
4. With regard to the theory of international economic law, most Chinese legal scholars hold that:
4. 关于国际经济法理论，大多数中国法律学者认为：
A. A broad definition of IEL is appreciate.
一个。对 IEL 的广泛定义是值得赞赏的。
B. A narrow definition of IEL is appreciate.
B.IEL的狭义定义是值得赞赏的。
C. The scope of IEL shall only include regulation-related international economic law.
C. IEL的范围应仅包括与法规相关的国际经济法。
D. The scope of IEL shall not only include regulation-related but also transaction-specific international economic law.
D. IEL的范围不仅包括与法规相关的国际经济法，还包括与特定交易有关的国际经济法。
AD
5. Mainstream opinions of the Chinese academic community for international economic law hold that IEL covers the following components.
5. 中国国际经济法学术界的主流观点认为，国际经济法包括以下几个组成部分。
A. Legal relationships arising from economic transactions by subjects of private law.
A. 私法主体的经济交易产生的法律关系。
B. Legal relationships arising from cross-border economic transactions by subjects of private law.
B. 私法主体的跨境经济交易产生的法律关系。
C. Legal relationships arising from cross-border economic regulatory activities.
C. 跨境经济监管活动产生的法律关系。
D. Legal relationships formed among states or international organizations regarding international cooperation and global governance in the economic area.
D. 国家或国际组织之间在经济领域的国际合作和全球治理方面形成的法律关系。
BCD
6. Which statements about the features of international economic law, differing from public international law, are correct?
6.关于国际经济法与国际公法不同的特征的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The subjects of IEL include natural persons and legal persons.
一个。IEL的主体包括自然人和法人。
B. The subjects of IEL include states and international organizations.
B.IEL的主题包括国家和国际组织。
C. IEL regulate economic relationships only.
C. IEL仅规范经济关系。
D. The sources of IEL include domestic legislation.
D. IEL的来源包括国内立法。
ACD
7. The features of International Economic Law include:
7. 国际经济法的特点包括：
A. The subjects include nature persons, legal persons, international organizations and states.
一个。主题包括自然人、法人、国际组织和国家。
B. The scope covers a wide range of fields.
B.范围涵盖广泛的领域。
C. The sphere is ranging from public law sector to private law sector.
C. 范围从公法部门到私法部门。
D. The sources are international treaties, national foreign economic law, international commercial practices and sometimes case law.
D. 资料来源是国际条约、国家对外经济法、国际商业惯例，有时还有判例法。
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三、判断
8. Economic relations among national governments, international organizations, individual persons or other legal entities in areas of investment, trade, credit, and technical transfer are all covered by international economic law.
8. 各国政府、国际组织、个人或其他法律实体在投资、贸易、信贷和技术转让领域的经济关系均受国际经济法管辖。
T
四、翻译
9. In addition, with unprecedented concern for the deterioration of international technological environment and global climate change, including growing develop depletion of non-renewable energies, such as petroleum and coal with the keen expectations of developing countries for fair and equitable international economic order, and with advancing science and technology, and with the conclusion of an increasing amount of regional trade arrangements (RTAs) and free trade agreements (FTAs), legal relationship regarding international organizations in relation to international environmental protection, international energy distribution, international economic development and assistance, international protection to intellectual properties and regional economic integration and their related organizations is becoming an increasingly important component of international economic law.
9. 此外，对国际技术环境恶化和全球气候变化的空前关注，包括石油和煤炭等不可再生能源日益枯竭，发展中国家对公正和公正的国际经济秩序抱有殷切期望，随着科学技术的进步，以及区域贸易安排和自由贸易协定的缔结越来越多， 国际组织在国际环境保护、国际能源分配、国际经济发展和援助、知识产权国际保护和区域经济一体化方面的法律关系及其相关组织正日益成为国际经济法中日益重要的组成部分。
第二节 主体
一、单选
10. Which entities as following are the subjects of International Economic Law?
10. 下列哪些实体是国际经济法的主体？
A. States.
A. 国家。
B. International organizations.
B. 国际组织。
C. Natural or legal persons.
C. 自然人或法人。
D. Separate custom territory.
D. 单独的海关区域。
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11. As an important subject of international economic law, states:
11. 作为国际经济法的一个重要主题，各国：
A. Are engaged in horizontal international business transactions or distribution relations.
一个。从事横向国际商业交易或分销关系。
B. Process vertical economic management functions.
B.流程纵向经济管理功能。
C. Directly participate in international economic relations.
C.直接参与国际经济关系。
D. Establish regulation related economic relationship with private entities or persons of other states.
D. 与其他国家的私人实体或个人建立与监管相关的经济关系。
C
12. The largest, most representative business Non-Governmental Organization in the world is:
12. 世界上规模最大、最具代表性的商业非政府组织是：
A. The WTO.
A. 世贸组织。
B. The ICC.
B. 国际刑事法院。
C. The UNCITRAL.
C. 贸易法委员会。
D. The UN.
D. 联合国。
B
13. Which statements about the Incoterms of ICC are NOT correct?
13. 关于国际商会国际贸易术语解释通则的哪些陈述不正确？
A. The Incoterms specify the rights and obligations of the parties to the contracts with respect to the delivery of goods sold.
一个。《国际贸易术语解释通则》规定了合同各方在交付所售货物方面的权利和义务。
B. The Incoterms provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms most commonly used in the international sales contracts.
B.《国际贸易术语解释通则》为解释国际销售合同中最常用的贸易术语提供了一套国际规则。
C. The Incoterms apply to the contract of carriage rather than to the contract of sale.
C. 国际贸易术语解释通则适用于运输合同，而不是销售合同。
D. Where the parties intend to incorporate Incoterms into their contract of sale, an express reference of version shall always be made.
D. 如果双方打算将国际贸易术语解释通则纳入其销售合同，则应始终明确提及版本。
C
14. The major publications of ICC do NOT include:
14. 国际商会的主要出版物不包括：
A. The CISG.
A. 《销售公约》。
B. The Incoterms.
B. 国际贸易术语解释通则。
C. The UCP600.
C. UCP600。
D. The URC522.
D. URC522。
A
15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multinational corporations:
15. 以下哪项不是跨国公司的特征：
A. The United States is usually their home nation.
一个。美国通常是他们的祖国。
B. They derive capital resources worldwide.
B.他们在全球范围内获得资本资源。
C. They operate facilities of production in more than one country.
C. 他们在一个以上的国家经营生产设施。
D. They move production, technology, and capital to those countries with the most hospitable environment.
D.他们将生产、技术和资本转移到那些环境最热情好客的国家。
A
二、多选
16. The major contributions of UNCITRAL include:
16. 贸易法委员会的主要贡献包括：
A. The CISG.
A. 《销售公约》。
B. The Hague Rules.
B.《海牙规则》。
C. The Rotterdam Rules.
C. 《鹿特丹规则》。
D. The MIGA Convention.
D. 《多边投资担保机构公约》。
AC
17. The multinational conference was, convened at Bretton Woods in1944, to focus on:
17. 多国会议于1944年在布雷顿森林召开，重点讨论：
A. Short term financial problems.
A. 短期财务问题。
B. Long term financial problems.
B. 长期的财务问题。
C. Ways to promote free trade.
C. 促进自由贸易的方法。
D. Ways to promote economic globalization.
D.促进经济全球化的途径。
AC
18. Some organizations are affiliated with the United Nations, such as:
18. 一些组织隶属于联合国，例如：
A. The IMF.
A. 国际货币基金组织。
B. The WTO.
B. 世贸组织。
C. The UNCITRAL.
C. 贸易法委员会。
D. The ICC.
D. 国际刑事法院。
AC
19. The basic purposes of the International Chamber of Commerce are to:
19. 国际商会的基本宗旨是：
A. Permanently represent business vis-à-vis the major intergovernmental institutions and conferences.
A. 在主要政府间机构和会议中长期代表企业。
B. Harmonize, codify, and standardize international business practices.
B. 协调、编纂和标准化国际商业惯例。
C. Provide practical services for its members and for the international business community.
C. 为其成员和国际商业界提供切实可行的服务。
D. Provide a link between countries with different economic systems, or a meeting place for sectors of economic activity with different interests.
D. 在具有不同经济制度的国家之间建立联系，或为具有不同利益的经济活动部门提供交汇点。
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20. Multinational corporation exhibit the following features:
20. 跨国公司具有以下特点：
A. Multinational business operation and global business strategy.
A.跨国业务运营和全球业务战略。
B. Different entities (usually including parent company, subsidiaries and breaches).
B. 不同的实体（通常包括母公司、子公司和违规）。
C. Regulation-related economic management function.
C. 与监管相关的经济管理职能。
D. Interrelationships among internal entities of a multinational corporation.
D. 跨国公司内部实体之间的相互关系。
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21.With regard to parent company of a multinational corporation, which statements are correct?
21.关于跨国公司的母公司，哪些说法是正确的？
A. A multinational corporation usually steps up its parent company in one state, but also establishes different entities in one or more other countries.
一个。跨国公司通常在一个州加强其母公司，但也在一个或多个其他国家建立不同的实体。
B. The parent company of a multinational corporation usually starts from overall interests of cooperation to develop its global strategy.
B.跨国公司的母公司通常从合作的整体利益出发，制定其全球战略。
C. The parent company formulates and implements business strategies.
C.母公司制定并实施经营战略。
D. The parent company enjoys highly concentrated management power over other entities of the corporation.
D. 母公司对公司其他实体享有高度集中的管理权。
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22. The correct statements about the relationship between the parent company and its subsidiaries include that:
22. 关于母公司与其子公司之间关系的正确陈述包括：
A. The parent company is the company that owns majority equity of its subsidiaries or exercises decisive control over its subsidiaries.
一个。母公司是拥有其子公司多数股权或对其子公司行使决定性控制权的公司。
B. Both of them enjoy independent legal status or personality.
B.他们都享有独立的法律地位或人格。
C. Both of them set up in line with laws of the host countries.
C. 两者都是根据东道国法律设立的。
D. The parent company hold responsible for acts conducts by its subsidiaries.
D. 母公司对其子公司的行为负责。
AB
23. The principle of “disregard of corporate personality”:
23.“无视公司人格”原则：
A. Refer to that “independent legal entities assume independent liabilities”.
A. 提及“独立法人承担独立责任”。
B. Also called “princess to the corporations veil”.
B.也被称为“公司面纱的公主”。
C. Means that the parent company shall be held liable for its subsidiaries.
C. 指母公司对其子公司承担责任。
D. Is strictly restricted by most countries.
D.受到大多数国家的严格限制。
BCD
三、翻译
24. Multinational corporation are the outcome of the international division of labor and development of international trade. A multinational corporation or a transitional corporation is an enterprise with its component entities or establishments distributed in two or more countries disregarding its legal form and business scope. A distinctive feature of a multinational corporation is that its component entities conduct business operations under the command of one decision-making system, in accordance with common strategies and consistent corporate policies via one or more decision-making centers. Component entities of a multinational corporation are integrated into one organic integrity due to their possession relationships or other factors, with one or more of the entities exerting considerable influence on activities of other entities, or even sharing knowledge, resources and responsibilities of others entities.
24.跨国公司是国际分工和国际贸易发展的结果。跨国公司或过渡性公司是指其组成实体或机构分布在两个或两个以上国家的企业，不考虑其法律形式和业务范围。跨国公司的一个显著特点是，其组成实体在一个决策系统的指挥下，根据共同的战略和一致的公司政策，通过一个或多个决策中心进行业务运营。跨国公司的组成实体由于其占有关系或其他因素而合并为一个有机整体，其中一个或多个实体对其他实体的活动施加相当大的影响，甚至分享其他实体的知识、资源和责任。
25. Places of business of a multinational cooperation refer to the home country and the host countries where its entities conduct business activities. The home country refers to the country where the parent company is located while host countries refer to countries where subsidiaries or other affiliated enterprises of the parent company are located. To attract foreign investments, developing countries have mostly developed preferential measures to encourage the imports of foreign capitals. While enjoying these preferential treatments, the multinational corporations do not hesitate to harm the interests of developing countries in their implementation of transitional business strategies for pursuit of hyper profits. Consequently, the conflicts between multinationals and developing host countries tend to involve into conflicts between developed and developing countries.
25. 多国合作的营业地是指其实体开展业务活动的母国和东道国。母国是指母公司所在的国家/地区，而东道国是指母公司的子公司或其他关联企业所在的国家/地区。为了吸引外资，发展中国家大多制定了优惠措施，鼓励外资输入。跨国公司在享受这些优惠待遇的同时，在执行追求超额利润的过渡性商业战略时，会毫不犹豫地损害发展中国家的利益。因此，跨国公司与发展中国家东道国之间的冲突往往涉及发达国家和发展中国家之间的冲突。
第三节 渊源
一、多选
26. Under the broad definition, the sources of international economic law shall include:
26. 根据广义的定义，国际经济法的渊源应包括：
A. The domestic economic administrative laws and regulations with foreign elements.
一个。国内经济行政法律法规中带有外国元素。
B. Public international laws in close connection with international regulations and governments of economic activities conducted by private persons.
B. 与私人从事的经济活动的国际法规和政府密切相关的国际公法。
C. The domestic commercial law with foreign elements.
C.具有外国元素的国内商法。
D. International commercial laws.
D. 国际商法。
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27. Which kinds of legal sources as following are the sources of international economic law?
27. 下列哪些法律渊源是国际经济法的渊源？
A. Treaty.
A. 条约。
B. International custom.
B. 国际惯例。
C. International business custom.
C.国际商务惯例。
D. Domestic legislation.
D. 国内立法。
ABCD
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29. With regard to the international trade regulation, rather than those in relation to international commercial transaction, multilateral treaties include:
29. 关于国际贸易条例，而不是与国际商业交易有关的条约，多边条约包括：
A. the CISG Convention.
A. 《销售公约》。
B. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
B. 技术性贸易壁垒协定。
C. Uruguay Round Agreement Act.
C. 《乌拉圭回合协定法》。
D. GATS.
D. 《服务贸易总协定》。
BCD
30. Economically, the following instruments are important international conventions:
30. 在经济上，下列文书是重要的国际公约：
A. the CISG.
A. 《销售公约》。
B. the Hague Rules.
B. 《海牙规则》。
C. Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration.
C. 《国际商事仲裁示范法》。
D. Principles of International Commercial Contract.
D. 国际商事合同原则。
AB
31. In terms of international economic affairs, the UN General Assembly has adopted a series of important resolutions since the 1960s, such as:
31. 在国际经济事务方面，联合国大会自1960年代以来通过了一系列重要决议，例如：
A. Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources.
A. 《关于自然资源永久主权的声明》。
B. Declaration and the Program of Action for Establishing a New International Economic Order.
B. 《建立国际经济新秩序宣言》和《行动纲领》。
C. Charter of Economic Rights and Obligations of All Countries.
c. 《所有国家经济权利和义务宪章》。
D. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
D. 关税和贸易总协定。
ABC
32. Which statements about the “soft law” in international economic law are correct?
32.关于国际经济法中“软法”的哪些说法是正确的？
A. Soft law consists of provisions in model laws, principles to be found in legal guides, and in scholarly restatements of international business law.
答：软法包括示范法中的规定、法律指南中的原则以及国际商法的学术重述。
B. Soft law can give guidance for conduct of the parties and the interpretation of the agreement of the parties or an international convention.
B. 软法可以指导当事人的行为和对当事人协议或国际公约的解释。
C. All rules or principles of soft law are legally binding and enforceable.
C. 软法的所有规则或原则都具有法律约束力和可执行性。
D. Parties are free to choose to follow the soft law or just ignore it.
D. 各方可以自由选择遵循软法或忽略它。
ABD
33. International model law differs from international treaties and conventions in that:
33. 国际示范法与国际条约和公约的区别在于：
A. It is not passed in international conference.
一个。它没有在国际会议上通过。
B. It is open to all nations for signature.
B.它向所有国家开放供签署。
C. It is of no certain legal validity.
C. 没有一定的法律效力。
D. It is mandatory rules governing the contract.
D. 它是管理合同的强制性规则。
AC
34. The model law has a considerable role to play in such contexts:
34. 示范法在下列情况下可发挥相当大的作用：
A. It can be used as a model for national and international legislators.
一个。它可以用作国家和国际立法者的典范。
B. It can be used as a means of interpreting and supplementing existing uniform law.
B.它可以用作解释和补充现有统一法的手段。
C. It can be used as rules governing the contract.
C. 它可以用作管理合同的规则。
D. It can be used as a substitute for the domestic law otherwise applicable.
D. 它可以作为其他适用的国内法的替代品。
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35. Which statements about “law merchant” are correct?
35.关于“法律商人”的哪些说法是正确的？
A. It is a body of the principles and regulations applied to commercial transaction.
一个。它是适用于商业交易的原则和法规的集合。
B. It is derived from the established customs of merchants and traders.
B.它源自商人和商人的既定习俗。
C. It is the result of the edict of a final authority.
C.这是最终当局颁布法令的结果。
D. It was administered by merchant courts, set up along trade routes and trade centers.
D.它由沿贸易路线和贸易中心设立的商人法院管理。
ABD
36. Which statements about international commercial usage are correct?
36. 哪些关于国际商业用途的陈述是正确的？
A. They are unwritten practices formed through repeated use.
一个。它们是通过反复使用形成的不成文做法。
B. They are mandatory norms.
B.它们是强制性规范。
C. They become binding on parties only when the parties have expressly chosen them.
C. 只有当事方明确选择它们时，它们才对当事方具有约束力。
D. They are used as conflict rules to resolve conflicts of laws.
D. 它们被用作解决法律冲突的冲突规则。
AC
37. International trade, customs and usage is now are widely recognized and accepted in international business areas. The codification of international trade customs and usage include:
37.国际贸易、海关和惯例现已在国际商业领域得到广泛认可和接受。国际贸易习惯和惯例的编纂包括：
A. The Incoterms.
A. 国际贸易术语解释通则。
B. The Hamburg Rules.
B.汉堡规则。
C. The UCC522.
D. The UCP600.
D. UCP600。
AD
28. Which legal documents as following may apply to a commercial contract concluded by a Chinese person and a Japanese person?
28. 中国人和日本人签订的商业合同可以适用以下哪些法律文件？
A. CISG.
A. 《销售公约》。
B. INCOTERMS.
B. 国际贸易术语解释通则。
C. Contract law of China.
C. 中国合同法。
D. Contract law of Japan.
D. 日本合同法。
ABCD
ABCD公司
二、翻译
38. Mainstream Chinese scholars of IEL hold that IEL not only covers private law norms such as law on international sales of goods, company law, law on commercial papers and maritime law, but also many public law norms, i.e., international public law with nations or international organizations as its subjects and public domestic law that addresses international economic management relations with the government authority of a nation-states as one contraction party and a natural or legal person as the other contracting party. Legal sources of public IEL not only includes various international economic treaties, but also covered domestic legislation of states that address foreign-related economic relations as well as resolutions of important international organizations. In addition, complemental oranges of IEL also include cases of international economic and investment disputes and important influential theories of IEL.
38. 中国主流学者认为，国际货物销售法不仅包括国际货物销售法、公司法、商业票据法和海商法等私法规范，而且包括许多公法规范，即以国家或国际组织为主体的国际公法，以及处理国际经济管理关系的国内公法，即民族国家政府当局作为缔约方和自然或自然或法人作为缔约另一方。公共IEL的法律来源不仅包括各种国际经济条约，还包括涉及涉外经济关系的国家的国内立法以及重要国际组织的决议。此外，IEL的互补橙子还包括国际经济和投资纠纷的案例以及IEL的重要影响理论。
第四节 基本原则
一、单选
39. Which fundamental principle of IEL is the primary one?
39. IEL的哪项基本原则是首要原则？
A. Economic Sovereignty.
A. 经济主权。
B. Equality/Fairness and Mutual Benefit.
B.平等/公平和互利。
C. International Cooperation for Development.
C. 国际合作促进发展。
D. Sustainable Development.
D. 可持续发展。
A
40. In which UN General Assembly Resolution was the State’s right of nationalization, expropriation or requisitioning admitted?
40. 联合国大会的哪项决议承认了国家的国有化、征用或征用权？
A. Right to Exploit Freely Natural Wealth and Resources.
一个。自由开发自然财富和资源的权利。
B. Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources.
B. 对自然资源的永久主权。
C. Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States.
C. 《国家经济权利和义务宪章》。
D. Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order.
D. 《建立国际经济新秩序宣言》。
B
二、多选
41. Which principles as following are the fundamental principles of IEL?
41. 以下哪些原则是IEL的基本原则？
A. Economic Sovereignty.
A. 经济主权。
B. Equality/Fairness and Mutual Benefit.
B. 平等/公平和互利。
C. International Cooperation for Development.
C. 国际合作促进发展。
D. Pacta Sunt Servanda.
D. Pacta Sunt Servanda。
ABC
42. The outcomes of applying the principle of “equity and mutual benefit” in trade include:
42. 在贸易中适用“公平互利”原则的成果包括：
A. Generalized system of preferences.
A.广义的偏好系统。
B. Special and differential Treatment.
B. 特殊和差别待遇。
C. National treatment.
C. 国民待遇。
D. Most favored nation treatment.
D.最惠国待遇。
AB
三、名词
43. Economic Sovereignty of States
43. 国家的经济主权
Articles 1 and 2 of the UN Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States provides that: “Every State has and shall freely exercise a full permanent sovereignty, including possession, use and disposal, over all its wealth, natural resources and economic activities.” Therefore, the so-called economic sovereignty refers to the power of the state to control and dispose natural resources of the country and manage all its economic affairs at home and abroad with independence and autonomy.
《联合国各国经济权利和义务宪章》第1条和第2条规定：“每个国家对其所有财富、自然资源和经济活动拥有并应自由行使充分的永久主权，包括占有、使用和处置。因此，所谓经济主权，是指国家控制和处置国家自然资源的权力，独立自主地管理国内外的一切经济事务。
44. ‘Fairness’ and ‘Mutual Benefit’
44. “公平”与“互利”
All states are juridically equal and, as equal members of the international community, have the right to participate fully and effectively in the international decision-making process in the solution of world economic, financial and monetary problems ……and to share equitably in the benefits resulting therefrom.
所有国家在法律上都是平等的，作为国际社会的平等成员，都有权充分和有效地参与解决世界经济、金融和货币问题的国际决策进程......并公平分享由此产生的利益。
45. Agreement Must be Honored
45. 协议必须得到遵守
There is no doubt that “agreement must be honored” comes from “Pacta Sunt Servanda”. It’s a famous legal proverb in Ladin, and a legal principle with a long history. Its original meaning is “agreement must be kept”. According to this principle, the two parties, once the agreement between them is concluded, must strictly abide by and faithfully execute the agreement. As treaties are contracts between states in nature, once treaties are concluded between two or more states, the states must equally abide by them and no party may violate the treaties without due causes.
毫无疑问，“协议必须得到遵守”来自“Pacta Sunt Servanda”。这是拉丁语中著名的法律谚语，也是一项历史悠久的法律原则。其原意是“必须遵守协议”。根据这一原则，双方一旦达成协议，就必须严格遵守并忠实执行协议。由于条约本质上是国家之间的合同，一旦两个或两个以上国家之间缔结了条约，各国必须平等遵守条约，任何一方不得无正当理由违反条约。
四、简答
46. Which kinds of rights do the states have according to Economic Sovereignty Principle?
46. 根据经济主权原则，各州拥有哪些权利？
Every state has and shall freely exercise full permanent sovereignty. That is to say, each state has the right (a) to possess, use and disposal all its wealth, natural resources and economic activities; (b) to regulate and exercise authority over foreign investment; (c) to regulate and supervise the activities of transnational corporations; (d) to nationalize, expropriate or transfer ownership of foreign property.
每个国家都拥有并应自由行使充分的永久主权。换言之，每个国家都有权（a）拥有、使用和处置其所有财富、自然资源和经济活动;（b）有权（b）拥有、使用和处置其所有财富、自然资源和经济活动;（b）有权（c）拥有、使用和处置其所有财富、自然资源和经济活动;（b）有权（c）拥有、使用和处置其所有财富、自然资源和经济活动;（b）有权（c）拥有（b） 对外国投资进行监管和行使权力;（c） 规范和监督跨国公司的活动;（d） 将外国财产国有化、征用或转让所有权。
47. How to understand the principle of Equity and Mutual Benefit?
47. 如何理解公平互利的原则？
The so-called equity means that all states as equal members of the international community, enjoy equitable and fair treatments, i.e., equitable treatments in both form and substance. “Mutual benefits” means taking care of interests of all parties rather than seek interest of one party at the price of other parties’ interests. Integration of equity and mutual benefit into one has become an important principle of IEL, which indicates that equity and mutual benefit are unified in implications and mutually based. On the one hand, mutual benefit is the foundation for equity. Without mutual benefit, there is no equity. Only on the basis of mutual benefit can exchanges ultimately achieve equitable results. On the other hand, only on the basis of genuine equity may inter-state exchanges lead to mutually benefiting win-win results.
所谓公平，就是所有国家作为国际社会的平等成员，享有公平和公正的待遇，即在形式上和实质上都享有公平的待遇。“互惠互利”是指照顾各方的利益，而不是以牺牲另一方的利益为代价来谋取一方的利益。将公平和互利合二为一已成为IEL的一项重要原则，这表明公平和互利在含义上是统一的，是相互依存的。一方面，互惠互利是公平的基础。没有互惠互利，就没有公平。只有在互惠互利的基础上，交易所才能最终取得公平的结果。另一方面，只有在真正公平的基础上，国家间的交流才能带来互利共赢的结果。
第二章 货物贸易合同与贸易术语
第一节 货物贸易合同
一、单选
35. As for the form of contracts, contracts are divided into:
35. 关于合同的形式，合同分为：
A. Written contracts and oral contracts.
A. 书面合同和口头合同。
B. Valid, void and voidable contracts.
B. 有效、无效和可撤销的合同。
C. Bilateral contracts and unilateral contract.
C. 双边合同和单边合同。
D. Sales contracts, employment contracts, leasing contracts, agency contracts, and etc.
D. 销售合同、雇佣合同、租赁合同、代理合同等
A
36. Considering the different validity of contracts, contracts can be categorized into:
36. 考虑到合同的有效性不同，合同可分为：
A. Written contracts and oral contracts.
A. 书面合同和口头合同。
B. Valid, void and voidable contracts.
B. 有效、无效和可撤销的合同。
C. Bilateral contracts and unilateral contract.
C. 双边合同和单边合同。
D. Sales contracts, employment contracts, leasing contracts, agency contracts, and etc.
D. 销售合同、雇佣合同、租赁合同、代理合同等
B
37. In view of the rights and obligations located between parties to a contract, there are:
37. 鉴于合同当事人之间的权利和义务，有：
A. Written contracts and oral contracts.
A. 书面合同和口头合同。
B. Valid, void and voidable contracts.
B. 有效、无效和可撤销的合同。
C. Bilateral contracts and unilateral contract.
C. 双边合同和单边合同。
D. Sales contracts, employment contracts, leasing contracts, agency contracts, and etc.
D. 销售合同、雇佣合同、租赁合同、代理合同等
C
二、多选
38. If the international sales contract contains a clause describing the quantity as “10000 metric tons ±10%”, which statements as following are correct?
38. 如果国际销售合同中含有将数量描述为“10000公吨±10%”的条款，以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. The seller breached the contract if he had delivered 11000 metric tons.
一个。卖方如果交付了11000公吨，则违反了合同。
B. The seller didn’t breach the contract if he had delivered goods withing a range of 9900-11000 metric tons.
B.如果卖方交付的货物在9900-11000公吨范围内，则卖方没有违反合同。
C. The buyer has the right to refuse to take delivery of the excess 1000 metric tons.
C. 买方有权拒绝接收超过1000公吨的货物。
D. If the quantity of the goods actually delivered was within the specified range, the buyer must accept the delivery and pay the price in accordance with the actual quantity.
D.如果实际交付的货物数量在规定范围内，买方必须接受交付并按照实际数量支付价款。
BD
三、名词
39. The principle of “favor contractus”
39.“偏袒契约”原则
The principle of “favor contractus” means in endeavoring to facilitate the formation and existence of contract. The reason behind this is the acknowledgement that despite the shortcomings which might arise in the course of the formation of performance of the contract, it is normally in the interest of both parties to do all possible to keep their original bargain alive than to renounce it and look for alternative goods or services elsewhere on the market.
“有利于合同”原则是指努力促进合同的形成和存在。其背后的原因是承认，尽管在订立合同的过程中可能出现缺点，但通常符合双方的利益的是，尽一切可能保持其原来的交易，而不是放弃它并在市场上的其他地方寻找替代商品或服务。
第二节 贸易术语
一、单选
40. Which document dose NOT interpret Trade Terms?
40. 哪份文件不能解释贸易条款？
A. The Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932.
一个。1932 年华沙-牛津规则。
B. Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941.
B. 1941年修订的美国对外贸易定义。
C. The York Antwerp Rules 2004.
C. 《2004年约克安特卫普规则》。
D. International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2020.
D. 2020年国际贸易术语解释规则。
C
41. INCOTERMS is a commercial usage compiled by:
41. 国际贸易术语解释通则是由以下人员编制的商业用途：
A. UNCITRAL.
A. 贸易法委员会。
B. UNIDROIT.
B. 国际统一私法协会。
C. ICJ.
C. 国际法院。
D. ICC.
D. 国际刑事法院。
D
42. Incoterms rules do say about:
42. 国际贸易术语解释通则确实规定：
A. Which kind of costs is each party responsible for.
一个。每一方负责哪种费用。
B. The price to be paid or the method of its payment.
B.要支付的价格或付款方式。
C. The transfer of ownership of the goods.
C. 货物所有权的转让。
D. The consequences of a breach of contract.
D. 违约的后果。
A
43. Incoterms rules say NOTHING about:
43. 国际贸易术语解释通则只字未提：
A. Which party of the sales contract has the obligation to make carriage or insurance arrangements.
一个。销售合同的哪一方有义务作出运输或保险安排。
B. When the seller hands over the goods to the buyer.
B.当卖方将货物交给买方时。
C. Each party is responsible for which kind of costs.
C. 各方负责哪种费用。
D. The price to be paid or the method of its payment.
D. 支付的价格或支付方式。
D
44. Which statement about the Incoterms is NOT correct?
44. 关于国际贸易术语解释通则的哪项陈述不正确？
A. Incoterms is published by the Paris-based International Chamber of Commercial.
答：《国际贸易术语解释通则》由总部位于巴黎的国际商会出版。
B. Incoterms is an acronym for international trade terms.
B. 国际贸易术语解释通则是国际贸易术语的首字母缩写。
C. Incoterms is international treaty rather than a national legislation.
C. 《国际贸易术语解释通则》是国际条约，而不是国家立法。
D. Incoterms is a written form of custom and usage in the trade.
D. 国际贸易术语解释通则是贸易中习惯和用法的书面形式。
D
45. Among the following statements concerning Incoterms, which one is correct?
45. 在以下关于国际贸易术语解释通则的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. Incoterms is an international convention it has compulsory legal binding force on all contracts for the international sale of goods.
答：国际贸易术语解释通则是一项国际公约，它对所有国际货物销售合同具有强制性的法律约束力。
B. Incoterms is an international trade practice and usage, and it has a binding force only if it is incorporated into a contract by the party.
B. 国际贸易术语解释通则是一种国际贸易惯例和惯例，只有当它被当事人纳入合同时才具有约束力。
C. Incoterms can be used only in international contract for the sale of goods.
C. 国际贸易术语解释通则只能用于国际货物销售合同。
D. Without otherwise indication in the contract, any reference to Incoterms shall be deemed to be made to Incoterms 2020.
D. 合同中未另行说明，任何对国际贸易术语解释通则的引用均应视为对 Incoterms 2020 的引用。
B
46. Which statement about Incoterms as following is correct?
46. 以下关于国际贸易术语解释通则的哪项说法是正确的？
A. Incoterms apply to contracts of carriage rather than to contracts of sale.
答：国际贸易术语解释通则适用于运输合同，而不适用于销售合同。
B. Incoterms provide for all the duties which parties may wish to include in a contract of sale.
B. 国际贸易术语解释通则规定了各方可能希望在销售合同中包括的所有义务。
C. Incoterms deal only with the relation between the seller and the buyer under the contract of sale in some very distinct respects.
C. 《国际贸易术语解释通则》仅涉及买卖双方在销售合同项下的一些截然不同的关系。
D. Incoterms deal only with the relation between the shipper and the carrier under the contract of carriage in some very distinct respects.
D. 《国际贸易术语解释通则》仅涉及运输合同项下托运人和承运人之间的关系，在某些方面非常不同。
C
47. The subtitle of the Incoterms 2020 rules formally recognize that they are available for application to sale contracts.
47. 《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》规则的副标题正式承认这些规则适用于销售合同。
A. International.
A. 国际。
B. Domestic.
B. 国内。
C. Both of international and domestic.
C. 国际和国内。
D. Neither international nor domestic.
D. 既不是国际的，也不是国内的。
C
48. Based on duties imposed on the seller, we can classify the terms of Incoterms into such groups:
48. 根据对卖方施加的义务，我们可以将国际贸易术语解释通则的条款分为以下几类：
A. Group A, B, C and D.
A. A、B、C、D组
B. Group C, D, E and F.
B. C组、D组、E组和F组。
C. Incoterms that apply to maritime transport only and Incoterms that apply to other mode of transport.
C. 仅适用于海上运输的国际贸易术语解释通则和适用于其他运输方式的国际贸易术语解释通则。
D. Incoterms that apply to any mode of transport and Incoterms that apply to sea and inland waterway transport only.
D. 适用于任何运输方式的国际贸易术语解释通则和仅适用于海运和内河运输的国际贸易术语解释通则。
B
49. If the contract is to be paid by the letter of credit, it is the best for the buyer to use in an international sale contract?
49. 如果合同是用信用证支付的，买方最好在国际销售合同中使用信用证吗？
A. An E term.
一个。E 项。
B. A F term.
B.F 项。
C. A C term.
C. A C 术语。
D. A D term.
D. A D 项。
B
281. If the buyer should make a contract of international carriage and the vessel nominated fails to arrive on time, then who should bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods?
281. 如果买方应签订国际运输合同，而指定的船只未能按时到达，那么货物灭失或损坏的所有风险应由谁承担？
A. The seller.
A. 卖方。
B. The buyer.
B. 买方。
C. The carrier.
C. 承运人。
D. The insurer.
D. 保险公司。
B
50. The C terms require the seller to:
50. C 条款要求卖方：
A. Place the goods at the disposal of the buyer.
A. 将货物交由买方处置。
B. Deliver the goods, cleaned for export, to carrier instructed by the buyer.
B. 将清洗后的货物交付给买方指示的承运人。
C. Bring the goods to the buyer at agreed place or point of destination within the import country.
C. 在进口国内约定的地点或目的地将货物带给买方。
D. Contract for transnational carriage on usual terms at his own expense.
D. 自费按通常条款签订跨国运输合同。
D
51. Rich Maes contracts to deliver bison meats to David in Spain on a destination international commercial term. However, while five days out in the Atlantic Ocean, the ship carrying the bison meats sinks due to extreme storm. Under the destination group of Incoterms, the risk of loss is with:
51. Rich Maes签订合同，以目的地国际商业条款向西班牙的David运送野牛肉。然而，在大西洋航行五天时，这艘载有野牛肉的船因极端风暴而沉没。在《国际贸易术语解释通则》的目标组下，损失风险包括：
A. Seller.
A. 卖方。
B. Buyer.
B. 买家。
C. Carrier.
C. 承运人。
D. Ship manufacturer.
D.船舶制造商。
A
52. Under which International Commercial Term is the lowest quoted price per unit.
52. 根据该条款，国际商业条款是每单位的最低报价。
A. FOB.
A. 离岸价。
B. CIF.
B. CIF（到岸价）。
C. EXW.
D. DAT.
D. DAT。
C
53. The buyer must finish the export clearances under the Incoterms rule of
53. 买方必须根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》规则完成出口清关
A. EXW.
B. FAS.
B. FAS。
C. DPU.
C. DPU。
D. DDP.
D. DDP。
A
54. The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the loading point under the Incoterms rule of:
54. 卖方必须根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》规则，在装货点将货物交付给承运人或买方指定的其他人：
A. FCA.
A. FCA。
B. FOB.
B. 离岸价。
C. CPT.
C. CPT。
D. CIF.
D. CIF（到岸价）。
A
55. If the seller in Omaha wishes to place the goods in the hands of a trucking company named by the foreign buyer and have the risk of loss pass to the buyer at that time, the seller should quote his prices:
55. 如果奥马哈的卖方希望将货物交由外国买方指定的卡车运输公司处理，并且当时将损失风险转移给买方，则卖方应报出其价格：
A. FAS Omaha.
A. FAS 奥马哈。
B. CIF seller's plant.
B. CIF卖方的工厂。
C. FOB port of shipment.
C. FOB装运港。
D. FCA Omaha.
D. FCA 奥马哈。
D
56. Under , the seller is required to deliver the goods to the carrier nominated by the seller himself on the agreed time and at the agreed place, and the risks of loss of or damage to the goods transfers from the seller to the buyer when the goods are so delivered.
56. 根据，卖方必须在约定的时间和约定的地点将货物交付给卖方自己指定的承运人，货物灭失或损坏的风险在货物交付时从卖方转移给买方。
A. FCA.
A. FCA。
B. FAS.
B. FAS。
C. CPT.
C. CPT。
D. CIP.
A
57. In an effort to satisfy an important customer in Portugal, the seller is willing to pay all ocean freight charges and bear all risks of the journey to the port of Lisbon. The buyer, however, has agreed to pay all unloading charges. The exporter should quote his prices:
57. 为了满足葡萄牙的重要客户，卖方愿意支付所有海运费用，并承担前往里斯本港的所有风险。但是，买方已同意支付所有卸货费用。出口商应报出其价格：
A. DAP Lisbon.
A. DAP里斯本。
B. FAS Lisbon.
B. FAS里斯本。
C. CIF Lisbon.
C. CIF里斯本。
D. DDU Lisbon.
D. DDU里斯本。
A
58. Under the seller shall bear all risks and costs to transport the goods to the named port or place of destination and place the goods unloaded from the arriving means of transport, at the disposal of the buyer at the named terminal.
58. 卖方应承担将货物运输到指定港口或目的地并将货物从到达的运输工具上卸下的所有风险和费用，由买方在指定的码头处置。
A. CIF.
A. CIF（到岸价）。
B. CIP.
C. DAP.
C. 民主行动党。
D. DDU.
D. DDU。
D
59. According to Incoterms, the trade term that represents the maximum responsibility of the seller is:
59. 根据国际贸易术语解释通则，代表卖方最大责任的贸易术语是：
A. Carriage and Insurance Paid To.
a. 支付的运输和保险费用。
B. Delivered Duty Paid.
b. 已完税交付。
C. Ex Works.
C. 出厂价。
D. Delivered Duty Unpaid.
d. 未完税的交付。
B
60. The seller must finish the import clearances under the Incoterms rule of
60. 卖方必须根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》规则完成进口清关
A. EXW.
B. FAS.
B. FAS。
C. DPU.
C. DPU。
D. DDP.
D. DDP。
D
61. The government of Venezuela is purchasing a large quantity of American beans to be loaded on its own ship at the port of New Orleans. The buyer will arrange to have its vessel loaded and will obtain its own export licenses. The seller may be asked to quote its prices:
61. 委内瑞拉政府正在购买大量美国大豆，准备在新奥尔良港装上自己的船。买方将安排其船舶装载，并获得自己的出口许可证。卖方可能会被要求报出其价格：
A. FOB Venezuela port.
A. FOB委内瑞拉港口。
B. CIF Venezuela port.
B. CIF委内瑞拉港口。
C. FAS New Orleans.
C. FAS 新奥尔良。
D. DAT Venezuelan port.
D. DAT委内瑞拉港口。
C
62. Under , the seller delivers when the goods are placed on board of the vessel appointed by the buyer at the named port of shipment on the agreed time.
62. 根据，当货物在约定的时间在指定的装运港被放在买方指定的船舶上时，卖方交货。
A. FOB.
A. 离岸价。
B. CIF.
B. CIF（到岸价）。
C. CFR.
C. CFR。
D. CIP.
A
63. According to Incoterms, the risk of loss or damage to goods under a CIF contract passes from seller to buyer when:
63. 根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》，在以下情况下，CIF合同项下的货物灭失或损坏风险从卖方转移给买方：
A. The goods are delivered on board rail at the port of shipment.
一个。货物在装运港通过铁路运输。
B. The goods are unloaded at the port of destination.
B.货物在目的港卸货。
C. Title to the goods passes to the seller.
C. 货物的所有权转移给卖方。
D. The goods leave the seller's place of business.
D. 货物离开卖方营业地。
A
64. A sale made with terms "CIF Tokyo" includes in the price quoted for the goods which of the following:
64. 以“东京到岸价”为条件的销售，在货物的报价中包括以下哪一项：
A. Cash, in-transit expenses, foreign exchange expenses.
A. 现金、在途费用、外汇费用。
B. Cash, insurance, freight.
B. 现金、保险、运费。
C. Cost, insurance, freight.
C. 成本、保险、运费。
D. Currency exchange expenses, insurance, freight.
D.货币兑换费用、保险费、运费。
C
65. Which statements about the requirements of insurance under CIF is correct?
65. 关于CIF的保险要求，哪些说法是正确的？
A. The seller must obtain, at his own expense, cargo insurance and the insurance shall entitle the buyer to clean directly from the insurer.
一个。卖方必须自费购买货物保险，保险应使买方有权直接从保险人处进行清洁。
B. The insurance shall comply at least with the minimum cover provided by “Clauses A” of the Institute Cargo Clauses or any similar clauses.
B.保险应至少符合协会货物条款的“条款 A”或任何类似条款提供的最低承保范围。
C. The insurance shall cover the price provided in the contract and shall be in the currency of the contract.
C. 保险应涵盖合同规定的价格，并应以合同的货币为准。
D. The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery to at least the named place of destination.
D. 保险应涵盖货物从交货点到至少指定的目的地。
A
66. The buyer and the seller entered into on CIF (Manila) contract. The seller designated a vessel to transport the goods at the port of Shanghai. Due to construction in Shanghai harbor, the vessel was unable to tie up alongside a pier and was forced instead to tie up at a buoy in the middle of the harbor. To load the goods on board the vessel, local lighters were used. Which one must pay for the lighters?
66. 买方和卖方签订了CIF（马尼拉）合同。卖方指定船舶在上海港运输货物。由于在上海港施工，该船无法靠岸，被迫停泊在港口中央的浮标上。为了将货物装载到船上，使用了当地的打火机。哪一个必须为打火机买单？
A. The buyer.
A. 买方。
B. The Shanghai port authority.
B.上海港务局。
C. The seller.
C. 卖方。
D. The vessel.
D. 容器。
C
67. The main difference between the Incoterms rule of CFR and CIF is that:
67. CFR和CIF的国际贸易术语解释通则规则之间的主要区别在于：
A. The buyer should deliver the goods to the buyer.
一个。买方应将货物交付给买方。
B. The buyer should make a contract of carriage for the international transport of goods.
B.买方应订立国际货物运输合同。
C. The buyer should make a contract of insurance for the international transport of goods.
C. 买方应当订立国际货物运输保险合同。
D. The buyer should place the goods on board.
D. 买方应将货物放在船上。
C
68. Under the Incoterms rules FOB, CFR, CIF, the goods are delivered when they are
68. 根据国际贸易术语解释通则 FOB、CFR、CIF 规则，货物在交付时交付
A. Placed over the ship’s rail.
A. 放置在船的轨道上。
B. Placed on board.
B. 放置在船上。
C. Ready for unloading.
C. 准备卸货。
D. Unloaded.
D. 已卸载。
B
二、多选
71. These Incoterms 2020 rules are the rules for any mode or modes of transport:
71. 这些《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》规则适用于任何一种或多种运输方式：
A. EXW.
B. FCA.
B. 英国金融行为监管局。
C. CPT.
C. CPT。
D. CIP.
ABCD
ABCD公司
69. Under all F terms, the seller has no obligation to contract for carriage and insurance, but in fact the seller may contract for carriage on usual form:
69. 根据所有F条款，卖方没有义务签订运输和保险合同，但实际上卖方可以按通常形式签订运输合同：
A. If requested by the buyer.
一个。如果买方要求。
B. If requested by the importer country.
B.如果进口国要求。
C. If it is a commercial practice and the buyer doesn’t give an instruction to the country in due time.
C. 如果是商业行为，并且买方没有及时向该国发出指示。
D. At the buyer’s risk and expense.
D. 风险和费用由买方承担。
ACD
72. These Incoterms 2020 rules are the rules for sea or inland waterway transport:
72. 这些《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》规则是海运或内河运输的规则：
A. FAS.
A. FAS。
B. FOB.
B. 离岸价。
C. CFR.
C. CFR。
D. CIF.
D. CIF（到岸价）。
ABCD
ABCD公司
70. Which statements about the requirements of insurance under CIP are correct?
70. 关于CIP的保险要求，哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The seller must obtain, at his own expense, cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover provided by “Clauses C” of the Institute Cargo Clauses or any similar clauses.
一个。卖方必须自费购买至少符合协会货物条款“C条款”或任何类似条款规定的最低保险范围的货物保险。
B. The insurance shall entitle the buyer to clean directly from the insurer.
B.保险应使买方有权直接从保险公司进行清洁。
C. The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10% and shall be in the currency of the contract.
C. 保险至少应涵盖合同规定的价格加上 10%，并应以合同的货币为准。
D. The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery to at least the named port of destination.
D. 保险应涵盖货物从交货点到至少指定的目的港。
BC
73. Under , the sell fulfills his obligation to deliver the goods when the goods are placed on board of the vessel at the agreed port of shipment.
73. 根据，当货物在约定的装运港被装上船时，卖方履行了交付货物的义务。
A. FAS.
A. FAS。
B. FOB.
B. 离岸价。
C. CIF.
C. CIF（到岸价）。
D. CIP.
BC
77. The seller needs to make a contract of carriage under the Incoterms rules of:
77. 卖方需要根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》的规则订立运输合同：
A. FCA.
A. FCA。
B. FOB.
B. 离岸价。
C. CFR.
C. CFR。
D. CIF.
D. CIF（到岸价）。
CD
78. The buyer need to make a contract of carriage under the Incoterms rules of:
78. 买方需要根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》的规则订立运输合同：
A. FCA.
A. FCA。
B. FOB.
B. 离岸价。
C. CFR.
C. CFR。
D. CIF.
D. CIF（到岸价）。
AB
81. The seller need to make a contract of insurance for the transport under the Incoterms rules of:
81. 卖方需要根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》的规则订立运输保险合同：
A. FOB
A. 离岸价
B. CFR
B. CFR公司
C. CIF.
C. CIF（到岸价）。
D. CIP.
CD
74. Under , the seller shall bear all risks and costs to transport the goods to the agreed place or port of destination.
74. 根据，卖方应承担将货物运输到约定地点或目的港的所有风险和费用。
A. CIF.
A. CIF（到岸价）。
B. CIP.
C. DAP.
C. 民主行动党。
D. DDP.
D. DDP。
CD
75. The seller must finish the export clearance under the Incoterms rules of:
75. 卖方必须根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定完成出口清关：
A. EXW.
B. FAS.
B. FAS。
C. DPU.
C. DPU。
D. DDP.
D. DDP。
BCD
76. The buyer must finish the import clearance under the Incoterms rules of:
76. 买方必须根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》的规则完成进口清关：
A. EXW.
B. FAS.
B. FAS。
C. DPU.
C. DPU。
D. DDP.
D. DDP。
ABC
79. The named place is the place where delivery takes place and where risk passes from the seller to the buyer under these Incoterms rules of:
79. 指定地点是指根据本《国际贸易术语解释通则》规则，交货地点以及风险从卖方转移给买方的地点：
A. EXW.
B. FCA.
B. 英国金融行为监管局。
C. CIF.
C. CIF（到岸价）。
D. DDU.
D. DDU。
ABD
80. The named place is the place of destination to which carriage is paid, and differs from the place of delivery under these Incoterms rules of:
80. 指定地点是支付运输费用的目的地，与本《国际贸易术语解释通则》规定的交货地点不同：
A. CPT.
A. CPT。
B. CIP.
C. CFR.
C. CFR。
D. CIF.
D. CIF（到岸价）。
ABCD
ABCD公司
82. The seller must deliver the goods by placing them on board the vessel nominated by himself at the loading point under the Incoterms rules of:
82. 卖方必须根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定，将货物放在自己指定的装货点的船上，以交付货物：
A. CFR.
A. CFR。
B. CPT.
B. CPT。
C. CIF.
C. CIF（到岸价）。
D. CIP.
AC
三、判断
83. Incoterms are published by the International Chambers of Commerce based in Paris, France.
83. 《国际贸易术语解释通则》由设在法国巴黎的国际商会出版。
T
84. If you want the Incoterms 2020 rules to apply to your contract, you should make this clear in the contract.
84. 如果您希望《国际贸易术语解释通则》2020 规则适用于您的合同，您应该在合同中明确说明这一点。
T
85. The chosen Incoterms rule can work only if the parties name a place or port.
85. 所选择的《国际贸易术语解释通则》规则只有在当事方指定一个地点或港口时才有效。
T
86. Incoterms rules give us a complete contract of sale.
86. 国际贸易术语解释通则为我们提供了完整的销售合同。
F
87. The Incoterms definitions will automatically become a part of a contract for the sale of goods, governed by the UN Convention for the International Sale of Goods.
87. 国际贸易术语解释通则的定义将自动成为受《联合国国际货物销售公约》管辖的货物销售合同的一部分。
F
431. The risk of loss can be allocated between buyer and seller through the use of trade terms.
431. 损失风险可以通过使用贸易术语在买方和卖方之间分配。
T
88. All Incoterms are intended for use with ocean cargo.
88. 所有国际贸易术语解释通则均适用于海运货物。
F
89. Shipment contracts are more common in international trade than destination contracts.
89. 装运合同在国际贸易中比目的地合同更为常见。
T
90. According to Incoterms, the risk of loss under contract terms "FAS Name of Vessel" passes to the buyer when the goods are delivered alongside the named vessel.
90. 根据国际贸易术语解释通则，当货物与指定船只一起交付时，合同条款“FAS船名”下的损失风险转移给买方。
T
91. Under an FOB contract, the seller need deliver the goods on board the ship and has no further transportation obligations.
91. 根据FOB合同，卖方需要在船上交付货物，并且没有进一步的运输义务。
T
92. Under the Incoterms 2020 rules FOB, the goods are delivered when they are over the ship’s rail.
92. 根据 2020 年国际贸易术语解释通则 FOB 规则，货物在通过船轨时交付。
F
93. The difference between terms "CFR" and "CIF" is that under "CIF" term of sale, the buyer must procure his own marine insurance coverage on the goods.
93. “CFR”和“CIF”的区别在于，在“CIF”销售条款下，买方必须为货物购买自己的海上保险。
T
94. Under Incoterms, a sale on terms "DDP" represents the minimum responsibility of the seller and the maximum responsibility of the buyer.
94. 根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》，以“DDP”条款进行的销售代表了卖方的最低责任和买方的最大责任。
F
四、名词
95. Trade terms
95. 贸易术语
Trade terms are a set of trade usage reflecting business-to-business practice in contracts for the sale and purchase of goods. The trade terms describe who does what as between seller and buyer, where and when the seller “delivers” the goods, and which party is responsible for which costs.
贸易术语是一组反映货物买卖合同中企业对企业惯例的贸易惯例。贸易术语描述了卖方和买方之间谁在做什么，卖方何时何地“交付”货物，以及哪一方负责哪些费用。
五、案例
96. Company A signed a sales contract with a foreign buyer for exporting Tea Sets, under FOB term. At the buyer’s request, the seller agreed to charter a vessel at the buyer’s account. When the date of shipment became due, the seller was still unable to get a vessel for shipment. The buyer not only disagreed to modify the date of shipment, but also cancelled the contract and claimed for loss, because the seller failed to effect shipment within the time stipulated in the contract.
96. A公司与外国买家签订了出口茶具的销售合同，以FOB条款。应买方的要求，卖方同意以买方的名义租用一艘船。当装运日期到期时，卖方仍然无法获得装运的船只。买方不仅不同意修改装运日期，还因卖方未在合同规定的时间内装运而取消合同并要求损失。
Is the seller responsible for failure to effect shipment for his inability to charter a ship? Why?
卖方是否因无法租船而未能装运？为什么？
No. Under the Incoterms rule FOB, the seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer’s risk and expense.
不。根据国际贸易术语解释通则FOB，卖方没有义务向买方订立运输合同。但是，如果买方提出要求，或者如果这是商业惯例，而买方没有在适当的时候发出相反的指示，卖方可以按照通常的条款签订运输合同，风险和费用由买方承担。
98. A Chinese trading company concluded a transaction in steel with a Hong Kong company on the basis of FOB China Port. The Hong Kong company immediately resolved the steel to a Liberia company on the terms of CFR. The L/C from the Hong Kong company required the price term to be FOB China Port, and the goods to be directly delivered it to the Liberia company. The L/C also required "Freight Prepaid" to be indicated on Bill of Lading. Why did the Hong Kong company perform so? What should the Chinese company do about it?
98. 一家中国贸易公司与一家香港公司以离岸价中国港为基础，签订了钢铁交易。这家香港公司立即根据CFR的条款将钢材转让给一家利比里亚公司。香港公司的信用证要求价格期限为FOB中国港，货物直接交付给利比里亚公司。信用证还要求在提单上注明“运费预付”。为什么这家香港公司会这样做？中国公司应该怎么做？
In this case, the contract was concluded between the seller and the buyer on FOB terms, according to which the seller ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment. He didn't need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium. Therefore, it was not right for the buyer to ask the seller to pay the freight and indicate "Freight Prepaid" on Bill of Lading. However, "if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer’s risk and expense", so, in this case, the seller my comply with the buyer’s request, but he had to indicate indicated that the freight should be bonnie by the buyer.
在本案中，卖方和买方之间根据FOB条款订立了合同，根据该条款，卖方在装运港将货物交付船上时终止了其责任。他不需要支付货物运输费或保险费。因此，买方要求卖方支付运费并在提单上注明“运费预付”是不对的。但是，“如果买方提出要求，或者如果这是商业惯例，而买方没有在适当的时候发出相反的指示，卖方可以按照通常的条件签订运输合同，风险和费用由买方承担”，因此，在这种情况下，卖方同意了买方的要求，但他必须表明运费应由买方支付。
100. On 20 February 2016, the seller concluded a contract with the buyer to sell one lot of potatoes under the term of FOB New York. The buyer designated Sunrise Vessel to take delivery at pier 6 at New York Port. On the agreed date for delivery, the seller delivered the potatoes to pier 6 at New York Port, but the vessel was not at the pier. Because another vessel using the pier was slow in loading, the Sunrise Vessel had to anchor at a mooring buoy in the harbor and the seller had to arrange for a lighter to transport the potatoes in containers to the ship. The lighter tied up alongside the Sunrise Vessel and a cable from the ship’s boom was attached to the first container. As the container began to cross the ship’s rail, the cable snapped. The container then fell on the rail, teetered back and forth for a while, and finally crashed down the side of the ship and capsized the lighter. All of the potatoes were dumped into the sea. The buyer now sue the seller for failure to make delivery. Is the seller liable? If the contract had been FAS New York, would the seller be liable? State your reasons.
100. 2016年2月20日，卖方与买方签订合同，根据FOB纽约的条款出售一批马铃薯。买方指定Sunrise Vessel在纽约港6号码头提货。在约定的交货日期，卖方将马铃薯运往纽约港的6号码头，但该船不在码头。由于使用码头的另一艘船装载速度较慢，日出船不得不停泊在港口的系泊浮标上，卖方不得不安排打火机将装在集装箱中的土豆运送到船上。打火机绑在日出船旁边，船臂上的电缆连接到第一个集装箱上。当集装箱开始越过船的轨道时，电缆折断了。然后集装箱掉在铁轨上，来回摇晃了一会儿，最后从船舷上坠落，打火机倾覆。所有的土豆都被扔进了海里。买方现在起诉卖方未能交货。卖方是否有责任？如果合同是FAS New York，卖方是否要承担责任？说明你的理由。
97. A Chinese import and export company concluded a Sale Contract with a Holland firm on August 5, 2000, selling a batch of certain commodity. The contract was based on CIF Rotterdam at USD 2500 per metric ton, and the payment will be in L/C. The Chinese company delivered the goods in compliance with the contract and obtained a clean on-board Bill of Lading. During transportation, however, 100 metric tons of goods got lost because of rough sea. The buyer refused to take delivery of the goods and effect payment and claimed damages from the seller.
97. 2000年8月5日，一家中国进出口公司与一家荷兰公司签订了销售合同，销售一批商品。该合同以鹿特丹到岸价为基础，每公吨2500美元，付款将以信用证形式支付。中国公司按照合同交付了货物，并获得了干净的船上提单。然而，在运输过程中，由于波涛汹涌的海面，有100公吨的货物丢失了。买方拒绝提货并付款，并要求卖方赔偿损失。
How would you deal with the case?
你会如何处理这个案子？
It was not right for the buyer not to take delivery of the goods. In this case, the contract concluded between the seller and the buyer was on CIF terms, according to which, the seller's responsibility ended when he loaded the goods on board the ship and pay the freight and insurance premium. The risk separation was "on board", that's to say, the risks will be transferred to the buyer or the other parties concerned after the seller put the goods on board the ship. Additionally, since the documents presented by the seller will right and proper, the seller could directly get paid from the Issuing Bank of the L/C. The buyer could claim damages with the insurance company, but he had to take delivery of the goods.
买方不提货是不对的。在本案中，卖方和买方之间订立的合同是按照CIF条款订立的，根据该条款，卖方的责任在卖方将货物装上船并支付运费和保险费时即告终止。风险分离是“在船上”的，也就是说，在卖方将货物装上船后，风险将转移给买方或其他有关方。此外，由于卖方提供的文件是正确和适当的，卖方可以直接从信用证的开证行获得付款。买方可以向保险公司索赔，但他必须提货。
99. Seller in Sydney, Australia, agreed to ship goods on or before December 31 under a CIF Honolulu contract to Buyer in Honolulu. The seller was unable to assemble the goods for delivery in time to reach the ship in Sydney and had to transship the goods by rail to Melbourne, where the ship was taking on goods on January 3, Seller did load the goods aboard railway cars in Sydney on December 29 and received a bill of lading from the rail-way Company on that date. Seller later obtained a bill of lading from the ship, and together with an invoice and a marine insurance policy, tendered both bills of lading to Buyer. Buyer refused to accept the documents or to pay Seller. Seller sues to enforce the contract. Will Seller win? Why？
99. 澳大利亚悉尼的卖方同意在12月31日或之前根据檀香山的CIF合同将货物运送给檀香山的买方。卖方未能及时组装货物以到达悉尼的船舶，不得不通过铁路将货物转运到墨尔本，该船于1月3日在那里提货，卖方于12月29日在悉尼将货物装上铁路车厢，并于当日收到铁路公司的提单。卖方后来从船上拿到了提单，连同发票和海上保险单，向买方提交了两份提单。买方拒绝接受单据或向卖方付款。卖方起诉执行合同。卖家会赢吗？为什么？
The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered. CIF may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal. In such circumstances, the CIP rule should be used. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port. So, in this case, the seller did not place them on board on the agreed date, and he will not win.
卖方必须将货物放在船上或采购如此交付的货物来交付货物。如果货物在上船前已移交给承运人，例如集装箱中的货物，通常在码头交付，则CIF可能不合适。在这种情况下，应使用 CIP 规则。无论哪种情况，卖方都必须在约定的日期或约定的期限内以港口惯常的方式交付货物。因此，在这种情况下，卖方没有在约定的日期将它们放在船上，他不会赢。
第三章 国际货物买卖合同公约
第一节 公约的适用范围和解释
一、单选
103. In accordance with CISG, a contract of sale of goods is intentional if are in different states.
103. 根据《销售公约》，如果货物销售合同处于不同国家，则该合同是故意的。
A. The nationalities of the parties.
一个。当事人的国籍。
B. The places of business of the parties.
B.双方的营业地。
C. The domiciles of the parties.
C. 当事人的住所。
D. The habitual residences of the parties.
D.当事人的惯常居所。
B
104. Under the CISG, contracts for international sale of goods refer to those:
104. 根据《销售公约》，国际货物销售合同是指：
A. Whose parties’ place of business are in different states.
A. 当事人的营业地在不同的州。
B. Whose parties reside in different country.
B. 当事人居住在不同国家。
C. Whose parties are both legal persons.
C. 当事人均为法人。
D. Whose parties are nationals of different country.
D. 当事人是不同国家的国民。
A
105. CISG applies to sale contracts between parties:
105. 《销售公约》适用于当事方之间的销售合同：
A. Whose places of business are in different States.
A. 其营业地点在不同的国家。
B. Whose habitual residences are in different States.
B. 其惯常居所位于不同国家。
C. Whose places of business are in different Contracting States.
C. 其营业地位于不同的缔约国。
D. Whose habitual residences are in different Contracting States.
D. 其惯常居所位于不同的缔约国。
C
106. Under the CISG, the element to be considered in the decision of the international nature of a sales contract is:
106. 根据《销售公约》，在决定销售合同的国际性质时应考虑的要素是：
A. The place of business.
一个。营业地点。
B. The place of residence.
B.居住地。
C. The nationality.
C. 国籍。
D. The habitual residence.
D.惯常居所。
A
101. Which statement as following concerning CISG is correct?
101. 关于《销售公约》的以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. All provisions of the CISG are mandatory.
一个。《销售公约》的所有规定都是强制性的。
B. CISG does not apply to sales of intangible goods.
B. 《销售公约》不适用于无形商品的销售。
C. CISG contains provisions on all aspects of contracts for international sale of goods.
C. 《销售公约》载有关于国际货物销售合同所有方面的规定。
D. CISG is a confidential international trade practice and usage.
D. 《销售公约》是一项保密的国际贸易惯例和惯例。
B
102. Company A, having two places of business in America and Britain separately, sold a batch of computers to a Britain importer, Mr. B. The sale was concluded in America on the terms of CIF Hong Kong. Which law or convention is not applicable to this contract?
102. A公司分别在美国和英国有两个营业地点，该公司向英国进口商B先生出售了一批计算机。该出售是根据CIF香港的条款在美国完成的。哪些法律或公约不适用于本合同？
A. The American law.
一个。美国法律。
B. The Britain law.
B.英国法律。
C. The Chinese law.
C. 中国法律。
D. The CISG.
D. 《销售公约》。
D
102. Company A, having two places of business in America and Hong Kong separately, sold a batch of computers to a Hong Kong importer, Mr. B. The sale was concluded in America on the terms of CIF Southampton. Which law or convention is priorly applicable to this contract?
102. A公司分别在美国和香港设有两个营业地点，该公司向香港进口商B先生出售了一批电脑。此次出售是根据CIF南安普顿的条款在美国完成的。本合同优先适用哪些法律或公约？
A. The American law.
一个。美国法律。
B. The Hong Kong law.
B.香港法律。
C. The Chinese law.
C. 中国法律。
D. The CISG.
D. 《销售公约》。
D
108. In deciding questions governed by the Convention, a court shall NOT look to the following source:
108. 法院在裁决《公约》管辖的问题时，不应参考下列来源：
A. The Convention.
A. 《公约》。
B. The general principles on which the commission is based.
B.委员会所依据的一般原则。
C. The rules of private international law.
C. 国际私法规则。
D. The domestic law of these countries where the parties’ places of business located.
D. 当事人营业地所在国的国内法。
D
107. According to CISG, the parties can:
107. 《销售公约》认为，当事方可以：
A. Exclude the application of it.
A. 排除它的应用。
B. Derogate from the effect of any of its provisions.
B. 减损其任何条款的效力。
C. Vary the effect of any of its provisions.
C. 改变其任何条款的效力。
D. Do all of the above.
D. 执行上述所有操作。
D
109. CISG calls for courts to look to the general principles on which the Convention is based when interpreting its providers. Which following statement about these general principles is correct?
109. 《销售公约》呼吁法院在解释《公约》提供者时参考《公约》所依据的一般原则。以下关于这些一般原则的陈述是正确的？
A. The Convention give a list of general principles.
一个。《公约》列举了一般原则。
B. General principles shall be derived from public or private international law.
B. 一般原则应源自国际公法或私法。
C. General principles shall be derived from domestic law codes.
C. 一般原则应源自国内法典。
D. General principle shall be derived from the Convention itself.
D. 一般原则应源自《公约》本身。
D
110. When a court is to determine “intent” of a party, the CISG directs that due consideration be given to all relevant circumstances. These “relevant circumstances” dose NOT include:
110. 当法院确定一方当事人的“意图”时，《销售公约》指示应适当考虑所有相关情况。这些“相关情况”不包括：
A. The negotiations leading up to the contract.
一个。导致合同的谈判。
B. The practices which the parties have established between themselves.
B.双方之间建立的惯例。
C. The parties’ conduct after they agreed to the contract.
C.当事人约定合同后的行为。
D. The significant changes of market environment.
D.市场环境的重大变化。
D
二、多选
111. The CISG will govern a contract when the following conditions are met:
111. 在满足下列条件时，销售公约将管辖合同：
A. The contract is for the commercial sale of goods.
一个。该合同用于商品的商业销售。
B. The contract is between parties whose places of business are located in different countries.
B.合同是营业地点位于不同国家的当事人之间的合同。
C. The countries where these places of business are located in have ratified the convention.
C. 这些营业场所所在的国家已批准本公约。
D. The contract is formed by parties with different nationalities.
D.合同由不同国籍的当事人组成。
ABC
112. The CISG Convention is applicable if the following conditions are met:
112. 《销售公约》在符合下列条件的情况下适用：
A. The contract is for the commercial sale of goods.
一个。该合同用于商品的商业销售。
B. The contract is between parties whose place of business are in different countries.
B.合同是营业地点在不同国家的当事人之间的合同。
C. The contract is between parties who are nationals of different countries.
C. 合同是不同国家国民之间的合同。
D. The relevant countries have both ratified the CISG.
D. 有关国家均已批准《销售公约》。
ABD
113. Even if the places of business of the parties are in different contracting, CISG does NOT apply to:
113. 即使双方的营业地订立不同的合同，《销售公约》也不适用于：
A. A contract under which one party purchase a TV set from the other party for his personal use.
一个。一方从另一方购买电视机供其个人使用的合同。
B. A contract under which one party buys from the other party a batch of computers for resale.
B.一方从另一方购买一批计算机进行转售的合同。
C. A contract under which one party transfers know-how and private production facilities to the other party.
C. 一方向另一方转让专有技术和私人生产设施的合同。
D. A contract under which one party agrees to provide consultant service to the other party.
D. 一方同意向另一方提供顾问服务的合同。
ACD
114. CISG does NOT contain provisions on:
114. 《销售公约》不包含关于以下方面的规定：
A. The validity of the contract or any of its clauses.
一个。合同或其任何条款的有效性。
B. The remedies available to the parties.
B.当事方可采取的补救措施。
C. Transfer of risks of loss of or damage to the goods.
C. 货物灭失或损坏风险的转移。
D. Transfer of property of the goods.
D. 货物财产的转让。
AD
115. In interpreting the CISG Convention itself, a court is directed to consider:
115. 在解释《销售公约》本身时，法院应考虑：
A. The international character of the Convention.
一个。《公约》的国际性。
B. The need to promote uniformity in the Convention’s application.
B.需要促进《公约》适用的统一性。
C. The observance of good faith.
C. 恪守诚信。
D. The general principles on which the CISG is based.
D. 《销售公约》所依据的一般原则。
ABC
116. According to the CISG, the parties to a contract are bound by relevant “usage” or “practice”. These “usage” or “practice” may include:
116. 根据《销售公约》，合同各方受相关“惯例”或“惯例”的约束。这些“用法”或“实践”可能包括：
A. Any practices which the parties have established between themselves.
一个。双方之间建立的任何惯例。
B. Any usages which the parties have agreed to.
B.双方同意的任何用法。
C. Any usages which in international trade is widely known to.
C. 在国际贸易中广为人知的任何用法。
D. Any usages which are regularly observed by parties of the contract of the type involved in the particular trade.
D. 特定贸易所涉类型合同当事人经常遵守的任何惯例。
AB
117. Under the CISG, the trade usages that can be used to interpret or fill in the gaps in a contract are those:
117. 根据《销售公约》，可用于解释或填补合同空白的贸易惯例是：
A. To which the parties agree to be bound.
一个。双方同意受其约束。
B. That derive from the parties’ past dealings.
B.这源于双方过去的交往。
C. Of which the parties knew or ought to have known.
C. 当事人知道或应该知道的。
D. That are regularly observed in the industry or trade involved.
D. 在所涉行业或贸易中经常观察到的情况。
AB
三、判断
118. The CISG cannot possibly be applied to contracts between parties whose places of business are not both in different contracting states.
118. 《销售公约》不可能适用于营业地不在不同缔约国的当事人之间的合同。
F
121. If two American companies negotiated a contract entirely within the United States, but one of them had a place of business outside of the United States and the contract was to be performed outside the United States, then the CISG might govern the transaction.
121. 如果两家美国公司完全在美国境内谈判合同，但其中一家在美国境外设有营业地点，并且合同将在美国境外履行，则该交易可能由《销售公约》管辖。
T
119. If a party has more than one place of business, the police of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance.
119. 如果一方当事人有一个以上的营业地，则营业场所是与合同及其履行关系最密切的营业场所。
T
120. In the case of parties with places of business in more than one country, its place of business would be considered to be in the country that has a closest relation to the contract and where it will be performed.
120. 如果当事人的营业地在不止一个国家，则其营业地将被视为在与合同关系最密切的国家以及合同的履行地。
T
122. If a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.
122. 如果一方当事人没有营业地，则应提及其惯常居所。
T
四、简答
123. Which types of sales have been specifically excluded from CISG?
123. 哪些类型的销售被明确排除在《销售公约》之外？
The 1980 UN Convention CISG does not apply to sales: (a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use; (b) by auction; (c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law; (d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money; (e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft; (f) of electricity.
1980年《联合国销售公约》不适用于以下销售：（a） 为个人、家庭或家庭使用而购买的货物，除非卖方在合同订立之前或订立合同时的任何时候既不知道也不应该知道货物是为任何此类用途而购买的;（b） 通过拍卖;（c） 执行或以其他方式依法授权;（d） 股票、股份、投资证券、流通票据或金钱;（e） 船舶、船只、气垫船或飞机;（f） 电力。
124. Which types of contracts for international sales of goods and which types of items of those contracts have been specifically excluded from CISG?
124. 哪些类型的国际货物销售合同以及这些合同的哪些类型的项目被明确排除在《销售公约》之外？
(a) Contracts in which the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.
（a） 订货方承诺提供制造或生产所需大部分材料的合同。
(b) Contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.
（b） 提供货物的一方当事人的主要义务是提供劳务或其他服务的合同。
(c) The validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage.
（c） 合同或其任何条款或任何惯例的效力。
(d) The effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.
（d） 合同对所售货物的财产可能产生的效力。
(e) The liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person.
（e） 卖方对货物对任何人造成的死亡或人身伤害的赔偿责任。
五、案例
125. The company Sorhofroid, a franchised（特许） import dealer of the American company Thermo King, sold to the company Frappa a refrigeration unit, which was subsequently resold to the company Transports Norbert Dentressangle. The latter loaded goods to be delivered to the company Système U, which refused them because they had thawed（解冻）. The liability for the damage due to thawing had been shared between Thermo King and Transports Norbert Dentressangle through negotiation. The Court of Appeal allowed the action brought directly by Norbert Dentressangle against Thermo King.
125. Sorhofroid公司是美国Thermo King公司的特许进口经销商，向Frappa公司出售了一台制冷装置，该装置随后转售给Transports Norbert Dentressangle公司。后者装载货物以交付给 Système U 公司，该公司拒绝了它们，因为它们已经解冻（解冻）。Thermo King和Transports Norbert Dentressangle通过谈判分担了因解冻而造成的损害的责任。上诉法院批准了Norbert Dentressangle直接对Thermo King提起的诉讼。
Is CISG applicable to this contract? If no, why? If yes, who is liable to the defects of the refrigeration unit?
《销售公约》是否适用于本合同？如果不是，为什么？如果是，谁对制冷装置的缺陷负责？
Yes. Full liability should be assigned to Thermo King.
是的。应将全部责任分配给 Thermo King。
六、论述
126. What is the sphere of application of CISG?
126. 《销售公约》的适用范围是什么？
CISG applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States: (a) when the States are Contracting States; or (b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.
《销售公约》适用于营业地在不同国家的当事人之间的货物销售合同：（a） 当这些国家是缔约国时;或（b）国际私法规则导致适用缔约国法律时。
The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract. Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of CISG.
只要合同或双方之间的任何交易或合同订立前或订立合同时披露的信息中没有出现这一事实，则当事方的营业地在不同国家的事实应不予理会。在确定《销售公约》的适用时，既不考虑当事人的国籍，也不考虑当事人或合同的民事或商事性质。
CISG does not apply to sales: (a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use; (b) by auction; (c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law; (d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money; (e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft; (f) of electricity.
《销售公约》不适用于以下销售：（a） 为个人、家庭或家庭使用而购买的货物，除非卖方在合同订立之前或订立合同时的任何时候既不知道也不应该知道货物是为任何此类用途而购买的;（b） 通过拍卖;（c） 执行或以其他方式依法授权;（d） 股票、股份、投资证券、流通票据或金钱;（e） 船舶、船只、气垫船或飞机;（f） 电力。
Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.
除非订购货物的一方承诺提供制造或生产所需的大部分材料，否则供应将要制造或生产的货物的合同视为销售。
CISG does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.
《销售公约》不适用于提供货物的一方的主要义务是提供劳务或其他服务的合同。
CISG governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract. In particular, except as otherwise expressly provided in CISG, it is not concerned with: (a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage; (b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.
《销售公约》仅管辖销售合同的订立以及卖方和买方因此类合同而产生的权利和义务。特别是，除《销售公约》另有明确规定外，它不涉及：（a） 合同或其任何条款或任何惯例的有效性;（b） 合同或其任何条款或任何惯例的有效性;（b） 合同或合同的任何条款的有效性;（c） 合同的有效性;（c） 合同的有效性;（c） 合同的有效性;（（b） 合同对所售货物的财产可能产生的效力。
CISG does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person.
《销售公约》不适用于卖方对货物对任何人造成的死亡或人身伤害的责任。
The parties may exclude the application of CISG or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.
缔约方可以排除《销售公约》的适用，或在不违反第12条的情况下减损或改变其任何条款的效力。
第二节 合同的订立
一、单选
127. It’s NO reason to deny a proposal’s validity as an offer if it contains such expression:
127. 如果建议书包含以下表述，则没有理由否认该建议作为要约的有效性：
A. “Subject to our final confirmation”.
A. “以我们的最终确认为准”。
B. “Subject to the approval of the board of directors”.
B. “须经董事会批准”。
C. “Subject to that the goods have not been sold out”.
C. “前提是货物尚未售罄”。
D. “Subject to your acceptance”.
D. “须经您接受”。
D
128. With respect to the binding of an offer under the CISG, which statements is correct?
128. 关于《销售公约》规定的要约的约束力，哪些说法是正确的？
A. An offer is binding on the offeror.
一个。要约对要约人具有约束力。
B. An offer is not binding on the offeror.
B.要约对要约人不具有约束力。
C. An offer is binding on the offeree.
C. 要约对受要约人具有约束力。
D. If the offeree doesn’t accept it, he shall give a notice to the offeror.
D. 受要约人不接受的，应当通知要约人。
A
129. In accordance with CISG, among the following statement concerning “offer”, which one is correct?
129. 根据《销售公约》，在下列关于“要约”的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. An offer can be addressed to the general public.
一个。报价可以向公众提出。
B. Any offer can be withdrawn and revoked.
B.任何报价都可以撤回和撤销。
C. An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
C. 要约在到达受要约人时生效。
D. It is unnecessary for the offeror to indicate his willingness to be bound by acceptance.
D. 要约人无需表示愿意受承兑的约束。
C
130. Which statement about the revocation of an offer is NOT correct?
130. 关于撤销要约的哪项陈述不正确？
A. Not all offer is revocable.
一个。并非所有优惠都是可撤销的。
B. Revocation of an offer occurs before the offer becomes effective.
B. 要约的撤销发生在要约生效之前。
C. Revocation of an offer occurs after the offer has reached the offeree and before the offeree dispatches its acceptance.
C. 要约的撤销发生在要约到达受要约人手中之后，在受要约人发出接受通知之前。
D. Its propose is to terminate its effect and preventing the conclusion of contract.
D. 其建议是终止其效力并阻止合同的订立。
B
131. Which statement about the requirements that a presentation made by the offeree must meet to constitute an acceptance?
131. 关于受要约人所作的陈述必须满足哪些要求才能构成接受，哪项陈述？
A. An acceptance may be made by any person who knows the offer.
一个。任何知道要约的人都可以接受。
B. An acceptance must be made and reach the offeror within the period of validity of the offer.
B.必须在要约有效期内接受并送达要约人。
C. All late acceptances are ineffective and will be regarded as counter offers.
C. 所有逾期接受均无效，将被视为还价。
D. Any acceptance contains additions, limitations, or other modifications is a rejection of the offer.
D. 任何包含添加、限制或其他修改的接受都是对要约的拒绝。
B
133. In accordance with CISG, among the following statements regarding “acceptance”, which one is correct?
133. 根据《销售公约》，在下列关于“接受”的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. An acceptance can be made by a person other than the offeree(s).
一个。受要约人以外的人可以接受。
B. The silence or inactivity might constitute a valid acceptance in certain circumstances.
B.在某些情况下，沉默或不作为可能构成有效的接受。
C. An acceptance becomes effective when the offeree dispatches it.
C. 承兑自受要约人发出时生效。
D. An acceptance can be withdrawn before it reaches the offeror.
D. 在要约人之前，可以撤回承兑。
D
134. Which statement as following is NOT correct?
134. 以下哪项说法不正确？
A. An offer could be withdrawn by the offeror.
一个。要约人可以撤回要约。
B. An offer could be revoked by the offeror.
B.要约人可以撤销要约。
C. An acceptance could be withdrawn by the offeree.
C. 受要约人可以撤回接受。
D. An acceptance could be revoked by the offeree.
D. 受要约人可以撤销接受。
D
132. According to CISG, a contract of sale may:
132. 《销售公约》认为，销售合同可以：
A. Be concluded in writing.
A. 以书面形式缔结。
B. Be made by oral.
B. 口服。
C. Be formed through action.
C.通过行动形成。
D. Is not subject to any special form.
D. 不受任何特殊形式的约束。
D
135. According to CISG, which information becomes effective when it is dispatched?
135. 《销售公约》认为，哪些信息在发出时生效？
A. An offer.
A. 报价。
B. An acceptance.
B. 接受。
C. A withdrawal of offer.
C. 撤回要约。
D. A declaration of avoidance.
D. 撤销声明。
D
136. Company A, with its place of business in Country A, send an offer by express mail to Company B with its place of business in Country B on 1 January 2022. On 10 January Company B mailed bank a rejection. On 11 January, Company B changed his mind and sent an acceptance in the mail. On 22 January, the acceptance was received. On 23 January, the rejection was received. If CISG is applicable, which statements are correct?
136. 营业地点在A国的A公司于2022年1月1日通过特快专递向营业地点在B国的B公司发送要约。1 月 10 日，B 公司向银行邮寄了一封拒绝信。1 月 11 日，B 公司改变了主意，通过邮件发送了接受通知。1月22日，收到了录取通知书。1月23日，收到了拒绝。如果《销售公约》适用，哪些说法是正确的？
A. There was no contract because the rejection was effective on its dispatch on 10 January.
一个。没有合同，因为拒收在1月10日发货时生效。
B. There was a contract because the acceptance was effective on its dispatch on 11 January.
B.之所以有合同，是因为验收在1月11日发货时生效。
C. There was a contract because the acceptance was effective on its receipt on 22 January.
C. 有一份合同，因为承兑自1月22日收到时生效。
D. There was a contract because the rejection was effective on its receipt on 23 January.
D. 有一份合同，因为拒绝在1月23日收到合同时生效。
C
二、多选
137. An invitation offer:
137. 邀请函：
A. Is capable of being turned into a contract by acceptance.
一个。能够通过验收变成合同。
B. Is not capable of being turned into a contract by acceptance.
B.不能通过接受转为合同。
C. Is used to invent others to make offer.
C.用于发明他人以提出要约。
D. Is used to invent others to make acceptance.
D.用于发明他人以使其接受。
BC
138. For a proposal to constitute an offer in law, it must satisfy the following requirements:
138. 要使建议书在法律上构成要约，必须满足以下要求：
A. To be sufficiently definite.
一个。要足够明确。
B. To be addressed to specific person(s).
B.写给特定的人。
C. To reach the specific persons in reasonable time.
C. 在合理的时间内联系到特定人员。
D. To be binging on the offer once accepted by the offeree.
D. 一旦被要约人接受，就要狂欢。
ABD
139. To be an offer under the CISG, a proposal for conducting a contract should contain at least three contract terms. These terms are the description of:
139. 要成为《销售公约》下的要约，订立合同的建议书应至少包含三个合同条款。这些术语是以下内容的描述：
A. Goods.
A. 货物。
B. Quantity of these goods.
B. 这些货物的数量。
C. Quality of these goods.
C. 这些货物的质量。
D. Price of these goods.
D. 这些商品的价格。
ABD
140. An offer is considered as “sufficiently define” if it:
140. 如果要约符合以下条件，则该要约被视为“充分定义”：
A. Indicates or describes the goods.
A. 表示或描述货物。
B. Expressly or implicitly specifies the quantity.
B. 明示或默示指定数量。
C. Expressly or implicitly specifies the price.
C. 明示或暗示指定价格。
D. It is addressed to one or more specific persons.
D. 它针对一个或多个特定的人。
ABC
141. Which statements about the withdrawal of an offer are correct?
141. 关于撤回要约的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. It may be taken against any offers.
一个。它可以针对任何报价。
B. Only revocable offer can be withdrawn.
B.只有可撤销的要约才能撤回。
C. Its purpose is to prevent the offer from becoming effective.
C. 其目的是防止要约生效。
D. Its propose is to terminate its effect.
D. 其建议终止其效力。
AC
142. Which statements about the withdrawal of an offer are correct?
142. 关于撤回要约的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. It means the offeror’s action to prevent the offer from being effective.
一个。它是指要约人为阻止要约生效而采取的行动。
B. It means the offeror’s action to cancel the effect of the offer.
B.它是指要约人取消要约效力的行动。
C. The offeror can withdrawal the offer at any time.
C. 要约人可以随时撤回要约。
D. If the offer has already reached the offeree, the offeror loses the possibility to withdraw the offer.
D. 如果要约已经到达受要约人，要约人将失去撤回要约的可能性。
AD
143. An offer cannot be revoked if:
143. 在下列情况下，要约不得撤销：
A. It states a fixed time for acceptance.
一个。它规定了固定的接受时间。
B. It indicates that it is irrevocable.
B.它表明它是不可撤销的。
C. It was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable.
C. 受要约人认为要约是不可撤销的是合理的。
D. It was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
D. 受要约人依赖该要约是不可撤销的，并且受要约人已依赖该要约行事是合理的。
ABD
144. Which statements about the revocation of offer are correct?
144. 关于撤销要约的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. Revocation does not take effect until it is actually communicated to the offeree.
A. 撤销在实际通知受要约人之前不会生效。
B. Revocation takes effect at the time the offer dispatch it.
B. 吊销在产品/服务发送时生效。
C. All offers can be revoked.
C. 所有优惠均可撤销。
D. Not all offers can be revoked.
D. 并非所有优惠都可以撤销。
AD
145. Generally speaking, an acceptance mast be made:
145. 一般而言，验收桅杆的制作方式应：
A. By the offeree.
一个。由受要约人提供。
B. within the period of validity of the offer.
B. 在要约有效期内。
C. match the terms of the offer exactly and unequivocally.
C. 准确无误地匹配要约条款。
D. indicating the offeree’s intention to be bound to the contract.
D. 表明受要约人有意受合同约束。
ABCD
ABCD公司
146. In which circumstances the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offer?
146. 在什么情况下，受要约人可以在不通知要约的情况下通过作为来表示同意？
A. By virtue of the offer.
一个。凭借报价。
B. As a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves.
B.由于双方之间建立的惯例。
C. As a result of usage which the parties have established between themselves.
C. 由于双方之间建立的惯例。
D. By virtue of the offeree himself.
D. 凭借受要约人本人。
ABC
147. A reply to an offer is considered as “alter the terms materially” if it contains such adds, limits or modifies such terms as:
147. 对要约的答复，如果包含以下增加、限制或修改等条款，则被视为“实质性地改变条款”：
A. Terms relating to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods.
A. 与货物的价格、付款、质量和数量有关的条款。
B. Terms relating to the place and time of delivery.
B. 有关交货地点和时间的条款。
C. Terms relating to the extent of one party's liability to the other.
C. 与一方对另一方的责任范围有关的条款。
D. Terms relating to the settlement of disputes.
D. 与解决争端有关的条款。
ABCD
ABCD公司
152. According to CISG, among the following statement concerning the validity of acceptance, which ones are NOT correct?
152. 《销售公约》认为，在以下关于接受有效性的陈述中，哪些是不正确的？
A. An acceptance which contains any modification, alternation, addition or deletion to the terms and conditions of the offer is invalid.
一个。包含对要约条款和条件的任何修改、更改、添加或删除的接受均无效。
B. An acceptance can be inferred from the silence of the offeree if the offer requires the offeree to respond within a certain time but the offeree fails to do so.
B.如果要约要求受要约人在一定时间内作出回应，但受要约人没有作出回应，则可以从受要约人的沉默中推断出接受。
C. If the offeror accepts a late acceptance without delay, such a late acceptance is valid.
C. 要约人毫不迟延地接受逾期接受的，这种逾期接受是有效的。
D. If the delay of an acceptance is caused by abnormal transmission and the offeror keeps silent after receiving it, the acceptance is invalid.
D. 因传输异常造成承兑延迟，要约人在收到承兑后保持沉默的，承兑无效。
ABD
153. Under the CISG, a contract is concluded when:
153. 根据《销售公约》，在下列情况下订立合同：
A. An offer reaches the offeree.
一个。要约到达受要约人。
B. An acceptance dispatched.
B.已发送验收。
C. An acceptance reaches the offeror.
C. 要约人接受。
D. An acceptance becomes effective.
D. 接受生效。
CD
150. Mr. A visited Mr. B to buy some goods. In the morning, Mr. A offered the price in oral, Mr. B didn’t say anything. But in the afternoon, Mr. B told Mr. A that he would accept the offer. Which statements as following are correct?
150. 甲先生到乙先生那里买货。早上，A先生口头提出价格，B先生什么也没说。但到了下午，B先生告诉A先生，他会接受这个提议。以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. The offer has lost legal validity.
一个。该要约已失去法律效力。
B. The acceptance is not effective.
B.验收无效。
C. The contract has been concluded.
C. 合同已经订立。
D. The contract was concluded in that afternoon.
D. 合同于当天下午签订。
AB
154. During the past six years, Company A regularly purchased raw material from Company B. At first Company B confirmed all the others. Song for the cost-saving purpose, Company B stopped sending any confirmation and just shipped within one month. This time Company A placed the order but Company B never shipped. Thus, Company A suffered damage when unexpectedly running out the raw material. Which statement as following are correct?
154. 在过去六年中，A公司定期从B公司购买原材料。起初，B公司确认了所有其他公司。宋 为了节省成本，B公司停止发送任何确认，并在一个月内发货。这一次，A公司下了订单，但B公司从未发货。因此，A公司在原材料意外用完时遭受了损失。以下哪种说法是正确的？
A. There is no contract because Company B keep silence this time.
一个。没有合同，因为B公司这次保持沉默。
B. There is a contact on the basis of the established practice of the acceptance.
B.根据既定的验收惯例进行联系。
C. Company A can sue against Company B for a breach of contract.
C. A公司可以起诉B公司违约。
D. Company A can sue against Company for damages whether there is a contract or not.
D.无论是否有合同，A公司都可以起诉公司要求损害赔偿。
BC
148. Mr. A intended to sell some mobiles to Mr. B. In his cable, Mr. A offered: “Confirm sale of 500 mobiles…delivery in 30 days after conclusion.” Mr. B cabled back immediately: “Confirm purchase of your mobiles, please confirm delivery within 30 days from the date of this cable.” Mr. A did not reply. Which statements as following are correct?
148. A先生打算向B先生出售一些手机。A先生在电报中表示：“确认销售500部手机......在收割后30天内送达。 B先生立即回电：“确认购买您的手机，请自此电报之日起30天内确认送达。 A先生没有回复。以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. Mr. B has materially altered the terms of the offer.
A. B先生对要约条款进行了重大修改。
B. There is no effective acceptance.
B.没有有效的接受。
C. The contract has been concluded.
C. 合同已经订立。
D. There is no contract between Mr. A. and Mr. B.
D. A先生和B先生之间没有合同。
ABD
155. A German company sends a purchase order to a US company. The US company replies with a confirmation adding a clause that a charge of 1% per month will be applied to the outstanding balances if the account is not paid within 30 days. The German company said nothing more. Which statement as following are correct?
155. 一家德国公司向一家美国公司发送采购订单。这家美国公司回复了一份确认书，并添加了一项条款，即如果未在 1 天内支付账户，将每月对未结余额收取 30% 的费用。这家德国公司没有再说什么。以下哪种说法是正确的？
A. There is a contract between the German company and the US company.
一个。德国公司与美国公司之间有合同。
B. There is no contract is formed.
B.没有合同形成。
C. If the US company shipped and the German company refused the goods, the US company can sue against the German company for a breach of contract.
C.如果美国公司发货，德国公司拒收货物，美国公司可以起诉德国公司违约。
D. If the US company shipped, it might not have resource against the German company for refusing the goods.
D.如果美国公司发货，它可能没有资源来反对德国公司拒绝货物。
BD
149. Company A made an offer for some goods to Company B stating: “Packing in sound bags”. Company B replied “Packing in new bags” within the validity. On receiving the reply, Company A began to purchase the materials for manufacture. Which statements as following are correct?
149. A公司向B公司提出一些货物的要约，称：“用音袋包装”。B公司回复“装在新袋子里”，有效期内。收到回复后，A公司开始采购制造材料。以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. The contract was not concluded because Company B had changed the terms of the offer.
一个。由于B公司更改了要约条款，因此合同未订立。
B. The contract was concluded because Company B did not change the terms of the offer fundamentally.
B.合同的签订是因为B公司没有从根本上改变要约的条款。
C. The contract was concluded when Company B's reply reached Company A.
C. 当 B 公司的答复到达 A 公司时，合同已经订立。
D. The contract was concluded when Company A purchased the materials.
D.合同是在A公司购买材料时订立的。
BC
151. Company A sent an offer to Company B on March 1, stipulating that the offer will be effective until March 10. Company B dispatched its acceptance of the offer on March 8, and the acceptance reached Company A on March 12. Which statements as following are correct?
151. A公司于3月1日向B公司发出要约，约定要约有效期至3月10日。B公司于3月8日发出接受要约的通知，A公司于3月12日收到接受通知。以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. The acceptance is effective.
一个。验收有效。
B. The acceptance is not effective.
B.验收无效。
C. The acceptance may be effective if the delay is liable to the post office.
C. 如果延迟对邮局负责，则接受可能有效。
D. The acceptance may be effective if Company A dispatches a notice to that effect without delay.
D. 如果 A 公司毫不迟延地发出通知，则接受可能生效。
BCD
三、判断
156. A commercial advertisement is deemed an offer, if its contents meet the requirements of an offer.
156. 如果商业广告的内容符合要约的要求，则该广告被视为要约。
T
157. An advertisement or a price list usually cannot be seen as an offer.
157. 广告或价目表通常不能被视为要约。
T
158. An offer becomes effective when it is dispatched by the offeror.
158. 要约人发出要约时即生效。
F
159. All offer may be withdrawn, while not all offer may be revoked.
159. 所有要约均可撤销，但并非所有要约均可撤销。
T
161. The buyer's power to withdraw the order ended when the offer reaches the offeree.
161. 当要约到达受要约人时，买方撤回订单的权力即告终止。
T
160. An offer may be revoked at any time prior an acceptance is dispatched.
160. 在接受要约之前，可以随时撤销要约。
T
162. The dispatch of an acceptance cuts off the officer's right to revoke the offer.
162. 发出接受书切断了官员撤销要约的权利。
T
164. A purported acceptance that contains any different or additional terms is considered a counteroffer and thus a rejection of the original offer.
164. 声称包含任何不同或附加条款的接受被视为还价，因此拒绝原始要约。
T
165. A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect.
165. 如果要约人毫不迟延地口头通知受要约人或发出通知，则迟交的接受仍作为接受有效。
T
167. The parties should conclude a contract in the form of an offer and an acceptance.
167. 当事人应以要约和接受的形式订立合同。
T
168. An international contract for the sale of goods which are not embodied in formal writing documents is invalid.
168. 未体现在正式书面文件中的货物销售国际合同无效。
F
163. Silence or inactivity does not amount to acceptance.
163. 沉默或无所作为并不等于接受。
F
166. A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective.
166. 合同在接受要约生效时即告订立。
T
四、名词
169. Offer
169. 提供
A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. And, a proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.
向一个或多个特定人提出的订立合同的建议，如果足够明确，并表明要约人在接受时受其约束的意图，则构成要约。而且，如果一项建议书指明了货物，并明示或暗示地确定或规定了确定数量和价格，则该建议书是足够明确的。
170. Acceptance
170. 接受
A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
受要约人作出的声明或其他行为表明同意要约即为接受。沉默或无所作为本身并不等于接受。
五、简答
171. In which circumstances shall an offer lose its efficacy?
171. 在什么情况下，要约会失去效力？
(a) The offer is revoked by the offeree.
（a） 要约被受要约人撤销。
(b) The offer expires due to the passage of time.
（b） 要约因时间的流逝而过期。
(c) The offer is rejected by the offeree.
（c） 要约被受要约人拒绝。
(d) The offeree makes a counteroffer;
（d） 受要约人提出还价;
六、案例
173. On 1 April 2017，A send a letter to B, offering for sale to B 50 pickups at the unit price of $1 7000. The letter also stated: “This offer is binding and irrevocable until 30 June 2017.” On 10 April 2017, prior to B’s receipt of the letter, A send an email to B, stating: “Ignore my letter of a April. I have decided to withdraw the offer contained in it.” On 12 April, after reading the email, B received the letter. After reading the letter, B send an email to A: “I accept your offer of 1 April.” Is there a contract between A and B under CISG? State your reasons.
173. 2017年4月1日，甲致函乙，提出以单价1 7000元向乙出售50辆皮卡。信中还指出：“该要约具有约束力，在2017年6月30日之前不可撤销。2017 年 4 月 10 日，在 B 收到信件之前，A 向 B 发送了一封电子邮件，称：“请忽略我 4 月的一封信。我已决定撤回其中包含的要约。4月12日，B在阅读了该电邮后，收到了该信件。读完这封信后，B给A发了一封电子邮件：“我接受你4月1日的提议。根据《销售公约》，A和B之间是否有合同？说明你的理由。
175. On April 4, Company A with his place of business in China send an offer by EMAIL to Company B with his place of business in Australia. The offer concerned 50000 meters hand-printed cotton cloth and said it would remain open until April 30. On April 10, Company B answered by EMAIL: “The price is too high, and we are not interested in the offer.” But on April 20, the manager of Company B changed his mind and send another EMAIL to accept the April 4 offer. Is there any contract between Company A and Company B?
175. 4月4日，营业地点在中国的A公司通过电子邮件向营业地点在澳大利亚的B公司发送要约。该报价涉及50000米手工印花棉布，并表示将开放至4月30日。4月10日，B公司通过电子邮件回复：“价格太高，我们对报价不感兴趣。但在4月20日，B公司的经理改变了主意，又发了一封电子邮件，接受了4月4日的报价。A公司和B公司之间有合同吗？
174. The Company A sent Company B a letter as an offer to sell 10 tons of cotton for US Dollars. After receiving the letter, Company B immediately sent a telegram to Company A purporting to accept the offer. However, the telegram company erroneously delivered the telegram to Company C. Five days later, the market price of cotton increased a lot. Company A mailed a letter to Company B to revoke the original offer. The letter of revocation was received by Company B. Is there any contract between Company A and Company B?
174. A公司向B公司发送了一封信函，作为以美元出售10吨棉花的要约。B公司收到信函后，立即向A公司发了一封电报，声称接受要约。然而，电报公司错误地将电报投递给了C公司，五天后，棉花市场价格上涨了很多。A公司向B公司邮寄了一封信函，要求撤销原来的要约。B公司收到了撤销函。A公司和B公司之间有合同吗？
A French company placed an order with an Italian company for outer wrappings of packets of biscuits. The order form of the French company, which carried a jurisdiction clause in favour of the Commercial Court of Paris, was sent back by the Italian company with its representative’s signature. Ten days later, the Italian company sent another writing paper including a jurisdiction clause in favour of the Court of Tortona.
一家法国公司向一家意大利公司订购了饼干包的外包装。这家法国公司的订单载有有利于巴黎商事法院的管辖权条款，由这家意大利公司发回，并附有其代表的签名。十天后，这家意大利公司又发来了另一份书面文件，其中包括有利于托尔托纳法院的管辖权条款。
Has the contract been concluded? If yes, when? If no, why?
合同签订了吗？如果是，什么时候？如果不是，为什么？
Yes. The contract was concluded when the order form sent back by the Italian company with its representative’s signature arrived the French company.
是的。当意大利公司发回的带有其代表签名的订单到达法国公司时，合同就签订了。
第三节 买卖双方的义务
一、单选
178. The seller delivers the goods to the buyer that have a defect which is known to the seller but is unknown to the buyer. According to CISG, the seller will:
178. 卖方向买方交付的货物存在卖方已知但买方不知道的缺陷。根据《销售公约》，卖方将：
A. Be responsible for the defect no matter when it is discovered.
A. 无论何时发现缺陷，都要对缺陷负责。
B. Not be responsible if the buyer does not discover the defect within six months.
B.如果买方在六个月内没有发现缺陷，则不承担责任。
C. Not be responsible if the buyer does not discover the defect within one year.
C.如果买方在一年内没有发现缺陷，则不承担责任。
D. Not be responsible if the buyer does not discover the defect within two years.
D.如果买方在两年内没有发现缺陷，则不承担责任。
D
179. Among the following statements concerning the seller’s obligation to guarantee the goods delivered are free from intellectual properties of third parties, which one is not correct?
179. 在以下关于卖方有义务保证所交付货物不受第三方知识产权影响的陈述中，哪一项不正确？
A. The seller is only liable if the third party’s right or claim is one of which at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have been unaware.
一个。只有当第三方的权利或索赔是卖方在订立合同时知道或不可能不知道的权利或索赔之一时，卖方才承担责任。
B. The seller’s guarantee is limited within the country or countries where the goods are contemplated at the conclusion of the contract to be resold or otherwise used and the country of the buyer’s place of business.
B.卖方的担保仅限于订立合同时打算转售或以其他方式使用的货物的国家/地区以及买方营业地所在国家/地区。
C. The seller’s c guarantee is limited within the country or countries where the goods will be resold or otherwise used if it is so contemplated at the conclusion of the contract.
C. 卖方的 c 担保仅限于货物将被转售或以其他方式使用的国家/地区，如果在订立合同时有此考虑。
D. The seller’s c guarantee is limited within the country of the buyer’s place of business if it is not contemplated that the goods will be resold or otherwise used in any other country or countries.
D. 卖方的 c 担保仅限于买方营业地所在国家/地区，如果未考虑货物将在任何其他国家/地区转售或以其他方式使用。
C
177. According to CISG, if a contract does not specify the place of payment, the buyer is to pay at:
177. 《销售公约》认为，如果合同没有指明付款地点，买方应按以下方式付款：
A. The buyer’s place of business.
一个。买方的营业地。
B. The place where delivery is actually made.
B.实际交货的地方。
C. The place where the parties know the goods are located.
C.当事人知道货物所在地。
D. The seller’s place of business.
D. 卖方的营业地。
D
二、多选
180. According to the CISG, the seller is required to:
180. 根据《销售公约》，卖方必须：
A. Deliver the goods.
A. 交付货物。
B. Hand over documents relating to the goods.
B. 交出与货物有关的文件。
C. Transfer the property of the goods.
C. 转让货物的财产。
D. Ensure the goods conform with the contract.
D.确保货物符合合同规定。
ABCD
ABCD公司
181. When no particular place of delivery is fixed by the contract, the seller should deliver the goods at such places:
181. 如果合同没有规定具体的交货地点，卖方应在下列地点交付货物：
A. Where he hands the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer, if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods.
一个。如果销售合同涉及货物的运输，则他将货物交给第一承运人转交给买方。
B. Where the goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced, if the parties knew that fact at the time of the conclusion of the contract and the contract of sale doesn’t involve carriage of the goods.
B.如果货物是从特定库存中提取的或将要制造或生产的，如果双方在订立合同时知道这一事实，并且销售合同不涉及货物的运输。
C. Where the seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract in cases not within the preceding circumstance.
C. 在不属于前述情形的情况下，卖方在订立合同时有营业地。
D. Where the seller had his place of business at the time of delivering the goods in cases not within the preceding circumstance.
D. 在不属于前述情形的情况下，卖方在交付货物时有营业地。
ABC
183. When should the seller deliver the goods?
183. 卖方应何时交付货物？
A. On the date fixed by the contract.
一个。在合同规定的日期。
B. In the period of time determinable from the contract.
B.在合同规定的期限内。
C. Within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract in any other case.
C. 在任何其他情况下，在合同签订后的合理时间内。
D. At any time he would in any other case.
D. 在任何时候，他都会在任何其他情况下。
ABC
184. The seller must deliver goods which are:
184. 卖方必须交付符合以下条件的货物：
A. Of the quantity required by the contract.
一个。合同要求的数量。
B. Of the quality required by the contract.
B.合同要求的质量。
C. Of the description required by the contract.
C. 合同要求的描述。
D. Contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract.
D. 以合同要求的方式包含或包装。
ABCD
ABCD公司
185. The seller must deliver goods that are:
185. 卖方必须交付符合以下条件的货物：
A. Fit for the ordinary purposes.
A. 适合普通用途。
B. Fit for any particular purposes.
B. 适用于任何特定目的。
C. Contained or packaged in the manner acquired in the contract.
C. 以合同中取得的方式包含或包装。
D. Contained or packaged in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods.
D. 以足以保存和保护货物的方式容纳或包装。
AC
186. The basic requirements that the goods conform to the contract description are that:
186. 货物符合合同说明的基本要求是：
A. The goods should be fit for ordinary use.
一个。货物应适合正常使用。
B. The goods should be fit for any particular use made known to the seller.
B.货物应适合卖方知道的任何特定用途。
C. The goods conform to any goods which seller has held out as a sample or model.
C. 货物符合卖方作为样品或型号提供的任何货物。
D. The goods are properly packaged.
D.货物包装妥当。
ABCD
ABCD公司
187. The obligation of fitness for a particular purpose arises only if:
187. 只有在下列情况下，才产生适合特定目的的义务：
A. The buyer makes the particular purpose known to the seller (expressed or impliedly) at or before the conclusion of the contract.
一个。买方在订立合同时或订立合同之前（明示或暗示）向卖方说明特定目的。
B. The buyer relies on the seller’s skill and judgement.
B.买方依赖于卖方的技能和判断力。
C. The reliance of the buyer on the seller is reasonable.
C.买方对卖方的依赖是合理的。
D. The buyer has informed the seller of the buyer’s reliance.
D. 买方已将买方的依赖通知卖方。
ABC
188. The seller is obligated to deliver the goods free from patent, trademark and copyright claims under the law of:
188. 卖方有义务根据以下法律交付货物，而不受专利、商标和版权索赔的影响：
A. The seller’s place of business.
一个。卖方的营业地。
B. The buyer’s place of business.
B.买方的营业地。
C. The place where both parties expect the goods to be used or resold.
C. 双方期望使用或转售货物的场所。
D. The place where the goods are actually used or resold.
D.货物实际使用或转售的场所。
BC
189. According to CISG, the seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property provided that the right or claim is based on industrial property under the law of:
189. 根据《销售公约》，卖方必须交付的货物不受第三方基于工业产权的任何权利或索赔的影响，前提是该权利或索赔基于以下法律的工业产权：
A. The State where the goods will be resold.
一个。货物将被转售的州。
B. The State where the goods will be resold if it was contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract.
B.如果双方在订立合同时已考虑转售货物，则转售货物的国家。
C. The State where the seller has his place of business.
C. 卖方营业地所在国。
D. The State where the buyer has his place of business.
D. 买方营业地所在国。
BD
190. As required by the contract and CISG, the buyer must:
190. 根据合同和《销售公约》的要求，买方必须：
A. Prepare for the payment.
A. 准备付款。
B. Pay the price of the goods.
B.支付货款。
C. Take over the goods.
C. 接管货物。
D. Accept the goods.
D.接受货物。
ABC
182. When no particular place of payment is fixed by the contract, the buyer should pay the price:
182. 如果合同没有确定具体的付款地点，买方应支付价款：
A. At the place where the handing over takes place if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents.
一个。在交接地点，如果要根据货物或单据的交接付款。
B. In other cases, at the seller's place of business when the contract was concluded.
B.在其他情况下，在订立合同时在卖方的营业地点。
C. In other cases, at the buyer's place of business when the contract was concluded.
C. 在其他情况下，在订立合同时在买方的营业地。
D. In other cases, at the seller's place of business when the payment is done.
D. 在其他情况下，付款完成时在卖方的营业地点。
AD
191. The right to prior examination of the goods, which means that the bear is NOT bound to pay the price until an opportunity to examine the goods, may be excluded, if such clauses are contained in this contract:
191. 如果本合同中载有此类条款，则可以排除对货物进行事先检查的权利，这意味着在有机会检查货物之前，熊没有义务支付价款：
A. “Payment against handing over of documents”.
A. “交出文件的付款”。
B. “Payment against handing over all the delivery slip”.
B. “交出所有交货单的付款”。
C. “Payment through letter of credit against documents”.
C. “凭证信用证付款”。
D. “Payment in cash only”.
D. “仅以现金支付”。
ABC
192. According to CISG, the buyer may refuse to take delivery of the goods under the following circumstances:
192. 《销售公约》认为，买方在下列情况下可以拒绝提货：
A. If the seller delivers the goods before the date fixed.
一个。如果卖方在规定的日期之前交付货物。
B. If the seller delivers the goods after the date fixed.
B.如果卖方在确定的日期之后交付货物。
C. If the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided in the contract.
C. 卖方交付的货物数量大于合同规定的货物数量。
D. If the seller delivers a quantity of goods lower than that provided in the contract.
D. 卖方交付的货物数量低于合同规定的货物数量。
AC
三、判断
193. If the price is fixed according to the weight of the goods, in case of doubt it is to be determined by the net weight.
193. 如果价格是根据货物的重量确定的，如有疑问，则按净重确定。
T
194. Where a contract has been validly concluded but the price is not fixed, the price will be charged for at the time of the conclusion of the contract such goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.
194. 如果合同已经有效订立，但价格不固定，则在订立合同时，将对在有关行业中类似情况下出售的此类货物收取价格。
T
195. If the seller should hand the goods over to a carrier, he'd better mark on the goods.
195. 如果卖方将货物交给承运人，他最好在货物上做标记。
T
196. If the goods' failure to conform to the contract constitutes a fundamental breach of contract, the buyer may require delivery of substitute goods.
196. 如果货物不符合合同构成根本违约，买方可以要求交付替代货物。
T
199. A seller who has delivered some goods to the buyer prior to the delivery date has a chance to remedy or correct the problems.
199. 在交货日期之前向买方交付部分货物的卖方有机会补救或纠正问题。
T
200. The seller who has delivered some goods to the buyer prior to the delivery date maintains the right to cure or remedy, and the buyer may not avoid, until the time for performance expires.
200. 在交货日期之前向买方交付部分货物的卖方保留补救或补救的权利，买方不得撤销，直到履行期限届满。
T
198. The buyer should examine the goods within as short a period as is practicable after they are received.
198. 买方应在收到货物后尽可能短的时间内对货物进行检查。
T
201. The buyer must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, as quickly as he can.
201. 买方必须尽快检查货物，或使货物接受检查。
F
四、简答
205. Where should the seller hand over the goods to the buyer according to CISG?
205. 根据《销售公约》，卖方应在哪里将货物移交给买方？
If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists: (a) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods--in handing the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer; (b) if, in cases not within the preceding subparagraph, the contract relates to specific goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were at, or were to be manufactured or produced at, a particular place--in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at that place; (c) in other cases--in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at the place where the seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract.
如果卖方没有义务在任何其他特定地点交付货物，则其交付义务包括：（a） 如果销售合同涉及货物的运输，则将货物交给第一承运人转交给买方;（b） 如果卖方有义务在任何其他特定地点交付货物，则卖方的交付义务包括：（a） 如果销售合同涉及货物的运输，则将货物交给第一承运人转交给买方;（b） 如果销售合同涉及货物的运输，则将货物交给第一承运人转交给买方;（b） 如果销售合同涉及货物的运输，则将货物交给第一承运人转交给买方;（b） 如果销售合同涉及货物的运输，则将货物交给第一承运人转交给买方;（b） 如果销售合同涉及货物的运输，则将货物交给第一（b） 在不属于前项规定的情况下，合同涉及特定货物或从特定库存中提取或将要制造或生产的不明货物，并且在订立合同时，当事人知道这些货物在或将要制造或生产， 一个特定的地方——将货物放在该地方供买方支配;（c） 在其他情况下，将货物交由买方在订立合同时营业地处置。
204. According to CISG, which types of commodity or specifications should the goods delivered by the seller be in?
204. 《销售公约》认为，卖方交付的货物应属于哪类商品或规格？
The seller must deliver goods that are: (a) of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract; (b) fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used; (c) fit for any particular propose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract; (d) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or of model.
卖方交付的货物必须符合以下条件：（a） 合同要求的数量、质量和说明;（b） 合同要求的货物;（b） 合同要求的货物;（c（b） 适合于通常使用相同种类货物的目的;（c） 适合在订立合同时明示或默示地向卖方提出的任何特定建议;（d） 具有卖方向买方作为样品或模型提供的货物的质量。
五、案例
208. Company A with its place of business in China contracted with Company B with its place of business in Japan to import a batch of TV sets branded as “Higher” for resale in China’s market. After the TV sets arrived at China, the demand in China’s market declined considerably. Company A decided to sell a part of the TV sets in China and resale a part to Vietnam. Later, China Haier Group sued Company A and Company B for infringement of its registered trademark “Haier” both in China and Vietnam. Who shall be liable for the infringement in accordance with CISG? State your reasons.
208. 营业地点在中国的A公司与营业地点在日本的B公司签订合同，进口一批品牌为“Higher”的电视机在中国市场转售。电视机进入中国后，中国市场的需求大幅下降。A公司决定在中国销售部分电视机，并将一部分转售给越南。随后，中国海尔集团起诉A公司和B公司侵犯其在中国和越南的注册商标“海尔”。根据《销售公约》，谁应对侵权行为负责？说明你的理由。
第四节 违约与救济
一、单选
209. If a party does not fulfill their obligations as set forth in a sales contract, it is known as:
209. 如果一方不履行销售合同规定的义务，则称为：
A. Non-payment.
A. 不付款。
B. Termination.
B. 终止。
C. Non-performance.
C. 不履行职责。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
C
210. In accordance with CISG, the damage which a breaching party is required to pay when the injury to party did not enter into a substitute transaction is the difference between the contract price and the current price at:
210. 根据《销售公约》，当违约方的损害方未进行替代交易时，违约方应支付的损害赔偿金是合同价格与当前价格之间的差额：
A. The time of avoiding the contract.
一个。撤销合同的时间。
B. The time of breaching the contract.
B.违约的时间。
C. The time of concluding the contract.
C. 订立合同的时间。
D. The time of issuing the judgment.
D.判决书的发布时间。
A
212. In accordance with CISG, the injured party may declare the contract avoided at any time if:
212. 根据《销售公约》，在下列情况下，受害方可随时宣布合同无效：
A. The injured party is able to return any goods he has already received.
一个。受害方可以退还他已经收到的任何货物。
B. The injured party notifies the other party of his intent to avoid the contract.
B.受害方通知另一方其意图撤销合同。
C. The other party has committed a fundamental breach.
C. 另一方有根本违约行为。
D. The other party has committed an anticipatory breach.
D. 另一方实施了预期违约行为。
C
214. X agreed to ship 10000 bushels of fresh oranges from Mexico to Y in the Russia. Because of exceptional cold weather, the oranges were damaged while they were being shipped. Because of a shortage of oranges in the Russia, Y, nevertheless, accepted the oranges. According to CISG,
214. X 同意将 10000 蒲式耳新鲜橙子从墨西哥运往俄罗斯的 Y。由于天气异常寒冷，橙子在运输过程中被损坏。由于俄罗斯的橙子短缺，Y还是接受了橙子。据《销售公约》称，
A. Y should pay the originally agreed contract price, because he accepted the goods.
A.Y应支付原约定的合同价款，因为他接受了货物。
B. Y should avoid the contract before claim for damages against X.
B. Y在向X提出损害赔偿要求之前，应撤销合同。
C. Y may reduce the price proportionally even if he has already paid the contract price.
C. Y即使已经支付了合约价款，也可以按比例降低价款。
D. Y may reduce the price Proportionately only when he has not paid the contract price.
D. Y 只有在他没有支付合同价款的情况下才能按比例降低价格。
C
211. If the contract has been avoided and the party has made a substitute transaction, then the party claiming damages may recover
211. 如果合同被撤销，并且当事人进行了替代交易，则要求损害赔偿的一方可以追偿
A. The difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction.
一个。合约价格与替代交易中价格之间的差额。
B. The difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as other damages.
B.合同价格与替代交易价格之间的差额以及其他损害赔偿。
C. The difference between the contract price and the current price.
C.合同价格与当前价格之间的差额。
D. The difference between the contract price and the current price as well as other damages.
D.合同价格与当前价格之间的差额以及其他损害赔偿。
B
215. According to CISG, a party is NOT liable for failure to perform his contract obligations if he can show:
215. 根据《销售公约》，如果一方当事人能够证明：
A. That his failure was due to an impediment beyond his control.
一个。他的失败是由于他无法控制的障碍。
B. That the impediment was not something he could have reasonably taken into account at the time of contracting.
B.在签订合同时，他无法合理地考虑这一障碍。
C. That he remains unable to overcome the impediment or his consequences.
C. 他仍然无法克服障碍或后果。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
D
213. According to CISG, which information is not effective until it reaches the other party?
213. 《销售公约》认为，哪些信息在到达另一方之前是无效的？
A. An offer.
A. 报价。
B. A declaration of avoidance.
B.撤销声明。
C. A notice about lack of conformity.
C. 关于不符合规定的通知。
D. A notice giving additional time.
D. 给予额外时间的通知。
A
二、多选
216. Which of the following statements in regard to anticipatory breach is CORRECT?
216. 下列关于预期违约的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. Either party may suspend the performance under the contract if the other party’s behavior had constituted an anticipatory breach.
A. 如果另一方的行为构成预期违约，任何一方均可中止履行合同。
B. If time allows, the non-breaching party must give reasonable notice to the other party in order to permit him to provide adequate assurance.
B.如果时间允许，非违约方必须向另一方发出合理的通知，以便他提供充分的保证。
C. The right to suspend performance ends when the breaching party provides adequate assurance.
C. 中止履行的权利在违约方提供充分保证时终止。
D. If the anticipatory breach constitutes a fundamental breach, the non-breaching must avoid the contract entirely.
D. 如果预期违约构成根本违约，则非违约必须完全撤销合同。
ABC
218. In accordance with CISG, among the following statements concerning avoidance of the contract, which ones are NOT correct?
218. 根据《销售公约》，在下列关于合同无效的陈述中，哪些是不正确的？
A. The injured party may declare the contract avoided at any time for any breach of contract committed by the other party.
一个。受害方可以随时宣布因另一方的任何违约行为而解除合同。
B. It is unnecessary for the injured party to inform the breaching party of his decision to avoid the contract.
B.受害方没有必要将其撤销合同的决定通知违约方。
C. If a contract is avoided, all obligations of both parties under the contract are released.
C. 如果合同被撤销，则双方在合同项下的所有义务均被免除。
D. If a contract is avoided, the effect of all terms of the contract terminates.
D. 如果合同被撤销，合同的所有条款的效力即告终止。
ABCD
ABCD公司
219. The buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods if it is impossible for him to make restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them. But this rule can NOT be applied:
219. 如果买方无法按照收到货物的状况实质上归还货物，则买方丧失宣布合同无效或要求卖方交付替代货物的权利。但此规则不能应用：
A. If the impossibility of making restitution of the goods is not due to the buyer's act or omission.
一个。如果无法归还货物不是由于买方的作为或不作为。
B. If the goods or part of the goods have perished or deteriorated as a result of the examination.
B.如果货物或部分货物因检查而损坏或变质。
C. If the goods or part of the goods have been sold in the normal course of business.
C. 如果货物或部分货物已在正常业务过程中出售。
D. If the goods or part of the goods have been consumed or transformed by the buyer in the course of normal use before he discovered the lack of conformity.
D.如果货物或部分货物在发现不符合意之前，在正常使用过程中被买方消费或改造。
ABCD
ABCD公司
220. Which statements about the effects of avoidance of contract are correct?
220. 关于合同无效的效力，哪些说法是正确的？
A. Avoidance of the contract releases both parties from their obligations under it, subject to any damages which may be due.
A. 合同的撤销使双方免除其在合同项下的义务，但须承担任何可能应得的损害赔偿。
B. Avoidance doesn’t affect any provision of the contract for the settlement of disputes.
B. 撤销不影响合同中解决争议的任何条款。
C. Avoidance doesn’t affect any provision of the contract governing the rights and obligations for the parties consequent upon the avoidance of the contract.
C. 合同中关于合同无效后当事人权利和义务的任何条款均不影响合同的撤销。
D. A party who has performed the contract either wholly or in part may claim restitution from the other party of whatever the first party supplied or paid under the contract.
D. 全部或部分履行合同的一方当事人可以要求另一方当事人归还第一方当事人根据合同提供或支付的任何款项。
ABCD
ABCD公司
221. The effect of avoidance of contract to the seller is that he:
221. 对卖方而言，合同无效的后果是：
A. Is released from the contract.
一个。解除合同。
B. Need not deliver the goods if they are still in the seller’s possession.
B. 如果货物仍在卖方手中，则无需交付货物。
C. May claim the goods return if they have already been delivered.
C. 如果货物已经交付，可以要求退货。
D. May claim damages from the buyer.
D. 可以向买方索赔。
ABCD
ABCD公司
222. A court may grant specific performance only if all the following conditions are met:
222. 只有在满足下列所有条件的情况下，法院才能准予具体履行：
A. The requestor is entitled by the CISG to require performance of any obligation by the other party.
一个。《销售公约》要求请求人履行任何义务。
B. The requestor had not resolved to a remedy inconsistent with specific performance.
B.请求人没有解决与具体履行情况不符的补救措施。
C. The court would do so under its own law.
C. 法院将根据自己的法律这样做。
D. The CISG authorize the court to do so.
D. 《销售公约》授权法院这样做。
ABC
226. Which statements in regard to price reduction are correct?
226. 关于降价的哪些说法是正确的？
A. It may be used by the buyer whether or not the seller’s breach has been fundamental.
一个。无论卖方的违约行为是否是根本性的，买方都可以使用它。
B. It may be used by the buyer only when the seller’s breach has been minor.
B.只有当卖方的违约行为轻微时，买方才能使用它。
C. It may be used by the buyer only when the seller’s breach has been fundamental.
C. 只有当卖方的违约行为是根本性的时，买方才能使用它。
D. It should not be used by the buyer if he did not accept the seller's remedies.
D. 如果买方不接受卖方的补救措施，则不应使用。
AD
227. The seller may, even after the date for delivery, remedy any failure to perform his obligations, if he can do so WITHOUT:
227. 卖方即使在交货日期之后，也可以对任何未能履行其义务的行为进行补救，如果他可以在不这样做的情况下这样做：
A. Unreasonable delay.
A. 不合理的延误。
B. Causing the buyer unreasonable inconvenience.
B. 给买方带来不合理的不便。
C. Causing the buyer uncertainty of reimbursement by the seller of expenses advanced by the buyer.
C. 使买方不确定卖方是否报销买方垫付的费用。
D. Affording the expense of the remedy.
D. 支付补救费用。
ABC
223. If the contract has been avoided, the party claiming damages may recover, in different circumstances, any other damages and the difference between the contract price and:
223. 如果合同被撤销，要求损害赔偿的一方当事人可以在不同情况下追讨任何其他损害赔偿以及合同价格与以下情况之间的差额：
A. The price in the substitute transaction.
一个。替代交易中的价格。
B. The current price at the time of avoidance.
B.撤销时的当前价格。
C. The current price at the time taking over.
C.接管时的当前价格。
D. The current price where delivery of the goods should have been made.
D. 应交付货物的当前价格。
ABCD
ABCD公司
224. A person may NOT recover for all losses following from a breach because of the limitations on damages. These limitations include:
224. 由于损害赔偿的限制，一个人不得赔偿违约后的所有损失。这些限制包括：
A. Non-breaching party has the duty to mitigate damages.
A. 非违约方有义务减轻损害赔偿。
B. Damages must be established with a reasonable degree of certainty.
B. 损害赔偿必须以合理的确定性确定。
C. Damages shall be awarded on a purely speculative basis.
C. 损害赔偿应纯粹在推测的基础上判给。
D. Damages must be either for the foreseeable to the breach party or would naturally flow from the breach.
D. 损害赔偿必须是违约方可预见的，或者是违约自然产生的。
ABD
225. Which statements with regard to money damages is correct?
225. 关于金钱损害赔偿的哪些说法是正确的？
A. The damages shall consist of a sum equal to the loss including the loss of profits.
一个。损害赔偿应包括与损失相等的金额，包括利润损失。
B. The damage shall consist of a sum equal to the loss excluding the loss of profits.
B.损害应包括与损失相等的金额，不包括利润损失。
C. The damages are limited to those that the parties foresaw or ought to have foreseen when he breached the contract.
C. 损害赔偿仅限于当事人在违反合同时预见到或应该预见到的损害赔偿。
D. If the non-breaching party fails to take reasonable measures to mitigate the loss, he may not claim damages for such further loss.
D. 非违约方未采取合理措施减轻损失的，不得就该进一步损失要求损害赔偿。
AD
228. Under the CISG, a party is NOT liable for a failure to perform any obligations if:
228. 根据《销售公约》，在下列情况下，一方当事人不对未能履行任何义务承担责任：
A. It was due to an impediment beyond control.
一个。这是由于无法控制的障碍。
B. The impediment was not reasonably foreseeable at the time the contract was concluded.
B.在订立合同时，无法合理地预见到这种障碍。
C. The impediment was unavoidable or beyond the party’s control.
C. 障碍是不可避免的或超出当事方的控制范围。
D. Notice was given to the other party of the impediment and of its effect on the contract.
D. 已向另一方当事人发出了关于障碍及其对合同的影响的通知。
ABCD
ABCD公司
229. A party is NOT liable for a failure to perform any obligations if the following conditions are met:
229. 如果满足以下条件，一方不对未能履行任何义务负责：
A. The failure to perform was due to an impediment beyond control.
一个。未能履行是由于无法控制的障碍。
B. The impediment was not reasonably foreseeable at the time the contract was concluded.
B.在订立合同时，无法合理地预见到这种障碍。
C. The impediment was unavoidable and cannot be overcome.
C.障碍是不可避免的，无法克服。
D. Notice was given to the other party of the impediment and of its effect on the contract.
D. 已向另一方当事人发出了关于障碍及其对合同的影响的通知。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
197. If there is a fundamental breach, the non-breaching party must declare the contract avoid.
197. 如果存在根本违约，非违约方必须宣布合同无效。
F
230. If one party who has breached the contract does not perform within the extra time granted by the other party, the other party may avoid the contract, whether or not the breach was fundamental.
230. 如果违反合同的一方未在另一方规定的额外期限内履行合同，则另一方可以宣告合同无效，无论违约是否根本。
T
231. If a seller asks a buyer to agree to an extension of time for delivery and the buyer fails to respond with a reasonable time, the seller may perform within the time requested.
231. 如果卖方要求买方同意延长交货时间，而买方未能在合理时间内作出答复，卖方可以在要求的时间内履行。
T
253. An impediment doesn't entirely excuse performance, but merely suspends it during the time that the impediment exists.
253. 障碍并不能完全成为履行的借口，而只是在障碍存在期间中止履行。
T
254. Under the CISG, an impediment does not entirely excuse performance, but merely suspends it during the time that the impediment exists.
254. 根据《销售公约》，障碍并不能完全免除履约，而只是在障碍存在期间中止履约。
T
四、名词
202. Fundamental Breach of Contract
202. 根本违约
A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result.
如果一方当事人的违约行为对另一方当事人造成损害，以致严重剥夺他根据合同有权期望的东西，则该违约行为是根本性的，除非违约方当事人没有预见到，而且在同样情况下，同类的合理人也不会预见到这种结果。
203. Anticipatory Breach of Contract
203. 预期违约
After the conclusion of the contract and prior to the expiration of performance, if it becomes apparent that a party will not perform a substantial part of his obligations as a result of: (a) a serious deficiency in his ability to perform or in his creditworthiness; or (b) his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the contract, the other party may suspend the performance of his obligations.
在合同订立后和履约期满之前，如果一方当事人显然由于以下原因而无法履行其大部分义务：（a） 其履约能力或信誉严重不足;或（b）其准备履行或履行合同的行为，另一方当事人可以中止履行其义务。
232. Force majeure
232. 不可抗力
Force majeure refers to those events which are unforeseeable, unavoidable and irresistible to the parties at the time of conclusion of the contract, but have happened after the conclusion of the contract and causes either or both parties cannot perform the contract or perform it in time. Force majeure usually comes from natural disasters or social events. The party or parties affected by force majeure shall not be liable for any damage or loss so caused to the other party.
不可抗力是指在订立合同时当事人不可预见、不可避免、不可抗拒，但又在合同订立后发生，导致一方或双方不能履行合同或者不能及时履行合同的事件。不可抗力通常来自自然灾害或社会事件。受不可抗力影响的一方或多方对由此给另一方造成的任何损害或损失不承担责任。
五、简答
233. If the failure of seller to perform his obligations in respect of an instalment constitutes a fundamental breach of contract with respect to that instalment, what can the buyer do according to CISG?
233. 如果卖方未能履行其对某批货物的义务构成对该批货物的根本违约，买方根据《销售公约》可以采取什么措施？
The buyer may declare the contract avoided with respect to that instalment. If the buyer's failure gives the buyer good grounds to conclude that a fundamental breach of contract will occur with respect to future installments, the buyer may declare the contract avoided for the future. The buyer may declare it avoided in respect of deliveries already made or of future deliveries if those deliveries could not be used for the purpose contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract.
买方可以宣布该批合同无效。如果买方的失职使买方有充分的理由得出结论，认为今后的分期付款将发生根本违约，则买方可以宣布合同在未来无效。买方可以宣布对已经交付的货物或将来的交付货物无效，如果这些交付不能用于双方在订立合同时所设想的目的。
234. If there is nonconformity or defect in the goods, how does the buyer notice the seller according to CISG?
234. 如果货物存在不合格或缺陷，买方如何根据《销售公约》通知卖方？
Unless some reasonable excuse prevents doing so, the buyer must give notice of nonconformity or defect in the goods within a reasonable time after it is discovered or should have been discovered. The notice of non-conformity should specially, and in necessarily detail, state how the goods are not conforming. Notice must be given within two years from the date on which the goods were handed over to the buyer. When there is a fundamental breach, the buyer must give notice of avoided within a reasonable time after the buyer knew or should have known of the breach.
除非有合理的理由阻止这样做，否则买方必须在货物被发现或应该被发现后的合理时间内发出货物不符合项或缺陷的通知。不合格通知应特别详细说明货物的不合格情况。通知必须在货物交付给买方之日起两年内发出。当存在根本违约行为时，买方必须在买方知道或应该知道违约行为后的合理时间内发出撤销通知。
If the buyer fails to give proper notice, the buyer loses the right to assert the breach against the seller.
如果买方未能发出适当的通知，则买方将失去向卖方主张违约的权利。
六、论述
239. How to determine the sum of money damages according to CISG?
239. 如何根据《销售公约》确定金钱损害赔偿的金额？
Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. Such damages may not exceed the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a possible consequence of the breach of contract.
一方违约的损害赔偿包括与另一方因违约而遭受的损失（包括利润损失）相等的金额。这种损害赔偿不得超过违约方在订立合同时预见或应该预见到的损失，但根据他当时知道或应该知道的事实和事项，作为违约的可能后果。
If the contract is avoided and if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages.
如果合同被宣告无效，并且买方在合同宣告无效后的合理时间内以合理方式购买了替代货物或卖方转售了货物，则要求损害赔偿的一方可以追回合同价格与替代交易价格之间的差额以及任何进一步的损害赔偿。
If the contract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods, the party claiming damages may, if he has not made a purchase or resale, recover the difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at the time of avoidance as well as any further damages. If, however, the party claiming damages has avoided the contract after taking over the goods, the current price at the time of such taking over shall be applied instead of the current price at the time of avoidance.
如果合同被撤销，并且货物有当前价格，则要求损害赔偿的一方当事人如果未进行购买或转售，可以追回合同确定的价格与撤销时的当前价格之间的差额以及任何进一步的损害赔偿。但是，如果要求损害赔偿的一方在接管货物后撤销了合同，则应适用接管时的当前价格，而不是撤销时的当前价格。
For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the current price is the price prevailing at the place where delivery of the goods should have been made or, if there is no current price at that place, the price at such other place as serves as a reasonable substitute, making due allowance for differences in the cost of transporting the goods.
就前款而言，现行价格是本应交付货物的地点的现行价格，如果该地点没有现行价格，则为作为合理替代的其他地方的价格，并适当考虑货物运输费用的差异。
A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profit, resulting from the breach. If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated.
依赖违约的一方必须采取在当时情况下合理的措施，以减轻因违约而造成的损失，包括利润损失。如果违约方不采取这些措施，违约方可以要求减少本应减轻损失的赔偿金额。
七、案例
207. A company purchased four kinds of steel plate: 4000 M/T, and the type is 6-inch, 8-inch, 10-inch and 12-inch. The quantity is 100 M/T each size, and the contract marked that “5% more or less for each size, at seller's opinion”. When the seller delivered the goods, the quantity is: 6-inch 70 M/T, 8-inch 80 M/T, 10-inch 60 M/T; 12-inch 210 M/T. And the total quantity is 420 M/T. When the exporter submits the full set of documents, the importer refuses to receive the goods owing to quality problems.
207、某公司采购钢板4000米/吨4种，型号有6寸、8寸、10寸、12寸。每个尺寸的数量为 100 M/T，合同上标明“每种尺寸多或少 5%，由卖方决定”。卖方交付货物时，数量为：6寸70米/吨、8寸80米/吨、10寸60米/吨;12 英寸 210 米/吨。总量为420 M/T。当出口商提交全套单证时，进口商以质量问题为由拒绝接收货物。
Do you think the importer's action is reasonable? Why?
你认为进口商的行为合理吗？为什么？
In international trade, the more or less clause has ample meaning, it means not only the total quantity should be subject to the stipulation, but also the quantity in each type. In this case, though the total quantity has not surpassed 5%, but the quantity in each type is far away from the stipulation in the contract. So, the seller have breached the quantity clause, and the importer's action of refusing the goods owing to quantity problems is reasonable.
在国际贸易中，“或多或少”条款具有充分的含义，它意味着不仅要服从规定的总量，而且要服从每种类型的数量。在这种情况下，虽然总数量没有超过5%，但每种类型的数量都与合同约定相去甚远。因此，卖方违反了数量条款，进口商以数量问题拒收货物的行为是合理的。
206. From January to September 1992, a French importer, Mr. Caiato, placed more than 20 orders with the Italian Company Invernizzi to make deliveries to its clients. Invernizzi fulfilled every order immediately, and never dispatched any oral or written acceptance. Because some of those goods were not packed in the form required by the marketing regulations in force in France, Caiato noticed Invernizzi and did not pay the full amount. In October 1992, Caiato placed 2 other orders with Invernizzi to make deliveries to one of its clients. After receiving the orders, Invernizzi informed Caiato that it was not able to execute the orders unless Caiato provide adequate assurance of his performance.
206. 从1992年1月至9月，法国进口商Caiato先生向意大利Invernizzi公司下了20多份订单，向其客户交货。Invernizzi立即履行了每一项订单，从未发出任何口头或书面接受。由于其中一些货物没有按照法国现行的销售法规要求的形式包装，Caiato注意到Invernizzi，没有全额付款。1992 年 10 月，Caiato 向 Invernizzi 下了另外 2 个订单，向其中一位客户交货。在收到命令后，Invernizzi通知Caiato，除非Caiato对他的表现提供充分的保证，否则它无法执行命令。
Has Caiato breached the former more than 20 contracts?
Caiato是否违反了前者的20多份合同？
No.
Dose Caiato’s behavior that he did not pay the full amount constituted anticipatory breach to the last 2 contracts?
Caiato没有全额支付的行为是否构成对最后2份合同的预期违约？
No.
Can Invernizzi suspend his performance under this circumstance?
在这种情况下，Invernizzi可以暂停表演吗？
No.
Have the last 2 contracts been concluded?
最近 2 份合同是否已签订？
Yes.
是的。
176. MR. Nelson, the manager of a US company entered into a contract with an Italian company, Roma, to order some leather suitcases. The goods were delivered on time, but with some of the zippers on the suitcases defective. Mr. Nelson contacted Roma and give a notice that he wanted to cancel the contract. Roma responded that they only can give a reduction in the press. Who is legally right?
176. Nelson先生是一家美国公司的经理，他与一家意大利公司Roma签订了合同，订购了一些皮革手提箱。货物按时交付，但行李箱上的一些拉链有缺陷。Nelson先生联系了Roma，并通知他想取消合同。罗马回应说，他们只能减少媒体。谁在法律上是对的？
235. Buyer and Seller entered into a contract governed by CISG for Seller to deliver a sophisticated computer to Buyer by January 1. Seller was late in delivering the machine, so Buyer wired Seller on January 2: “Anxious to take delivery of the computer. Hope that it arrives by February 1.” Seller delivers the computer on February 5, but Buyer refuses to accept it and declares that the contract is avoided because Seller failed to hand over the computer before the February 1 date specified in the January 2 telegram. Both Buyer and Seller agree that there has not been a fundamental breach.
235. 买方和卖方签订了受《销售公约》管辖的合同，要求卖方在1月1日之前向买方交付一台精密的计算机。卖方迟交机器，因此买方在1月2日给卖方打了电报：“急于提货。希望它在 2 月 1 日之前到达。卖方于 2 月 5 日交付计算机，但买方拒绝接受，并声明合同无效，因为卖方未能在 1 月 2 日电报中指定的 2 月 1 日日期之前交出计算机。买方和卖方均同意不存在根本违约行为。
Is Buyer able to avoid the contract under these circumstances? Why?
在这种情况下，买方是否能够撤销合同？为什么？
Yes. If the seller fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract, the buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations. In case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer, the buyer may declare the contract avoided.
是的。如果卖方未能履行合同规定的任何义务，买方可以规定一个合理的时间段，以便卖方履行其义务。在未交货的情况下，如果卖方未在买方规定的额外期限内交付货物，买方可以宣布合同无效。
236. Seller agreed to deliver three software programs to Buyer that are specially designed for Buyer’s business. The first was to be delivered in January the second in February, the third in March. The program delivered in January worked fine, but the one delivered in February was defective. It not only failed to function properly; it also made the other two programs effectively worthless. Seller was unable to correct the defect, and no suitable replacement could be found from another supplier.
236. 卖方同意向买方提供三个专门为买方业务设计的软件程序。第一个将在1月交付，第二个将在2月交付，第三个将在3月交付。1 月份交付的程序运行良好，但 2 月份交付的程序有缺陷。它不仅无法正常运行;这也使其他两个程序实际上毫无价值。卖方无法纠正缺陷，也无法从其他供应商处找到合适的替代品。
What CISG remedies are available for Buyer?
买方可以使用哪些销售公约补救措施？
This contract is a contract for delivery of goods by instalments, and by reason of their interdependence, those deliveries could not be used for the purpose contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract. So, the buyer can declare the contract avoided in respect of the second delivery, and at the same time, declare it avoided in respect of the first delivery.
该合同是分批交付货物的合同，由于货物的相互依存性，这些货物不能用于双方在订立合同时所设想的目的。因此，买方可以就第二次交货宣布合同无效，同时在第一次交货时宣布合同无效。
237. A (an American company) entered into a contract with B (a Japanese company), which was under the CISG. The contract provides that A delivers 1000 personal computer housings by December 1 to B in Tokyo, for a total price of $50000. On July 1, A faxed B that due to a rise in prices they could not deliver for less than $60000. B replied that it would insist that A deliver at the original price. Then A refused to deliver the goods under the contract. From July 1 through September, B could have bought the housing from other suppliers for $55000 for December 1 delivery. On December 1, B covered and purchased the housing for $64000 for delivery on February 1. Because of the delay until February 1 B suffered additional damages $2000. Please discuss the behavior of A.
237. A（一家美国公司）与B（一家日本公司）签订了《销售公约》下的合同。合同规定，甲在12月1日之前向东京的乙交付1000台个人电脑外壳，总价为50000美元。7 月 1 日，A 传真给 B，由于价格上涨，他们无法以低于 60000 美元的价格交付。B回答说，它会坚持要求A按原价交货。然后，甲拒绝根据合同交付货物。从 7 月 1 日到 9 月，B 本可以以 55000 美元的价格从其他供应商那里购买房屋，并于 12 月 1 日交付。12 月 1 日，B 以 64000 美元的价格购买了该房屋，并于 2 月 1 日交付。由于延迟到2月1日，B遭受了2000美元的额外损失。请讨论 A 的行为。
What is the measure of B’s damages? Was B under any duty to mitigate damages? Why or why not?
乙的损害赔偿的衡量标准是什么？乙是否负有减轻损害赔偿的责任？为什么或者为什么不？
It's a contract between the seller A and the buyer B. The seller's refusal to perform the contract constitutes a fundamental breach, and the buyer has the right to declare the contract avoidance. Since the buyer has bought goods in replacement, his claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price of $50000 and the price of $64000 in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages which is $2000 in this case. But, the buyer must buy goods in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance, or he cannot claim for the expand loss. In this case, the buyer should have bought goods at the price of $55000. So the sum of damages is $55000-$50000+$2000=$7000.
这是卖方 A 和买方 B 之间的合同。卖方拒绝履行合同构成根本违约，买方有权宣告合同无效。由于买方购买了替代货物，其索赔损害赔偿可以收回替代交易中合同价格50 000美元与64 000美元价格之间的差额，以及任何进一步的损害赔偿，在本案中为2 000美元。但是，买受人必须在撤销后的合理时间内以合理的方式购买货物，否则不能主张扩大损失。在这种情况下，买方应该以 55000 美元的价格购买商品。因此，损害赔偿总额为 55000-50000 美元+2000 美元=7000 美元。
第五节 风险转移与货物保全
一、单选
243. Which statement about the passing of risk is NOT correct?
243. 关于风险转移的哪项说法不正确？
A. Passing of risk is defined as the shifting of responsibility for loss or damage from the seller to the buyer.
A. 风险转移被定义为将损失或损害的责任从卖方转移到买方。
B. Once the risk passes, the buyer is obligated to pay the agreed-upon price for the goods involved.
B.一旦风险过去，买方有义务为所涉货物支付商定的价格。
C. The loss will be covered by insurance in many cases, so it is of no use to determine when and where the risk passes.
C.在许多情况下，损失将由保险承保，因此确定风险何时何地转移是没有用的。
D. The party who bears the risks of loss is the party who has “title” to or possessed the goods.
D.承担损失风险的一方是对货物拥有“所有权”或占有的一方。
C
245. Among the following statements concerning transfer of risks of loss of or damage to the goods. Which one is NOT correct?
245. 在以下关于货物灭失或损坏风险转移的声明中。哪一个不正确？
A. If both Incoterms and CISG are applicable, the Incoterms shall prevail.
一个。如果《国际贸易术语解释通则》和《销售公约》均适用，则以《国际贸易术语解释通则》为准。
B. If both Incoterms and CISG are applicable, CISG shall prevail.
B.如果《国际贸易术语解释通则》和《销售公约》均适用，则以《销售公约》为准。
C. If the goods have not been identified to the contract, the risk will not transfer to the buyer.
C.如果货物未在合同中确定，则风险不会转移给买方。
D. Under CISG, transfer of risks has no connection with the seller’s breach of contract.
D. 根据《销售公约》，风险转移与卖方违约无关。
B
244. The seller and the buyer entered into an international sales contract involving goods that are to be delivered at the buyer’s place of business. The buyer, however, fails to take delivery. According to CISG, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods:
244. 卖方和买方签订了一项国际销售合同，涉及将在买方营业地交付的货物。然而，买方未能提货。根据《销售公约》的规定，货物丢失或损坏的风险：
A. Does not shift to the buyer.
一个。不会转移到买方。
B. Shifts to the buyer at the time when the buyer should take delivery.
B. 在买方应提货时转移给买方。
C. Shifts to the buyer at the time when the goods are handed over to the carrier for shipment.
C. 在将货物移交给承运人装运时转移给买方。
D. Shifts to the buyer only if the goods are actually delivered to the buyer.
D. 只有当货物实际交付给买方时，才会转移给买方。
B
二、多选
246. The CISG Convention contains provisions that allocate the risk of loss. According to CISG,
246. 《销售公约》载有分配损失风险的条款。据《销售公约》称，
A. The one who has the title of the goods bears the risk.
一个。拥有货物所有权的人承担风险。
B. Determines the passing of risk through in principle time of delivery of the goods.
B. 原则上确定货物交付时间的风险转移。
C. Allows the parties to decide the time of passing risk.
C. 允许各方决定风险转移的时间。
D. If the seller commits a fundamental breach of contract, the risk does not pass.
D. 如果卖方根本违约，风险不会转移。
BC
247. Under which circumstance as following, the risks of the goods have NOT passed from the seller to the buyer?
247. 在以下哪种情况下，货物的风险没有从卖方转移给买方？
A. The goods have been identified to the contract and placed on board of the vessel at the agreed port of shipment under a CIF contract.
一个。货物已在合同中确定，并根据CIF合同在商定的装运港装船。
B. The goods have been placed on board of the vessel at the agreed port of shipment under an FOB contract, without being identified to the contract.
B.根据离岸价合同，货物已放在商定的装运港的船上，但合同中未注明货物。
C. The seller knows that the goods sold in transmit have been lost during transportation when he contracts with the buyer.
C.卖方在与买方签订合同时，知道在运输过程中出售的货物在运输过程中丢失。
D. The goods have been handed over to the buyer but the goods do not conform with the contract.
D.货物已交付给买方，但货物不符合合同约定。
BC
248. If the seller had breached the contract fundamentally, the buyer need NOT:
248. 如果卖方从根本上违反了合同，买方无需：
A. Accept delivery.
A. 接受交货。
B. Pay for the goods.
B. 支付货款。
C. Find a new buyer to take the goods.
C.寻找新的买家来取货。
D. Take over the goods.
D. 接管货物。
ABC
249. Under CISG, which one is obligated to take reasonable measures to preserve the goods?
249. 根据《销售公约》，哪一方有义务采取合理措施保全货物？
A. The one who is intended to avoid the contract.
一个。打算避免合同的人。
B. The one who is intend to claim damages.
B.打算要求损害赔偿的人。
C. The one who possesses the goods.
C. 拥有货物的人。
D. The one who is able to control the disposition of the goods.
D. 能够控制货物处置的人。
CD
251. According to CISG, which statements as following concerning the obligation to preserve the goods are correct?
251. 《销售公约》认为，以下关于货物保全义务的表述哪些是正确的？
A. Both the seller and the buyer have the obligation to take reasonable measures to preserve the goods.
一个。卖方和买方都有义务采取合理措施保全货物。
B. Only the seller has the obligation to preserve the goods, because the buyer has the right not to take the delivery of the goods if he believes that the goods do not conform with the contract.
B.只有卖方有义务保全货物，因为如果买方认为货物不符合合同，他有权不接收货物。
C. The party takes measures to preserve the goods at the risks and expenses of the other party.
C. 一方采取措施保全货物，风险和费用由另一方承担。
D. A party who is bound to preserve the goods may sell the goods by any appreciate means if it is necessary or the reasonable to do so.
D. 有义务保全货物的一方，必要或合理的情况下，可以以任何升值方式出售货物。
ACD
250. A party who is bound to preserve the goods MUST take reasonable measures to sell them:
250. 有义务保全货物的一方必须采取合理措施出售货物：
A. If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration.
一个。如果货物会迅速变质。
B. If the preservation would involve unreasonable expense.
B.如果保全会涉及不合理的费用。
C. If there has been unreasonable delay by the other party.
C. 如果另一方有不合理的拖延。
D. Provided that notice of the intention to sell has been given to the other party.
D. 前提是已向另一方发出出售意向的通知。
AB
217. In the circumstance that the contract has been avoided, the buyer can buy goods in replacement or the seller can resell the goods, if he does that:
217. 在合同被撤销的情况下，买方可以购买替代货物，或者卖方可以转售货物，如果他这样做：
A. In a reasonable manner.
一个。以合理的方式。
B. Within a reasonable time.
B.在合理的时间内。
C. As quickly as he can.
C.尽可能快。
D. At any time he would.
D.他随时都会。
AB
252. A Chinese export company exported some boxes of apples to Japan, and the apples should be Grade Two according to the contract. When the seller made the shipment, he found some of the apples were corrupt. In order to deliver the goods in time, the seller arranged goods immediately sending other apples (Grade One, better than Grade Two) instead, and he still marked “price be still fixated on Grade two”. Which statements as following are correct?
252. 一家中国出口公司向日本出口了几箱苹果，根据合同，这些苹果应为二级苹果。当卖家发货时，他发现一些苹果已经腐烂。为了及时交货，卖家安排货物立即寄往其他苹果（一级，优于二级），并标明“价格仍定在二级”。以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. The seller breached the contract because he had delivered goods not conforming with the contract.
一个。卖方违反合同，因为他交付的货物不符合合同。
B. The seller fulfilled the contract because he delivered goods better than the level required by the contract.
B.卖方履行了合同，因为他交付的货物比合同要求的水平要好。
C. The buyer should take over the goods even if the seller had breached the contract.
C. 即使卖方违反了合同，买方也应接管货物。
D. The buyer should accept the performance because the seller had fulfilled the contract.
D.买方应接受履行合同，因为卖方已经履行了合同。
AC
三、判断
255. Once the risk has passed to the buyer, he must pay the price, even if the goods have been damaged or destroyed, or even if the goods are totally lost, unless the loss or damage is due to an act or omission off the seller.
255. 一旦风险转嫁给买方，即使货物已经损坏或毁坏，或者即使货物完全丢失，买方也必须支付价款，除非损失或损害是由于卖方的作为或不作为造成的。
T
256. A party who is bound to take steps to preserve the goods may deposit them in a warehouse of a third person at the expense of the other party provided that the expense incurred is not unreasonable.
256. 有义务采取措施保全货物的一方当事人可以将货物存放在第三人的仓库中，费用由另一方当事人承担，但所发生的费用并非不合理。
T
四、论述
257. When does the risk pass from the seller to the buyer?
257. 风险何时从卖方转移给买方？
Loss of or damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge him from his obligation to pay the price, unless the loss or damage is due to an act or omission of the seller.
在风险转移给买方之后，货物的灭失或损坏并不能解除买方支付价款的义务，除非灭失或损坏是由于卖方的作为或不作为造成的。
If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale. If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place. The fact that the seller is authorized to retain documents controlling the disposition of the goods does not affect the passage of the risk. Nevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise.
如果销售合同涉及货物的运输，而卖方没有义务在某一特定地点交出货物，则当货物按照销售合同移交给第一承运人转交给买方时，风险就转移给买方。如果卖方有义务在某一特定地点将货物交给承运人，则在货物在该地点交给承运人之前，风险不会转嫁给买方。卖方有权保留控制货物处置的单据这一事实并不影响风险的转移。然而，在合同中明确标明货物之前，无论是通过货物上的标记、装运单据、向买方发出的通知还是其他方式，风险都不会转移给买方。
The risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract. However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage. Nevertheless, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller.
在运输途中出售的货物的风险从订立合同之时起转移给买方。但是，如果情况表明，风险自货物交付给签发载有运输合同的单证的承运人之时起，由买方承担。然而，如果卖方在订立销售合同时知道或应该知道货物已经灭失或损坏，并且没有向买方披露，则损失或损坏的风险由卖方承担。
In cases not within articles 67 and 68, the risk passes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, from the time when the goods are placed at his disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery. However, if the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place other than a place of business of the seller, the risk passes when delivery is due and the buyer is aware of the fact that the goods are placed at his disposal at that place. If the contract relates to goods not then identified, the goods are considered not to be placed at the disposal of the buyer until they are clearly identified to the contract.
在不属于第六十七条和第六十八条的情形下，风险在买方接管货物时转移给买方，或者，如果他没有及时接管货物，则从货物交由买方处置时起转移，买方因未提货而违反合同。但是，如果买方必须在卖方营业地以外的地方接管货物，则在交货到期时风险转移，并且买方知道货物在该地点由他支配。如果合同涉及当时未确定的货物，则在合同中明确指出货物之前，货物被视为不交买方支配。
五、案例
258. In August 2016, Company A and Company B in China concluded two contracts successively and respectively with Company C in the UK to buy from the latter 10000 tons of unpackaged frozen beef. Under A’s contract, the price is $850/ton FOB London Port; while under B’s contract, the price is $920/ton CIF Shanghai Port. Both contracts require the seller to ship the beef at London Port on or before 5 October 2016. On 20 September 2016, Company C handed 20000 tons of unpackaged beef over to the carrier for shipment. After loading the goods, the master of the vessel issued two clean bills of landing separately, but without identifying which part of beef is for Company A and which part is for Company B. Unfortunately, the vessel caught on fire because of thunder shock in the Indian Ocean, all beef was totally burnt. (1) Has the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passed from the seller to the buyer? (2) Who shall bear the loss of beef burnt in the fire? State your reasons.
258. 2016年8月，中国A公司和B公司先后与英国C公司签订了两份合同，从后者购买10000吨无包装冷冻牛肉。根据A的合同，FOB伦敦港的价格为850美元/吨;而根据B的合同，上海港的价格为920美元/吨。两份合同均要求卖方在2016年10月5日或之前将牛肉运往伦敦港。2016 年 9 月 20 日，C 公司将 20000 吨未包装牛肉交给承运人装运。装货后，船长分别出具了两张干净的上岸单，但没有指明哪一部分牛肉是给A公司的，哪一部分是给B公司的。（1） 货物灭失或损坏的风险是否从卖方转移给买方？（2）在火中烧焦的牛肉损失由谁来承担？说明你的理由。
第四章 国际货物运输与保险
第一节 运输合同与提单
一、单选
260. Bills of lading are meant to be:
260. 提单的本意是：
A. Substitutes for money.
A. 金钱的替代品。
B. A means of transferring goods to buyers.
B.一种将货物转移给买家的手段。
C. Sight drafts.
C. 视线草稿。
D. Guarantees for payment of the goods.
D. 货款付款担保。
B
259. The purpose of the bill of lading is to:
259. 提单的目的是：
A. Transfer title of the goods to the freight forwarder.
A. 将货物的所有权转让给货运代理。
B. Prevent shipping delays.
B. 防止运输延误。
C. Enable the seller to transfer title of the goods to the buyer and receive payment.
C. 使卖方能够将货物的所有权转让给买方并收取付款。
D. None of the above.
D. 以上都不是。
C
261. A bill of lading is issued by:
261. 提单由下列机构签发：
A. The carrier or his agent.
一个。承运人或其代理人。
B. The shipper or his agent.
B.托运人或其代理人。
C. The consignee or his agent.
C. 收货人或其代理人。
D. The shipowner or his agent.
D. 船东或其代理人。
A
262. How to understand “the bill of lading as a document title”?
262. 如何理解“提单作为单证标题”？
A. The carrier needs to deliver to anyone who present an original bill of lading to him.
一个。承运人需要向任何向他出示提单正本的人交付货物。
B. The carrier needs to deliver to the consignee whether he present bill of lading or not.
B.承运人需要向收货人交货，无论收货人是否出示提单。
C. The carrier needs to deliver to the owner of the goods.
C.承运人需要交付给货主。
D. If on arrival of the vessel there is nobody to tender an original bill of lading, the master would be entitled to sail away with the goods.
D. 如果船舶到达时没有人提交提单原件，船长将有权带着货物驶离。
A
263. Which document has the function of document of title and is negotiable？
263. 哪份单证具有所有权凭证的功能，可以转让？
A. Bill of lading.
A. 提单。
B. Air waybill.
B. 空运提单。
C. Sea waybill.
C. 海运提单。
D. Rail waybill.
D. 铁路运单。
A
264. In addition to the bill of lading, other documents that may be required for shipment include all but which of the following:
264. 除提单外，装运可能需要的其他单据包括以下所有单据：
A. Inspection certificate.
A.检验证书。
B. Consular invoice.
B. 领事发票。
C. Commercial invoice.
C. 商业发票。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
D
265. There are many different types of bills of lading. The one that most buyers insist the seller provide is:
265. 提单有许多不同类型。大多数买家坚持卖家提供的是：
A. A straight bill of lading.
一个。直接提单。
B. An on-board bill of lading.
B.船上提单。
C. A received-for-shipment bill of lading.
C. 已收装运提单。
D. A clean, on-board bill of lading.
D. 干净的船上提单。
D
266. According to whether a bill of lading denotes any damage to the merchandise, bills of lading are divided into:
266. 根据提单是否表示对商品有任何损坏，提单分为：
A. Clean B/L and foul B/L.
A. 清洁提单和污秽提单。
B. Straight B/L, order B/L and bearer B/L.
B. 直提单、订单提单和持票人提单。
C. Direct B/L, transshipment B/L, through B/L and multimodal transport B/L.
C. 直接提单、转运提单、直通提单和多式联运提单。
D. Anti-dated B/L and advanced B/L.
D. 反日期提单和高级提单。
A
267. If the carrier issuing the bill of lading on his behalf made no note in the bill of lading regarding the apparent order and condition of the goods, this bill of lading is a one.
267. 如果代表他签发提单的承运人在提单中没有注明货物的表面订单和状况，则本提单是一份提单。
A. Straight.
A. 直。
B. Shipped.
B. 已发货。
C. Blank.
C. 空白。
D. Clean.
D. 清洁。
D
268. A clean bill of lading means that:
268. 干净的提单意味着：
A. The carrier noted no obvious or visible damage to the goods when they were loaded aboard ship.
一个。承运人注意到货物在装船时没有明显或明显的损坏。
B. The carrier made a guaranty as to the quality of the goods.
B.承运人对货物的质量作出保证。
C. The goods conform to the description in the sales contract.
C.货物符合销售合同中的说明。
D. The goods will not be damaged during the voyage.
D.货物在航行过程中不会损坏。
A
269. A bill of lading directing the carrier to deliver the goods to the named consignee is a(n):
269. 指示承运人向指定收货人交付货物的提单是（n）：
A. Straight bill of lading.
A. 直接提单。
B. Open bill of lading.
B. 开立提单。
C. Order bill of lading.
C. 订购提单。
D. Bearer bill of lading.
D. 持票提单。
A
270. A bill of lading is used by ocean carriers only if the seller intends that the goods be delivered directly to a consignee named in the bill.
270. 只有当卖方打算将货物直接交付给提单中指定的收货人时，海运承运人才使用提单。
A. Straight.
A. 直。
B. Order.
B. 订单。
C. Blank.
C. 空白。
D. Clean.
D. 清洁。
A
271. A/an bill of lading is NOT negotiable.
271. A/an提单不可转让。
A. Straight.
A. 直。
B. Order.
B. 订单。
C. Blank.
C. 空白。
D. Clean.
D. 清洁。
A
272. The carrier can, under the shipper's order, deliver the goods to other person than the consignee contained in the bill of lading only if the bill of lading is a one.
272. 承运人只能根据托运人的订单将货物交付给提单所载收货人以外的其他人，但前提是提单是提单。
A. Straight.
A. 直。
B. Order.
B. 订单。
C. Blank.
C. 空白。
D. Clean.
D. 清洁。
B
273. A/an bill of lading may be negotiated with endorsement to order or with endorsement in blank.
273. 提单的谈判方式可以签收订货背书，也可以签空签单。
A. Straight.
A. 直。
B. Order.
B. 订单。
C. Blank.
C. 空白。
D. Clean.
D. 清洁。
B
274. A/an bill of lading is negotiable without endorsement.
274. A/A提单无需背书即可转让。
A. Straight.
A. 直。
B. Order.
B. 订单。
C. Blank.
C. 空白。
D. Clean.
D. 清洁。
C
275. The charterparty:
275. 租船合同：
A. Are classified as a contract for the use of the vessel.
一个。被归类为船舶使用合同。
B. Are classified as a contract for the carriage of goods.
B.被归类为货物运输合同。
C. Are subject to the Hague Rules.
c. 受《海牙规则》的约束。
D. Are subject to the Hamburg Rules.
d. 受汉堡规则的约束。
A
276. When a party hires a ship and its crew for the carriage of goods from one place to another, then this carriage contract is:
276. 当一方雇用船舶及其船员将货物从一个地方运到另一个地方时，本运输合同是：
A. A voyage character party.
一个。航海角色派对。
B. A time, character party.
B.一个时间，角色派对。
C. A bareboat character.
C.光船角色。
D. A liner shipping contract.
D. 班轮运输合同。
A
277. When a party engages the use of a vessel for a state period of time, then this carriage contract is:
277. 当一方当事人在国家期限内使用船舶时，本运输合同是：
A. A voyage character party.
一个。航海角色派对。
B. A time character party.
B.时间角色派对。
C. A bareboat character.
C.光船角色。
D. A liner shipping contract.
D. 班轮运输合同。
B
278. A contract to hire an entire ship for a particular period of time is:
278. 在特定时期内租用整艘船的合同是：
A. A voyage charterparty.
一个。航次租船合同。
B. A time charterparty.
B.定期租船合同。
C. A bare-boat charterparty.
C. 光船租船合同。
D. A demise charterparty.
D. 消亡租船合同。
C
279. If the shipowner gave the possession of the ship to the charterer and the charterer hires its own master and crew, this charterparty is:
279. 如果船东将船舶的占有权交给租船人，而租船人雇用了自己的船长和船员，则本租船合同是：
A. A voyage charterparty.
一个。航次租船合同。
B. A time charterparty.
B.定期租船合同。
C. A bare-boat charterparty.
C. 光船租船合同。
D. A liner shipping.
D.班轮运输。
C
280. A bill of lading insured by the shipowner under a charterparty functions the same as a bill of lading issued in common carriage only as to the relationship between:
280. 船东根据租船合同投保的提单与共同运输提单的功能相同，只是在以下方面：
A. The shipper and the carrier.
一个。托运人和承运人。
B. The shipper and the consignee.
B.托运人和收货人。
C. The carrier and the consignee.
C. 承运人和收货人。
D. The shipowner and the charterer.
D. 船东和租船人。
C
282. A entrusts a shipment of eel skins to an ocean carrier and obtains a bill of lading. The carrier delivers the goods to B without asking B to produce the document. Without knowledge of what has occurred, A sells the bill of lading to C, who is a good faith purchaser. In this case:
282. A将一批鳗鱼皮委托给海运承运人，并取得提单。承运人将货物交付给乙，而没有要求乙出示单证。在不知道发生了什么的情况下，A将提单卖给了C，而C是一个善意的买受人。在这种情况下：
A. C may not reclaim the goods because they have already been delivered by the carrier.
A. C 不得收回货物，因为货物已经由承运人交付。
B. C has a cause of action against the carrier for misdelivery.
B. C对承运人的错误交付有诉因。
C. C has a cause of action against A for fraud.
C. C 对 A 的欺诈行为有诉讼理由。
D. The carrier is liable for a crime committed against A.
D. 承运人对A所犯罪行负有责任。
A
二、多选
283. A bill of lading serves such purposes as:
283. 提单的用途如下：
A. Receipt for the goods from the carrier, indicating any damage to the goods that was available at the time of loading.
A. 承运人出具的货物收据，表明装货时货物有任何损坏。
B. Evidence of the carriage contract between the shipper and the carrier.
B. 托运人与承运人之间的运输合同证明。
C. Document of title to the goods described in it.
C. 其中描述的货物的所有权文件。
D. Certificate that the seller has delivered goods conform to the sale contract.
D.卖方已交付货物符合销售合同的证明。
ABC
284. A bill of lading services such proposes:
284. 提单服务建议：
A. It is a carrier’s receipt for goods.
一个。它是承运人的货物收据。
B. It is evidence of a contract of sale.
B.它是销售合同的证据。
C. It is evidence of a contract of carriage.
C. 它是运输合同的证据。
D. It is a document of title.
D. 这是一份所有权文件。
ACD
285. The ones who have the right to issue bills of lading include:
285. 有权签发提单的人包括：
A. The carrier.
A. 承运人。
B. The carrier’s agent.
B.承运人的代理人。
C. The master of the ship.
C.船长。
D. The chief officer of the ship.
D.船舶的大副。
ABC
286. According to Chinese Maritime Code, such circumstances shall be noted on the bill of lading:
286. 根据《中国海商法典》，此类情况应当在提单上注明：
A. Leaking containers.
A. 容器泄漏。
B. Rust on metal products.
B.金属制品生锈。
C. External evidence of infection by insects.
C.昆虫感染的外部证据。
D. Condition of the goods themselves if the carrier knows that goods are damaged.
D. 如果承运人知道货物已损坏，则货物本身的状况。
ABCD
ABCD公司
287. An on-board bill of lading means that:
287. 船上提单是指：
A. The goods described in the bill of lading have actually been loaded on board and are under way to the buyer.
一个。提单上描述的货物实际上已经装上船，正在运往买方。
B. The goods described in the bill of lading conform to the contract.
B.提单中描述的货物符合合同规定。
C. The seller is insulated from loss of the goods before loading.
C. 卖方在装货前免受货物损失的影响。
D. The buyer has an approximate idea of when the goods will arrive.
D.买方对货物何时到达有一个大致的想法。
ACD
291. Based on its negotiability and how it is negotiated, bills of lading are divided into:
291. 根据提单的可转让性和议付方式，提单分为：
A. Straight bill of lading.
A. 直接提单。
B. Order bill of lading.
B. 订购提单。
C. Blank bill of lading.
C. 空白提单。
D. Clean bill of lading.
D. 干净的提单。
ABC
289. Which statements about straight bills of lading are correct?
289. 关于直接提单的哪些说法是正确的？
A. Straight bills of lading are negotiable.
A. 直接提单是可以转让的。
B. Straight bills of lading are non-negotiable.
B. 直接提单不可转让。
C. Straight bills of lading are not a document of title.
C. 直接提单不是所有权凭证。
D. The consignee shall produce the actual bill of lading in order to receive delivery.
D. 收货人应出示实际提单以便接收货物。
BC
290. Which statements about order bills of lading are correct?
290. 关于订货提单的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. Order bills of lading are negotiable.
A. 订单提单是可以转让的。
B. Order bills of lading are non-negotiable.
B. 订单提单不可转让。
C. Order bills of lading are not a document of title.
C. 订货提单不是所有权凭证。
D. The holder shall produce the actual bill of lading in order to receive delivery.
D. 持单人应出示实际提单，以便接收货物。
AD
288. A bill of lading is a bearer one if it is made out:
288. 提单在下列情况下为持票：
A. “To order”.
A. “订购”。
B. “To order of XX”.
B. “按XX的顺序”。
C. “To the bearer”.
C. “致持票人”。
D. “To the holder”.
D. “致持有人”。
CD
292. Which documents are NOT negotiable?
292. 哪些文件是不可转让的？
A. Straight bills of lading.
A. 直接提单。
B. Order bills of lading.
B. 订购提单。
C. Air waybills.
C. 航空运单。
D. Rail waybills or consignment notes.
D. 铁路运单或运单。
ACD
293. Which documents shall be negotiated by endorsement?
293. 哪些文件应通过背书进行谈判？
A. Order bill of lading.
A. 订购提单。
B. Blank bill of lading.
B. 空白提单。
C. Contract for the carriage of goods by sea.
C. 海上货物运输合同。
D. Contract of marine insurance for the carriage of goods by sea.
D. 海上货物运输海上保险合同。
AD
294. Once the bill of lading has been negotiated in good faith to a third party, between the carrier and the third party,
294. 一旦提单在承运人与第三方之间真诚地与第三方议付，
A. The bill is considered prima facie evidence.
一个。该法案被视为初步证据。
B. The bill is considered conclusive evidence.
B.该法案被认为是确凿的证据。
C. The carrier can introduce evidence to rebut the bill.
C.承运人可以提出证据来反驳账单。
D. The carrier is barred from introducing evidence to contradict the bill.
D. 承运人不得提出与账单相矛盾的证据。
BD
295. If you were a buyer in a documentary sell, you need specify in the sell contract that payment is conditioned upon receipt of a bill of lading.
295. 如果您是跟单销售的买方，则需要在销售合同中明确付款以收到提单为条件。
A. Negotiable.
A. 面议。
B. Clean.
B. 清洁。
C. On board.
C. 在船上。
D. Unclean.
D. 不洁。
ABC
296. Which kind of bills of lading undoubtedly constitute fraud?
296. 哪类提单无疑构成欺诈？
A. Antedated bills of lading.
A. 提前提单。
B. Advanced bills of lading.
B. 预付提单。
C. False bills of lading.
C. 伪造提单。
D. Clean bills of lading issued through indemnity.
D. 通过赔偿签发的清洁提单。
ABC
297. In recent years, the use of bills of lading has declined and they have tended to be replaced with sea waybills. The main differences between those two documents are that:
297. 近年来，提单的使用有所减少，取而代之的是海运提单。这两个文件之间的主要区别在于：
A. B/L does not confer the title of the goods to the bearer.
A. 提单不将货物的所有权授予持票人。
B. Sea waybill does not confer the title of the goods to the bearer.
B. 海运提单不将货物的所有权授予持票人。
C. All B/L are negotiable.
C. 所有提单都是可以协商的。
D. All sea waybills are not negotiable.
D.所有海运提单均不可转让。
BD
299. Which Conversation as following are applicable to carriage of goods by sea?
299. 以下哪项对话适用于海上货物运输？
A. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading. (The Hague Rules).
a. 统一提单某些法律规则的国际公约。（《海牙规则》）。
B. Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading. (The Visby Amendments).
b. 修正《统一提单某些法律规则国际公约》的议定书。（维斯比修正案）。
C. Convention on the Carriage Goods by Sea. (The Hamburg Rules).
C. 《海上货物运输公约》。“（《汉堡规则》）。
D. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (The Rotterdam rules).
D. 《联合国全部或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》（《鹿特丹规则》）。
ABCD
ABCD公司
298. Which Conversations as following are applicable to carriage of goods by air?
298. 以下哪些对话适用于航空货物运输？
A. The Warsaw Convention of 1928.
一个。1928 年华沙公约。
B. The Tokyo Convention of 1963.
B.1963年《东京公约》。
C. The Chicago Convention of 1944.
C. 1944年《芝加哥公约》。
D. The Montreal Convention of 1999.
D. 1999年《蒙特利尔公约》。
AD
300. Which Conventions as following are applicable to carriage of goods by railway?
300. 下列哪些公约适用于铁路货物运输？
A. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading.
a. 统一提单某些法律规则的国际公约。
B. Convention Concerning International Carriage of Goods by Rail.
b. 《国际铁路货物运输公约》。
C. Agreement Concerning International Carriage of Goods by Rail.
c. 《国际铁路货物运输协定》。
D. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea.
d. 《联合国全部或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》。
BC
三、判断
301. Freight forwarders act as the seller's or exporter's agent.
301. 货运代理充当卖方或出口商的代理人。
T
302. The shipper and the carrier may reach an agreement that the freight shall be paid by the consignee.
302. 托运人和承运人可以达成协议，由收货人支付运费。
F
306. Bills of lading are a twentieth-century convention of trade practice.
306. 提单是20世纪的贸易惯例。
F
303. The bill of lading serves as a contract of carriage between the buyer and seller.
303. 提单是买卖双方之间的运输合同。
F
305. Bill of lading is a document of title issued by a carrier to a ship upon receiving goods for transport.
305. 提单是承运人在收到运输货物后向船舶签发的所有权凭证。
T
307.. Any type of transport documents excluding the Bill of Lading will serve as a contract of carriage, but do not act as a document of title.
307.. 除提单外，任何类型的运输单证均可作为运输合同，但不作为所有权凭证。
T
308. Bills of lading are negotiable instruments but cannot be used as collateral for an outstanding debt.
308. 提单是可转让票据，但不能用作未偿债务的抵押品。
F
304. The "bill of lading" is issued by the seller (exporter) directly to the buyer (importer) in order to claim the goods upon arrival at the destination port.
304. “提单”由卖方（出口商）直接签发给买方（进口商），以便在货物抵达目的港时提出索赔。
F
309. A clean bill of lading does not guarantee that the goods are without damage even during the voyage to the buyer.
309. 干净的提单并不能保证货物即使在到达买方的航程中也没有损坏。
T
310. A clean Bill of Lading is one that contains no notations tensions by the carrier that indicate any valuable damage to the goods, packages, drums or other containers being loaded.
310. 干净的提单是指承运人没有注明对正在装载的货物、包裹、桶或其他集装箱造成任何有价损坏的提单。
T
311. A Bill of Lading that is not clean is foul.
311. 不干净的提单是犯规的。
F
312. A clean Bill of Lading normally contains description applies only to the external appearance of the goods.
312. 一份干净的提单通常只包含适用于货物外观的描述。
T
313. A clean bill of lading establishes a rebuttable presumption that the goods delivered to an ocean carrier were in good condition.
313. 干净的提单确立了可推翻的推定，即交付给海运承运人的货物状况良好。
T
314. Buyers should insist that all contracts call for the seller to provide a clean bill of lading.
314. 买方应坚持要求所有合同都要求卖方提供干净的提单。
T
315. Clean bill of lading is a carrier's guarantee, or warranty, of the condition of the goods it has delivered.
315. 清洁提单是承运人对其所交付货物状况的保证或保证。
F
316. A straight bill of lading assures that the goods have actually been loaded on board the ship for shipment.
316. 直接提单可确保货物实际已装上船装运。
F
317. Goods moving under a straight bill of lading may be delivered either to the consignee or to the notify party.
317. 直接提单下运输的货物可以交付给收货人或通知方。
F
318. Negotiable bill of lading is proof of title allow for the transfer of the title to the goods without requiring the owner to take possession of the goods.
318. 可转让提单是所有权证明，允许将所有权转让给货物，而不需要货东占有货物。
T
319. The carrier can issue a “shipped” bill of lading only if he has actually loaded the goods on board the vessel.
319. 承运人只有在实际将货物装上船的情况下才能签发“装运”提单。
T
320. A received for shipment bill of lading can be converted into an onboard bill of lading by the carrier’s noting the vessel name and date of loading on the face of the bill.
320. 承运人在提单正面注明船名和装货日期，即可将收到的装运提单转换为船上提单。
T
四、名词
321. Carrier and actual carrier
321. 承运人和实际承运人
“Carrier” means any person by whom or in whose name a contract of carriage of goods by sea has been contracted with a shipper. “Actual carrier” means any person to whom the performance of the carriage of the goods, or of part of the carriage, has been entrusted by the carrier and includes any other person to whom such performance has been entrusted. The actual carrier may be the carrier himself in most cases.
“承运人”系指与其订立海上货物运输合同或以其名义与托运人订立合同的任何人。“实际承运人”系指承运人委托其履行货物或部分运输的任何人，包括受托履行货物的任何其他人。在大多数情况下，实际承运人可能是承运人本人。
322. “clean” bill of lading
322. “清洁”提单
A “clean” bill of lading is one that has no clause or notation on the face of the bill indicating visible or possible defect in the packaging or condition of the goods. Otherwise, the bill is “foul” and will detail the shortfalls or damage to goods observed. In most sales contact, the buyer will require the seller tender a clean bill of lading.
“干净”的提单是指提单正面没有条款或注释表明货物包装或状况存在明显或可能的缺陷的提单。否则，该法案是“犯规”的，并将详细说明所观察到的货物的短缺或损坏。在大多数销售联系中，买方会要求卖方提交一份干净的提单。
326. Multimodal transport contract
326. 多式联运合同
A multimodal transport contract as referred to in this Code means a contract under which the multimodal transport operator undertakes to transport the goods, against the payment of freight for the entire transport, from the place where the goods were received in his charge to the destination and to deliver them to the consignee by two or more different modes of transport, one of which being sea carriage.
本法典所称多式联运合同是指多式联运经营人承诺将货物从其负责的接收地运到目的地，并通过两种或两种以上不同的运输方式交付给收货人的合同，并支付整个运输过程的运费。 其中之一是海运。
324. Contract of carriage of goods by sea
324. 海上货物运输合同
A contract of carriage of goods by sea is a contract under which the carrier, against payment of freight, undertakes to carry by sea the goods contracted for shipment by the shipper from one port to another.
海上货物运输合同是指承运人以支付运费为由，承诺通过海运将托运人合同装运的货物从一个港口运往另一个港口的合同。
327. Liner shipping
327. 班轮运输
A liner shipping means that a vessel is regularly engaged in the carriage between fixed ports in a fixed calling order on a certain route in accordance with an announced time schedule.
班轮运输是指船舶按照公布的时间表，在某条航线上以固定的停靠顺序定期在固定港口之间进行运输。
328. Bill of Lading
328. 提单
A bill of lading is a document which serves as evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and based on which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrendering the same.
提单是作为海上货物运输合同和承运人接管或装载货物的证据的文件，承运人据此承诺交付货物，但不交出货物。
329. Clean bill of lading
329. 清洁提单
If the carrier or the other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf made no note, in the bill of lading, that such particulars as the description, mark, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods do not accurately represent the goods actually received. This bill of lading is a clean bill of lading.
如果承运人或代表他签发提单的另一人未在提单中注明货物的说明、唛头、包装或件数、重量或数量等细节不能准确代表实际收到的货物。此提单是干净的提单。
A clean transport document is one bearing no clause or notation expressly declaring a defective condition of the goods or their packaging. (UCP600)
清洁运输单证是指没有明确声明货物或其包装有缺陷的条款或注释的单证。（UCP600型）
323. Charterparty
323. 租船合同
A charterparty is a written, or partly written and partly printed, contract between the shipowner and the charterer, by which a ship is let or hired for the carriage of goods or passengers on a specified voyage, or for a defined period of time. The party who owns and provides the vessel is referred to as the shipowner, the party who hires the vessel is referred to as the charterer.
租船合同是船东和租船人之间的书面合同，或部分书面和部分印刷的合同，根据该合同，船舶在指定的航程或规定的时间段内出租或租用货物或乘客。拥有和提供船舶的一方称为船东，租用船舶的一方称为租船人。
325. Voyage charter party
325. 航次租船合同
A voyage charter party is a charter party under which the shipowner charters out and the charterer charters in the whole or part of the ship's space for the carriage by sea of the intended goods from one port to another and the charterer pays the agreed amount of freight.
航次租船合同是一种租船合同，根据该租船合同，租船人在船舶的全部或部分空间内租船，将预定货物从一个港口运送到另一个港口，租船人支付约定的运费。
330. Time charter party
330. 定期租船合同
A time charter party is a contract under which the shipowner provides a designated manned ship to the charterer, and the charterer employs the ship during the contractual period for the agreed service against payment of hire.
定期租船合同是船东向租船人提供指定载人船舶的合同，租船人在合同期内使用船舶进行约定的服务，并支付租金。
331. Bareboat charter party
331. 光船租船合同
A bareboat charter party is a charter party under which the shipowner provides the charterer with an unmanned ship which the charterer shall possess, employ and operate within an agreed period and for which the charterer shall pay the shipowner the hire.
光船租船合同是指船东向租船人提供无人驾驶船舶的租船合同，租船人应在约定的期限内拥有、雇用和经营该船，租船人应向船东支付租金。
第二节 调整提单运输的法律
一、单选
332. According to the Hague Rules, ocean carriers are liable for damages resulting from which of the following:
332. 根据《海牙规则》，海运承运人应对下列哪项造成的损害承担赔偿责任：
A. Providing a seaworthy ship at the beginning of the voyage.
A. 在航行开始时提供适航船舶。
B. Mismanagement of the ship that causes a shipwreck.
B. 导致海难的船舶管理不善。
C. Errors in navigation that cause a mid-ocean collision.
C. 导致大洋中碰撞的航行错误。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
A
333. Among the following statements concerning the minimum obligations of the carrier under the Hague rules, which one is correct?
333. 在下列关于承运人根据《海牙规则》承担最低义务的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. The carrier shall be obligated to make the vessel seaworthy before, at the beginning of and during the whole course of the voyage.
一个。承运人有义务在航程开始前、航程开始前和整个航程中使船舶适航。
B. The carrier shall be obligated to take care of goods carefully and properly only at the beginning of the voyage.
B.承运人有义务仅在航程开始时仔细和妥善地保管货物。
C. The carrier’s minimum obligation can be excluded by the agreement of the carrier and the shipper.
C. 承运人和托运人的协议可以免除承运人的最低义务。
D. The contract of carriage between the shipper and the carrier or the bill of lading can only increase or add the obligations of the carrier.
D. 托运人与承运人之间的运输合同或者提单只能增加或增加承运人的义务。
D
334. Himalaya Clauses in bills of lading:
334. 提单中的喜马拉雅条款：
A. Protect the carrier for damage to cargo being transported over mountainous and rugged terrain.
A. 保护承运人免受在山区和崎岖地形上运输的货物的损坏。
B. Protect stevedores from liability in loading and unloading ships.
B. 保护装卸工人免于承担装卸船舶的责任。
C. Protect only the shipper for improper packaging of goods for shipment.
C. 仅保护托运人对装运货物包装不当。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
B
335. Under the Visby Rules, the bill of lading becomes evidence of the terms of the contract of carriage once it is negotiated to a good faith third party.
335. 根据《维斯比规则》，提单一旦与善意的第三方谈判，即成为运输合同条款的证据。
A. Conclusive.
A. 结论性。
B. Prima facie.
B. 初步证据。
C. Exclusive.
C. 独家。
D. Inclusive.
D. 包容性。
A
336. Among the following statements concerning the carrier’s liability and the limitation of liability under the Hamburg Rules, which one is NOT correct?
336. 在下列关于承运人的赔偿责任和《汉堡规则》规定的赔偿责任限制的陈述中，哪一项是不正确的？
A. The carrier’s liability is fault liability.
一个。承运人的赔偿责任是过失赔偿责任。
B. To be exempted from liability, the carrier shall prove that he and his agents or servants has no fault for the loss of or damage to the goods.
B.为了免除赔偿责任，承运人应证明其及其代理人或受雇人对货物的灭失或损坏没有过错。
C. In all cases, the carrier can enjoy the benefit of limit of liability provided for in the Rules.
C. 在所有情况下，承运人均可享受《规则》规定的赔偿责任限额。
D. If the loss of or damage to the goods is caused by direct or indirect intent of the carrier, his agent or his employee, the carrier shall compensate for all losses suffered by the shipper or the consignee.
D. 货物灭失或损坏是承运人、其代理人或者其雇员的直接或间接意图造成的，承运人应赔偿托运人或者收货人遭受的一切损失。
C
337. According to the Hamburg Rules, unless the nature and value of the loss or damage goods has been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading, the carrier or the shipper shall not be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with such goods in an amount:
337. 根据《汉堡规则》，除非托运人在装运前已声明灭失或损坏货物的性质和价值并列入提单，否则承运人或托运人不对此类货物或与此种货物有关的任何灭失或损坏承担赔偿责任，其赔偿金额为：
A. Exceeding 100 pounds per package or unit, or the equivalent of that sum in other currency.
A. 每个包裹或单位超过 100 磅，或等值的其他货币。
B. Exceeding 666.67 SDRs per package or per unit, or 2 SDRs per kilograms of gross weight of the goods, whichever is higher.
B. 每包或每件超过 666.67 特别提款权，或每公斤货物毛重超过 2 特别提款权，以较高者为准。
C. Exceeding 835 SDRs per package or other shipping unit, or 2.5 SDRs per kilograms of gross weight of the goods, whichever is higher.
C. 每个包裹或其他运输单位超过 835 特别提款权，或每公斤货物毛重超过 2.5 特别提款权，以较高者为准。
D. Exceeding 875 SDRs per shipping unit, or 3 SDRs per kilograms of gross weight of the goods, whichever is higher.
D. 超过每运输单位875特别提款权，或每公斤货物毛重超过3特别提款权，以较高者为准。
C
338. In accordance with the Hamburg rules, among the following statements regarding letters of guarantee, which one is correct?
338. 根据汉堡规则，在以下关于保证书的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. The Hamburg Rules legalizes and validates letters of guarantee.
一个。《汉堡规则》使保函合法化并有效。
B. As to the relationship between the carrier and any third party including the consignee, such letter of guarantee is void and of no effect.
B.关于承运人与包括收货人在内的任何第三方之间的关系，该保证书无效且无效。
C. As to the relationship between the carrier and the shipper, such letter of guarantee is always valid.
C. 关于承运人与托运人之间的关系，该保证书始终有效。
D. In all cases and for all relationships between the shipper, the carrier and the consignee, such a letter of guarantee is void and has no effect.
D. 对于托运人、承运人和收货人之间的所有情况和所有关系，此种保证书均无效且无效。
B
342. The Rotterdam Rules differ from the Hague Rules in all of the following except:
342. 《鹿特丹规则》与《海牙规则》在以下所有方面都有所不同，但以下情况除外：
A. The expansion of carrier liability from "door to door."
一个。承运人责任从“门到门”的扩展。
B. The elimination of errors in navigation as an exception from liability.
B.消除导航中的错误作为责任的例外。
C. The elimination of the requirement of written bills of lading.
C. 取消书面提单的要求。
D. The elimination of perils of the sea as an exception from liability.
D. 消除海洋危险作为赔偿责任的例外。
C
343. Ocean carriers are exempted from liability for which of the following:
343. 海运承运人对下列哪项行为免除赔偿责任：
A. Insufficiency of packing.
A.包装不足。
B. Errors in the navigation or management of the ship.
B. 船舶航行或管理中的错误。
C. Acts of God.
C. 天灾。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
D
344. The period in which the carrier is "in charge of the goods" means that ____ shall be liable for the loss of or damage to the goods.?
344. 承运人“掌管货物”的期间是指____对货物的灭失或损坏负有责任。
A. The seller.
A. 卖方。
B. The buyer.
B. 买方。
C. The carrier.
C. 承运人。
D. The consignee.
D. 收货人。
C
351. The limitation period for claims against the carrier with regard to the carriage of goods by sea is counting from the day on which the goods were delivered or should have been delivered by the carrier.
351. 就海上货物运输向承运人提出索赔的时效期限从货物交付或本应由承运人交付之日起计算。
A. One year.
答：一年。
B. Two years.
B. 两年。
C. Four years.
C. 四年。
D. 180 days.
D. 180天。
A
339. China has acceded to:
339. 中国已加入：
A. The Hague Rules.
一个。《海牙规则》。
B. The Visby Rules.
B.维斯比规则。
C. The Hamburg Rule.
C. 汉堡规则。
D. None of the above.
D. 以上都不是。
D
340. As to the basis of liability and the immunities of the carrier, the provisions of Chinese Maritime Code are basically similar to:
340. 关于承运人的赔偿责任基础和豁免，《中国海商法典》的规定基本如下：
A. The Hague Rules.
一个。《海牙规则》。
B. The Visby Rules.
B.维斯比规则。
C. The Hamburg Rules.
C. 汉堡规则。
D. The Rotterdam Rules.
D. 《鹿特丹规则》。
A
341. Under Chinese Maritime Code, multimodal transportation must involve:
341. 根据《中国海商法》，多式联运必须包括：
A. Carriage by sea.
A. 海上运输。
B. Carriage by air.
B. 空运。
C. Carried by rail.
C. 铁路运输。
D. Carriage by road.
D. 公路运输。
A
345. Which contract shall be done in writing according to Chinese Maritime Code?
345. 根据《中国海商法典》，哪些合同应以书面形式订立？
A. The carriage of goods by sea.
一个。海上货物运输。
B. The carriage of passengers by sea.
B.海上乘客运输。
C. Time charter parties
C. 定期租船合同
D. Voyage charter parties.
D. 航次租船合同。
D
348. According to Chinese Maritime Code, in order to make the ship seaworthy before and at the beginning of the voyage, the carrier shall:
348. 根据《中国海商法典》，为使船舶在航程前和航程开始时适航，承运人应：
A. Equip the ship.
A. 装备飞船。
B. Supply the ship.
B. 供应船舶。
C. Make all parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.
C. 使船上所有运载货物的部件都适合和安全接收、运输和保存货物。
D. Do all of above.
D. 执行上述所有操作。
D
346. According to Chinese Maritime Code, the responsibilities of the carrier with regard to the goods carried in containers covers the entire period starting:
346. 根据《中国海商法》，承运人对集装箱货物的责任涵盖从以下时间开始的整个期间：
A. From taking over to delivery.
一个。从接管到交付。
B. From loading to unloading.
B.从装货到卸货。
C. From warehouse to warehouses.
C.从仓库到仓库。
D. From tackle to tackle.
D. 从铲球到铲球。
A
347. According to Chinese Maritime Code, the responsibilities of the carrier with regard to non-containerized goods covers the entire period starting:
347. 根据《中国海商法典》，承运人对非集装箱货物的责任涵盖从以下时间开始的整个期间：
A. From taking over to delivery.
一个。从接管到交付。
B. From loading to unloading.
B.从装货到卸货。
C. From warehouse to warehouse.
C.从一个仓库到另一个仓库。
D. From tackle to tackle.
D. 从铲球到铲球。
B
349. According to Chinese Maritime Code, the “actual value” shall be:
349. 根据《中国海商法典》，“实际价值”应为：
A. The value of the goods at the time of shipment.
一个。装运时货物的价值。
B. The value of the goods at the time of shipment plus freight.
B.装运时货物的价值加上运费。
C. The value of the goods at the time of shipment plus insurance.
C.装运时货物的价值加上保险。
D. The value of the goods at the time of shipment plus insurance and freight.
D.装运时货物的价值加上保险和运费。
D
350. According to Chinese Maritime Code, the liability of the carrier for the economic losses resulting from delay in delivery of the goods shall be limited to an amount equivalent to
350. 根据《中国海商法典》，承运人对因货物迟延交付而造成的经济损失的赔偿责任应以相当于
A. The cost of the goods so delayed.
一个。货物的成本如此延迟。
B. The cost of the goods plus freight and insurance for the goods so delayed.
B.货物的成本加上货物的运费和保险费。
C. Half of the cost of the goods so delayed.
C. 如此延迟的货物成本的一半。
D. The freight payable for the goods so delayed.
D. 延误货物的运费。
D
二、多选
352. Compared with the Hague Rules, the Wisby Rules has:
352. 与《海牙规则》相比，《威斯比规则》具有：
A. Widened the scope of application.
A.扩大了适用范围。
B. Increased the limit of liability of the carriers.
B. 提高承运人的赔偿责任限额。
C. Extended the defenses and limits of liability of the carrier to the agents and employees of the carrier.
C. 将承运人的抗辩和赔偿责任限额扩大到承运人的代理人和雇员。
D. Lengthened the elimination of actions.
D. 延长了消除行动的时间。
ABCD
ABCD公司
353. The amendments of the Visby Rules to the Hague Rules include:
353. 《维斯比规则》对《海牙规则》的修正包括：
A. The term “actual carrier” is introduced.
一个。引入了“实际承运人”一词。
B. The Himalaya Clause is legalized, and the immunities and limits of liability for the carrier are extended to the carrier’s agents or employees.
B.喜马拉雅条款合法化，承运人的豁免权和责任限制扩大到承运人的代理人或雇员。
C. The evidential effect of bills of lading is further clarified, by providing that any proof contrary to the bill of lading shall not be admissible when it has been negotiated to a good-faith third party.
C. 进一步明确了提单的证据效力，规定任何与提单相悖的证据，如果已与善意的第三方协商，则不得采信。
D. Some of the immunities for the carrier ad deleted.
D. 删除了运营商广告的部分豁免权。
BC
354. In accordance with the Hague-Visby Rules, the carrier shall be liable for the loss of or damage to the goods caused by:
354. 根据《海牙-维斯比规则》，承运人应对因下列原因造成的货物灭失或损坏承担赔偿责任：
A. Act of the master of the vessel to carry out the wrongful order of the carrier.
A. 船长执行承运人错误命令的行为。
B. Collision of the vessel with an ice-berg resulted from the mariners’ negligence.
B. 由于海员的疏忽导致船只与冰山相撞。
C. The mariners’ negligence in setting a wrong temperature of the cool chambers of the vessel.
C. 海员疏忽将船舶的冷却室温度设置错误。
D. The mariners’ recklessness in handing the goods.
D.海员在交货时的鲁莽行为。
ACD
355. Compared with Hague Rules and Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules:
355. 与《海牙规则》和《海牙-维斯比规则》相比，《汉堡规则》：
A. Prolongs the carriers’ period of responsibility.
A. 延长承运人的责任期。
B. Reduce the carriers’ limitation of liability.
B. 减少承运人的赔偿责任限制。
C. Conceals carriers’ immunity from fraud in negotiation and in management of the ship.
C. 隐瞒承运人在谈判和船舶管理中不受欺诈的豁免。
D. Conceals carriers’ immunity from fraud in management of the cargo.
D. 隐瞒承运人在货物管理中不受欺诈行为的豁免。
AC
356. In accordance with the Hamburg Rules, the carrier shall be liable for the loss of or damage to the goods caused by:
356. 根据《汉堡规则》，承运人应对下列原因造成的货物灭失或损坏承担赔偿责任：
A. Acts of the master of the vessel to carry out the wrongful order of the carrier.
A. 船长执行承运人错误命令的行为。
B. Collision of the vessel with an ice-berg resulted from the mariners’ negligence.
B. 由于海员的疏忽导致船只与冰山相撞。
C. The mariners’ negligence in setting a wrong temperature of the cool chambers of the vessel.
C. 海员疏忽将船舶的冷却室温度设置错误。
D. The mariners’ disobedience with the shipper’s instructions on handing the goods.
D. 海员不服从托运人关于交货的指示。
ABCD
ABCD公司
357. Which statements about the Hamburg Rules, compared with the Hague Rules and the Visby Rules, are correct?
357. 与《海牙规则》和《维斯比规则》相比，《汉堡规则》的哪些表述是正确的？
A. The carrier’s liability under the Hamburg Rules is based on the principle of presumptive fault.
一个。承运人根据《汉堡规则》承担的赔偿责任是以推定过失原则为依据的。
B. The Hamburg Rules eliminates the exemption for liability for loss or damage caused by faulty navigation on management of the ship.
B.《汉堡规则》取消了对船舶管理部门因航行错误造成的灭失或损坏的赔偿责任的豁免。
C. The Hamburg Rules governs the liability of the carrier for delay in delivery.
C. 《汉堡规则》规定了承运人对迟延交货的赔偿责任。
D. The Hamburg Rules created a new concept: the “actual carrier”.
D. 《汉堡规则》创造了一个新概念：“实际承运人”。
ABCD
ABCD公司
358. Compared with the Hague-Visby Rules, the goods owner’s interests are better protected under the Hamburg Rules in consideration of:
358. 与《海牙-维斯比规则》相比，《汉堡规则》更好地保护了货主的利益，因为：
A. Displacing the Hague-Visby Rules’ incomplete fault liability with fault liability.
A. 用过失赔偿责任取代《海牙-维斯比规则》的不完全过失赔偿责任。
B. Deleting the long list of immunities for the carrier of the Hague-Visby Rules.
B. 删除《海牙-维斯比规则》承运人的一长串豁免。
C. Extending the period of the carrier’s responsibility for the goods from “rail-to-rail” or “hook-to-hook” to “receipt-to-delivery”.
C. 将承运人对货物的责任期限从“铁路到铁路”或“钩到钩”延长为“收货到交货”。
D. Depriving the carrier of the entitlement of limit of liability in cases where the loss of or damage to the goods is caused by direct or indirect intent of the carrier or his agents or employees.
D. 在货物灭失或损坏是由承运人或其代理人或雇员的直接或间接意图造成的情况下，剥夺承运人的责任限额。
ACD
359. A bill of lading, governed by , without any reservations on its face made by the carrier may not be a truly clean bill of lading, because the carrier shall not be bound, by these Rules, to state or show any description of the goods on the bill of lading.
359. 由承运人作出的表面上没有任何保留的提单可能不是真正干净的提单，因为承运人不受本规则约束，不得在提单上说明或显示对货物的任何说明。
A. The Hague Rules.
一个。《海牙规则》。
B. The Hague-Visby Rules.
B.《海牙-维斯比规则》。
C. The Hamburg Rules.
C. 汉堡规则。
D. The Rotterdam Rules.
D. 《鹿特丹规则》。
AB
360. According to , even the error in navigation or management of the ship is caused by the actual fault of the carrier or carrier’s crew, the carrier will not be liable for any loss of or damage to the goods arising from such an error.
360. 根据该规定，即使船舶航行或管理中的错误是由承运人或承运人船员的实际过失造成的，承运人也不对因此类错误造成的货物灭失或损坏负责。
A. The Hague Rules.
一个。《海牙规则》。
B. The Hague-Visby Rules.
B.《海牙-维斯比规则》。
C. The Hamburg Rules.
C. 汉堡规则。
D. The Rotterdam Rules.
D. 《鹿特丹规则》。
AB
361. Liability of carriers for delay is covered under:
361. 承运人对迟延的赔偿责任包括：
A. The Hague Rules.
一个。《海牙规则》。
B. The Hague-Visby Rules.
B.《海牙-维斯比规则》。
C. The Hamburg Rules.
C. 汉堡规则。
D. The Rotterdam Rules.
D. 《鹿特丹规则》。
CD
362. According to Chinese Maritime Code, the carrier shall
362. 根据《中国海商法典》，承运人应
A. Make the ship seaworthy before the voyage.
A.在航行前使船舶适航。
B. Make the ship seaworthy at the beginning of the voyage.
B. 使船舶在航行开始时适航。
C. Properly and carefully govern the goods carried.
C. 妥善、谨慎地管理所运载的货物。
D. Voyage on the agreed or customary or geographically direct route.
D. 在商定的或习惯的或地理上的直接航线上航行。
ACD
363. According to Chinese Maritime Code, which statements with regard to the cancellation of contract of carriage of goods are correct?
363. 根据《中国海商法典》，关于货物运输合同解除的哪些说法是正确的？
A. The shipper may cancel the contract as he wishes before the ship sails from the port of loading.
一个。托运人可以在船舶从装货港起航之前根据自己的意愿取消合同。
B. The carrier may cancel the contract as he wishes before the ship sails from the port of loading.
B.承运人可以在船舶从装货港起航之前根据自己的意愿取消合同。
C. The shipper shall pay half of the agreed amount of freight if he canceled the contract as he wishes.
C. 如果托运人按照自己的意愿取消合同，托运人应支付约定运费的一半。
D. The shipper shall 1/4 of the agreed amount of freight if he canceled the contract due to force majeure.
D、托运人因不可抗力解除合同的，应当支付约定运费的1/4。
AC
365. According to Chinese Maritime Code, unless otherwise agreed in the insurance contract, the insurer shall NOT be liable for the loss of or damage to the insured cargo arising from any of the following causes:
365. 根据《中国海商法》，除保险合同另有约定外，保险人对因下列原因之一造成的被保险货物灭失、损坏不承担赔偿责任：
A. Delay in the voyage or in the delivery of cargo or.
A. 航程或货物交付的延误。
B. Change of market price.
B. 市场价格变动。
C. Fair wear and tear, inherent vice or nature of the cargo.
C. 货物的正常磨损、固有缺陷或性质。
D. Improper packing.
D.包装不当。
ABCD
ABCD公司
364. According to Chinese Maritime Code, which statements with regard to the multimodal transport contract are correct?
364. 根据《中国海商法典》，关于多式联运合同的哪些表述是正确的？
A. One of those different modes of transport shall be sea carriage.
一个。其中一种不同的运输方式应是海上运输。
B. The responsibility of operator covers the period from loading to unloading.
B.操作员的责任涵盖从装货到卸货的时间段。
C. The responsibility of operator covers the period from taking to delivery.
C. 经营者的责任涵盖从接收到交付的这段时间。
D. The carriers of the different modes are liable to the shipper or the consignee.
D. 不同运输方式的承运人对托运人或收货人负有责任。
ACD
三、判断
379. An ocean carrier is liable for its failure to use due diligence in providing a seaworthy ship at the beginning of the voyage.
379. 远洋承运人对其在航程开始时未能尽职尽责地提供适航船舶负有责任。
T
366. Ocean carriers are liable if cargo is damaged as a result of errors in the navigation of the ship.
366. 如果货物因船舶航行错误而损坏，海运承运人应承担赔偿责任。
F
367. Ocean carriers are liable if cargo is damaged as a result of the ship being taken over by pirates, if the seizure or damage was foreseeable and the carrier failed to take necessary preventive measures.
367. 如果货物因船舶被海盗劫持而损坏，如果扣押或损坏是可以预见的，而承运人没有采取必要的预防措施，则海运承运人应承担赔偿责任。
F
368. Ocean carriers are liable if cargo is damaged because it was left exposed to rain during the journey.
368. 如果货物因在运输途中被雨淋而损坏，海运承运人应承担责任。
T
371. Goods can be stored at any location on the vessel and the decision is left to the discretion of the captain.
371. 货物可以存放在船上的任何地点，决定权由船长自行决定。
F
378. A carrier is liable for breach of contract for damages for the mis-delivery of goods.
378. 承运人对违约承担赔偿责任，赔偿货物交付错误造成的损害赔偿。
T
380. Only during the period the carrier is in charge of the goods, the carrier is liable for the loss of or damage to the goods.
380. 只有在承运人负责货物期间，承运人才对货物的灭失或损坏负有责任。
T
370. Carriers are liable for damages equal to the value of the goods regardless of how their value is stated on the bill of lading.
370. 承运人对货物价值相等的损害赔偿责任，无论提单上如何说明货物价值。
F
372. A provision in a bill of lading that extends the protection of the Hague Rules to stevedores is known as a Himalaya Clause.
372. 提单中将《海牙规则》的保护范围扩大到装卸工人的条款称为喜马拉雅条款。
T
369. A consignee can prove a shortage by showing that the quantity of the cargo unloaded at the destination is less than that listed on the bill of lading.
369. 收货人可以通过证明在目的地卸货的数量少于提单上所列的数量来证明短缺。
T
377. A carrier is liable to the buyer of cargo for a shortage if the amount of cargo in the container on arrival is less than that stated in the seller's commercial invoice.
377. 如果集装箱内的货物数量少于卖方商业发票上注明的数量，承运人应对货物短缺向买方承担赔偿责任。
F
四、简答
381. How to determine the amount of limitation of liability according to Chinese Maritime Code?
381. 如何根据《中国海商法》确定责任限制数额？
The carrier's liability for the loss of or damage to the goods shall be limited to an amount equivalent to 666.67 Units of Account per package or other shipping unit, or 2 Units of Account per kilogramme of the gross weight of the goods lost or damaged, whichever is the higher, except where the nature and value of the goods had been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading, or where a higher amount than the amount of limitation of liability set out in this Article had been agreed upon between the carrier and the shipper. The liability of the carrier for the economic losses resulting from delay in delivery of the goods, while no loss or damage to the goods has occurred, shall be limited to an amount equivalent to the freight payable for the goods so delayed.
承运人对货物灭失或损坏的赔偿责任应限于相当于每包裹或其他运输单位666.67个记账单位，或每公斤丢失或损坏货物毛重2个记账单位，以较高者为准，但托运人在装运前已声明货物的性质和价值并列入提单的除外， 或者承运人和托运人商定的数额高于本条规定的赔偿责任限额的。承运人对因迟延交付货物而造成的经济损失的赔偿责任，在货物未发生灭失或损坏的情况下，应以相当于迟延交付货物应付运费的数额为限。
382. According to Chinese Maritime Code, when should the consignee give notice of loss or damage the carrier?
382. 根据《中国海商法》，收货人应当何时发出承运人灭失或损坏的通知？
At the time of delivery of the goods. Where the loss of or damage to the goods is not apparent, the notice should reach the carrier within 7 consecutive days from the next day of the delivery of the goods; in the case of containerized goods, the notice should reach the carrier within 15 consecutive days from the next day of the delivery. If the state of the goods has, at the time of delivery, been the subject of a joint survey or inspection by the carrier and the consignee, the notice need not be given. If the notice is on the economic losses resulting from delay in delivery of the goods, it should reach the carrier within 60 consecutive days from the next day on which the goods had been delivered.
在货物交付时。货物灭失或者损坏不明显的，应当自货物交付次日起连续7日内通知送达承运人;对于集装箱货物，通知应在交货第二天起连续 15 天内送达承运人。如果承运人和收货人在交货时货物的状况已经过联合调查或检查，则无需发出通知。如果通知是关于因迟延交付货物而造成的经济损失的，则应在货物交付的第二天起连续60天内送达承运人。
五、案例
383. Seller in Bombay sells 5,000 bales of cotton to Buyer, CFR (Incoterms 2020) Liverpool. Seller transports the cotton to the Bombay harbor and to the ship designated by Buyer, the SS Allthumbs. Due to an error in counting, there are only 4,987 bales loaded. The ship’s bill of lading, however, shows a quantity of 5,000 bales. Seller then signs over the bill of lading to Buyer in exchange for payment in full for the cotton. When the Allthumbs arrives in Liverpool the quantity error is discovered, and Buyer sues the ship for the lost value of the missing bales.
383. 孟买的卖家向利物浦的买家出售 5,000 包棉花，CFR（国际贸易术语解释通则 2020）。卖方将棉花运送到孟买港和买方指定的船只 SS Allthumbs。由于计数错误，仅装载了 4,987 包。然而，该船的提单显示数量为5,000包。然后，卖方在提单上签字给买方，以换取棉花的全额付款。当Allthumbs到达利物浦时，发现了数量错误，买方起诉该船，要求赔偿丢失的捆包的价值。
Is the carrier liable, according to Chinese Maritime Code? Would it matter if the Seller admitted that the error was not the carrier’s fault, but that of the Seller? Why?
根据《中国海商法》，承运人是否承担责任？如果卖方承认错误不是承运人的过错，而是卖方的过错，这是否重要？为什么？
The bill of lading issued by the carrier or the other person acting on his behalf is prima facie evidence of the taking over or loading by the carrier of the goods as described therein. Proof to the contrary by the carrier shall not be admissible if the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party, including a consignee, who has acted in good faith in reliance on the description of the goods contained therein. In this case, the ship is liable for the lack of goods. If the Seller admitted that the error was not the ship’s fault, the ship would sue the seller in another case, not in this one.
承运人或代表承运人行事的另一人签发的提单是承运人接管或装载其中所述货物的初步证据。如果提单已转让给第三方，包括收货人，而该第三方是以善意为依据的，承运人提出的相反证据不予受理。在这种情况下，船舶应对货物短缺负责。如果卖方承认错误不是船舶的过错，船舶将在另一起案件中起诉卖方，而不是在本案中。
384. X (a Chinese company) concluded, acting as an agent of Z (a Chinese factory), contract with Y (an American company) to purchase ten machines. Upon the arrival of the machines in Qingdao, the carrier handed over the machines to Z who showed certificate by a municipal organ, failing to make the delivery to X who still held the bill of lading but (the relevant businessman) was away in Guangzhou at a meeting. X sued Z for damages.
384. X（一家中国公司）作为Z（一家中国工厂）的代理人，与Y（一家美国公司）签订了购买10台机器的合同。机器到达青岛后，承运人将机器交给Z，Z出示了市政机关的证明，未能将机器交付给X，X仍持有提单，但（相关商人）在广州开会。X起诉Z要求赔偿损失。
Who should X sue for damages?
X应该向谁提起诉讼，要求赔偿损失？
The carrier, and Z.
载体和 Z。
Was the carrier liable for the damage?
承运人是否对损害负责？
Yes.
是的。
How much shall be reimbursed?
报销多少？
The value of the goods at the time of loading, plus freight and insurance.
装货时货物的价值，加上运费和保险费。
385. The shipper concluded a contract with the carrier to carry 10000 cartons of frozen beef from Shanghai to Port of Kuwait. The shipper instructed the carrier to keep the ship-holds under -10℃. After loading the beef on board the vessel, the carrier issued a clean bill of lading to the shipper. During the voyage, the vessel first caught on fire because of thunder shock in Taiwan Straits and 1000 cartons of beef were burnt. Then in South China Sea, the vessel caught on fire again but caused by a mariner’s smoking on bed, another 1000 cartons of beef were burnt. While the vessel reached the Persian Gulf, it encountered a group of pirates and 1000 cartons of beef were taken away by the pirates. When the vessel arrived at Port of Kuwait, the consignee found that all the remaining beef were unfrozen and deteriorated because of high temperature in the ship-holds. (1) Suppose the bill of lading is governed by the Hague Rules, shall the carrier be liable for the losses? (2) Suppose the bill of lading is governed by the Hamburg Rules, shall the carrier be liable for the losses? Please state your reasons.
385. 托运人与承运人签订了一份合同，将10 000箱冷冻牛肉从上海运往科威特港。托运人指示承运人将货舱保持在-10°C以下。将牛肉装上船后，承运人向托运人签发了干净的提单。在航行过程中，该船因台湾海峡雷震而起火，1000箱牛肉被烧毁。然后在南中国海，这艘船再次起火，但由于一名水手在床上吸烟，又有1000箱牛肉被烧毁。当这艘船到达波斯湾时，它遇到了一群海盗，1000箱牛肉被海盗带走了。当该船抵达科威特港时，收货人发现所有剩余的牛肉都已解冻，并因船舱内高温而变质。（1） 假设提单受《海牙规则》管辖，承运人是否应对损失承担赔偿责任？（2） 假设提单受《汉堡规则》管辖，承运人是否应对损失承担赔偿责任？请说明您的理由。
386. The seller in Shanghai sold 5000 bales of cotton to the buyer, CIF Liverpool. The seller transports the goods to the Shanghai Port and handed them to the ship designated by the seller. Due to an error in counting, there are only 4950 bales loaded. The bill of lading issued by the master of the ship, however, shows a quantity of 5000 bales. The seller then negotiates the bill of lading to the buyer in exchange of payment in full for the garden. When the ship arrived at Liverpool, the quantity error is discovered and the buyer sue the carrier for the loss of value of the missing bales. Shall the carrier be liable? Please state your reasons.
386. 上海卖方向买方CIF利物浦公司出售了5000包棉花。卖方将货物运至上海港，交给卖方指定的船舶。由于计数错误，仅装载了 4950 包。然而，船长签发的提单显示数量为5 000包。然后，卖方向买方协商提单，以换取花园的全额付款。当船舶抵达利物浦时，发现数量错误，买方起诉承运人，要求赔偿丢失的捆包的价值损失。承运人是否应承担赔偿责任？请说明您的理由。
387. The seller contracted with the buyer to sell 10000 color TV sets under CIF Sydney. When the goods were handed over to the carrier at the port of shipment, the carrier and the seller inspected the goods jointly and discovered that 500 TV sets were totally damaged and some TV sets were partly damaged during the inland transportation. In order to obtain the payment under the contract and the letter of credit, the seller requested the carrier not to make any reservation on the bill of landing. After receiving a letter of guarantee from the seller under which the seller committed to indemnify the carrier against any loss, the carrier agreed and issued a clean bill of lading which indicates that it is governed by the Hamburg Rules. Later, the buyer (the consignee) sued the carrier for damages. (1) Can the carrier resist the buyer’s claim by producing the seller’s letter of guarantee? (2) Can the carrier recourse against the seller for its loss if the carrier lost the case between it and the buyer? Please state your reasons.
387. 卖方与买方签订合同，在悉尼CIF项下销售10 000台彩色电视机。当货物在装运港移交给承运人时，承运人和卖方共同检查了货物，发现在内陆运输过程中，有500台电视机完全损坏，部分电视机部分损坏。为了获得合同和信用证项下的付款，卖方要求承运人不要在提单上作任何保留。在收到卖方的保证书后，卖方承诺赔偿承运人的任何损失，承运人同意并签发了一份干净的提单，表明该提单受《汉堡规则》管辖。后来，买方（收货人）起诉承运人要求赔偿损失。（1） 承运人能否出示卖方的保函来抗拒买方的索赔？（2） 如果承运人败诉，承运人能否就其损失向卖方追索？请说明您的理由。
第三节 海上货运保险
一、单选
388. The entity which provides insurance is called:
388. 提供保险的实体称为：
A. The insurer.
A. 保险公司。
B. The insured.
B. 被保险人。
C. The insure.
C. 被保险人。
D. The beneficiary.
D. 受益人。
A
391. As to the legal features, an insurance contract is NOT a(n) contract.
391. 就法律特征而言，保险合同不是（n）合同。
A. Adhesive.
A. 粘合剂。
B. Aleatory.
B. 偶然。
C. Unilateral.
C. 单方面。
D. Bilateral.
D. 双边。
D
390. The principle of dictates that the insured be compensated for a loss of property, but not paid more than what the property was worth.
390. 该原则规定，被保险人应赔偿财产损失，但赔偿额不得超过财产价值。
A. Insurable interest.
A. 可保利益。
B. Indemnity.
B. 赔偿。
C. Utmost good faith.
C. 最大的诚意。
D. Proximate cause.
D.近因。
B
389. An insurance under which the risks are shared between two or more insurers is a:
389. 由两家或两家以上保险公司分担风险的保险是：
A. Dual insurance.
A. 双重保险。
B. Co-insurance.
B. 共同保险。
C. Repeated insurance.
C.重复保险。
D. Re-insurance.
D. 再保险。
B
392. An insurance policy which describes only the general terms of the insurance, but leaves the name of the ship and other particulars to a subsequent declaration, is a policy.
392. 保险单仅描述保险的一般条款，但将船名和其他细节留待随后的申报，即为保单。
A. Floating.
A. 漂浮。
B. Unvalued.
B. 未被重视。
C. Blanket.
C. 毯子。
D. Open.
D. 打开。
A
393. On the basis of whether the subject matter is insured for a fixed sum of money, insurance policies are classified into:
393. 根据标的物是否投保固定金额，保险单分为：
A. Valued and unvalued policy.
A. 有价和无价政策。
B. Voyage and time policy.
B. 航程和时间政策。
C. Floating and fixed policy.
C. 浮动和固定政策。
D. Open cover and blanket policy.
D. 开盖和毯子政策。
A
394. Maritime losses of cargo are divided into:
394. 海运货物损失分为：
A. Total losses and partial losses.
A. 全部损失和部分损失。
B. Actual total loss and constructive total loss.
B. 实际全损和推定全损。
C. Particular average and general average.
C. 特别平均和一般平均。
D. Total loss and particular losses.
D. 全部损失和特定损失。
A
395. Where the insured subject matter is lost or is so seriously damaged that it is completely deprived of its original structure and usage, or where the insured is deprived of the possession of the insured subject matter, the loss is:
395. 如果被保险标的物丢失或严重损坏，以致完全丧失其原有的结构和用途，或者被保险人被剥夺了对被保险标的物的占有权，则损失为：
A. Total loss.
A. 全损。
B. Actual total loss.
B. 实际全损。
C. Constructive total loss.
C. 推定全损。
D. Presumed total loss.
D. 推定全损。
B
396. Abandonment exists only in cases where there is a(n):
396. 遗弃只存在于以下情况：
A. Actual total loss.
A. 实际全损。
B. Partial loss.
B. 部分损失。
C. General loss.
C. 一般损失。
D. Constructive total loss.
D. 推定全损。
D
397. Which statements about abandonment are NOT correct?
397.关于遗弃的哪些说法是不正确的？
A. Usually, abandonment is permitted only when damage to the insured goods constitutes constructive total loss.
答：通常，只有当被保险货物的损坏构成推定全损时，才允许放弃。
B. Abandonment occurs when the insured surrenders to the insurer all rights to the damaged or lost property and claims payment for a total loss.
B. 当被保险人放弃对损坏或丢失财产的所有权利并索赔全损时，即发生放弃。
C. The abandonment shall not be attached with any conditions.
C. 放弃不得附加任何条件。
D. The insurer shall accept abandonment the amendment.
D.保险人应接受放弃修改。
D
398. In marine cargo insurance, refers to a loss of partial loss of or damage to the cargo or vessel directly caused by nature calamity or accident at sea.
398. 在海上货物保险中，系指因海上自然灾害或事故直接造成的货物或船舶部分灭失或损坏的损失。
A. Partial loss.
A. 部分损失。
B. General average.
B. 共同海损。
C. Particular average.
C. 特别平均值。
D. Separate loss.
D.单独损失。
C
402. The type of loss covered by a marine insurance policy when cargo is damaged, destroyed, or sacrificed in the process of saving the vessel or the cargo of others is a:
402. 在救助船舶或他人货物的过程中，货物损坏、毁坏或牺牲时，海上保险单所涵盖的损失类型为：
A. General average loss.
A. 共同海损损失。
B. Weighted average loss.
B. 加权平均损失。
C. Partial or particular average loss.
C. 部分或特定平均损失。
D. Rescued loss.
D. 挽救损失。
A
403. The three types of losses generally covered by marine insurance policies include all but which of the following:
403. 海上保险单通常涵盖的三种损失包括除以下哪一种以外的所有损失：
A. Total losses of all or part of a shipment.
A. 全部或部分货物的总损失。
B. Weighted average losses.
B. 加权平均损失。
C. General average losses.
C. 共同海损损失。
D. Partial or particular average losses.
D. 部分或特定平均损失。
B
399. The Free from Particular Average of Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance Clauses of PICC does NOT cover:
399. 中国人保的《海运货物保险免除特定海损条款》不包括：
A. General average.
A. 共同海损。
B. All particular average.
B.所有特别的平均值。
C. Particular average caused only by natural disasters.
C. 仅由自然灾害造成的特定平均数。
D. Particular average caused only by accidental events.
D. 仅由意外事件引起的特定平均值。
C
400. The With Average insurance clause of PICC does NOT cover:
400. 中国人保的“平均保险”条款不包括：
A. Total or partial loss caused by natural calamity.
A. 自然灾害造成的全部或部分损失。
B. Total or partial loss caused by accidents.
B. 事故造成的全部或部分损失。
C. Loss consequent on feeling into the sea during loading, transshipment or discharge.
C. 在装货、转运或卸货过程中感觉入海而造成的损失。
D. Loss caused by external risks.
D.外部风险造成的损失。
D
401. The All Risks of Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance Clauses of PICC does NOT cover:
401. 中国人保的《海运货物保险条款》不包括：
A. General average.
A. 共同海损。
B. All particular average caused by accidents or natural calamities.
B.所有由事故或自然灾害引起的特定平均值。
C. Constructive total loss.
C. 推定全损。
D. Loss caused by wars or strikes.
D. 战争或罢工造成的损失。
D
404. Total or Partial Loss caused by theft is covered by the following Insurance Condition of:
404. 盗窃造成的全部或部分损失由以下保险条件承保：
A. Free from Particular Average (F. P. A.)
A. 无特定平均值 （F. P. A.）
B. With Average (W. A.)
B.平均 （W. A.）
C. All Risks
C. 所有风险
D. None of above.
D. 以上都不是。
C
405. Total or Partial Loss caused by war is covered by the following Insurance Condition:
405. 战争造成的全部或部分损失由以下保险条件承保：
A. Free from Particular Average (F. P. A.)
A. 无特定平均值 （F. P. A.）
B. With Average (W. A.)
B.平均 （W. A.）
C. All Risks
C. 所有风险
D. None of above.
D. 以上都不是。
D
406. The time of validity of a claim under an insurance contract of shall not exceed a period of counting from the time of completion of discharge of the insured goods from the seagoing vessel at the final port of discharge.
406. 保险合同项下索赔的有效期不得超过被保险货物从海船最后卸货港卸货之时起算的期限。
A. One year.
答：一年。
B. Two years.
B. 两年。
C. Four years.
C. 四年。
D. 180 days.
D. 180天。
B
二、多选
407. Among the following statements concerning insurable interests, which ones are correct?
407. 在下列关于可保利益的陈述中，哪些是正确的？
A. Under a CIF contract, the buyer has insurable interests on the goods when they are being transported from the port of shipment to the port of destination.
一个。根据CIF合同，买方在货物从装运港运往目的港时对货物享有可保利益。
B. Under a CIF contract, the seller has insurable interests on the goods when they are being transported from the port of shipment to the port of destination.
B.根据CIF合同，当货物从装运港运往目的港时，卖方对货物享有可保利益。
C. Under a FOB contract, the buyer has no insurable interests on the goods when they are being transported from the seller’s warehouse to the port of shipment.
C. 根据FOB合同，当货物从卖方仓库运到装运港时，买方对货物没有可保利益。
D. Under a FOB contract, the seller has insurable interests on the goods when they are being transported from the port of shipment to the port of destination.
D. 根据FOB合同，卖方在货物从装运港运往目的港时对货物享有可保利益。
ACD
408. If the insurable value of the subject matter insured was not agreed upon between the insurer and the insured, the insurable value of the cargo shall be the aggregate of when the insurance liability commences.
408. 如果保险人和被保险人之间未就被保险标的物的可保价值达成一致，则货物的可保价值应为保险责任开始时的总和。
A. The invoice value of the cargo or the actual value of the non-trade commodity at the place of shipment.
一个。货物的发票价值或非贸易商品在装运地点的实际价值。
B. The cost which the seller pays to produce of manufacture the goods.
B.卖方为生产制造货物而支付的成本。
C. Freight.
C. 运费。
D. Insurance premium.
D.保险费。
ACD
410. Which statements with regard to the perils clause are correct?
410. 关于危险条款的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The perils clause covers the basic risks of an ocean voyage.
一个。危险条款涵盖了远洋航行的基本风险。
B. The perils clause covers all the risks of an ocean voyage.
B.危险条款涵盖远洋航行的所有风险。
C. Not every event that can damage goods is covered by the perils clause.
C. 并非所有可能损坏货物的事件都包含在危险条款中。
D. Only fortuitous losses are covered.
D. 仅承保偶然损失。
ACD
409 In marine insurance, perils are generally divided into two categories. They are:
409 在海上保险中，风险一般分为两类。他们是：
A. Perils of the sea.
A. 海洋的危险。
B. Natural calamities.
B. 自然灾害。
C. Fortuitous accidents.
C. 偶然事故。
D. Extraneous risks.
D. 外来风险。
AD
411. Marine insurance clauses may cover such different types of loss as:
411. 海上保险条款可涵盖以下不同类型的损失：
A. Total losses of all of a shipment.
A. 所有货物的总损失。
B. Total losses of part of a shipment.
B. 部分货物的总损失。
C. General average losses.
C. 共同海损损失。
D. Partial or particular average losses.
D. 部分或特定平均损失。
ABCD
ABCD公司
412. An actual total loss is a loss that occurs when the insured property:
412. 实际全损是指被保险财产在下列情况下发生的损失：
A. Is totally destroyed.
一个。被完全摧毁了。
B. Is damaged in such a way that it can be neither recovered nor repaired for further use.
B.损坏后，既无法恢复也无法修复以供进一步使用。
C. Could not be preserved or repaired without an expenditure which would exceed its value.
C. 如果支出超过其价值，则无法保存或修复。
D. Is irretrievably deprived out of its original usage.
D. 不可挽回地被剥夺了其原始用途。
ABD
413. It shall constitute an actual total loss after the occurrence of a peril insured against, if:
413. 在下列情况下，在被保险的危险发生后，应构成实际的全损：
A. The subject matter is lost.
一个。主题丢失了。
B. The subject matter is so seriously damaged that it is completely deprived of its original structure and usage
B.主题受到严重破坏，完全丧失了原有的结构和用途
C. The subject matter is so seriously damaged that the cost of repairs exceeds the value of the remainder.
C. 标的物损坏严重，维修费用超过其余部分的价值。
D. The insured is deprived of the possession
D. 被保险人被剥夺了占有
ABC
414. Which statements with regard to the abandonment are correct?
414. 关于遗弃的哪些说法是正确的？
A. The subject matter insured has become a constructive total loss.
一个。被保险标的物已成为推定全损。
B. If the insured demands indemnification on the basis of a total loss, he has to abandon the goods to the insurer.
B.如果被保险人要求赔偿全损，他必须将货物放弃给保险人。
C. The insurer must accept the abandonment.
C.保险人必须接受放弃。
D. Once the abandonment is accepted, all rights and obligations relating to the property abandoned are transferred to the insurer.
D. 一旦被遗弃，与遗弃财产有关的所有权利和义务都转移给保险人。
ABC
415. To claim general average, such elements must be satisfied:
415. 要申索共同海损，必须满足以下要素：
A. There must be a common danger.
一个。必须有一个共同的危险。
B. There must be a voluntary sacrifice.
B.必须有自愿的牺牲。
C. The attempt of the crew to avoid the imminent comment peril must be successful.
C.机组人员避免迫在眉睫的评论危险的尝试必须成功。
D. The carrier has no fault for the sacrifice.
D.承运人对牺牲没有过错。
ABC
417. In order to prove a general average claim, the claimant must show that:
417. 为了证明共同海损索赔，索赔人必须证明：
A. The ship, cargo, and crew were threatened by a common danger.
一个。这艘船、货物和船员都受到共同危险的威胁。
B. The danger was real and substantial.
B.危险是真实而巨大的。
C. The cargo or ship was voluntary sacrificed for the benefit of both.
C. 货物或船舶是自愿牺牲的，以谋取双方的利益。
D. Extraordinary expenses were incurred to avert a common peril.
D. 为避免共同危险而发生的特殊费用。
ABCD
ABCD公司
418. In order for “general average” to be properly declared, there must be:
418. 为了正确申报“共同海损”，必须具备以下条件：
A. An event which is beyond the shipowner’s control, with imperils the entire adventure.
一个。一个超出船东控制范围的事件，危及整个冒险。
B. A voluntary sacrifice.
B.自愿牺牲。
C. Something saved.
C. 保存了一些东西。
D. The crew has no fault.
D.船员没有过错。
ABC
416. Compared with particular average, general average has the following features:
416. 与特定海损相比，共同海损具有以下特点：
A. It is a partial loss of the goods or the vessel.
一个。这是货物或船只的部分损失。
B. It is directly caused by natural climate, accidental events or other external parents.
B.它是由自然气候、意外事件或其他外部父母直接引起的。
C. It is caused by the voluntary and intentional acts.
C.由自愿和故意行为引起。
D. The loss will be shared or contributed by other goods owners.
D. 损失将由其他货主分担或分担。
CD
420. Which kinds of loss are covered by Free From Particular Average?
420. 免除特定海损承保哪些种类的损失？
A. Total or Constructive Total Loss of the whole consignment caused by natural calamities.
A. 自然灾害造成的整批货物的全部或推定全部损失。
B. Total or Partial Loss caused by natural calamities.
B. 自然灾害造成的全部或部分损失。
C. Total or Partial Loss caused by accidents.
C. 事故造成的全部或部分损失。
D. Partial loss of the insured goods caused by natural calamities, where the conveyance has been grounded, stranded, sunk or burnt.
D. 因自然灾害造成的被保险货物部分损失，运输工具搁浅、搁浅、沉没或烧毁。
ACD
421. Which kinds of loss are covered by Free From Particular Average?
421. 免除特定海损承保哪些种类的损失？
A. Partial or total loss consequent on falling of entire package or packages into sea.
A. 整个包裹或多个包裹掉入海中造成的部分或全部损失。
B. Reasonable cost incurred by the insured on salvaging the goods, not exceed the sum insured of the consignment so saved.
B. 被保险人打捞货物的合理费用，不超过所保存的货物的保险金额。
C. Losses attributable to discharge of the insured goods at a port of distress following a sea peril.
C. 因被保险货物在海上危险后在遇险港卸货而造成的损失。
D. Sacrifice in and Contribution to General Average and Salvage Charges.
d. 共同海损和救助费的牺牲和贡献。
ABCD
ABCD公司
419. The Free From Particular Average insurance clause of PICC does NOT cover:
419. PICC的免特定平均保险条款不包括：
A. Particular average caused purely by natural calamity.
A.纯粹由自然灾害造成的特定平均值。
B. Total loss caused purely by natural calamity.
B. 纯粹由自然灾害造成的全部损失。
C. Total or partial loss caused by accidental events.
C. 意外事件造成的全部或部分损失。
D. Loss caused by external risks.
D.外部风险造成的损失。
AD
422. The With Average of Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance Clauses of PICC covers:
422. 中国人保公司的《海运货物保险平均数》条款包括：
A. General average.
A. 共同海损。
B. All particular average caused by external risks.
B.所有由外部风险引起的特定平均值。
C. Constructive total loss.
C. 推定全损。
D. Loss caused by theft.
D. 盗窃造成的损失。
AC
423. Which kinds of loss are covered by With Average?
423. With Average涵盖哪些类型的损失？
A. Total or Partial Loss caused by natural calamities
A. 自然灾害造成的全部或部分损失
B. Total or Partial Loss caused by accidents.
B. 事故造成的全部或部分损失。
C. Total or Partial Loss caused by theft.
C. 盗窃造成的全部或部分损失。
D. Sacrifice in and Contribution to General Average and Salvage Charges.
d. 共同海损和救助费的牺牲和贡献。
ABD
424. Usually, an “all risks” clause covers lots of losses except:
424. 通常，“所有风险”条款涵盖许多损失，但以下情况除外：
A. Damage from acts of war.
A. 战争行为造成的损害。
B. Damage or loss from delay in transit.
B. 运输延误造成的损坏或灭失。
C. Damage resulting from strike.
C. 罢工造成的损害。
D. Damage resulting from civil commotion.
D. 内乱造成的损害。
ABCD
ABCD公司
425. Which kinds of loss are covered by All Risks?
425. 全险保障哪些种类的损失？
A. Total or Partial Loss caused by natural calamities
A. 自然灾害造成的全部或部分损失
B. Total or Partial Loss caused by accidents.
B. 事故造成的全部或部分损失。
C. Total or Partial Loss caused by theft.
C. 盗窃造成的全部或部分损失。
D. Total or Partial Loss caused by war.
D. 战争造成的全部或部分损失。
ABC
426. The All Risks insurance clause of PICC does NOT cover:
426. 中国人保公司的所有险险条款不包括：
A. Particular average caused purely by natural calamity.
A.纯粹由自然灾害造成的特定平均值。
B. Loss caused by general external risks.
B. 一般外部风险造成的损失。
C. Loss caused by particular external risks.
C. 特定外部风险造成的损失。
D. Loss caused by special external risks.
D.特殊外部风险造成的损失。
CD
427. Which perils of sea are covered under Clause B of Institute Cargo Clause:
427. 协会货物条款B条款涵盖哪些海上危险：
A. Fire or explosion.
A. 火灾或爆炸。
B. Vessel or craft being stranded, grounded sunk or capsized.
B. 搁浅、搁浅、沉没或倾覆的船只或船只。
C. Earthquake and flood.
C. 地震和洪水。
D. Collision or contact of vessel.
D. 船舶碰撞或接触。
ABCD
ABCD公司
428. Partial Loss caused only by natural calamities is covered in those Insurance Condition of:
428. 仅由自然灾害造成的部分损失属于以下保险条件：
A. Free from Particular Average (F. P. A.)
A. 无特定平均值 （F. P. A.）
B. With Average (W. A.)
B.平均 （W. A.）
C. All Risks
C. 所有风险
D. All of above.
D. 以上所有。
BC
429. Partial Loss caused by accidents is covered in those Insurance Condition of:
429. 事故造成的部分损失由以下保险条件承保：
A. Free from Particular Average (F. P. A.)
A. 无特定平均值 （F. P. A.）
B. With Average (W. A.)
B.平均 （W. A.）
C. All Risks
C. 所有风险
D. All of above.
D. 以上所有。
ABCD
ABCD公司
430. Under the insurance clauses of PICC, in any event, the insurance does NOT cover loss or damage:
430. 根据中国人保的保险条款，在任何情况下，保险均不承保以下损失或损害：
A. Caused by the international act or fault of the insured.
A. 由被保险人的国际行为或过失造成的。
B. Falling under the liability of the consignor.
B. 属于发货人的责任。
C. Arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured goods prior to the attachment of this insurance.
C. 因投保货物在投保前质量低劣或短缺而产生。
D. Arising from normal loss, inherent vice or nature of the insured goods, loss of market and/or delay in transit and any expenses arising therefrom.
D. 因正常损失、被保险货物的固有缺陷或性质、市场损失和/或运输延误以及由此产生的任何费用而引起。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
432. If the parties state only that a contract is CIF and make no reference to insurance, the seller has no obligation to get a certificate of insurance.
432. 如果当事方仅声明合同是CIF，而没有提及保险，则卖方没有义务获得保险证书。
F
439. A shipper who desires additional coverage can purchase it from the insurer at an additional charge.
439. 希望获得额外保险的托运人可以向保险公司购买，但需支付额外费用。
T
374. If goods are sacrificed in the process of saving a ship from a substantial common danger, the owners of the goods are said to have incurred a particular average loss.
374. 如果在拯救船舶免遭重大共同危险的过程中牺牲了货物，则称货物所有人遭受了特定的平均损失。
F
375. The rule about general average in the Hague Rules permits a captain of a vessel to take timely action to avoid a disaster and claim average damages.
375. 《海牙规则》中关于共同海损的规则允许船长及时采取行动避免灾难并索赔平均损害赔偿。
F
433. A general average is a loss that results when extradition or expenses or losses are in cured in saving the vessel or its cargo from danger at sea.
433. 共同海损是指在为使船舶或其货物免遭海上危险而进行的引渡或费用或损失得到补救时造成的损失。
T
436. The principles of general average apply when a carrier incurs extraordinary expenses in rescuing, saving, or repairing an endangered ship.
436. 共同海损原则适用于承运人在救助、拯救或修理濒危船舶时产生非常费用的情况。
T
376. In order to recover for a general average claim, the claimant must prove that the ship was in imminent danger.
376. 为了就共同海损索赔获得赔偿，索赔人必须证明船舶处于迫在眉睫的危险之中。
F
434. Under the circumstance of general average, the risk of a disaster at sea is spread by making all parties to the voyage contribute to the loss incurred.
434. 在共同海损的情况下，海上发生灾难的风险是通过让航程各方对所发生的损失分担来分散的。
T
435. When fire threatens an entire ship and certain cargo is damaged by the water in putting the fire out, the owners of all of the cargo must contribute to the loss of the cargo that was damaged by the water.
435. 当火灾威胁到整艘船，并且某些货物在灭火时被水损坏时，所有货物的所有人必须对被水损坏的货物的损失作出赔偿。
T
373. If A's ocean cargo is thrown overboard in order to save a sinking ship and B's cargo is saved as a result, B must contribute to A for the loss.
373. 如果甲的远洋货物被扔到海里以拯救一艘沉船，而乙的货物因此被救助，乙必须向甲支付损失。
T
437. A policy that is "free of particular average" is one that will not cover any partial and average losses.
437. “不计入特定平均数”的保单是指不承保任何部分和平均损失的保单。
F
438. An insurance policy such as Free of Particular Average will not cover any potential losses.
438. 诸如“无特定海损”之类的保险单将不承保任何潜在的损失。
F
440. An “all risks” policy covers all risks except those specifically excluded in the policy.
440. “所有风险”保单涵盖除保单中明确排除的风险外的所有风险。
T
441. Only extra-ordinary risks of an ocean voyage are covered in the perils clause.
441. 危险条款只涵盖远洋航行的非常风险。
F
四、名词
443. Constructive total loss
443. 推定全损
Where an actual total loss is considered to be unavoidable after the cargo has suffered a peril insured against, or the expenses to be incurred for avoiding the total actual loss plus that for forwarding the cargo to its destination would exceed its insured value, it shall constitute a constructive total loss.
在货物遭受保险风险后，认为实际全损是不可避免的，或者为避免实际损失总额加上将货物运往目的地而产生的费用超过其保险价值的，应构成推定全损。
442. General average
442. 共同海损
General average means the extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the ship, goods or other property involved in a common maritime adventure. Loss or damage sustained by the ship or goods through delay, whether on the voyage or subsequently, shall not be admitted as general average.
共同海损是指为共同安全而故意和合理地做出或发生的非凡牺牲或支出，以保护共同海上冒险中涉及的船舶、货物或其他财产免受危险。船舶或货物因延误而遭受的灭失或损坏，无论是在航程中还是在航程后，均不计入共同海损。
五、翻译
444. Usually, marine insurance policies or cover several different types of losses: total losses, general average losses, and particular average losses. Total losses include actual total losses and constructive total losses. The former refers to the situations in which the goods are totally lost or due to the damage to them failing to serve their intended purpose. The latter refers to the circumstances under which the repairing costs for the damaged goods plus extra freights will possibly exceed the value of the goods themselves. General average is a loss that results when extraordinary expenses or losses are incurred in saving the vessel or its cargo from danger at sea. Everyone of an interest in the ship and the cargo benefits from the general average. Each must then contribute in proportion to the value of their interests, to restoring the party who suffered the loss or damage or who incurred the expense. Although total losses and general average losses are ordinarily covered by the insurance police, many insurance policies limit the insurer’s liability for particular average losses.
444. 通常，海上保险单承保几种不同类型的损失：总损失、共同海损损失和特定平均损失。总损失包括实际总损失和推定总损失。前者是指货物完全灭失或由于货物损坏而无法达到预期目的的情况。后者是指损坏货物的修理费用加上额外运费可能超过货物本身价值的情况。共同海损是指在海上拯救船舶或其货物免遭危险时发生特殊费用或损失时产生的损失。每个对船舶和货物感兴趣的人都受益于共同海损。然后，每一方必须按其利益价值的比例作出贡献，以恢复遭受损失或损害或承担费用的一方。虽然总损失和共同海损通常由保险警察承保，但许多保险单限制了保险公司对特定平均损失的责任。
445. The Chinese buyer concluded an FOB contract with the English seller to import 1000 tons of fertilizer. Before shipment of the goods, the Chinese buyer contracted with PICC Shanghai Branch for insurance against All Risks under “warehouse to warehouse” clause. When the goods were transported from the seller’s warehouse to the shipment port, a lorry of fertilizer (50 tons) was damaged due to a traffic accident resulted from the thunder storm and heavy rain. Then in the Mediterranean, the vessel caught on fire because of thunder shock, 50 tons of fertilizer were burnt. When passing through the Suez Canal, the vessel ran on rocks and got stranded, the master of the vessel ordered to dump 100 tons of fertilizer into the sea. When the vessel arrived at Shanghai Port, it was discovered that the remaining fertilizer was totally damaged because of leakage of the roof of the ship-hold. Shall the PICC compensate the buyer for these losers? State your reasons.
445. 中国买方与英国卖方签订了进口1000吨化肥的FOB合同。在货物装运前，中国买方与中国人保上海分公司签订了“仓库到仓库”条款下的所有风险保险合同。当货物从卖方仓库运到装运港时，一卡车化肥（50吨）因雷暴和大雨造成的交通事故而受损。然后在地中海，这艘船因雷击而起火，50吨化肥被烧毁。在通过苏伊士运河时，该船在岩石上行驶并搁浅，船长下令将100吨化肥倾倒入海中。当船舶抵达上海港时，发现剩余的化肥因船舱顶漏水而完全损坏。中国人保公司是否应就这些损失赔偿买方？说明你的理由。
446. The shipper concluded a contract with the carrier to carry 10000 cartons of candles from Shanghai to Port of Kuwait. Because candles will deform under hand temperature, the shipper told the carrier to keep the ship-holds under 40℃. After loading the candles on board the vessel, the carrier issued a clean bill of lading to the shipper. During the voyage, the vessel first caught on fire because of thunder shock in Taiwan Straits and 1000 cartons of candles were burnt. Then in South China Sea, the vessel struck a rock and stranded, the captain ordered to dump 1000 cartons of candles into the sea in order to get the vessel afloat. While the vessel reached the Persian Gulf, it encountered a group of pirates and 2000 cartons of candles were robbed away by the pirates. When the vessel arrived at Port of Kuwait, the consignee found that all the remaining candles were deformed or melted because of high temperature in the ship-holds. Are these losses particular average or general average? Please state your reasons.
446. 托运人与承运人签订了一份合同，将10 000箱蜡烛从上海运往科威特港。由于蜡烛在手部温度下会变形，托运人告诉承运人将货舱保持在 40°C 以下。将蜡烛装上船后，承运人向托运人签发了干净的提单。在航行过程中，该船因台湾海峡雷震而起火，1000箱蜡烛被烧毁。然后在南中国海，这艘船撞上了一块岩石并搁浅了，船长下令将 1000 箱蜡烛倾倒入海中，以便让船只漂浮起来。当这艘船到达波斯湾时，它遇到了一群海盗，2000箱蜡烛被海盗抢走了。当船舶抵达科威特港时，收货人发现所有剩余的蜡烛都因船舱内高温而变形或熔化。这些损失是特别平均的还是共同的？请说明您的理由。
第五章 国际贸易支付
第一节 支付票据
一、单选
454. With which kind of payment terms can the exporter avoid credit risk?
454. 出口商可以通过哪种付款条件来避免信用风险？
A. Cash-in-advance.
A. 预付现金。
B. Documentary collections.
B. 纪录片集。
C. Documentary letters of credit.
C. 跟单信用证。
D. Bank transfer.
D. 银行转账。
A
447. The financial document most frequently used in international trade is:
447. 国际贸易中最常用的财务文件是：
A. Bill of exchange.
A. 汇票。
B. Letter of credit.
B. 信用证。
C. Promissory note.
C. 本票。
D. Bill of lading.
D. 提单。
A
449. The person to whom the bill of exchange is addressed or on whom the bill is drawn is:
449. 汇票的收件人或汇票的收款人是：
A. The drawer.
A. 抽屉。
B. The drawee.
B. 受票人。
C. The payer.
C. 付款人。
D. The payee.
D. 收款人。
B
448. Order bill of exchange is negotiated by:
448. 订单汇票的议付方式为：
A. Issue and endorsement.
A. 发行和背书。
B. Endorsement and delivery.
B. 背书和交付。
C. Issue and delivery.
C. 签发和交付。
D. Presentation and delivery.
D. 介绍和交付。
B
450. An endorsement by the payee or the holder which does not contain any additional notation (thus purporting to make the bill of exchange payable to the bearer) is a(n) endorsement.
450. 收款人或持票人的背书，如不包含任何附加注释（因此旨在使汇票支付给持票人），即为（n）背书。
A. Special.
A. 特别。
B. Blank.
B. 空白。
C. Restrictive.
C. 限制性。
D. Unconditional.
D. 无条件。
B
451. Because importers and exporters assume different risks, the most preferred way to conduct business and minimize these risks is:
451. 由于进口商和出口商承担的风险不同，开展业务并将这些风险降至最低的最优选方法是：
A. Cash in advance.
A. 提前兑现。
B. Open account.
B. 开立账户。
C. Documentary sale.
C. 单据销售。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
C
452. The title of the goods sold in a documentary sale is transferred through:
452. 跟单销售中出售的货物的所有权通过以下方式转移：
A. Negotiation of the document only.
A. 仅就文件进行谈判。
B. Delivery of the goods only.
B. 仅交付货物。
C. Negotiation of the document and delivery of the goods.
C. 文件谈判和货物交付。
D. Title to the goods is not transferred in a documentary sale.
D. 货物的所有权不会在跟单销售中转移。
A
453. In a global trade transaction, Dicky ships goods under a clean bill of lading and submits all the necessary documents under a documentary letter of credit to the buyer Joe to his bank. While on traveling to Türkiye in the Mediterranean Sea sinks. Is Dicky entitled to receive payment despite the loss of the cargo?
453. 在一项全球贸易交易中，Dicky以干净的提单装运货物，并以跟单信用证的形式向买方Joe提交所有必要的文件。在前往地中海的土耳其时，沉没了。尽管货物丢失，Dicky是否有权获得付款？
A. As long as all necessary documents are in order when submitted
一个。只要提交时所有必要的文件都井井有条
B. Dicky absorbs the risk of loss
B. Dicky 承担损失风险
C. Carrier is liable for the loss
C. 承运商对损失承担责任
D. None of the above.
D. 以上都不是。
A
二、多选
455. The bills of exchange containing any of the following statements are deemed to be invalid:
455. 载有下列任何一项声明的汇票被视为无效：
A. “ABC Corporation promises to pay $10000 to the order of Johnson provided the helicopter sold meet all contractual specifications.”
答：“ABC公司承诺向约翰逊的订单支付10000美元，前提是出售的直升机符合所有合同规格。
B. “Payable to the order of Jackson, six months after the death of Hamilton.”
B. “在汉密尔顿去世六个月后支付给杰克逊的命令。”
C. “I wish you would pay to the order of Smith $500 on October 20.”
C.“我希望你能在10月20日向史密斯支付500美元。
D. “Pay to the order of Jackson $1000, 120 days after date.”
D. “在日期后 1000 天向杰克逊支付 120 美元。”
ABC
456. The date of payment of an instrument may be specified:
456. 票据的付款日期可具体规定：
A. Payable at sight.
A. 即期支付。
B. Payable at a fixed date.
B. 在固定日期支付。
C. Payable at a fixed period after the date of issue.
C. 在发行日期后的固定期限内支付。
D. Payable at a fixed period after sight.
D. 在即期后固定期限内支付。
ABCD
ABCD公司
457. Among the following statement concerning the recourse right of the holder of a bill of exchange, which ones are correct?
457. 在下列关于汇票持有人追索权的陈述中，哪些是正确的？
A. In case of dishonor, the holder has the right of recourse against the drawer, acceptor, guarantor and all endorsers prior to him.
一个。在不兑现的情况下，持票人有权向出票人、承兑人、担保人和所有背书人追索。
B. Where the holder is the drawer, he has no right of recourse against the parties prior to him.
B.如果持票人是出票人，则他无权对之前的当事人追索。
C. Where the holder is an endorser, he has no right of recourse against the endorsers after him.
C. 持有人是背书人的，无权追索其之后的背书人。
D. The drawer, endorser(s), acceptor and guarantor are jointly and severally liable to the holder.
四、出票人、背书人、承兑人、保证人对持票人负有连带责任。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
458. In an international transaction, the seller’s risk is called "credit risk" and the buyer's risk is called "delivery risk."
458. 在国际交易中，卖方的风险称为“信用风险”，买方的风险称为“交货风险”。
T
459. Most buyers in an international sale are now willing to pay cash in advance in order to reduce credit risk.
459. 现在，大多数国际销售的买家都愿意提前支付现金，以降低信贷风险。
F
460. Negotiable instruments are unconditional promises to pay.
460. 流通票据是无条件的付款承诺。
T
461. In a documentary sales transaction, financial responsibility for lost or damaged goods is always negotiated once the loss or damage occurs and not before.
461. 在跟单销售交易中，对丢失或损坏货物的财务责任总是在灭失或损坏发生后协商，而不是在发生之前。
F
四、名词
462. Bill of exchange
462. 汇票
A bill of exchange is a written order made by the drawer to the drawee directing the latter to pay the specified sum of money to the payee to his order on demand or at a special future date.
汇票是出票人向受票人发出的书面命令，指示受票人按要求或在未来的特殊日期向收款人支付指定金额的款项。
第二节 信用证
一、单选
474. is a set of standardized rules for issuing and handing letters of credit.
474. 是一套开具和处理信用证的标准化规则。
A. INCOTERMS
A. 国际贸易术语解释通则
B. URC522
B. URC522型
C. UCP600
C. UCP600型
D. CISG
D. 《销售公约》
C
465. Which international payment method involves the banks and the banks guarantees the payment of the contract price only if the seller presents complying documents?
465. 哪种国际付款方式涉及银行，而银行只有在卖方出示合规文件的情况下才能保证支付合同价款？
A. Remittance.
A. 汇款。
B. Collection.
B. 收集。
C. Letter of credit.
C. 信用证。
D. Factor.
D. 因素。
C
466. Which statement about letter of correct of credit is NOT correct?
466. 关于信用证正确的陈述是错误的？
A. A letter of credit is a written document opened by the issuing bank upon the application of the buyer.
一个。信用证是开证行根据买方的申请开立的书面文件。
B. A letter of credit commits to pay the specified sum of money unconditionally by the application to the beneficiary.
B.信用证承诺通过向受益人申请无条件支付指定金额。
C. The issuing bank under a letter of credit is placed at the position of the first payer.
C. 信用证下的开证行处于第一付款人的位置。
D. The only condition for the issuing bank to pay the beneficiary is that the beneficiary presents documents complying with the terms of the letter of credit.
D. 开证行向受益人付款的唯一条件是受益人出示符合信用证条款的文件。
B
467. Among the following statements concerning a letter of credit, which one is NOT correct?
467. 在以下关于信用证的陈述中，哪一项不正确？
A. A letter of credit is a written commitment made by the issuing bank to pay the specified sum of money unconditionally to the beneficiary.
一个。信用证是开证行无条件向受益人支付指定金额的书面承诺。
B. Under a letter of credit, the issuing bank is the first player.
B.根据信用证，开证行是第一个参与者。
C. A letter of credit is based upon the issuing bank’s creditworthiness.
C. 信用证以开证行的信誉为依据。
D. The issuing bank may refuse the payment if it is not paid by the applicant.
D. 如果申请人未付款，开证行可以拒绝付款。
D
469. A letter of credit allows the seller to obtain a part of advance payment before he presents of the required documents, or even before he shipped the goods.
469. 信用证允许卖方在出示所需单据之前，甚至在装运货物之前获得部分预付款。
A. Clean.
A. 清洁。
B. Confirmed.
B. 已确认。
C. Irrevocable.
C. 不可撤销。
D. Red clause.
D. 红色子句。
D
470. Only one advising bank or nominated bank can purchase the bill of exchange from the beneficiary in the case of a(n) letter of credit.
470. 在信用证的情况下，只有一家通知银行或指定银行可以从受益人处购买汇票。
A. Restricted.
A. 受限。
B. Confirmed.
B. 已确认。
C. Negotiable.
C. 面议。
D. Reciprocal.
D. 互惠。
A
471. Unless otherwise provided in UCP600，a credit can neither be amended nor cancelled without the agreement of:
471. 除非UCP600另有规定，否则未经下列各方同意，不得修改或取消抵免：
A. The issuing bank.
一个。开证行。
B. The confirming bank (if any).
B.保兑行（如有）。
C. The beneficiary.
C. 受益人。
D. All of them.
D. 全部。
D
472. If any changes or cancellation of the letter of credit must be authenticated and approved by the beneficiary, it is:
472. 如果信用证的任何变更或注销必须得到受益人的认证和批准，则为：
A. An irrevocable letter of credit.
一个。不可撤销的信用证。
B. A revocable letter of credit.
B.可撤销信用证。
C. A transferable letter of credit.
C. 可转让信用证。
D. An untransferable letter of credit.
D. 不可转让的信用证。
A
473. Under UCP 600, a letter of credit can NOT be:
473. 根据UCP 600，信用证不能是：
A. Revocable.
A. 可撤销。
B. Irrevocable.
B. 不可撤销。
C. Transferable.
C. 可转让。
D. Confirmed.
D. 确认。
A
475. The issuing bank has obligations to:
475. 开证行有义务：
A. Check the quality of the goods.
A.检查货物的质量。
B. Investigate rumors about the goods.
B.调查有关货物的谣言。
C. Examine documents called for in the letter of credit.
C. 审查信用证要求的文件。
D. Check the condition of the goods
D.检查货物状况
C
468. Which one is NOT an undertaking or duty of the issuing bank of a letter of credit?
468. 哪一项不是信用证开证行的承诺或责任？
A. To honour the beneficiary.
一个。向受益人致敬。
B. To reimburse the negotiating bank or nominated bank who has effected the payment.
B.向已付款的议付银行或指定银行偿还款项。
C. To examine the documents presented to it.
C. 审查提交给它的文件。
D. To guarantee the genuineness of the documents presented to it.
D. 保证提交给它的文件的真实性。
D
478. In which circumstance as following, the issuing bank should NOT honor the beneficiary’s draft?
478. 在下列哪种情况下，开证行不应兑现受益人的汇票？
A. The goods had gone to the bottom of the ocean during their voyage.
一个。这些货物在航行过程中沉入海底。
B. The goods inside the container are not even close to what the buyer ordered.
B.集装箱内的货物甚至与买家订购的货物不相上下。
C. The quantity or condition of the goods doesn't conform to the sales contract.
C.货物的数量或状况与销售合同不符。
D. The documents are not in apparent good order, appear invalid on the face or don't correspond to the terms of the letter of credit.
D. 文件明显不完整，表面上看起来无效或与信用证的条款不符。
D
463. Which document specify whether the issuing bank will pay sight drafts or accept time drafts presented by the beneficiary?
463. 哪份文件规定开证行是支付即期汇票还是接受受益人开具的即期汇票？
A. The sales contract.
一个。销售合同。
B. The bills of lading.
B.提单。
C. The letters of credit.
C. 信用证。
D. The invoice.
D. 发票。
C
476. Under UCP600, “negotiation” means:
476. 根据UCP600，“谈判”是指：
A. To pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.
一个。如果信用额度可通过即期付款获得，则即期付款。
B. To incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.
B.承担延期付款承诺，并在到期时付款（如果通过延期付款获得信贷）。
C. To accept a bill of exchange (“draft”) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.
C. 接受受益人开出的汇票（“汇票”），并在到期时付款（如果信用可以通过承兑获得）。
D. To purchase drafts and/or documents under a complying presentation by the nominated bank.
D. 根据指定银行的合规陈述购买汇票和/或文件。
D
477. Under UCP600, "complying" means that data in a document must __ ___ data in that document, any other stipulated document or the credit.
477. 根据UCP600，“遵守”是指单据中的数据必须__ _ 该单据、任何其他规定的单据或信用中的数据。
A. Be identical to
A. 与
B. Not conflict with
B.不冲突
C. Be equal to
C. 等于
D. Be the same as
D. 相同
B
464. Letter of credit is a separate contract between:
464. 信用证是下列机构之间的单独合同：
A. The issuing bank and the account party.
一个。开证行和账户方。
B. The account party and the beneficiary.
B.账户方和收款人。
C. The issuing bank and the beneficiary.
C. 开证行和受益人。
D. The negotiating bank and the issuing bank.
D. 议付行和开证行。
A
479. Under UCP600, the bank is entitled to apply the so-called rule of in determining whether the documents submitted by the beneficiary are in order on their face.
479. 根据UCP600，银行有权适用所谓的规则，以确定受益人提交的文件是否符合其表面。
A. Good faith.
A. 诚信。
B. Due diligence.
B. 尽职调查。
C. Independence.
C. 独立性。
D. Strict compliance.
D.严格遵守。
D
480. Under UCP600，the issuing bank shall have a maximum of banking days following the day of presentation to determine if a presentation is complying.
480. 根据UCP600，开证行在提交日期后最多应有银行工作日，以确定提交是否符合规定。
A. 15
答 15
B. 10
C. 7
D. 5
D
481. The chief reason for the more frauds in letter of credit transaction is:
481. 信用证交易中欺诈行为较多的主要原因是：
A. The independence principle.
一个。独立性原则。
B. The rule of strict compliance.
B.严格遵守的规则。
C. The doctrine of fraud exception.
C. 欺诈例外原则。
D. The distance between issuing bank and beneficiary.
D.开证行与收款人之间的距离。
A
482. The UCP600 does NOT:
482. UCP600 不：
A. Establish the legal format of letters of credit.
A. 确立信用证的法律格式。
B. Set up rules by which banks process letters of credit transactions.
B. 制定银行处理信用证交易的规则。
C. Define the rights and responsibilities of all the parties to the credit.
C. 界定信贷各方的权利和责任。
D. Protect parties against frauds on letters of credit.
D. 保护当事人免遭信用证欺诈。
D
二、多选
483. A letter of credit has the following legal features:
483. 信用证具有下列法律特征：
A. It’s based upon the issuing bank’s creditworthiness.
一个。它基于开证行的信誉。
B. It is independent from the underlying contracts.
B.它独立于基础合约。
C. The banks involved in a letter of credit deal with only documents.
C. 信用证涉及的银行只处理单据。
D. The documents tendered by the beneficiary must comply with the requirements of the letter of credit.
D. 受益人提交的文件必须符合信用证的要求。
ABCD
ABCD公司
489. Which statements about UCP600 are correct?
489. 关于UCP600的哪些说法是正确的？
A. It was drafted and published by ICC.
一个。它由ICC起草和出版。
B. It establishes the legal format of letters of credit.
B.它确立了信用证的法律格式。
C. It sets out the rules by which banks processes letter of credit transactions.
C. 它规定了银行处理信用证交易的规则。
D. It defines the rights and responsibilities of all parties to the credit.
D. 它界定了信贷各方的权利和责任。
ABCD
ABCD公司
484. With regard to a sales transaction paying with letters of credit, which statements are correct?
484. 关于用信用证付款的销售交易，哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The buyer is the applicant party.
一个。买方是申请人。
B. The seller is the beneficiary.
B.卖方是受益人。
C. The buyer’s bank is the issuing bank.
C. 买方银行是开证行。
D. The seller’s bank is the confirming bank.
D.卖方银行为保兑行。
ABC
486. Which statements with regard to letters of credit are correct?
486. 关于信用证的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The buyer should pay the bank to render a letter of credit service.
一个。买方应向银行付款以提供信用证服务。
B. A letter of credit is useful because the credit of a foreign buyer is reliable.
B.信用证很有用，因为外国买家的信用是可靠的。
C. A letter of credit is useful because the credit of a foreign buyer’s bank is reliable.
C. 信用证很有用，因为外国买方银行的信用是可靠的。
D. A letter of credit can protect the buyer because no payment obligation arises until the goods have been shipped or delivered as promised.
D. 信用证可以保护买方，因为在货物按承诺装运或交付之前，不会产生付款义务。
ACD
487. Which statements with regard to negotiation in a letter of credit transaction are correct?
487. 关于信用证交易中议价的哪些说法是正确的？
A. If the issuing bank didn't nominate a negotiation bank, the documents may be negotiated through the advising bank or another bank of the seller's choice.
一个。如果开证行未指定议付行，则可以通过通知行或卖方选择的另一家银行议付文件。
B. If no time period is specified, the seller can present the shipping documents to banks within 21 days of shipment.
B.如果没有指定时间段，卖方可以在发货后 21 天内向银行出示发货单据。
C. If the issuing bank decides to reject the shipping documents, it must notify the negotiation bank within seven banking days.
C. 如果开证行决定拒绝装运单据，则必须在七个银行工作日内通知议付银行。
D. If the issuing bank had paid the draft, it can negotiate the shipping documents to the buyer.
D. 如果开证行已经支付了汇票，它可以与买方协商装运单据。
ACD
488. In a letter of credit transaction, “Honour” means:
488. 在信用证交易中，“信用证”是指：
A. to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.
A. 如果信用额度可以通过即期付款获得，则即期付款。
B. to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.
B. 承担延期付款承诺，并在到期时付款，如果通过延期付款获得信贷。
C. to accept a bill of exchange (“draft”) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.
C. 接受受益人开出的汇票（“汇票”），并在到期时付款（如果信用可以通过承兑获得）。
D. the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts and/or documents under a complying presentation.
D. 指定银行根据合规的列报购买汇票和/或文件。
ABC
490. Which statements are correct under UCP600?
490. UCP600下哪些陈述是正确的？
A. A credit is irrevocable even if there is no indication to that effect.
一个。即使没有迹象表明这一点，信用也是不可撤销的。
B. A credit is transferable even if there is no indication to that effect.
B.即使没有这方面的指示，信贷也是可以转让的。
C. A credit by its nature is a separate transaction from the sale or other contract on which it may be based.
C. 信贷就其性质而言，是与销售合同或可能依据的其他合同分开的交易。
D. Banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or performance to which the documents may relate.
D. 银行处理的是单证，而不是单据可能涉及的货物、服务或履约。
ACD
491. Under UCP600, if a credit contains a condition without stipulating the document to indicate compliance with the condition,
491. 根据UCP600，如果信贷包含一项条件，但没有规定文件表明符合该条件，
A. The presenter may present any document if its content appears to fulfil the condition.
一个。如果任何文件的内容似乎符合条件，则演示者可以出示任何文件。
B. Banks will inform the applicant to stipulate the document.
B. 银行将通知申请人规定文件。
C. Banks will deem such condition as not stated.
C. 银行将认为该条件未说明。
D. Banks will disregard such condition.
D. 银行将无视此类条件。
CD
492. When the documents indicates that it has been issued in more than one original, the presenter shall present:
492. 当文件表明文件以不止一份原件印发时，提交者应出示：
A. At least one original transport document and at least one original insurance document.
一个。至少一份运输单据原件和至少一份保险单据原件。
B. At least one original transport document and all the original insurance documents.
B.至少一份运输单证原件和所有保险单据原件。
C. All the original transport documents and at least one original insurance document.
C. 所有运输单证原件和至少一份保险单据原件。
D. The full set transport documents as indicated and all the original insurance documents.
D. 所示的全套运输单据和所有原始保险单据。
BD
493. Under UCP600，if there is no indication in the credit of the insurance coverage required, how to determine the amount of insurance coverage?
493. 根据UCP600，如果信用中没有注明所需的保险范围，如何确定保险金额？
A. It must be at least 110% of the CIF value of the goods, when the CIF value can be determined from the documents.
一个。它必须至少是货物到岸价价值的 110%，当可以从单据中确定 CIF 值时。
B. It must be at least 110% of the CIP value of the goods, when the CIP value can be determined from the documents.
B.当可以从单据中确定 CIP 值时，它必须至少是货物 CIP 值的 110%。
C. It must be the amount for which honour or negotiation is requested or the gross value of the goods as shown on the invoice, whichever is greater, when the CIF or CIP value cannot be determined from the documents.
C. 当无法从单据中确定 CIF 或 CIP 价值时，它必须是要求兑现或谈判的金额或发票上显示的货物总价值，以较大者为准。
D. It must be the amount for which honour or negotiation is requested or the gross value of the goods as shown on the invoice, whichever is lower, when the CIF or CIP value cannot be determined from the documents.
D. 当无法从单据中确定CIF或CIP价值时，它必须是要求兑现或谈判的金额或发票上显示的货物总价值，以较低者为准。
ABC
494. Under UCP600, the principles of the letter of credit include:
494. 根据UCP600，信用证的原则包括：
A. The principle of independence.
一个。独立原则。
B. The principle of self-evidence.
B.自证原则。
C. The principle of abstraction.
C.抽象原则。
D. The principle of strict compliance.
D.严格遵守的原则。
ACD
485. A sales transaction with the payment method of letters of credit involves such separate and independent relationships as:
485. 以信用证付款方式进行的销售交易涉及以下单独和独立的关系：
A. An underlying contract for sale of goods between buyer and seller.
一个。买卖双方之间的基础货物销售合同。
B. An agreement between the issuing bank and the buyer in which the bank undertakes to issue a letter of credit.
B.开证行与买方之间的协议，银行承诺开具信用证。
C. A promise made by the issuing bank to pay the seller provided that certain documents confirm with the terms and conditions of the credit.
C. 开证行向卖方付款的承诺，条件是某些文件与信贷的条款和条件相确认。
D. The cooperative relation between the negotiation bank and the issuing bank.
D.议价行与开证行的合作关系。
ABC
三、判断
495. Letters of credit are one of the most secure instruments available to international traders.
495. 信用证是国际贸易商可利用的最安全的工具之一。
T
496. A letter of credit is a commitment by a bank on behalf of the buyer that payment will be made to the exporter, provided that the terms and conditions stated in the letter of credit have been met as verified through the presentation of all required documents.
496. 信用证是银行代表买方向出口商付款的承诺，条件是信用证中规定的条款和条件已通过出示所有必需的文件得到验证。
T
519. The documentary letter of credit transaction serves as a means to assure the buyer and seller that the transaction is secured.
519. 跟单信用证交易是向买卖双方保证交易是有担保的一种手段。
T
501. The application for the letter of credit forms a contract between the buyer and its bank.
501. 信用证的申请构成买方与其银行之间的合同。
T
499. A beneficiary can in no case avail himself of the contractual relationships existing between the banks or between the application (account party) and the issuing bank.
499. 在任何情况下，受益人都不能利用银行之间或申请方（账户方）与开证行之间存在的合同关系。
T
497. In a letter of credit transaction, the issuing bank’s payment obligation to the beneficiary is primary, direct, and complete independence of any claims which may arise in the underlying sale of goods transaction.
497. 在信用证交易中，开证行对受益人的付款义务是主要的、直接的和完全独立的，独立于基础货物销售交易中可能产生的任何债权。
T
502. According to UCP600, a credit is irrevocable even if there is no indication to that effect.
502. 根据UCP600，即使没有迹象表明，信贷也是不可撤销的。
T
500. Unless the letter of credit states otherwise, the issuing bank is permitted to honor drafts on partial shipments.
500. 除非信用证另有规定，开证行可以兑现分批装运的汇票。
T
504. Branches of a bank in different countries are considered to be separate banks.
504. 银行在不同国家的分行被视为独立的银行。
T
503. If the issuing bank pays against documents that contain a discrepancy, then the bank cannot seek reimbursement from the account party.
503. 如果开证行支付的单据存在差异，则银行不能向账户方要求偿还。
T
5. According to UCP600, an issuing bank or advising bank assumes no liability or responsibility should the instructions it transmits to another bank not be carried out even if it has taken the initiative in the choice of that other bank.
5. 根据UCP600，开证行或通知行如果向另一家银行发出的指示没有得到执行，即使它主动选择了另一家银行，也不承担任何责任或义务。
T
498. The letter of credit is separate from the underlying contract between buyer and seller on which it is based.
498. 信用证与信用证所依据的买卖双方之间的基础合同是分开的。
T
506. Standby letters of credit are popularly used in the United Kingdom, while independent guarantees are commonly used in other countries.
506. 备用信用证在联合王国普遍使用，而独立担保在其他国家则普遍使用。
F
五、名词
507. Letter of credit
507. 信用证
The letter of credit is defined as a contact-conditional undertaking by a bank, issued in accordance with the instructions of the applicant, in favor of the beneficiary wherein the bank promises to pay, accept, or negotiate negotiated the beneficiary’s draft up to the amount of the contract price within the prescribed time limit, upon the beneficiary’s presentation of stipulated documents.
信用证被定义为银行根据申请人的指示签发的有利于受益人的有条件联系的承诺，其中银行承诺在受益人出示规定的文件后，在规定的时限内支付、接受或协商议定受益人的汇票，最高可达合同价格的金额。
Credit means any arrangement, however named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honour a complying presentation.
信贷是指任何不可撤销的安排，无论其名称或描述如何，从而构成开证行履行合规陈述的明确承诺。
五、翻译
508. Across the world the UCP (the most update version is UCP600) is the most prominent governing rules for letters of credit transactions. Courts in most countries rely on the UCP to interpret the rights of the parties to a letter of credit. Under the principle of independence, a letter of credit transaction is separated from the underlying sales transactions between the seller and the buyer. The issuing bank, the confirming bank or a nominated bank shall not invoke any of the defenses arising from the underlying sales contract to delay or refuse to pay. However, after the examination of documents presented by the seller within five banking days, the bank may duly dishonor the payment where a discrepancy has been found and a notice has been made following the procedures of UCP 600. Standby letters of credit, although mainly governed by the same rules as the documentary letter of credit, are substantially different schemes. Standby letters of credit are guarantees of the seller’s performance to the buyer. The buyer is the beneficiary and the beneficiary is entitled to payment upon presentation of a signed statement by the beneficiary that the seller has not performed his obligations under the contract.
508. 在世界范围内，UCP（最新版本是UCP600）是信用证交易最突出的管理规则。大多数国家的法院都依靠UCP来解释信用证当事人的权利。根据独立性原则，信用证交易与买卖双方之间的基础销售交易是分开的。开证行、保兑行或指定银行不得援引基础销售合同产生的任何抗辩来延迟或拒绝付款。但是，在五个银行工作日内检查卖方提交的文件后，如果发现有差异并按照 UCP 600 的程序发出通知，银行可以适当地拒付付款。备用信用证虽然主要受与跟单信用证相同的规则管辖，但制度却大不相同。备用信用证是卖方对买方履约的保证。买方是受益人，受益人有权在受益人出示卖方未履行合同义务的签署声明后获得付款。
六、案例
238. Company A and Company B, companies established in countries A and B respectively, signed a contract in January 2002. The contract provided that Company A would sell and Company B would buy 5000 tons of products. The price and other terms were agreed upon by the parties and the goods were to be shipped in 5 installments from May 1, 2002 to June 10, with 2 weeks interval and 1000 tons for each shipment. It was provided that the payment will be in 5 separate L/C, each time matching the shipment. It was also provided that the buyer would pay for a shipment after inspection that the goods met the quality standard of the contract.
238. A公司和B公司分别在A国和B国成立，于2002年1月签订了合同。合同规定，A公司销售，B公司购买5000吨产品。双方商定了价格和其他条款，货物将于2002年5月1日至6月10日分5期装运，间隔2周，每次装运1000吨。规定付款将采用5个单独的信用证，每次都与货物相匹配。还规定，买方将在检查货物符合合同的质量标准后支付装运费用。
Two shipments were accepted without any problem. When inspecting the third shipment, Company B found that the about 40% of the packaging of the goods were seriously broken. The L/C for the second shipment was already issued but Company B learned that the negotiating bank had not paid Company A. Company B asked the bank to stop payment and asked Company A to enter into negotiation.
两批货物被接受，没有任何问题。在检查第三批货物时，B公司发现货物约40%的包装严重破损。第二批货物的信用证已经开立，但B公司得知谈判行没有向A公司付款，B公司要求银行停止付款，并要求A公司进行谈判。
Company B asked Company A to reduce the price of the goods. Company A argued that the broken packages did not affect the quality of the goods and refused to reduce the price. Company B declared that the contract was terminated because Company A breached the contract. Company A insisted that it did not breach the contract and the contract should be performed in full. Country A and Country B are both the member of the CISG.
B公司要求A公司降低货价。A公司辩称，破损的包装不影响货物质量，拒绝降价。B公司声明，因A公司违约而终止合同。A公司坚持不履行合同，应当全部履行合同。A国和B国都是《销售公约》的成员。
Does CISG apply to this case? Why?
《销售公约》是否适用于本案？为什么？
Should the bank stop payment of the second L/C? Why?
银行是否应该停止支付第二笔信用证？为什么？
Should Company B issue the third L/C for the third shipment? Why?
B公司是否应该为第三批货物开具第三份信用证？为什么？
Was Company B correct in what it did for the third shipment of the goods? What should Company B have done?
B公司对第三批货物的做法是否正确？B公司应该怎么做？
What can Company A do facing this situation?
面对这种情况，A公司可以做些什么？
242. A contract for sale of Christmas tree lights was established in which a letter of credit was used. The credit required the seller to produce a certificate of inspection, along with other documents. This was done and the issuing bank paid against them. The bank then sought reimbursement but the buyer refused, contending that there should have been an inspection to make sure that the lights were working. It should be noted that the certificate of electrical inspection was required by the contract, but not specified in the letter of credit. Can the banks seek reimbursement from the buyer? How to solve the problem between the seller and buyer.
242. 签订了使用信用证的圣诞树灯销售合同。信贷要求卖方出示检验证书以及其他文件。这样做了，开证行向他们付款。银行随后要求赔偿，但买家拒绝了，认为应该进行检查以确保灯正常工作。应该指出的是，电气检查证书是合同要求的，但信用证中没有规定。银行可以向买方索偿吗？如何解决买卖双方之间的问题。
509. A has signed a contract to buy 10,000 “new coffee percolators in the manufacturer’s original packaging, with standard manufacturer’s warranty,” form B. B agrees to ship the percolators CIF, and A agrees to, make payment by means of an irrevocable letter of credit. A contracted C Bank, with issues a letter of credit promising to pay a bill of exchange issued by and payable to B when it is accompanied by an invoice and a clean, on board bill of lading for “10000 new coffee percolators in the manufacturer’s original packaging, with standard manufacturer’s warranty.” A learns from D, a competitor of B, that even though B had obtained actual bills of identifying the goods as 10,000 “new coffee percolators in the manufacturer’s original packaging, with standard manufacturer’s warranty,” the percolators were actually used and inoperable.
509. 甲签订了购买10,000个“新咖啡渗滤器的合同，该合同采用制造商的原始包装，并附有标准制造商的保修”，表格B同意以CIF方式运送渗滤器，A同意以不可撤销的信用证付款。与C银行签订合同，开具信用证，承诺支付由B签发并应付给B的汇票，并附有发票和干净的船上提单，用于“10000台新咖啡渗滤器，采用制造商的原始包装，并具有标准制造商的保修”。甲从乙的竞争对手丁处获悉，尽管乙已获得实际账单，证明货物为10,000个“制造商原包装的新咖啡渗滤器，并具有标准制造商保修”，但这些渗滤器实际上已使用且无法操作。
Is there anything that A can do?
A能做些什么吗？
Would it make any different if A had positive proof that a fraud had been perpetrated?
如果A有确凿的证据证明欺诈行为已经发生，情况会有什么不同吗？
Would it make any different if C Bank had confirmed the letter of credit and accepted the bill of exchange before A got the positive proof?
如果C银行在A拿到正面证明之前已经确认了信用证并接受了汇票，会有什么不同吗？
241. In August 2016, Company A with its place of business in China concluded a contract with Company B with its place of business in the UK to buy 10000 tons of unpackaged frozen beef. Under the contract, the price is 850 USD per ton FOB London Port, payable by letter of credit; Company B shall ship the goods at London Port on or before 5 October 2016. After the conclusion of the contract, upon the application of the buyer, Bank of China Shanghai Branch issued a letter of credit in favor of Company B. On 20 September, Company B handed 10000 tons of unpackaged beef over to the carrier for shipment. At the same time, the buyer contracted with PICC Shanghai Company for insurance against All Risks under the Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance Clauses of PICC, for the benefit of both the buyer and the seller. After loading the goods, the master of the vessel issued a clean bill of lading. After shipment, Company B applied to an English bank at his place of business for negotiation and the bank negotiated the letter of credit in good faith. But unfortunately, the vessel caught on fire because of thunder shock in the Indian Ocean, the master ordered to spray water into the ship-holds and the fire was extinguished song. The fire burnt 5000 tons of the beef. When the vessel arrived at Shanghai Port, it was found that all the remaining beef was rotten because of high temperature of the ship-holds resulting from the mariner’s not following the shipper’s instruction. Learning of these events, the buyer applied to the court for termination of the payment under the letters of credit. Shall the court rule to terminate or suspend the payment under the letter of credit? State your reasons.
241. 2016年8月，营业地点在中国的A公司与营业地点在英国的B公司签订合同，购买10 000吨无包装冷冻牛肉。根据合同，价格为每吨850美元，FOB伦敦港，通过信用证支付;B公司应于2016年10月5日或之前在伦敦港装运货物。合同订立后，经买方申请，中国银行上海分行为B公司开具了信用证。9月20日，B公司将10000吨未包装的牛肉交给承运人装运。同时，买方与中国人保上海公司签订合同，为买卖双方的利益，根据中国人保公司《海运货物保险条款》购买一切风险保险。装货后，船长签发了干净的提单。装运后，B公司向营业地的一家英国银行提出申请，该银行本着诚信约定信用证。但不幸的是，这艘船因印度洋的雷电冲击而起火，船长下令向船舱喷水，大火被扑灭。大火烧毁了5000吨牛肉。当船舶抵达上海港时，发现由于海员没有听从托运人的指示，导致船舱温度过高，剩余的牛肉全部腐烂。买方获悉这些事件后，向法院申请终止信用证项下的付款。法院是否应裁定终止或暂停信用证项下的付款？说明你的理由。
第三节 其他支付方式
一、单选
510. In D/D remittance, the buyer buys a bank draft from his local bank and send it by mail to the seller. In such a case, which one is the drawer of the draft?
510. 在D/D汇款中，买方从当地银行购买银行汇票，然后邮寄给卖方。在这种情况下，哪一个是汇票的出票人？
A. The buyer.
A. 买方。
B. The seller.
B. 卖方。
C. The remitting bank.
C. 汇款银行。
D. The collection bank.
D. 托收银行。
C
513. Among the following statement concerning collection, which one is NOT correct?
513. 在下列关于催收的陈述中，哪一项是不正确的？
A. Collection is based upon the commercial creditworthiness of the buyer or the debtor.
A. 催收基于买方或债务人的商业信誉。
B. Collection is based upon the bank’s creditworthiness.
B. 催收以银行的信誉为依据。
C. The remitting bank is the principal’s or the seller’s agent in a collection.
C. 汇款行是托收中的委托人或卖方的代理人。
D. URC 522 is a widely used international practice and usage on collection.
D. URC 522 是一种广泛使用的国际惯例和收集用法。
B
511. The documentary collection is the process by which:
511. 文件收集是以下过程：
A. Buyers collect their goods at the port of entry.
A. 买家在入境口岸取货。
B. Carriers consolidate cargo for shipment on a vessel.
B. 承运人将货物拼箱装上船。
C. Banks collect payment from the buyer.
C. 银行向买方收取款项。
D. Sellers must place their account into the hands of a debt collection agency in order to obtain payment from the buyer.
D. 卖方必须将其帐户交到收债公司手中，以便从买方获得付款。
C
512. Which of the following documents are always required in a documentary collection for the sale of goods:
512. 在货物销售的单据收藏中，始终需要以下哪项文件：
A. The draft, invoice, and bill of lading.
一个。汇票、发票和提单。
B. The invoice, bill of lading, and delivery order.
B.发票、提单和交货单。
C. The certificate of origin, insurance policy, and invoice.
C. 原产地证书、保险单和发票。
D. The draft, insurance policy, and invoice.
D. 汇票、保险单和发票。
A
514. In accordance with URC 522, among the following statements concerning the banks’ duties and responsibilities in collections, which one is NOT correct?
514. 根据URC 522，在下列关于银行在收款方面的义务和责任的陈述中，哪一项是不正确的？
A. The banks shall act in good faith.
一个。银行应本着诚信行事。
B. The banks shall exercise reasonable care.
B.银行应采取合理的谨慎措施。
C. The banks shall deal with the collection in accordance with the principal’s instruction.
C. 银行应按照委托人的指示处理托收。
D. The banks shall take care of the goods delivered to him.
D. 银行应负责处理交付给他的货物。
D
515. According to the UNIDROT Convention on international factoring, the factor is to perform at least of the following functions: (a) finance for the supplier, including loans and advance payment; (b) maintenance of accounts relating to the receivables; (c) collection of receivables; (d) protection against default implement by debtors.
515. 根据国际保理署《国际保理公约》，保理人至少履行以下职能：（a） 为供应商提供资金，包括贷款和预付款;（b） 维持与应收账款有关的账目;（c） 应收账款的催收;（d） 防止债务人违约的保护。
A. Any one.
答：任何一个。
B. Any two.
B. 任意两个。
C. Any three.
C. 任意三项。
D. All four.
D. 所有四个。
B
516. Which payment method does NOT have the function of guarantee for the seller in international trade?
516. 在国际贸易中，哪种付款方式不具有对卖方的担保功能？
A. Letter of credit.
A. 信用证。
B. Stand-by letter of credit.
B. 备用信用证。
C. Independent guarantee.
C.独立担保。
D. Factoring.
D. 保理。
B
二、多选
517. In accordance with URC 522, the banks involved in collection transactions enjoy the disclaimers or immunities:
517. 根据URC 522，参与托收交易的银行享有免责声明或豁免：
A. For acts of an instructed party.
一个。对于受指示方的行为。
B. On effectiveness of the document received.
B.关于所收到文件的效力。
C. On delay, loss in transit and errors in translation of the document.
C. 关于单证的迟延、运输途中的遗失和翻译错误。
D. On force majeure.
D. 关于不可抗力。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
518. Documentary collections involve using a draft that requires the importer to pay the face amount either at sight or on a specified date.
518. 跟单托收涉及使用汇票，要求进口商在即期或指定日期支付票面金额。
T
520. Inspection certificates are often used to assure that a shipment will conform to the specifications required by the buyer.
520. 检验证书通常用于确保货物符合买方要求的规格。
T
四、案例
240. The sales contract provided that the contract price shall be payable on collection. After shipping the goods, the seller applied a bank in his place of business for collection and instructed that the documents shall be released against acceptance. After receiving the documents from the collection bank, the remitting bank presented the documents to the buyer for acceptance. The buyer accepted the bill of exchange, and the remitting bank delivered the documents to the buyer. But when the time for payment was due, the buyer refused to pay. Shall the banks be liable for the non-payment? What remedies are available for the seller? State your reasons?
240. 销售合同规定，合同价款应在收款时支付。货物装运后，卖方在其营业地申请银行代收，并指示单据应予承兑。汇款行收到代收行的单据后，将单据交给买方承兑。买方接受汇票，汇款银行将单据交付给买方。但是当付款时间到期时，买方拒绝付款。银行是否应为未付款负责？卖家有哪些补救措施？说出你的理由？
第六章 世贸组织法
第一节 世贸组织
一、单选
521. The UN Conference on Trade and Employment 1947 agreed to establish:
521. 1947年联合国贸易和就业会议同意确定：
A. The IMF.
A. 国际货币基金组织。
B. The IBRD.
B. 国际复兴开发银行。
C. The ITO.
C. ITO。
D. The WTO.
D. 世贸组织。
C
522. The first international legislation which established a free trade legal framework whose influence covers the whole world is:
522. 建立影响遍及全世界的自由贸易法律框架的第一部国际立法是：
A. The GATT.
A. 关贸总协定。
B. The WTO.
B. 世贸组织。
C. The INCOTERMS.
C. 《国际贸易术语解释通则》。
D. The IMF.
D. 国际货币基金组织。
A
523. The most significant achievement of the Uruguay Round is the creation of:
523. 乌拉圭回合最重要的成就是创造了：
A. The International Monetary Fund.
一个。国际货币基金组织。
B. The World Bank.
B.世界银行。
C. The World Trade Organization.
C. 世界贸易组织。
D. The GATT 1994.
D. 1994年关贸总协定。
C
525. Which Round are respected as the largest and most complex one of all the GATT trade Round, and probably the largest and most complex economic multilateral treaty negotiations in history?
525. 哪一轮谈判被誉为关贸总协定所有贸易回合中规模最大、最复杂的一轮谈判，也可能是历史上规模最大、最复杂的经济多边条约谈判？
A. The Bretton Woods Conference.
一个。布雷顿森林会议。
B. The Tokyo Round.
B.东京回合。
C. The Uruguay Round.
C. 乌拉圭回合。
D. The Doha Round.
D. 多哈回合。
C
524. The World Trade Organization was established in:
524. 世界贸易组织成立于：
A. 2001.
答：2001年。
B. 2002.
生于2002年。
C. 1995.
约1995年。
D.1994.
卒于1994年。
C
526. Which of the following states statement is correct?
526. 以下哪项状态陈述是正确的？
A. Uruguay Round is the 7th Round of the GATT trade negotiations.
答：乌拉圭回合是关贸总协定贸易谈判的第7 th 轮。
B. It was during the Tokyo Round that significant improvement was made with regard to the strengthening of the disciplines on NTBs under the GATT umbrella.
B.正是在东京回合期间，在关贸总协定框架下加强非关税壁垒纪律方面取得了重大进展。
C. It was under the WTO legal system that the grandfather rights have been eliminated.
C.正是在世贸组织的法律制度下，祖父权被取消了。
D. Trade in textiles and clothing has long been subject to the multilateral trading rules under the GATT umbrella.
D. 纺织品和服装贸易长期以来一直受关贸总协定框架下的多边贸易规则的约束。
C
527. Which one is NOT the purpose of the WTO:
527. 哪一个不是世贸组织的宗旨：
A. To eliminate all trade barriers and trade discrimination.
一个。消除一切贸易壁垒和贸易歧视。
B. To pursue and realize global free trade.
B.追求和实现全球自由贸易。
C. To liberalizing international investment.
C. 国际投资自由化。
D. To establish a viable and durable multilateral trading system.
D. 建立可行和持久的多边贸易体制。
C
528. The WTO is a multilateral trading system building on the basis of the market economy and an aggregation of rules in relation to market economy aiming at protection:
528. 世贸组织是一个多边贸易体系，建立在市场经济的基础上，是与市场经济有关的一系列规则的集合，旨在保护：
A. Free and fair competition.
A. 自由和公平的竞争。
B. Non-discrimination competition.
B. 非歧视性竞争。
C. Security and peace.
C. 安全与和平。
D. Economic globalization.
D.经济全球化。
A
530. The supreme governing body, which takes ultimate decisions on all matters, of the WTO is:
530. 世贸组织对所有事项作出最终决定的最高管理机构是：
A. The Ministerial Conference.
一个。部长级会议。
B. The General Council.
B.总理事会。
C. The GATT Council.
C. 关贸总协定理事会。
D. The Committee on Trade and Development
D. 贸易和发展委员会
A
529. Which statements about the Ministerial Conference of the WTO is NOT correct?
529. 关于世贸组织部长级会议的哪些说法是不正确的？
A. It’s the top-level decision-making body of the WTO.
一个。它是世贸组织的最高决策机构。
B. It’s responsible for overall supervision of the WTO’s activities.
B.它负责对世贸组织的活动进行全面监督。
C. It’s made up of high-ranking representatives from all WTO members countries.
C. 它由来自世贸组织所有成员国的高级代表组成。
It meets at least once every four years.
它至少每四年举行一次会议。
D
531. When the Ministerial Conference of the WTO is in recess, its functions are performed by:
531. 世贸组织部长级会议休会期间，其职能由以下人员履行：
A. The General Council.
一个。总理事会。
B. The Dispute Settlement Body.
B.争端解决机构。
C. The Trade Policy Review Body.
c. 贸易政策审查机构。
D. The Director-General.
D. 总干事。
A
533. Which statement about the decision-making system of the World Trade Organization is correct?
533. 关于世界贸易组织决策制度的哪项说法是正确的？
A. Each party to the World Trade Organization shall have one vote.
一个。世界贸易组织每一缔约方应有一票表决权。
B. In exceptional cases, the Executive Council of the World Trade Organization has the power to decide to exempt a member or participant of an agreement or a member of any individual trade agreement.
B.在特殊情况下，世界贸易组织执行理事会有权决定豁免协定的成员或参与者或任何单个贸易协定的成员。
C. The decision-making system of the World Trade Organization is based on consensus or consensus rather than voting.
C.世界贸易组织的决策制度是建立在协商一致或协商一致的基础上，而不是以投票为基础。
D. The World Trade Organization adoption the weighted voting system.
D. 世界贸易组织采用加权表决制度。
A
532. The WTO continues the practice of decision-making by followed under GATT 1947.
532. 世贸组织继续遵循1947年关贸总协定的决策做法。
A. Compromise.
A. 妥协。
B. Consensus.
B. 协商一致。
C. Conciliation.
C. 调解。
D. Conversation.
D. 对话。
B
537. When did the WTO Laws come into effect?
537. 《世贸组织法》何时生效？
A. January, 1948.
A. 1948年1月。
B. October, 1974.
生于1974年10月。
C. January, 1995.
C. 1995年1月。
D. November, 2001.
D. 2001年11月。
C
534. Which agreement of the WTO it is regarded as its constitution.
534. 世贸组织的哪个协定被视为其宪法。
A. The Marrakesh Agreement.
一个。《马拉喀什协定》。
B. The GATT.
B. 关贸总协定。
C. The GATS.
C. 《服务贸易总协定》。
D. The DSU.
D. DSU。
A
535. Which treaty is called the constitutional document of the World Trade Organization?
535. 哪个条约被称为世界贸易组织的宪法文件？
A. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Measures.
A. 关于与贸易有关的知识产权措施的协定。
B. Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures.
B. 与贸易有关的投资措施协定。
C. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994.
C. 1994年《关税及贸易总协定》。
D. Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.
D. 建立世界贸易组织的协定。
D
536. Which statement about China and the World Trade Organization as following is NOT correct?
536. 以下关于中国和世界贸易组织的哪项说法是不正确的？
A. Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are members of the WTO.
答：香港、澳门和台湾是世贸组织成员。
B. The GPA is a plurilateral trade agreement within the WTO legal system and is binding on all members, including China.
B.《政府采购协定》是世贸组织法律体系内的诸边贸易协定，对包括中国在内的所有成员均具有约束力。
C. The Protocol on China's accession to the WTO specifically provides for a transitional safeguard mechanism for specific products of Chinese products.
C.《中国加入世贸组织议定书》明确规定了中国产品特定产品的过渡性保障机制。
D. The Understanding on Rules and Procedures for Dispute Settlement establishes a unified multilateral trade dispute settlement mechanism.
四、《关于争端解决规则和程序的谅解》建立了统一的多边贸易争端解决机制。
B
二、多选
538. The three pillars with a mission as fostering the international economic liberalization are:
538. 以促进国际经济自由化为使命的三大支柱是：
A. The IMF.
A. 国际货币基金组织。
B. The World Bank.
B.世界银行。
C. The WTO.
C. 世贸组织。
D. The EU.
D. 欧盟。
ABC
539. The so-called Tokyo Round Codes aimed at providing disciplines in the area of:
539. 所谓的《东京回合守则》旨在提供以下领域的纪律：
A. Import licensing.
A. 进口许可。
B. Rule of origin.
B. 原产地规则。
C. Pre-shipment inspection.
C.装运前检验。
D. Anti-dumping and countervailing duties.
D. 反倾销和反补贴税。
ABCD
ABCD公司
540. The final result of the Uruguay Round for the first time introduced such trades to the multilateral trading system:
540. 乌拉圭回合的最终结果首次将这种贸易引入多边贸易体系：
A. Trade in intellectual properties.
A. 知识产权贸易。
B. Trade in goods.
B. 货物贸易。
C. Trade in services.
C. 服务贸易。
D. Trade-related investments.
D. 与贸易有关的投资。
ABD
541. The different characters between the GATT and the WTO include but not limited to that:
541. 关贸总协定和世贸组织之间的不同性质包括但不限于：
A. The GATT was only an agreement, the WTO is a formal inter-governmental organization.
一个。关贸总协定只是一个协定，世贸组织是一个正式的政府间组织。
B. The GATT was provisional, the WTO is permanent.
B.关贸总协定是临时的，世贸组织是永久性的。
C. The GATT deal only with trade in goods, the WTO covers trade in goods, trade in services, trade-related aspects of intellectual property and trade-related measures on investment.
C. 关贸总协定只涉及货物贸易，世贸组织涵盖货物贸易、服务贸易、与贸易有关的知识产权和与贸易有关的投资措施。
D. Most of the GATT agreements were plurilateral and selective, almost all WTO agreements are multilateral and mandatory.
D. 关贸总协定的大多数是诸边和有选择性的，几乎所有世贸组织协定都是多边和强制性的。
ABCD
ABCD公司
542. According to the preamble of the Marrakesh Agreement, the purposes of the WTO are:
542. 根据《马拉喀什协定》序言，世贸组织的宗旨是：
A. To ensure the development of international trade of developing countries.
一个。确保发展中国家国际贸易的发展。
B. To enter into reciprocal and mutual-beneficial agreements to liberalize international trade.
B.缔结互惠互利协定，实现国际贸易自由化。
C. To establish a viable and durable multilateral trading system.
C. 建立一个可行和持久的多边贸易体制。
D. To expand the production of and trade in goods and services.
D. 扩大商品和服务的生产和贸易。
ABC
544. According to the agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, what are the purposes of the WTO?
544. 根据建立世界贸易组织的协议，世贸组织的宗旨是什么？
A. Effective reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and elimination of discriminatory treatment on the basis of mutually beneficial and mutually beneficial arrangements.
A. 在互利互利安排的基础上，有效降低关税和其他贸易壁垒，消除歧视性待遇。
B. To ensure that developing countries, particularly the Least Developed Countries, are able to achieve economic development commensurate with the growth needs of their international trade volumes.
B.确保发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家能够实现与其国际贸易量增长需要相称的经济发展。
C. Promotion of International Monetary Cooperation and exchange rate stability.
C. 促进国际货币合作和汇率稳定。
D. To establish a complete, more dynamic and permanent multilateral trading system.
D. 建立一个完整、更有活力和更持久的多边贸易体制。
ABD
543. The functions of the WTO include:
543. 世贸组织的职能包括：
A. To facilitate the implementation of WTO agreements.
一个。促进世贸组织协定的实施。
B. To provide the forum for future negotiations.
B.为今后的谈判提供论坛。
C. To administer dispute settlement.
C. 管理争端解决。
D. To administer trade policy review.
D. 进行贸易政策审查。
ABCD
ABCD公司
545. The WTO services such basic functions:
545. 世贸组织提供以下基本职能：
A. To implement, administer, and carry out the WTO Agreement and its annexes.
一个。实施、管理和执行《世贸组织协定》及其附件。
B. To act as a form for ongoing multilateral trade negotiations.
B.作为正在进行的多边贸易谈判的一种形式。
C. To serve as a tribunal for resolving disputes.
C. 作为解决争端的法庭。
D. To review the trade policies and practices of member states.
D. 审查成员国的贸易政策和做法。
ABCD
ABCD公司
546. Which statements about the roles of the WTO are correct?
546. 关于世贸组织作用的哪些说法是正确的？
A. It is a set of rules governing global trade.
一个。它是一套管理全球贸易的规则。
B. It is a forum for multinational trade negotiation.
B.它是多国贸易谈判的论坛。
C. It is a tribunal for dispute settlement.
C. 它是解决争端的法庭。
D. It is an institution to review trade policies.
D. 它是一个审查贸易政策的机构。
ABCD
ABCD公司
547. With regard to the designed and actual function, WTO is a legal system which has combined such roles:
547. 就设计和实际职能而言，世贸组织是一个法律体系，它结合了以下角色：
A. The creator of trade treaties and disciplines.
一个。贸易条约和纪律的创造者。
B. The forum under which each member of the WTO has a legitimate right to review the trade policies of other Members.
B.世贸组织每个成员都有合法权利审查其他成员的贸易政策的论坛。
C. The mechanism under which trade disputes between Members are able to be settled.
C. 成员间贸易争端得以解决的机制。
D. The international conference for Members to review and adopt treaties
D. 成员国审议和通过条约的国际会议
ABC
549. Which institutes of the WTO have the exclusive authority to adopt interpretations of the Marrakesh Agreement and of the multilateral trade agreements.
549. 世贸组织哪些机构拥有通过对《马拉喀什协定》和多边贸易协定的解释的专属权力。
A. The Ministerial Conference.
一个。部长级会议。
B. The General Council.
B.总理事会。
C. The Dispute Settlement Body.
c. 争端解决机构。
D. The Trade Police Review Body.
d. 贸易警察审查机构。
AB
548. Which statements about the General Council of the WTO are correct?
548. 关于世贸组织总理事会的哪些说法是正确的？
A. It is composed of the representatives of all Members.
一个。它由所有成员的代表组成。
B. It acts on behalf of the Ministerial Conference.
B.它代表部长级会议行事。
C. It oversees the functioning of the GATT.
C. 它监督关贸总协定的运作。
D. It oversees the functioning of the GATS.
D. 它监督《服务贸易总协定》的运作。
AB
550. The WTO legal system is composed of various agreements at various layers and all these agreements are built upon two constitutional agreements, which are:
550. 世贸组织法律体系由各层次的各种协定组成，所有这些协定都建立在两项宪法协定之上，即：
A. The WTO Agreement.
一个。世贸组织协定。
B. The GATT.
B. 关贸总协定。
C. The GATS.
C. 《服务贸易总协定》。
D. The DSU.
D. DSU。
AB
551. The procedural or institutional law of the WTO include such agreements as:
551. 世贸组织的程序法或体制法包括以下协定：
A. The TRIPs.
A. 与贸易有关的知识产权协定。
B. The TRIMs.
C. The DSU.
C. DSU。
D. The TPRM.
D. TPRM。
CD
553. Which statements about the applicability of WTO rules are correct?
553. 关于世贸组织规则适用性的哪些说法是正确的？
A. There is no doubt that WTO rules have legal effect so can be applied directly within the territory of WTO members.
一个。毫无疑问，世贸组织规则具有法律效力，因此可以直接在世贸组织成员的领土内适用。
B. In general sense, the applicability of WTO rules mainly refers to its legal effect under domestic law of members.
B.从广义上讲，WTO规则的适用性主要是指其在成员国内法下的法律效力。
C. Almost all WTO members admit the direct applicability of WTO rules within their territories.
C. 几乎所有世贸组织成员都承认世贸组织规则在其领土内的直接适用性。
D. Almost all WTO members deny the direct applicability of WTO rules within their territories.
D. 几乎所有世贸组织成员都否认世贸组织规则在其领土内的直接适用性。
BD
三、判断
555. In brief, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
555. 简言之，世界贸易组织（世贸组织）是唯一处理全球贸易规则的国际组织。其主要职能是确保贸易尽可能顺利、可预测和自由地流动。
T
556. The WTO Agreement does not regulate the actions of companies engaged in “dumping”. Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping.
556. 《世贸组织协定》没有对从事“倾销”的公司的行为作出规定。其重点是政府如何对倾销做出反应。
T
四、名词
558. WTO
558. 世贸组织
The World Trade Organization, established as the successor to the GATT on 1 January 1995. The WTO is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
世界贸易组织，于1995年1月1日作为关贸总协定的继承者而成立。世贸组织是唯一处理国家间贸易规则的全球性国际组织。其主要职能是确保贸易尽可能顺利、可预测和自由地流动。
五、简答
559. A Summary of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round.
559. 乌拉圭回合最后文件摘要。
Agreement Establishing the WTO
建立世贸组织的协定
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
1994年关税及贸易总协定
Uruguay Round Protocol GATT 1994
1994年关贸总协定乌拉圭回合议定书
Agreement on Agriculture
农业协定
Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
卫生和植物检疫措施协定
Decision on Measures Concerning the Possible Negative Effects of the Reform Programme on Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries
关于改革方案对最不发达国家和粮食净进口发展中国家可能产生的负面影响的措施的决定
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
纺织品和服装协定
Note: this Agreement was terminated on 1 January 2005. See Textiles
注：本协议于2005年1月1日终止。查看纺织品
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
技术性贸易壁垒协定
Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures
《贸易相关投资措施协定》
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI (Anti-dumping)
《关于执行第六条（反倾销）的协定》
Agreement on Implementation of Article VII (Customs Valuation)
关于执行第七条（海关估价）的协定
Agreement on Pre-shipment Inspection
装运前检验协议
Agreement on Rules of Origin
原产地规则协定
Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
进口许可程序协议
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
《补贴和反补贴措施协定》
Agreement on Safeguards
保障措施协定
General Agreement on Trade in Services
《服务贸易总协定》
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Including Trade in Counterfeit Goods
关于与贸易有关的知识产权，包括假冒商品贸易的协定
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
关于解决争端的规则和程序的理解
Decision of Achieving Greater Coherence in Global Economic Policy-Making
在全球经济决策中实现更大一致性的决定
六、翻译
560. Since the WTO no longer uses grandfather clauses, legislation of members must come into effect simultaneously with the WTO agreement and its covered agreements. When implementing WTO rules on trade in goods, competent authorities of WTO members resort to indirect rather than direct application. Therefore, after entry into force of the WTO agreement on trade in goods, members immediately enacted their new domestic laws or revised their existing laws to implement such WTO agreements. Up its WTO accession, China immediately started to revise its Regulations on Anti-dumping and Countervailing Measures of 1997, which had only been in existence for about four years, and enacted new regulations by the end of 2001, so as to perform its obligations under the WTO and China’s accession commitments. These regulations, effective as of January 1st 2002, include the PRC Anti-dumping Regulations, the PRC Regulations on Countervailing Measures and the PRC Regulation on Safeguard Measures.
560. 由于世贸组织不再使用祖父条款，成员的立法必须与世贸组织协定及其所涵盖的协定同时生效。在执行世贸组织货物贸易规则时，世贸组织成员的主管当局诉诸间接而不是直接适用。因此，在世贸组织货物贸易协定生效后，各成员立即颁布了新的国内法或修订了现行法律，以执行这些世贸组织协定。加入世贸组织后，中国立即开始修订1997年《反倾销与反补贴措施条例》，该条例仅存在4年左右，并于2001年底颁布了新的条例，以履行其在WTO和中国加入世贸组织承诺下的义务。这些法规自2002年1月1日起生效，包括《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》、《中华人民共和国反补贴措施条例》和《中华人民共和国保障措施条例》。
561. As WTO rules may be used as the basis for interpretation jurisprudence by domestic courts, how to interpret WTO rules inevitably become an issue unavoidable in the judicial system. In such cases, references may be made to customary interpretation of international treaties and overseas experiences and practices, e.g., literary implications, legislative intentions and history, as well as foreign precedents or practices regarding WTO rules, which impose very high requirements on the expertise and vision of judges. As indirect applicability of WTO rules mainly serves the purpose of avoiding conflicts between domestic law and WTO law, and thereby avoiding possible international trade disputes, and as the applicability of WTO rules enjoy very strong political sensitivity and policy flexibility, which gives rise to many trade-offs, the domestic courts have to assume major responsibility in indirect application of WTO rules and therefore may not ignore this issue because of the non-direct applicability of WTO rules.
561. 由于世贸组织规则可能被国内法院用作解释判例的依据，如何解释世贸组织规则不可避免地成为司法制度中不可避免的问题。在这种情况下，可以参考对国际条约和海外经验和惯例的习惯解释，例如文学含义、立法意图和历史，以及有关世贸组织规则的外国先例或惯例，这些先例或惯例对法官的专业知识和远见提出了很高的要求。由于WTO规则的间接适用性主要是为了避免国内法与WTO法律之间的冲突，从而避免可能的国际贸易争端，而且WTO规则的适用性具有很强的政治敏感性和政策灵活性，因此需要国内法院在WTO规则的间接适用中承担主要责任，因此不能因为WTO的非直接适用性而忽视这一问题规则。
第二节 贸易管制措施
一、单选
565. The theory hold that the growth of one nation’s wealth depends on the increase of reserves of expensive metals resulted from the surplus of trade is:
565. 认为一国财富的增长取决于贸易顺差导致的昂贵金属储备的增加的理论是：
A. Mercantilism theory.
A.重商主义理论。
B. Capitalism theory.
B.资本主义理论。
C. Free trade theory.
C.自由贸易理论。
D. Trade protectionists theory.
D.贸易保护主义理论。
A
564. In accordance with the method of liquidation, international trade can be divided into:
564. 根据清算方法，国际贸易可分为：
A. Export trade, import trade and transit trade.
A. 出口贸易、进口贸易和过境贸易。
B. Visible trade and invisible trade.
B.看得见的贸易和看不见的贸易。
C. Bilateral trade and military trade.
C. 双边贸易和军事贸易。
D. Cash-liquidation trade and barter trade.
D. 现金清算贸易和易货贸易。
D
562. According to the direction of the flow of goods, service and technologies, international trade may be divided into:
562. 根据货物、服务和技术的流动方向，国际贸易可分为：
A. Export trade, import trade and transit trade.
A. 出口贸易、进口贸易和过境贸易。
B. Visible trade and invisible trade.
B.看得见的贸易和看不见的贸易。
C. Bilateral trade and military trade.
C. 双边贸易和军事贸易。
D. Cash-liquidation trade and barter trade.
D. 现金清算贸易和易货贸易。
A
563. The process of buying goods from a foreign supplier and entering them into the customs territory of a different country is:
563. 从外国供应商处购买货物并将其进入另一国关税区的过程是：
A. exporting.
A. 出口。
B. international exchange.
B.国际交流。
C. trade by design.
C. 设计贸易。
D. none of the above.
D. 以上都不是。
D
566. From the perspective of trade flows, trade measures can be divided into:
566. 从贸易流量的角度来看，贸易措施可分为：
A. Measures on importation and measures on exportation.
A. 进口措施和出口措施。
B. Tariff measures and non-tariff measures.
B. 关税措施和非关税措施。
C. Encourage measures, restrictive measures and prohibitive measures.
C. 鼓励措施、限制性措施和禁止性措施。
D. Non-discriminative measures and discriminative measures.
D. 非歧视性措施和歧视性措施。
A
567. According to the standard to be employed for administration purpose, trade regulations can be classified into:
567. 根据行政管理标准，贸易法规可分为：
A. Measures on importation and measures on exportation.
A. 进口措施和出口措施。
B. Tariff measures and non-tariff measures.
B. 关税措施和非关税措施。
C. Encourage measures, restrictive measures and prohibitive measures.
C. 鼓励措施、限制性措施和禁止性措施。
D. Non-discriminative measures and discriminative measures.
D. 非歧视性措施和歧视性措施。
B
568. According to whether there is a clear distinction between legal and illegal measures under the current multilateral trading system, trade restrictive measures can be divided into:
568. 根据现行多边贸易体制下合法措施与非法措施是否明确区分，贸易限制措施可分为：
A. Black-and-white measures and grey areas measures.
A. 黑白措施和灰色地带措施。
B. Measures on importation and measures on exportation.
B. 进口措施和出口措施。
C. Encourage measures, restrictive measures and prohibitive measures.
C. 鼓励措施、限制性措施和禁止性措施。
D. Non-discriminative measures and discriminative measures.
D. 非歧视性措施和歧视性措施。
A
569. From the perspective of whether the measure is of a discriminative character, trade restrictions can be divided into:
569. 从该措施是否具有歧视性的角度来看，贸易限制可分为：
A. Measures on importation and measures on exportation.
A. 进口措施和出口措施。
B. Tariff measures and non-tariff measures.
B. 关税措施和非关税措施。
C. Encourage measures, restrictive measures and prohibitive measures.
C. 鼓励措施、限制性措施和禁止性措施。
D. Non-discriminative measures and discriminative measures.
D. 非歧视性措施和歧视性措施。
D
570. Tariffs on imported products are imposed for which of the following reasons:
570. 对进口产品征收关税的原因如下：
A. Collection of revenue.
A. 征收收入。
B. Protection of domestic industries.
B. 保护国内产业。
C. To assert political objectives.
C. 维护政治目标。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
D
571. Which one is an import duty levied on a constant percentage of the monetary value of the imported goods?
571. 哪一种是按进口货物货币价值的固定百分比征收的进口税？
A. A special tariff.
一个。特殊关税。
B. A quantitative tariff.
B.量化关税。
C. Ad valorem tariff.
C. 从价关税。
D. A qualitative tariff.
D. 定性关税。
C
575. Quotas are often favored over tariffs as import restrictions because: I. They are more flexible tools for regulating import. II. It is easier for government policy makers to assess the potential impact of a quota.
575. 作为进口限制，配额往往比关税更受青睐，因为： I.它们是监管进口的更灵活的工具。II.It 政府政策制定者更容易评估配额的潜在影响。
A. I only.
答：只有我。
B. II only.
B. 仅 II。
C. Both I and II.
C. I和II.
D. Neither I nor II.
D. 既不是 I 也不是 II。
C
572. The non-tariff import limit, established by the national government, of the quantity and/or value of goods and services that are permitted to be imported from other countries during a certain period of time, usually a year, is called:
572. 国家政府对在一定时期内（通常是一年）允许从其他国家进口的货物和服务的数量和/或价值实行非关税进口限额，称为：
A. Import license.
A. 进口许可证。
B. Important quota.
B. 重要配额。
C. Government procurement provisions.
C. 政府采购规定。
D. Administrative classification.
D. 行政分类。
A
573. Two examples of nontariff barriers that refer to quantitative restrictions on importing and a total or near total ban on trade respectively are:
573. 非关税壁垒的两个例子分别涉及对进口的数量限制和对贸易的全面或接近全面禁止：
A. Partial embargoes, embargoes.
A. 部分禁运，禁运。
B. Trade seizures, limits.
B. 贸易扣押、限制。
C. Embargoes, quotas.
C. 禁运、配额。
D. Quotas, embargoes.
D. 配额、禁运。
D
574. Import quotas may take the form of absolute quota or:
574. 进口配额可以采取绝对配额的形式，也可以采取：
A. Relative quotas.
A. 相对配额。
B. Tariff-rate quotas.
B. 关税配额。
C. Global quotas.
C. 全球配额。
D. County quotas.
D. 县配额。
B
576. Which one is a kind of export promotion policy?
576. 哪一种是出口促进政策？
A. Export tariff.
A. 出口关税。
B. Export subsidy.
B.出口补贴。
C. Voluntary export restraint.
C. 自愿出口限制。
D. Export quota.
D. 出口配额。
B
577. In China, import and export will not be restricted or forbidden for:
577. 在中国，以下情况不会限制或禁止进出口：
A. National security.
A. 国家安全。
B. Public interests.
B. 公共利益。
C. Environmental protection.
C.环境保护。
D. Domestic employment.
D. 家政就业。
D
二、多选
578. Economists have created several theories on trade protection to provide justification for trade regulations, such as:
578. 经济学家提出了几种关于贸易保护的理论，为贸易管制提供理由，例如：
A. Reciprocity philosophy.
A. 互惠哲学。
B. Infant industry philosophy.
B.婴幼儿产业理念。
C. National security.
C. 国家安全。
D. Mercantilism theory.
D.重商主义理论。
ABCD
ABCD公司
579. The effect of trade restriction policies might be:
579. 贸易限制政策的影响可能是：
A. Increasing the producers’ surplus and welfare.
A.增加生产者的剩余和福利。
B. Decreasing the consumers’ surplus and welfare.
B.减少消费者的剩余和福利。
C. Improving the government of revenue.
C.改善税收管理。
D. Decreasing the overall welfare of the importing country.
D. 降低进口国的整体福利。
BD
580. Grey areas measures refer to those restrictive measures which are not subject to the multilateral trading system and the distinction between the legality and illegality is vague and ambiguous. Such measures are generally regarded as grey areas measures:
580. 灰色地带措施是指不受多边贸易体制约束的限制性措施，其合法性与非法性的区分含糊不清。此类措施通常被视为灰色地带措施：
A. Voluntary export restrictions.
A. 自愿出口限制。
B. Orderly marketing arrangements.
B. 有序的营销安排。
C. Balance of payment measures.
C. 国际收支措施。
D. Complicated customs procedures
D. 复杂的海关手续
AB
581. Which statement about tariff measures are correct?
581. 关于关税措施的哪项说法是正确的？
A. Tariff measures are usually referred to as tariff barriers.
答：关税措施通常被称为关税壁垒。
B. Tariff measures are very traditional trade measures.
B. 关税措施是非常传统的贸易措施。
C. Tariff measures are the first generation of trade barriers,
C. 关税措施是第一代贸易壁垒，
D. Tariff measures can be divided into common tariffs, preferential tariffs and special tariffs.
D.关税措施可分为普通关税、优惠关税和特殊关税。
ABCD
ABCD公司
582. Which statement about non-tariff measures are correct?
582. 关于非关税措施的哪项说法是正确的？
A. Non-tariff measures are usually referred to as non-tariff barriers (NTBs).
答：非关税措施通常被称为非关税壁垒。
B. The massive use of BTS occurred in a period after the Second World War.
B.防弹少年团的大规模使用发生在第二次世界大战后的一段时间内。
C. NTBs are widely used in developing countries.
C. 非关税壁垒在发展中国家得到广泛使用。
D. NTBs are described by some scholars as the second generation of trade barriers.
D. 一些学者将非关税壁垒描述为第二代贸易壁垒。
ABD
583. Major NTBs include but not limited to:
583. 主要非关税壁垒包括但不限于：
A. Quantitative restrictions.
A. 数量限制。
B. Import and export inspections.
B. 进出口检验。
C. TBT measures.
C. 技术性贸易壁垒措施。
D. SPS measures.
D. 卫生和植物检疫措施。
ABCD
ABCD公司
584. The aims or purposes of export subsidy might be:
584. 出口补贴的目的或目的可以是：
A. Lower the price of exporting goods.
A.降低出口货物的价格。
B. Making the exporting goods more competitive than foreign goods.
B.使出口商品比外国商品更具竞争力。
C. Helping domestic industries and products to occupy foreign markets.
C.帮助国内产业和产品占领国外市场。
D. Off-setting foreign countries’ subsidies.
D. 抵消外国的补贴。
ABC
585. According to Chinese laws, there are such different important tariff rates for every kind of imported goods:
585. 根据中国法律，每种进口商品的重要关税税率各不相同：
A. Most-favored nation trade.
A. 最惠国贸易。
B. Agreement rate.
B. 协议费率。
C. Preferential rate.
C. 优惠率。
D. General or normal rate.
D. 一般或正常费率。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
587. There is no nation-state in the history that has adopted a purely free trade policy without any trade restrictions.
587. 历史上没有一个民族国家采取纯粹的自由贸易政策而不受任何贸易限制。
T
588. There is no nation-state that has been adopting a completely protectionist trade policy without any freedom of imports or exports in any period of its history.
588. 在其历史的任何时期，没有一个民族国家采取完全保护主义的贸易政策，没有任何进出口自由。
T
586. Trade consists of the import and export of goods or services.
586. 贸易包括货物或服务的进出口。
T
590. The three forms of international business are exporting, importing, and licensing.
590. 国际商业的三种形式是出口、进口和许可。
F
589. Exporting is the shipment of goods or rendering of services to a foreign buyer located in a foreign country.
589. 出口是指向位于外国的外国买方运送货物或提供服务。
T
591. Indirect exporters commonly employ the services of export trading companies and export management companies.
591. 间接出口商通常雇用出口贸易公司和出口管理公司的服务。
T
592. Indirect exporting but not direct exporting involves sales through sales agents or to foreign distributors.
592. 间接出口而非直接出口涉及通过销售代理或向外国分销商进行销售。
F
593. Non-tariff barriers such as technical standards do not have a significant influence on how firms make their trade and investment decisions.
593. 技术标准等非关税壁垒对企业如何作出贸易和投资决策没有重大影响。
F
594. The WTO frequently impose regulatory methods to control imports into their markets.
594. 世贸组织经常采用管制方法控制进入其市场的进口。
F
595. Quotas are not permitted under GATT as a method of protecting domestic industries, unless a trade compensation is provided as a form of compensation.
595. 关贸总协定不允许将配额作为保护国内产业的一种方法，除非提供贸易补偿作为补偿形式。
F
596. Global quotas are quantitative import restrictions on a particular product regardless of its country of origin.
596. 全球配额是对特定产品的数量进口限制，无论其原产国如何。
F
四、名词
597. Tariffs
597. 关税
Customs duties on merchandise imports are called tariffs. Tariffs give a price advantage to locally-produced goods over similar goods which are imported, and they raise revenues for governments. One result of the Uruguay Round was countries’ commitments to cut tariffs and to “bind” their customs duty rates to levels which are difficult to raise. The current negotiations under the Doha Agenda continue efforts in that direction in agriculture and non-agricultural market access.
商品进口的关税称为关税。与进口的类似商品相比，关税使本地生产的商品具有价格优势，并增加了政府的收入。乌拉圭回合的一个结果是各国承诺削减关税，并将其关税税率“约束”到难以提高的水平。目前根据《多哈议程》进行的谈判继续在农业和非农业市场准入方面朝着这个方向作出努力。
598. Quantitative restrictions
598. 数量限制
Article XI of the GATT 1994 is the main provision regulating quantitative restrictions (QRs). The scope of this provision includes all prohibitions or restrictions other than tariffs or other taxes applied or maintained by a WTO Member on the importation or exportation of goods, which can be made effective through quotas, import or export licensing procedures, or other measures. Although Article XI of the GATT provides for the general elimination of quantitative restrictions, they are allowed in certain specific circumstances.
1994年《关贸总协定》第十一条是规范数量限制的主要条款。该规定的范围包括世贸组织成员对货物进出口征收或维持的关税或其他税种以外的所有禁止或限制，这些禁止或限制可以通过配额、进出口许可程序或其他措施生效。虽然《关贸总协定》第十一条规定全面取消数量限制，但在某些特定情况下是允许的。
599. Import licensing
599. 进口许可证
The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures says import licensing should be simple, transparent and predictable so as not to become an obstacle to trade.
《进口许可证程序协定》规定，进口许可证应简单、透明和可预测，以免成为贸易障碍。
For example, the agreement requires governments to publish sufficient information for traders to know how and why the licenses are granted. It also describes how countries should notify the WTO when they introduce new import licensing procedures or change existing procedures.
例如，该协议要求政府发布足够的信息，让贸易商了解如何以及为什么授予许可证。它还描述了各国在引入新的进口许可程序或改变现有程序时应如何通知世贸组织。
五、翻译
600. The common feature of restrictive measures on importation and restrictive measures on exportation lies in their mandatory nature. Therefore, no natural person or legal person is able to alter the terms and conditions for the imposition of both measures and the breach of which could give rise to administrative or even criminal liabilities. For example, general violation of regulations on exports or imports such as the under payment of customs duty may bring about the administrative penalization such as fines in addition to the made-up of such duties together with the daily dentition fees in accordance with customs laws and regulations. On the other hand, severe violations of trade regulations, such as smuggling, would be subject to criminal liabilities pursuant to criminal law and customs laws and regulations.
600. 对进口的限制性措施和对出口的限制性措施的共同特点在于其强制性。因此，任何自然人或法人都不能改变实施这两项措施的条款和条件，违反这些措施可能引起行政甚至刑事责任。例如，一般违反进出口法规，如少缴关税，除根据海关法律法规补缴关税外，还可能受到罚款等行政处罚。另一方面，严重违反贸易条例的行为，如走私，将根据刑法和海关法律法规追究刑事责任。
601. However, there is still much improvement to be made about the international regulation on various trade areas. First of all, the tariff peaks remained as a result of the so-called dirty tariffication of many NTBs of a few of the members with respect of many sensitive agricultural products. Secondly, the regulation on new generation of trade measures is defective. For example, many developed country Members have related on TBT and SPS measures in a increasingly manner. While some of such measures, especially those related to SPS measures, are necessary to protect the life and health of human beings, animals and plants, the primary goal of some other trade measures is to limit the importation of the like products or services. In addition, some developed WTO Members are making using of the international labor standards and the standards in relation to social responsibility, so that they would be able to impose the so-called “green trade barriers”. To make it worse, some developed Members are designing new trade barriers in the name of alleviating climate change. The emergence of new concepts such as the carbon tariffs indicates the possibility of unilateral actions in the name of making this plant much greener.
601. 然而，关于各贸易领域的国际法规仍有许多改进之处。首先，由于少数成员国对许多敏感农产品的许多非关税壁垒实行所谓的肮脏关税，关税高峰仍然存在。其次，对新一代贸易措施的监管存在缺陷。例如，许多发达国家成员越来越多地将技术性贸易壁垒和卫生和植物检疫措施与技术壁垒措施联系起来。虽然其中一些措施，特别是与卫生和植物检疫措施有关的措施，对于保护人类、动物和植物的生命和健康是必要的，但其他一些贸易措施的主要目标是限制同类产品或服务的进口。此外，一些发达的世贸组织成员正在利用国际劳工标准和社会责任标准，以便能够实施所谓的“绿色贸易壁垒”。更糟糕的是，一些发达国家正在以减缓气候变化的名义设计新的贸易壁垒。碳关税等新概念的出现表明，以使该工厂更环保的名义采取单边行动的可能性。
第三节 关税与贸易总协定
一、单选
602. The GATT 1947 was:
602. 1947年关贸总协定是：
A. A formal intergovernmental organization.
一个。一个正式的政府间组织。
B. A comprehensive economic cooperation agreement.
B.全面经济合作协定。
C. A provisional multilateral trade agreement.
C. 临时多边贸易协定。
D. A permanent multilateral agreement.
D. 一项永久性多边协定。
C
603. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 provided a framework for a gradual and successful process of:
603. 1947年《关税及贸易总协定》为逐步和成功的进程提供了一个框架：
A. Reductions of tariff prohibition.
A. 降低关税禁令。
B. Reductions of mental barriers.
B. 减少心理障碍。
C. Tarifficizing quantitative restrictions.
C. 关税化数量限制。
D. Prohibition of green trade barriers.
D. 禁止绿色贸易壁垒。
A
604. Among the following statements concerning GATT 1994, which one is NOT correct?
604. 在下列关于关贸总协定1994的陈述中，哪一项是不正确的？
A. The text of GATT 1994 is completely different from that of GATT 1947.
一个。1994年关贸总协定的案文与1947年关贸总协定的案文完全不同。
B. The change of the text of GATT 1994 to that of GATT 1947 is mainly changed in terminology.
B.1994年关贸总协定案文改为1947年关贸总协定案文主要在用语上有所改变。
C. The members of GATT 1994 own no legal obligations to the contracting parties of GATT 1947.
C. 1994年关贸总协定的成员对1947年关贸总协定的缔约方不承担任何法律义务。
D. GATT 1994 is not the legal successor of GATT 1947.
D. 1994年关贸总协定不是1947年关贸总协定的合法继承者。
A
606. Article 20 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allows governments to act on trade in order to:
606. 《关税及贸易总协定》（关贸总协定）第20条允许各国政府就贸易采取行动，以便：
A. Keep trade balance.
A. 保持贸易平衡。
B. Protect human, animal or plant life or health.
B. 保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康。
C. Protect state safety.
C. 保护国家安全。
D. Keep exchange balance.
D. 保持汇兑余额。
B
605. Under GATT 1994, each member may protect its domestic industries only through the use of:
605. 根据1994年关贸总协定，每个成员国只能通过以下措施保护其国内产业：
A. Tariffs, duties, taxes or charges.
A. 关税、关税、税款或收费。
B. Quotas.
B. 配额。
C. Quantitative restrictions.
C. 数量限制。
D. Import license.
D. 进口许可证。
A
607. State A, State B and State C are all members of the WTO, while State D is not. State A imposed import tariffs on vehicular air conditioners and room air conditioners. Which sample as following violated the Most Favored Nation Treatment of GATT?
607. A国、B国和C国都是世贸组织的成员，而D国则不是。 A国对车载空调和室内空调征收进口关税。以下哪个样本违反了关贸总协定的最惠国待遇？
A. State A imposes different tariffs on vehicular air conditioners from State B and room air conditioning from State C.
A. A国对B国的车载空调和C国的室内空调征收不同的关税。
B. State A imposes different import tariffs on vehicular air conditioners from State B and State D.
B. A国对B国和D国的车载空调征收不同的进口关税。
C. As a result of the anti-dumping measures, the tariffs on vehicular air conditioners imported from State B are higher than those from State C.
C. 由于采取了反倾销措施，从B国进口的车载空调的关税高于从C国进口的关税。
D. State A applies different tariffs to vehicular air conditioners from State B and State C.
D. A国对B国和C国的车载空调适用不同的关税。
D
608. The subjects who enjoy the most-favored nation treatment and national treatment under GATT 1994 are:
608. 根据1994年关贸总协定，享受最惠国待遇和国民待遇的主体是：
A. The procedures.
A. 程序。
B. The exporters.
B. 出口商。
C. The importers.
C. 进口商。
D. The products.
D. 产品。
D
609. The "escape clause" of the GATT agreement derives its name from the fact that:
609. 关贸总协定的“免责条款”之所以得名，是因为：
A. It allows a country to escape from having trade disputes settled by GATT guidelines.
一个。它允许一个国家避免通过关贸总协定准则解决贸易争端。
B. It permits a country to escape from its previously negotiated tariff obligations.
B.它允许一个国家逃避其先前谈判达成的关税义务。
C. It permits a country to be relieved of having to make its balance of payments obligations for a short period of time.
C. 它使一个国家在短时间内不必承担国际收支义务。
D. None of the above.
D. 以上都不是。
B
610. The GATT escape clause:
610. 关贸总协定免责条款：
A. Allows a country to take temporary corrective action to protect a domestic industry.
A. 允许一个国家采取临时纠正措施来保护国内产业。
B. Allows members who no longer wish to be a part of the WTO to quit.
B. 允许不再希望成为世贸组织成员的成员退出。
C. Allows a country to impose tariffs on countries that are engaging in dumping.
C. 允许一国对从事倾销的国家征收关税。
D. Allows a country to disaffirm any previous tariffs they have imposed on another GATT member.
D. 允许一个国家不确认其以前对另一个关贸总协定成员征收的任何关税。
A
二、多选
611. The principle of non-discrimination of GATT 1994 is implemented by:
611. 1994年关贸总协定的不歧视原则由以下机构执行：
A. The most-favored-nation treatment.
一个。最惠国待遇。
B. The national treatment.
B.国民待遇。
C. The rules of protection through tariffs.
C. 通过关税提供保护的规则。
D. The principle of transparency.
D.透明度原则。
AB
612. The MTN Treatment under the WTO legal system is a one.
612. 世贸组织法律制度下的中期票据待遇是其中之一。
A. Unconditional.
A. 无条件。
B. Unilateral.
B. 单方面。
C. Mutual.
C. 相互的。
D. Multilateral.
D. 多边。
ACD
613. Exceptions to the principle of MFN Treatment under WTO mainly cover the followings:
613. 世贸组织规定的最惠国待遇原则的例外情况主要包括以下内容：
A. Frontier terrific, customs unions and free trade areas.
A. 边境很棒，关税同盟和自由贸易区。
B. Special and differential treatment from developed members to developing members.
B. 发展成员对发展成员的特殊和差别待遇。
C. General exceptions.
C. 一般例外情况。
D. Security exceptions.
D. 安全例外。
ABCD
ABCD公司
614. Which statements as following are exceptions to the principle of most-favored nation treatment of GATT 1994?
614. 下列哪些陈述是1994年关贸总协定最惠国待遇原则的例外情况？
A. Members may join together to create a customs union and free trade areas.
答：成员国可以联合起来建立关税同盟和自由贸易区。
B. Members may restrict imports to protect public health, safety, welfare and national security.
B. 成员国可以限制进口，以保护公众健康、安全、福利和国家安全。
C. Members may take actions to counter dumping and subsidization.
C. 成员可以采取行动打击倾销和补贴。
D. Members may discriminate against suppliers from certain countries in the procurement of goods by government agencies for government purposes.
D. 成员在政府机构为政府目的采购货物时，可能会歧视某些国家的供应商。
AB
615. The GATT clauses on national treatment applies to the following aspects:
615. 关贸总协定关于国民待遇的条款适用于以下方面：
A. Domestic taxation and other expenses.
A. 国内税收和其他费用。
B. Mix or processing of imported goods.
B. 进口货物的混合或加工。
C. Various components regarding circulation of imported goods.
C. 关于进口货物流通的各种组成部分。
D. Trade related industrial property measures on imported goods.
D. 对进口货物采取与贸易有关的工业产权措施。
ABC
552. The WTO requires its members to maintain transparency of their trade measures, including:
552. 世贸组织要求其成员保持其贸易措施的透明度，包括：
A. Laws.
A. 法律。
B. Regulations.
B. 法规。
C. Policies.
C. 政策。
D. Judicial and administrative awards.
D. 司法和行政裁决。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
554. From 1948 to 1994, the GATT provided the rules for much of world trade and presided over periods that saw some of the highest growth rates in international commerce. It seemed well-established but throughout those 47 years, it was only a provisional organization.
554. 从1948年到1994年，关贸总协定为世界贸易的大部分活动制定了规则，并主持了国际贸易增长率最高的时期。它似乎已经很成熟，但在这47年中，它只是一个临时组织。
F
617. Trade discrimination can occur even when imported and domestic products are treated the same.
617. 即使进口产品和国内产品一视同仁，也可能发生贸易歧视。
T
618. The GATT escape clause allows member nations to take drastic permanent measures to protect a domestic industry and thereby preserve jobs.
618. 关贸总协定的免责条款允许成员国采取严厉的永久性措施来保护国内产业，从而保住就业。
F
619. The GATT Agreement has an escape clause whereby member nations may levy increased duties on imported products where there are unforeseen circumstances that cause or threaten serious injury to domestic producers.
619. 《关贸总协定》有一项免责条款，根据该条款，成员国可以在出现对国内生产者造成或威胁严重损害的不可预见情况时，对进口产品征收更高的关税。
T
四、名词
620. MTN Treatment
620. MTN处理
MTN Treatment is a treatment accorded by the granting state to the beneficiary state, or to particular persons or things closely related to that beneficiary state, which is no less favorable than treatment extended by the granting state to a third state or to persons or things in the third state.
中期票据待遇是给予国给予受益国或给予与该受益国密切相关的特定人或物的待遇，其待遇不亚于给予给予第三国或第三国的人或物的待遇。
MFN treatment
最惠国待遇
Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment, the principle of treating foreign trading partners equally in the WTO, is a non-discriminatory trade policy commitment offered by one country to another on a reciprocal basis. Both countries apply the lowest import-duties and quota-restrictions on imports from each other which they apply on the similar imports from any other country.
最惠国待遇是世贸组织中平等对待外国贸易伙伴的原则，是一国在对等基础上向另一国作出的非歧视性贸易政策承诺。两国对彼此的进口实行最低的进口关税和配额限制，就像它们对来自任何其他国家的类似进口实行的进口一样。
621. National Treatment
第621章 国民待遇
The so-called national treatment refers to equal treatment that the importing state grants to imported goods and locally-produced goods in government controlled items such as taxation and administration.
所谓国民待遇，是指进口国在税收、行政等政府管制项目中给予进口货物和当地生产的货物的平等待遇。
五、翻译
622. The trade police review practice had existed among Contracting Parties for quite a long period of time in the GATT era. In December 1988, a preliminary agreement on the establishment of a Trade Policy Review Machines (TPRM) was reached at Montreal, Canada. After the execution of WTO Agreements, the provisions with regard to the details of such a TPRM have been revised and modified. For the first time in history, a permanent mechanism on reviewing, registering, editing and debating with regard to the TPRM under the WTO umbrella was established. In practice, the establishment and function of the TPRM greatly increased transparency as required by the WTO and thus significantly reduced the costs of the WTO in supervising each WTO member with regard to the performance of its obligations and commitments under the WTO. As a matter of fact, the TPRM has functioned quite effectively. In summary, the establishment of the TPRM is essential to smooth functioning of the WTO. It has become one of the pillars in safeguarding the building up of a more open and transparent multilateral trading system.
622. 在关贸总协定时代，贸易警察审查的做法在缔约方中已经存在了相当长的一段时间。1988年12月，在加拿大蒙特利尔达成了关于建立贸易政策审查机制的初步协议。在WTO协定签署后，对有关TPRM细节的规定进行了修订和修改。历史上第一次在世贸组织框架下建立了一个关于TPRM的审查、登记、编辑和辩论的常设机制。在实践中，TPRM的建立和运作大大提高了WTO要求的透明度，从而大大降低了WTO监督每个WTO成员履行其在WTO下的义务和承诺的成本。事实上，TPRM的运作相当有效。总之，TPRM的建立对于世贸组织的顺利运作至关重要。它已成为维护建立更加开放和透明的多边贸易体制的支柱之一。
623. The principle of fair trade under the WTO contains three layers of implications. At the first layer, the principle means that parties to international trade including governments, trade associations as well as manufacturers and importers and exporters may not adopt unfair trade practices, especially the practices of dumping and subsidy for sales of goods in other countries, which may distort competition in international trade. The second layer of fair trade means that governments of the WTO members shall strictly abide by the principle of non-discrimination when implementing WTO-consistent trade measures. The third layer of fair trade means that particular concern and care shall be given to trade interests of vulnerable members and vulnerable parties that participate in international trade activities, or that special and different treatment shall be given to products originated from vulnerable members, or that the vulnerable importing members may adopt more favorable and flexible trade policies and measures.
623. 世贸组织规定的公平贸易原则包含三层含义。第一层，该原则是指包括政府、行业协会以及制造商和进出口商在内的国际贸易各方不得采取不公平的贸易做法，特别是对其他国家销售货物的倾销和补贴做法，这可能会扭曲国际贸易中的竞争。第二层公平贸易是指世贸组织成员国政府在实施与世贸组织一致的贸易措施时，应严格遵守非歧视原则。第三层公平贸易是指特别关注和照顾参与国际贸易活动的弱势成员和弱势方的贸易利益，或对原产于弱势成员的产品给予特殊和区别对待，或使易受伤害的进口成员采取更有利和灵活的贸易政策和措施。
第四节 贸易救济措施
一、单选
624. Which one is NOT a kind of trade remedy?
624. 哪一种不是贸易救济？
A. Anti-dumping action.
A. 反倾销行动。
B. Countervailing measures.
B. 反补贴措施。
C. Safeguard measure.
C. 保障措施。
D. Trade investigation.
D. 贸易调查。
D
625. Anti-dumping action can be taken only when there is an industry in the importing country which produces:
625. 只有当进口国有生产下列产品的行业时，才能采取反倾销行动：
A. Like products.
A. 喜欢产品。
B. Same products.
B.相同的产品。
C. Competing products.
C. 竞争产品。
D. Substitute products.
D.替代产品。
A
626. In non-market economy countries, the determination of foreign market value is usually based on:
626. 在非市场经济国家，外国市场价值的确定通常基于：
A. The use of "constructed value."
一个。使用“建构价值”。
B. Home market sales.
B.国内市场销售。
C. Third country sales.
C. 第三国销售。
D. Both A and C.
D. A 和 C。
D
628. The dumping margin is the percentage of the price difference between , and percentage shall be more than .
628. 倾销幅度是 和 之间的价格差异的百分比，百分比应大于 。
A. The normal value and the exporter price. 2%.
一个。正常值和出口商价格。2%.
B. The normal value and the current price. 2%.
B.正常值和当前价格。2%.
C. The normal value and the exporter price. 5%.
C.正常值和出口商价格。5%.
D. The normal value and the current price. 5%.
D. 正常值和当前价格。5%.
A
630. Which of the following factors is used to determine whether dumped imports have caused material injury to an industry?
630. 以下哪些因素用于确定倾销进口产品是否对一个行业造成重大损害？
A. The volume of the dumped imports.
一个。倾销进口量。
B. The effect of the imports on prices of like products in the domestic market.
B.进口对国内市场同类产品价格的影响。
C. The impact on domestic industry.
C.对国内产业的影响。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
D
627. Which of the following might be considered a sign of market disruption within domestic firms due to increased imports of foreign goods?
627. 下列哪项可被视为国内企业因外国货物进口增加而出现市场混乱的迹象？
A. Decreased sales volume.
A. 销量下降。
B. Price suppression.
B.价格压制。
C. Lower wages.
C. 降低工资。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
D
629. According to anti-dumping practices of WTO members, an affirmative preliminary determination on dumping would usually result in:
629. 根据世贸组织成员的反倾销做法，对倾销作出肯定的初步裁定通常会导致：
A. The imposition of provisional anti-dumping measures.
一个。实施临时反倾销措施。
B. The imposition of anti-dumping duties.
B.征收反倾销税。
C. Suspension or forbidden of importation.
C. 暂停或禁止进口。
D. Conduction of anti-circumvention actions
D. 反规避行动的实施
A
632. The ASCM, although is the main and mostly systematic international rules, does NOT regulate the subsidies for:
632. ASCM虽然是主要的、主要是系统的国际规则，但并不规范以下方面的补贴：
A. Agricultural goods.
A.农产品。
B. Textual goods.
B.文字商品。
C. Clothing.
C. 服装。
D. Non-agricultural
D. 非农业
A
631. In accordance with the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, among the following statements, which one is NOT correct?
631. 根据《补贴和反补贴措施协定》，在以下陈述中，哪一项是不正确的？
A. SCM forbids all kinds of subsidies.
A. SCM禁止各种补贴。
B. Subsidies dependent upon export performance or use of domestic over imported goods are prohibited.
B. 禁止根据出口业绩或使用国内货物而不是进口货物而给予补贴。
C. Non-special subsidies are not acceptable.
C. 不接受非特殊补贴。
D. All subsidies other than prohibited subsidies and non-actionable subsidies are actionable subsidies.
D. 除禁止补贴和不可起诉补贴外，所有补贴均为可起诉补贴。
A
633. With regard to the ASCM, which of the following statements is the correct one?
633. 关于ASCM，以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. Export subsidies can be categorized as a green light subsidy.
A.出口补贴可归类为绿灯补贴。
B. Export subsidies can be categorized as a kind of actionable subsidy.
B.出口补贴可以归类为一种可操作的补贴。
C. Research and development subsidies can be categorized as a red-light subsidy.
C.研发补贴可归类为闯红灯补贴。
D. Subsidize regarding environmental protection can be categorized as a red-light subsidy.
D.环境保护补贴可归类为闯红灯补贴。
B
634. If country A gives favorable tax treatment to XYZ, Inc. a corporation in country A, because XYZ, Inc. exports a large number of widgets, this tax break is referred to as a(an):
634. 如果A国对A国的一家公司XYZ， Inc.给予优惠的税收待遇，因为XYZ， Inc.出口了大量小部件，则这种税收减免称为a（an）：
A. Consortium.
A. 财团。
B. Export Subsidy.
B.出口补贴。
C. Export Rebate.
C.出口退税。
D. Tariff Supports.
D. 关税支持。
B
635. Subsidies in non-market economy countries are difficult to determine because:
635. 非市场经济国家的补贴难以确定，因为：
A. Their countries are secretive and do not allow economic information to escape.
一个。他们的国家是秘密的，不允许经济信息逃脱。
B. Foreign trade is limited and there are no comparative situations.
B.对外贸易有限，没有可比性。
C. These countries have few subsidies and the ones they have are very small.
C.这些国家的补贴很少，而且补贴很少。
D. Foreign trade decisions are made by the state trading organization and exports benefit from many economic advantages designed to meet an overall plan.
D.对外贸易决策由国家贸易组织做出，出口受益于许多旨在满足总体计划的经济优势。
D
636. A subsidy exists where the government has conferred a benefit to a domestic firm or industry, except
636. 如果政府向国内公司或行业提供福利，则存在补贴，但以下情况除外
A. Lower tax rate.
A. 降低税率。
B. Guarantee low interest loans.
B.为低息贷款提供担保。
C. Buying goods from domestic firms at higher market prices.
C. 以较高的市场价格从国内公司购买商品。
D. Grants to research universities.
D. 对研究型大学的赠款。
D
637. An actionable subsidy is one that:
637. 可采取行动的补贴是指：
A. Causes material injury to the domestic producers of a like product in the complaining country.
A. 对投诉国同类产品的国内生产商造成重大损害。
B. Violates a trade agreement.
B. 违反贸易协定。
C. Causes "serious prejudice" to the interests of the complaining country.
C. 对控诉国的利益造成“严重损害”。
D. All of the above.
D. 以上所有。
D
641. Which agreement of the WTO is regarded as safety valve?
641. 世贸组织的哪项协定被视为安全阀？
A. The Agreement on Anti-Dumping.
一个。《反倾销协定》。
B. The Agreement on Customs Valuation.
B.海关估价协定。
C. The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
c. 《补贴和反补贴措施协定》。
D. The Agreement on Safeguards.
d. 《保障协定》。
D
639. Domestic industries under the ASG not only include those producers producing the like product, but also include those producing:
639. 阿布沙耶夫集团所指的国内产业不仅包括生产同类产品的生产者，还包括生产：
A. The directly competing product.
一个。直接竞争产品。
B. The indirectly competing product.
B.间接竞争产品。
C. The directly substantive product.
C.直接实质性产品。
D. The indirectly substantive product.
D.间接实质性产品。
A
640. The standard of “serious injury” in ASG is a one compared with the standard of “material injury” envisaged under the ADA, the SCM agreement and the GATT 1994.
640. 阿布沙耶夫集团的“严重伤害”标准与《反倾销协定》、《SCM协定》和《1994年关贸总协定》所设想的“重大伤害”标准相比。
A. Much higher.
答：高得多。
B. Much lower.
B.低得多。
C. Equal.
C. 相等。
D. Prior.
D. 先验。
A
642. Members of WTO can adopt in critical circumstances where delay may cause damage.
642. 世贸组织成员可在延误可能造成损害的危急情况下采取。
A. Provisional safeguard measures.
A. 临时保障措施。
B. Safeguard measures.
B. 保障措施。
C. Anti-dumping measures.
C. 反倾销措施。
D. Countervailing measures.
D. 反补贴措施。
A
638. In accordance with the Agreement on Safeguards, among the following statements, which one is NOT correct?
638. 根据《保障协定》，在下列陈述中，哪一项不正确？
A. To take safeguard measures, there must be unforeseeable increase in imports.
一个。为了采取保障措施，进口必须出现不可预见的增加。
B. To take safeguard measures, increased imports must have caused serious injury or threat to serious injury to the domestic industry.
B.要采取保障措施，进口的增加必须对国内产业造成严重损害或威胁到严重损害。
C. To take safeguard measures, there must be a causal link between increased imports and serious injury or threat.
C. 为采取保障措施，进口增加与严重伤害或威胁之间必须有因果关系。
D. The member taking safeguard measures is not obliged to compensate the exporting members which would be affected by such a measure.
D. 采取保障措施的成员国没有义务对受这种措施影响的出口成员国进行赔偿。
D
643. Which of the following statements is correct?
643. 以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. In accordance with WTO covered agreements, the maximum duration for safeguard measures is eight years.
一个。根据世贸组织所涵盖的协定，保障措施的最长期限为八年。
B. In accordance with WTO covered agreements, the duration of anti-dumping measures is four years.
B.根据世贸组织所涵盖的协定，反倾销措施的期限为四年。
C. Both countervailing measures and safeguard measures are designed to attack unfair trade practice.
C. 反补贴措施和保障措施都旨在打击不公平的贸易行为。
D. Law on trade remedies is not very important in terms of multilateral trading system.
D. 贸易救济法在多边贸易体制中不是很重要。
B
644. The fundamental difference between safeguards and anti-dumping or countervailing actions is that safeguards target .
644. 保障措施与反倾销或反补贴行动之间的根本区别在于，保障措施的目标是。
A. Fair foreign trade practices.
A. 公平的外贸惯例。
B. Unfair foreign trade practices.
B. 不公平的外贸行为。
C. Non-tariff barriers.
C. 非关税壁垒。
D. Escaping from the bound rate obligations.
D. 逃避约束利率义务。
A
二、多选
670. There are three major trade remedies under the WTO legal system, given the fact that each of these three measures has a function of trade-restrictive effect and is able to protect relevant domestic industries from the competition of imports originated in other countries. They are:
670. 世贸组织法律制度下有三种主要的贸易救济措施，因为这三项措施中的每一项都具有贸易限制作用，并且能够保护有关国内产业免受来自其他国家的进口产品的竞争。他们是：
A. Antidumping actions.
A. 反倾销行动。
B. Countervailing actions.
B. 反补贴行动。
C. Safeguards.
C. 保障措施。
D. Environmental exemptions.
D. 环境豁免。
ABC
645. The basic substantive determination in an anti-dumping case is whether:
645. 反倾销案件的基本实质性决定是：
A. The export price is less than the normal value (LTNV).
一个。出口价格低于正常值 （LTNV）。
B. A particular relevant domestic industry has suffered the statutory injury.
B.某特定相关国内产业遭受了法定损害。
C. There is causal linkage between the LTNV exporting and the statutory injury.
C. LTNV出口与法定损害之间存在因果关系。
D. The imposition of anti-dumping duties in conformity with the WTO’s interest.
D. 根据世贸组织的利益征收反倾销税。
ABC
646. According to Agreement on Anti-dumping, a WTO member must before it can impose anti-dumping duties with respect to products from another WTO member.
646. 根据《反倾销协定》，世贸组织成员必须对另一世贸组织成员的产品征收反倾销税。
A. Consult with the other member.
A. 咨询其他成员。
B. Show that imported goods are priced below their normal value.
B. 显示进口货物的价格低于其正常价值。
C. Show that there has been an injury or the threat of injury to a domestic industry in the importing state.
C. 证明进口国的国内产业受到损害或受到损害的威胁。
D. Show that there exists causal link between the dumping and the injury.
D. 证明倾倒与损害之间存在因果关系。
BCD
647. Pursuant to the Anti-Dumping Agreement, there are three approaches to determine the normal value, which are as follows:
647. 根据《反倾销协定》，确定正常价值的方法有三种，分别是：
A. Domestic price in the exporting country.
A. 出口国的国内价格。
B. Current value in the importing country.
B. 进口国的当前价值。
C. Third country exporting price.
C.第三国出口价格。
D. Constructed value.
D. 构造价值。
ACD
648. Pursuant to the Anti-Dumping Agreement, there are two approaches to determine the export price, which are as follows:
648. 根据《反倾销协定》，确定出口价格有两种方法，分别是：
A. Transaction price.
A. 交易价格。
B. Constructed export price.
B.建筑出口价格。
C. Fire price.
C.火灾价格。
D. Proper price.
D.合适的价格。
AB
649. With regard to cumulative assessment in anti-dumping law, some conditions have to be met in order to assess exports from different countries cumulatively for the purpose of evaluating injury. They are:
649. 关于反倾销法中的累积评估，必须满足一些条件，以便为评估损害的目的而对来自不同国家的出口进行累积评估。他们是：
A. Imports in question from two or more countries are simultaneously subject to antidumping investigations.
A. 来自两个或两个以上国家的有关进口产品同时受到反倾销调查。
B. The margin of dumping established in relation to the imports from each country is more than 2%, expressed as a percentage of the export price.
B.从每个国家进口的倾销幅度超过2%，以出口价格的百分比表示。
C. The volume of imports from each country is not negligible.
C. 每个国家的进口量不容忽视。
D. Cumulative assessment of the effects of imports is appreciated in light of the condition of competition between the imported products and the condition of competition between the imported products and the like domestic product.
D. 根据进口产品之间的竞争条件以及进口产品与国内同类产品之间的竞争条件，对进口的影响进行累积评估是值得赞赏的。
ABCD
ABCD公司
650. With regard to anti-dumping law, injuries, suffered by relevant domestic industry as a result of talking, can be classified into:
650. 关于反倾销法，国内相关产业因谈判而遭受的损害可分为：
A. Material injury.
A. 物质伤害。
B. Threat of material injury.
B. 物质伤害的威胁。
C. Material reduction.
C.材料减少。
D. Material retardation of the establishment of an industry.
D.物质迟钝的产业建立。
ABD
651. The injury used in WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement include the following forms:
651. 世贸组织《反倾销协定》中使用的损害包括以下形式：
A. Serious injury.
A. 重伤。
B. Material retardation.
B.材料迟滞。
C. Serious prejudice.
C. 严重偏见。
D. Substantial injury.
D. 严重伤害。
BD
652. The administrative reviews on anti-dumping investigation include:
652. 反倾销调查的行政复议包括：
A. Interim/annual review.
A. 中期/年度审查。
B. Expiry/sunset review.
B. 到期/日落审查。
C. New shipper/exporter review.
C. 新的托运人/出口商审查。
D. Judicial review.
D. 司法审查。
ABC
653. The similarities between the anti-dumping law and the countervailing measures law include but not limited to the following items:
653. 反倾销法与反补贴措施法的相似之处包括但不限于以下各项：
A. Objectives of both laws are to remedy unfair trade practices.
答：这两项法律的目标都是纠正不公平的贸易行为。
B. Similar non-government interested parties involved in the investigation under both laws.
B. 根据两项法律参与调查的类似非政府利害关系方。
C. Similar investigation authorities responsible for conducting the investigation and almost the same procedure requirements on these two investigations.
C. 负责进行调查的类似调查机关，对这两项调查的程序要求几乎相同。
D. Similar elements which justify the imposition of these two trade remedies.
D. 有理由实施这两种贸易补救措施的类似要素。
ABCD
ABCD公司
654. Under the WTO, rules on subsidies are provided in:
654. 世贸组织规定了以下各项的补贴规则：
A. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
A. 关税和贸易总协定。
B. General Agreement on Trade of Services.
B. 《服务贸易总协定》。
C. Agreement on Subsidy and Countervailing Measures.
C. 关于补贴和反补贴措施的协定。
D. Agreement on Agriculture.
D. 农业协定。
ACD
656. The ASCM lists such practices that constitute a financial contribution:
656. ASCM列出了构成财政捐助的此类做法：
A. A direct transfer of fund or potential direct transfer of funds or liabilities.
一个。直接转移资金或潜在的直接转移资金或负债。
B. Government revenue otherwise due that is foregone or not collected.
B. 本应缴纳的政府收入，但已放弃或未征收。
C. Government provision of goods or services other than general infrastructure.
C. 政府提供一般基础设施以外的货物或服务。
D. Government purchase of goods.
D. 政府采购货物。
ABCD
ABCD公司
660. In accordance with the ASCM, a direct transfer of fund include:
660. 根据ASCM，直接转移资金包括：
A. Grants accorded by government agencies.
A. 政府机构提供的赠款。
B. Government loans provided by government agencies.
B. 政府机构提供的政府贷款。
C. Equity infusions conducted under government controls.
C. 在政府控制下进行的股权注入。
D. Government purchase of goods.
D. 政府采购货物。
ABC
657. The ASCM established a three-classes framework for the categorization of subsidies and subsidy remedy:
657. ASCM为补贴和补贴补救措施的分类建立了一个三类框架：
A. Subsidies that are prohibited (the “red light” category).
A. 禁止的补贴（“闯红灯”类别）。
B. Subsidies that may be challenged in WTO dispute settlement proceedings and domestically countervailed if they cause adverse trade effects (the “yellow light” category, including “dark amber”).
B. 在世贸组织争端解决程序中可能受到质疑的补贴，如果造成不利的贸易影响，可能会在国内受到反补贴（“黄灯”类别，包括“深琥珀色”）。
C. Subsidies that are non-actionable and non-countervailable if they are structured according to criteria intended to limit their potential for causing trade distortion, distortions (the “green light” category).
C. 不可起诉和不可反补贴的补贴，如果其结构符合旨在限制其造成贸易扭曲和扭曲的可能性的标准（“绿灯”类别）。
D. Subsidies that are not subject to the multilateral trading system and the distinction between the legality and illegality is vague and ambiguous (the “grey light” category).
D. 不受多边贸易体制约束的补贴，合法与非法的区别模糊不清（“灰灯”类别）。
ABC
655. The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) establish a new category of government assistance that will be non-actionable and non-countervailable only when strict conditions and criteria and criteria are satisfied. Such subsidies include the following subsidies:
655. 《补贴和反补贴措施协定》（ASCM）确立了一种新的政府援助类别，只有在满足严格的条件、标准和标准时，这种援助才是不可起诉和不可反补贴的。此类补贴包括以下补贴：
A. Regional subsidies.
A. 区域补贴。
B. Subsidies for research and development.
B. 研究与开发补贴。
C. Environmental subsidies.
C. 环境补贴。
D. Subsidies for national security.
D.国家安全补贴。
ABC
658. In accordance with ASCM, which ones are non-actionable subsidies?
658. 根据ASCM，哪些是不可起诉的补贴？
A. Prohibited subsidy.
A. 禁止补贴。
B. Specific subsidy.
B.具体补贴。
C. Non-specific subsidy.
C. 非特定补贴。
D. Certain environmental and regional subsidies.
D. 某些环境和区域补贴。
CD
659. In accordance with ASCM, specific subsidies may take the form of:
659. 根据ASCM，具体补贴可采取以下形式：
A. Enterprise-specificity.
A. 企业特有性。
B. Industry-specificity.
B. 行业特异性。
C. Regional-specificity.
C. 区域特异性。
D. Performance-specificity.
D. 性能特异性。
ABC
663. Under the provisions of the ASCM, factors upon which a de fecto specificity can be identified include:
663. 根据《反恐怖主义法》的规定，可以确定具体特征的因素包括：
A. The use of a subsidy program by a limited number of certain entities.
一个。少数某些实体使用补贴计划。
B. The grant of disproportionately large amounts to certain enterprises.
B.向某些企业提供不成比例的巨额赠款。
C. The predominant use by certain enterprises.
C.某些企业的主要用途。
D. The manner in which discretion has been exercised by the granting authority in the decision to grant a subsidy.
D. 发放当局在决定发放补贴时行使酌处权的方式。
ABCD
ABCD公司
661. Under the provisions of the ASCM, adverse effects of an actionable subsidies on other members shall include:
661. 根据ASCM的规定，可起诉的补贴对其他成员的不利影响应包括：
A. Material injury with the same meaning of that is required under the ADA.
答：根据《美国残疾人法》，具有相同含义的物质伤害是必需的。
B. Serious prejudice.
B. 严重偏见。
C. Nullification and impairment.
C. 无效和减损。
D. Serious injury.
D. 重伤。
ABC
662. Under the substantive test provided in the ASCM, serious projects can be established if a member is able to prove the existence of any of the following effects:
662. 根据ASCM提供的实质性测试，如果成员能够证明存在以下任何影响，则可以建立严肃的项目：
A. Direct forgiveness of debt.
A. 直接免除债务。
B. Significant price undercutting, significant price suppression, price depression or lost sales in any market.
B. 任何市场的价格大幅下调、价格大幅下跌、价格下跌或销售损失。
C. Import displacement or impediment in either the market of the subsidizing country import displacement or impediment in either the market of third country.
C. 在补贴国市场中的进口置换或障碍 第三国市场的进口置换或障碍。
D. An increase in world market share.
D.世界市场份额的增加。
BCD
664. Major legal sources of safeguards include:
664. 保障措施的主要法律渊源包括：
A. Article 19 of GATT 1994.
A. 1994年关贸总协定第19条。
B. Agreement on Implementation of Article 6 of GATT 1994.
B. 《关于执行1994年关贸总协定第6条的协定》。
C. Article 5 of the Agreement on Agriculture Equity infusions conducted under government control.
C. 《农业公平协议》第5条：在政府控制下进行的注入。
D. Agreement on Safeguards
D. 保障协定
ACD
665. In accordance with article 19 of GATT and the provisions of the Agreement of Safeguard (ASG), the essential conditions for the imposition of safeguard are as follows:
665. 根据《关贸总协定》第19条和《保障协定》的规定，实施保障措施的基本条件如下：
A. A particular product subject to tariff concessions is being imported in an increased quantity.
一个。受关税减让影响的特定产品正在大量进口。
B. The above increase of imports of a particular product must be the result of unforeseen developments.
B.上述特定产品进口的增加一定是不可预见的发展的结果。
C. The above increase of imports of a particular product must be the result of the effect of a member’s obligation under the GATT.
C. 上述特定产品进口的增加必须是成员国在关贸总协定下的义务的结果。
D. The effects of the above increased imports has caused or threatened to cause serious injury to domestic industry predicting like or directly competitive products.
D.上述进口增加的影响已经或可能对国内产业造成严重损害，预测同类或直接竞争产品。
ABCD
ABCD公司
666. Under the ASG, injuries justifying the imposition of safeguards takes such forms:
666. 根据《阿布沙耶夫集团》，有理由采取保障措施的损害有以下几种形式：
A. Serious injury.
A. 重伤。
B. Threat of serious injury.
B. 严重伤害的威胁。
C. Material injury.
C. 物质伤害。
D. Material retardation to the establishment of a new industry.
D.物质迟钝建立新产业。
AB
667. In accordance with provisions of the ASG, the following rules must be observed with regard to the implementation of safeguard measures:
667. 根据阿布沙耶夫集团的规定，在执行保障措施方面必须遵守以下规则：
A. Non-discrimination.
A. 不歧视。
B. Prior consultations.
B. 事先协商。
C. Compensation or retaliation.
C. 赔偿或报复。
D. Progressive liberalization.
D. 逐步自由化。
ABCD
ABCD公司
668. Pursuant to relevant provisions of the ASG, the rules for the implementation of safeguard measures include:
668. 根据阿布沙耶夫集团的有关规定，保障措施的实施规则包括：
A. Non-discriminative application is required.
A. 非歧视性申请是必需的。
B. Consultation is required prior to the application.
B. 申请前需要咨询。
C. If no appreciate compensation is provided by the member imposing safeguards, relation by members affected by safeguards will be authorized by the WTO.
C. 如果实施保障措施的成员没有提供补偿，则受保障措施影响的成员的关系将由世贸组织批准。
D. The existing grey area measures shall be entitled to grandfather rights.
D.现行的灰色地带措施应享有祖父权利。
ABC
669. A WTO member proposing to apply a safeguard measure may:
669. 提议实施保障措施的世贸组织成员可以：
A. Increase its tariffs.
A. 提高关税。
B. Impose quantity restriction.
B. 实施数量限制。
C. Prohibit importation.
C. 禁止进口。
D. Suspend importation.
D. 暂停进口。
AB
671. The differences of safeguard measures action from anti-dumping or controlling actions include that:
671. 保障措施行动与反倾销或控制行动的区别包括：
A. The underlining reasoning of safeguard is an ancient rule known as “clausula rebus sic stantibus”.
一个。保障措施的强调理由是一条被称为“clausula rebus sic stantibus”的古老规则。
B. Fair foreign trade practices are targeted under safeguards.
B. 公平的对外贸易做法是保障措施的目标。
C. There is an obligation of prior consolation on the member proposing to apply or extend a safeguard measure.
C. 提议实施或延长保障措施的成员有义务事先给予安慰。
D. There is an obligation of compensation or retaliation on the members proposing to apply or extend a safeguard measure.
D. 提议实施或延长保障措施的成员有义务进行赔偿或报复。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
672. Dumping is the unfair trade practice of selling products in one country for less than the price charged for comparable goods in the producer's home market.
672. 倾销是一种不公平的贸易做法，即在一个国家以低于生产者本国市场对同类商品的价格出售产品。
T
675. Dumping has become a fairly persistent problem in international trade and is often practiced by firms wishing to sell their excess production capacity at bargain prices to cover fixed costs.
675. 倾销已成为国际贸易中一个相当顽固的问题，希望以低价出售其过剩产能以支付固定成本的公司经常这样做。
T
674. Dumping does not occur when there is no market for the product in the home country.
674. 当产品在本国没有市场时，不会发生倾销。
F
673. Dumping does not require that the product be sold in the home country for less than the cost to produce it.
673. 倾销并不要求产品在本国的销售价格低于生产成本。
T
676. A provisional measure is a tariff imposed by a country in order to ensure that dumping does not take place.
676. 临时措施是一国为确保不发生倾销而征收的关税。
F
678. While rules on anti-dumping focus on unfair trade practice which have distorted effects induced by private sectors in penetration foreign markets, the disciplines of international regulation on subsidies and countervailing measures focus on government financial contributions or state aid induced by government or public bodies.
678. 反倾销规则侧重于不公平贸易做法，这些做法对私营部门渗透外国市场产生了扭曲的影响，而关于补贴和反补贴措施的国际管制则侧重于政府或公共机构提供的政府财政捐助或国家援助。
T
680. A subsidy is some advantage or favor granted by a government to its firms upon the manufacture, production, or export of a product, and such actions are beneficial to the international economy.
680. 补贴是政府在制造、生产或出口产品时给予其企业的某种好处或优惠，这种行为对国际经济是有益的。
F
683. All subsidies are even those that are beneficial to domestic economic and social objectives are considered damaging to the international economy.
683. 所有补贴，即使是那些有利于国内经济和社会目标的补贴，也被认为对国际经济有害。
F
681. Subsidies including domestic subsidies are regulated under the GATT Agreement.
681. 包括国内补贴在内的补贴受《关贸总协定》的管制。
F
679. Not all subsidies granted by government in a direct or indirect manner are challengeable under the WTO system.
679. 在世贸组织体系下，并非所有政府以直接或间接方式提供的补贴都可受到质疑。
F
682. The SCM Agreement authorizes countervailing duties to offset the effect of subsidies on imports that cause or threaten material injury to a domestic industry.
682. 《SCM协定》授权征收反补贴税，以抵消对进口产品造成或威胁对国内产业造成重大损害的影响。
T
557. A WTO member may restrict imports of a product temporarily (take “safeguard” actions) if its domestic industry is injured or threatened with injury caused by a surge in imports.
557. 如果世贸组织成员的国内产业因进口激增而受到损害或受到损害的威胁，则可以暂时限制产品的进口（采取“保障”行动）。
T
684. The GATT Agreement on Safeguards permits a member state to increase tariffs on an imported product in order to allow a domestic manufacturer to successfully introduce a competitive product in the domestic market.
684. 《关贸总协定保障协定》允许成员国提高进口产品的关税，以使国内制造商能够成功地在国内市场推出有竞争力的产品。
F
685. The "material injury" requirement under the ADA Agreement and the ASCM Agreement requires a finding of less harm than does the "serious injury" requirement in the SG Agreement.
685. 《反倾销协定》和《反恐怖主义协定》规定的“重大伤害”要求要求认定的伤害小于《战略协定》中的“严重伤害”要求。
T
四、名词
686. MES
686. MES的
Full Market Economy Status. The status is seen as an important step for developing free trade. However, 'market-economy status' is essentially a technical issue that has practical effect in the context of EU anti-dumping procedures.
完全的市场经济状况。这一地位被视为发展自由贸易的重要一步。然而，“市场经济地位”本质上是一个技术问题，在欧盟反倾销程序中具有实际效果。
687. A market economy country
687. 市场经济国家
A market economy is an economic system in which economic decisions and the pricing of goods and services are guided by the interactions of a country's individual citizens and businesses. There may be some government intervention or central planning, but usually this term refers to an economy that is more market oriented in general.
市场经济是一种经济体系，在这种体系中，经济决策以及商品和服务的定价以一个国家的公民个人和企业的互动为指导。可能会有一些政府干预或中央计划，但通常这个术语指的是总体上更以市场为导向的经济。
五、翻译
688. Anti-dumping is one of the trade remedies authorized by the WTO. Currently it has become the most welcomed and frequently used trade remedies given its characters such as the legitimacy under WTO law, the selective punishment of exporting countries, the minimum threshold required to be established in terms of the injury testing, the unlikeliness of stimulating retaliation Anti-dumping law focus on measures which have distortive effects as a result of unfair pricing practices induced by the private sector in penetration foreign markets are the way of selling at exporting prices less than normal value. Antidumping measures are prone to be used as instruments of protectionisms as the threat to impose such measures entails substantial procedural costs and often push small companies to yield to such threats. While economists mostly agree that the protection through anti-dumping measures is excessive, it is strongly embedded and forms a core part of international trade adjudication, both domestically and internationally under the WTO system.
688. 反倾销是世贸组织授权的贸易救济措施之一。目前，它已成为最受欢迎和最常用的贸易救济措施，因为它的特点是，如世贸组织法律的合法性、对出口国的选择性惩罚、在损害测试方面需要确定的最低门槛、刺激报复的可能性。以低于正常价值的出口价格出售。反倾销措施容易被用作保护主义的工具，因为威胁实施这种措施会带来巨大的程序成本，而且往往会迫使小公司屈服于这种威胁。虽然经济学家大多认为反倾销措施的保护是过度的，但它在世贸组织体系下根深蒂固，是国内和国际国际贸易裁决的核心部分。
689. It’s the relevant industry that suffers the statutory injury as a result of dumping. The relevant industry refers to the domestic industry in the importing country producing the “like products” of the product under the investigation. Thus, it is very important to identify the scope of the like product in order to define the domestic industry. Pursuant to provisions of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and practices of investigating authorities of each WTO member, “like products” are the same products which is identical in every respect or similar in most of the respects with the product under investigation. To consider whether a product is a like product of the investigated imported products, a number of factors can be used. Such factors include but not limited to physical characteristics, chemical constructions, the end uses, the technical features and the substitutability between the product produced by the domestic industry and the product under investigation.
689. 因倾销而遭受法定损害的是相关行业。相关行业是指进口国生产被调查产品“同类产品”的国内行业。因此，为了界定国内产业，确定同类产品的范围非常重要。根据《反倾销协定》的规定和每个世贸组织成员调查机关的做法，“同类产品”是指与被调查产品在各方面相同或在多数方面相似的相同产品。要考虑产品是否是被调查进口产品的同类产品，可以使用许多因素。这些因素包括但不限于物理特性、化学结构、最终用途、技术特征以及国内工业生产的产品与被调查产品之间的可替代性。
690. The underlining reasoning of safeguard is an ancient rule known as “clausula rebus sic stantibus”. Under this rule, the performance of any contractual obligation by a contracting party to a treaty shall be subject to a fundamental assumption that the circumstances thereof at the time of concluding such a treaty shall remain unchanged. The obligations must be subject to a corresponding change in the case of any fundamental change with regard to such circumstances, because otherwise it will give rise to inequitable results. As far as the multilateral trading system is concerned, each member shall reserve a right to escape the obligation under a particular treaty if any unforeseen development, which could not or should not be expected by such member, take place and thus the balance designed to be reached by the concluding of the above treaty is broken. This is why article 19 of GATT is also referred to by legal scholars and practitioners as an escape clause in that General Agreement. The aim of such escapes is to provide relevant domestic industries with temporary relief so that these industries can make necessary adjustment to adapt the new competition resulted from the trade liberalization.
690. 保障的底线推理是一项古老的规则，称为“clausula rebus sic stantibus”。根据本条规则，条约缔约方履行任何合同义务时，应服从一个基本假定，即缔结此项条约时的情况应保持不变。如果这种情况发生根本性变化，义务必须发生相应的变化，否则将导致不公平的结果。就多边贸易体制而言，如果发生任何无法预见的事态发展，而该事态发展是该成员无法或不应预料到的，从而打破了缔结上述条约所要达到的平衡，则每个成员都应保留逃避该条约规定的义务的权利。这就是为什么《关贸总协定》第19条也被法律学者和从业人员称为该总协定中的免责条款。这种逃避的目的是为国内相关行业提供暂时的救济，以便这些行业能够进行必要的调整，以适应贸易自由化带来的新竞争。
第五节 服务贸易总协定
一、单选
698. The first multilateral, legally enforceable agreement to establish rules for international trade in services was:
698. 制定国际服务贸易规则的第一项具有法律效力的多边协定是：
A. The General Agreement on Trade in Services of 1994.
一个。1994年《服务贸易总协定》。
B. Trade in Services Act of 1947.
B. 1947年《服务贸易法》。
C. The Multilateral Agreement on Trade in Services of 1994.
C. 1994年《服务贸易多边协定》。
D. The General Agreement on Trade in Services of 1947.
d. 1947年《服务贸易总协定》。
A
691. According to GATS, a distance training supplied by a foreign person can be described as a _____service.
691. 根据《服务贸易总协定》，由外国人提供的远程培训可称为_____service。
A. Cross-border.
A. 跨境。
B. Consumption abroad.
B.国外消费。
C. Commercial presence.
C. 商业存在。
D. Movement of natural persons.
D. 自然人的流动。
A
692. According to GATS, an overseas tourism can be described as a _ ____ service.
692. 根据《服务贸易总协定》，海外旅游可被描述为___服务。
A. Cross-border.
A. 跨境。
B. Consumption abroad.
B.国外消费。
C. Commercial presence.
C. 商业存在。
D. Movement of natural persons.
D. 自然人的流动。
B
693. According to GATS, financial services supplied by Standard Chartered Bank through its Chinese Branch to Chinese can be described as a __ ___ service.
693. 根据《服务贸易总协定》，渣打银行通过其中国分行向中国提供的金融服务可称为__服务。
A. Cross-border.
A. 跨境。
B. Consumption abroad.
B.国外消费。
C. Commercial presence.
C. 商业存在。
D. Movement of natural persons.
D. 自然人的流动。
C
694. According to GATS, a consulting services supplied by a foreign person in the consumer's country can be described as a _____ service.
694. 根据《服务贸易总协定》，外国人在消费国提供的咨询服务可称为_____服务。
A. Cross-border.
A. 跨境。
B. Consumption abroad.
B.国外消费。
C. Commercial presence.
C. 商业存在。
D. Movement of natural persons.
D. 自然人的流动。
D
697. Which one is NOT a general obligation of WTO members under GATS?
697. 哪一项不是世贸组织成员在《服务贸易总协定》下的一般义务？
A. Most-favored-nation treatment.
A. 最惠国待遇。
B. Transparency.
B. 透明度。
C. Economic and labor market integration.
C. 经济和劳动力市场一体化。
D. National treatment.
D. 国民待遇。
D
699. Which of the following statements about the 1994 General Agreement on Trade in Services is correct?
699. 下列关于1994年《服务贸易总协定》的陈述中哪项是正确的？
A. It is patterned after the concepts that GATT applies to trade in goods.
一个。它以关贸总协定适用于货物贸易的概念为模式。
B. Expands provisions governing trade in services provided for in the original GATT agreement.
B. 扩大原关贸总协定中规定的服务贸易条款。
C. Prohibits a requirement that local inventors must own a percentage of a foreign services company.
C. 禁止要求当地发明人必须拥有外国服务公司一定比例的股份。
D. Allows each country to list exceptions to the General Agreement for certain service industries.
D. 允许每个国家列出某些服务业的一般协议的例外情况。
A
696. Among the following statements concerning GATS, which one is NOT correct?
696. 在下列关于《服务贸易总协定》的陈述中，哪一项是不正确的？
A. GATS applies to measures by members affecting trade in service.
A. 《服务贸易总协定》适用于各成员影响服务贸易的措施。
B. The subjects enjoy the most-favored- nation treatment under GATS are services and service suppliers.
B.在《服务贸易总协定》下享有最惠国待遇的对象是服务和服务提供者。
C. GATS shall prevent any of its members from being a party to or entering into an agreement liberalizing trade in services between or among the parties to such an agreement.
C. 《服务贸易总协定》应防止其任何成员成为该协定缔约方之间或缔结服务贸易自由化的协定。
D. Each member shall set out in a schedule the specific commitments it undertakes.
D. 每个成员应在附表中列出其所承担的具体承诺。
C
695. Each Member of the WTO is required to submit for annexation to GATS a document regarding the service sectors that it has opened to international market access. That document is called：
695. 世贸组织每个成员都必须提交一份关于其已向国际市场准入开放的服务部门的文件，以作为其附件。该文档称为：
A. A Promise.
A. 一个承诺。
B. A Schedule.
B. 附表。
C. An Acceptance.
C. 接受。
D. An Obligation.
d. 义务。
B
二、多选
701. In GATS, trade in services is defined as the supply of a service:
701. 在《服务贸易总协定》中，服务贸易的定义是：
A. from the territory of one Member into the territory of any other Member.
A. 从一个成员的领土进入任何其他成员的领土。
B. in the territory of one Member to the service consumer of any other Member.
B. 在一个会员的领土内向任何其他会员的服务消费者提供服务。
C. by a service supplier of one Member, through commercial presence in the territory of any other Member.
C. 由一个成员的服务提供者通过在任何其他成员领土内的商业存在。
D. by a service supplier of one Member, through presence of natural persons of a Member in the territory of any other Member.
D. 由一个会员的服务提供者，通过会员的自然人出现在任何其他会员的领土内。
ABCD
ABCD公司
702. In GATS, such modes of services are described:
702. 在《服务贸易总协定》中，对这种服务模式作了说明：
A. Cross-border.
A. 跨境。
B. Consumption abroad.
B.国外消费。
C. Commercial presence.
C. 商业存在。
D. Movement of natural persons.
D. 自然人的流动。
ABCD
ABCD公司
703. The GATS covers all trade in services in any sector except
703. 《服务贸易总协定》涵盖任何部门的所有服务贸易，但
A. that supplied in the exercise of government functions.
A. 在行使政府职能时提供。
B. that supplied by natural persons.
B.由自然人提供的。
C. that supplied by legal persons.
C.由法人提供。
D. air traffic and directly related service.
D.空中交通及直接相关服务。
AD
617. According to the GATS, which of the following samples belong to international trade in services?
617. 根据《服务贸易总协定》，下列哪些样本属于国际服务贸易？
A. German accountants provide professional services to French clients via e-mail in Germany.
答：德国会计师在德国通过电子邮件向法国客户提供专业服务。
B. Carrefour has set up a shop in China.
B. 家乐福在中国开设了一家商店。
C. 8-day tour in Europe by a Chinese tour group.
C. 中国旅行团在欧洲的8日游。
D. Establishment of a branch office in China by a British Insurance Company.
D. 英国一家保险公司在中国设立分公司。
ABCD
ABCD公司
711. What kinds of the following international service operations can be identified as services supplied under Mode 2 in GATS?
711. 下列哪些国际服务业务可被确定为在《服务贸易总协定》模式2下提供的服务？
A. A dentist having a clinic in Singapore treats a Chinese tourist in his clinic.
一个。一位在新加坡开诊所的牙医在他的诊所治疗一名中国游客。
B. An Australian company provides training services for 50 Chinese students in Australia.
B.一家澳大利亚公司为50名在澳大利亚的中国学生提供培训服务。
C. A first class Chinese cook making dishes for US guests in China.
C.一流的中国厨师为在中国的美国客人做菜。
D. A first class Chinese cook making dishes for US guests in USA.
D.一流的中国厨师，在美国为美国客人做菜。
ABC
704. A foreign company established an office in country A, employed nationals from country B, supplied export services to customers in country A or country C. In this circumstance, there are some modes of international trade in services. Those are:
704. 一家外国公司在A国设立办事处，雇用B国国民，向A国或C国的客户提供出口服务。在这种情况下，存在一些国际服务贸易模式。这些是：
A. Cross-border.
A. 跨境。
B. Consumption abroad.
B.国外消费。
C. Commercial presence.
C. 商业存在。
D. Movement of natural persons.
D. 自然人的流动。
ACD
700. The GATS is made up of three interrelated components. Those are:
700. 《服务贸易总协定》由三个相互关联的组成部分组成。这些是：
A. The framework agreement which contains the rules applicable to all Members.
一个。包含适用于所有成员的规则的框架协议。
B. The rules applicable to the relationship between the suppliers and the customers in international trade in services.
B.适用于国际服务贸易中供应商与客户之间关系的规则。
C. The sectoral annexes that deal with issues unique to particular economic sectors.
C. 处理特定经济部门特有问题的部门附件。
D. The national Schedules of Specific Commitments each Member has agreed to undertake.
D. 各成员同意承担的国家具体承诺时间表。
ACD
710. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has such elements:
710. 《服务贸易总协定》（《服务贸易总协定》）有以下内容：
A. The main text containing general obligations and disciplines.
一个。包含一般义务和纪律的正文。
B. Annexes dealing with rules for specific sectors.
B. 关于特定部门规则的附件。
C. Individual countries’ specific commitments to provide access to their markets.
C. 个别国家提供市场准入的具体承诺。
D. The procedure rules to conduct investigations.
D.进行调查的程序规则。
ABC
706. Under the GATS Annex on air transport services, such measures have been included:
706. 在《服务贸易总协定》关于航空运输服务的附件中，这些措施包括：
A. affecting air traffic rights and directly related service services.
A.影响空中交通权及直接相关的服务服务。
B. affecting aircraft repair and maintenance services.
B.影响飞机维修和保养服务。
C. affecting the selling and marketing of air transport services.
C.影响航空运输服务的销售和营销。
D. affecting computer reservations, systems services.
D.影响计算机预订、系统服务。
BCD
708. General Obligations of members of GATS included:
708. 《服务贸易总协定》成员的一般义务包括：
A. Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.
A. 最惠国待遇。
B. Transparency.
B. 透明度。
C. Increasing Participation of Developing Countries.
c. 增加发展中国家的参与。
D. Economic Integration.
D. 经济一体化。
ABCD
ABCD公司
707. According to GATS, which ones are the general obligations or disciplines of the Members?
707. 根据《服务贸易总协定》，哪些是成员的一般义务或纪律？
A. Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.
A. 最惠国待遇。
B. Transparency.
B. 透明度。
C. Market Access.
C. 市场准入。
D. National Treatment.
D. 国民待遇。
AB
713. Which rules are provided as general obligations and disciplines under GATS?
713. 《服务贸易总协定》规定了哪些规则作为一般义务和纪律？
A. The principle of MFN
一个。最惠国待遇的原则
B. The principle of NT
B.NT的原理
C. The principle of market access.
C. 市场准入原则。
D. The principle of transparency.
D.透明度原则。
AD
714. Exemptions to the MFN obligation under GATS include the following categories:
714. 《服务贸易总协定》规定的最惠国义务的豁免包括以下几类：
A. Country-specific exceptions based on Accession reservation under GATS.
A. 基于《服务贸易总协定》规定的加入保留的国别例外。
B. General exceptions under GATT.
B. 关贸总协定规定的一般例外情况。
C. General exceptions under the Marrakech Agreement.
C. 《马拉喀什协定》规定的一般例外。
D. General exceptions under DSU.
D. DSU 下的一般例外情况。
ABC
715. Pursuant to GATS provisions, general exceptions to the MFN obligations under the GATS include but not limited to the following situation:
715. 根据《服务贸易总协定》的规定，《服务贸易总协定》规定的最惠国义务的一般例外情况包括但不限于以下情况：
A. Frontier trade exemption.
A. 边境贸易豁免。
B. “Regional economic integration” exemption.
B.“区域经济一体化”豁免。
C. “Labor market integration” exemption.
C.“劳动力市场一体化”豁免。
D. National security exemption.
D. 国家安全豁免。
ABCD
ABCD公司
716. Based on relevant GATS provisions, what kinds of exemptions to the MFN treatment obligation are followed?
716. 根据《服务贸易总协定》的有关规定，对最惠国待遇义务实行了哪些豁免？
A. Frontier trade.
A. 边境贸易。
B. Regional economic integration.
B.区域经济一体化。
C. Waiver regarding the MFN to be decided by the Ministerial Conference.
C. 关于最惠国待遇的豁免将由部长级会议决定。
D. Labor market integration.
D. 劳动力市场一体化。
ACD
709. According to GATS, which ones are the specific commitments of the Members?
709. 根据《服务贸易总协定》，成员的具体承诺是哪些？
A. Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.
A. 最惠国待遇。
B. Transparency.
B. 透明度。
C. Market Access.
C. 市场准入。
D. National Treatment.
D. 国民待遇。
CD
717. The WTO members’ special commitment under GATS include:
717. 世贸组织成员在《服务贸易总协定》下的特别承诺包括：
A. Market access.
A. 市场准入。
B. National treatment.
B. 国民待遇。
C. Additional commitment.
C. 追加承诺。
D. Most-favored-nation treatment.
D. 最惠国待遇。
ABC
718. Under the GATS legal system, such obligations are country-specific obligations that apply to those service sectors and subsectors that are listed in a particular WTO members schedule of commitments:
718. 根据《服务贸易总协定》法律制度，这种义务是针对具体国家的义务，适用于世贸组织特定成员承诺表所列的服务部门和分部门：
A. Market access.
A. 市场准入。
B. National treatment.
B. 国民待遇。
C. Most favorite nation treatment.
C.最喜欢的国家待遇。
D. Transparency.
D. 透明度。
AB
720. Based on relevant GATS provisions and practices, the Schedules list:
720. 根据《服务贸易总协定》的有关规定和做法，《附表》列出了：
A. The sectors being opened.
一个。正在开放的部门。
B. The extent of market access being given in those open sectors.
B.这些开放部门的市场准入程度。
C. Any limitations on national treatment.
C. 对国民待遇的任何限制。
D. The exceptions to general obligations and disciplines.
D. 一般义务和纪律的例外情况。
ABC
712. Based on relevant GATS provisions, which is the correct one among the following statements?
712. 根据《服务贸易总协定》的有关规定，下列说法中哪一项是正确的？
A. Both national treatment and MFN are general obligation under the GATS.
一个。国民待遇和最惠国待遇都是《服务贸易总协定》规定的一般义务。
B. In contrast with GATT, MFN under the GATT shall also apply to the like service suppliers.
B.与关贸总协定不同，关贸总协定规定的最惠国待遇也适用于同类服务提供者。
C. Regional trade agreements constitute legitimate exception to the national treatment principle.
C. 区域贸易协定构成国民待遇原则的合法例外。
D. Regional trade agreements constitute legitimate exceptions to the principle of MFN treatment.
D. 区域贸易协定是最惠国待遇原则的合法例外。
BD
705. For the purposes of GATS, “measures by Members” means measures taken by:
705. 就《服务贸易总协定》而言，“成员采取的措施”系指下列机构采取的措施：
A. central, regional or local governments and authorities.
A. 中央、地区或地方政府和当局。
B. non-governmental bodies in the exercise of powers delegated by central governments or authorities.
B. 行使中央政府或当局授予的权力的非政府机构。
C. non-governmental bodies in the exercise of powers delegated by regional or local governments or authorities.
C. 行使地区或地方政府或当局授予的权力的非政府机构。
D. non-governmental bodies.
D. 非政府组织。
ABC
719. With regard to market access, limitations that in principle are prohibited by GATS include:
719. 关于市场准入，《服务贸易总协定》原则上禁止的限制包括：
A. The total value of service transactions or assets in the form of numerical quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test.
一个。以数字配额或经济需求测试要求的形式提供的服务交易或资产的总价值。
B. The total number of service operations or on the total quantity of service output expressed in terms of designated numerical units in the form of quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test.
B.服务业务总数或服务产出总量，以配额或经济需求测试要求的形式以指定的数字单位表示。
C. The total number of natural persons that may be employed in a particular service sector or that a service supplier may employ and who are necessary for, and directly related to, the supply of a specific service in the form of numerical quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test.
C. 在某一特定服务部门或服务提供者可能雇用的自然人总数，这些自然人是以数字配额或经济需要测试要求的形式提供特定服务所必需的，并且与提供特定服务直接相关。
D. Types of legal entity or joint venture through which a service supplier may supply a service.
D. 服务提供者提供服务的法人实体或合资企业的类型。
ABCD
ABCD公司
721. Based on the relevant GATS provisions, which is the correct one among the following statements?
721. 根据《服务贸易总协定》的有关规定，下列说法中哪一项是正确的？
A. Further negotiations on general rules under GATS are conducted on the multilateral basis under the administration of WPGR.
一个。关于《服务贸易总协定》一般规则的进一步谈判是在多边基础上进行的。
B. Further negotiations on general rules under GATS are conducted on the multilateral basis under the administration of CTS.
B.关于《服务贸易总协定》一般规则的进一步谈判是在多边基础上进行的，由CTS管理。
C. WPGR represents “Working Party on GATS Rules”.
C. WPGR代表“服务贸易总协定规则工作组”。
D. CTS represents “Council for Trade in Services”.
D. CTS代表“服务贸易委员会”。
AC
三、判断
724. The General Agreement on Trade in Services is the first multilateral trade agreement to cover trade in services.
724. 《服务贸易总协定》是第一个涵盖服务贸易的多边贸易协定。
T
722. The WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services provides basic GATT Principles to service industries.
722. 世贸组织《服务贸易总协定》为服务业提供了关贸总协定的基本原则。
T
725. The GATS applies to measures by its Members affecting international trade in services.
725. 《服务贸易总协定》适用于其成员影响国际服务贸易的措施。
T
726. According to GATS, Members are required to open all of their service sectors.
726. 根据《服务贸易总协定》，各成员必须开放其所有服务部门。
F
723. Under the Recognition of Licensing and Professional Qualifications, countries must recognize professional licenses granted by foreign countries.
723. 根据《执照和专业资格承认》，各国必须承认外国颁发的专业执照。
F
四、名词
728. GATS
728. 《服务贸易总协定》
The General Agreement on Trade in Services is the first and only set of multilateral rules governing international trade in services. Negotiated in the Uruguay Round, it was developed in response to the huge growth of the services economy over the past 30 years and the greater potential for trading services brought about by the communications revolution.
《服务贸易总协定》是第一部也是唯一一套关于国际服务贸易的多边规则。它是在乌拉圭回合中谈判达成的，是为了应对过去30年服务经济的巨大增长以及通信革命带来的贸易服务的巨大潜力而制定的。
五、简答
729. How many kinds are the trades in services classified by GATS?
729. 《服务贸易总协定》将服务业分为几类？
The supply of a service:
提供服务：
(a) from the territory of one Member into the territory of any other Member.
（a） 从一个会员国的领土进入任何其他会员国的领土。
(b) in the territory of one Member to the service consumer of any other Member.
（b） 在一个会员的领土内向任何其他会员的服务消费者提供服务。
(c) by a service supplier of one Member, through commercial presence in the territory of any other Member.
（c） 由一个成员的服务提供者通过在任何其他成员领土内的商业存在。
(d) by a service supplier of one Member, through presence of natural persons of a Member in the territory of any other Member.
（d） 由一个会员的服务提供者通过一个会员的自然人出现在任何其他会员的领土内。
六、翻译
730. With regard to WTO trade in services, although there are mature WTO laws on international trade in goods, except the transparency and MFN, the two substantial obligations of the members under the WTO framework shall be determined by members specific commitments in the Schedule. These two substantial obligations are market access and national treatment of investors from other WTO members. Due to the different listing styles members used in the Schedule and differences between horizontal commitment applicable to all service industries and specific commitments applicable to specific industries, quite a number of members reserve a large number of non-conforming measures regarding national treatment while making open commitments. As such, members differ in their openness of specific modes of service of specific industries.
730. 关于世贸组织服务贸易，虽然世贸组织关于国际货物贸易的法律已经成熟，但透明度和最惠国待遇除外，但成员在世贸组织框架下的两项实质性义务应由成员在附表中的具体承诺确定。这两项实质性义务是市场准入和对世贸组织其他成员投资者的国民待遇。由于附表成员的列名方式不同，以及适用于所有服务行业的横向承诺与适用于特定行业的具体承诺之间存在差异，因此不少成员在作出公开承诺的同时保留了大量关于国民待遇的不合规措施。因此，成员对特定行业特定服务模式的开放程度各不相同。
731. An important feature of national treatment under GATS is linking market access and national treatment as specific commitments with liberalization of different sectors rather than regarding the two as general obligations, whereby States with considerable different opinions on this issue could reach an agreement as early as possible. Developing countries shall not be forced to open their markets that cannot be fully liberalized. otherwise, it will increase the burden of developing countries in service trade and the balance of payment, which is against the fundamental purpose of GATS. As such, national treatment in service trade came from agreement among WTO members through negotiation on the basis of equality, i.e., different levels of national treatments to different service sectors based on such agreement. In service trade, the principle of national treatment is implemented according to the principle of reciprocity. Such reciprocity, however, does not mean equivalent preferences in the sense of absolute quantity, but mutual benefit to meet demands of States at different levels of developments, mitigate disputes and conflicts between members and reach compromise thereof.
731. 《服务贸易总协定》规定的国民待遇的一个重要特点是，将市场准入和国民待遇作为具体承诺与不同部门的自由化联系起来，而不是将两者视为一般义务，因此对这一问题有相当不同意见的国家可以尽早达成协议。不应强迫发展中国家开放其不能充分自由化的市场。否则，将增加发展中国家在服务贸易和国际收支方面的负担，这违背了《服务贸易总协定》的根本宗旨。因此，服务贸易中的国民待遇来自世贸组织成员之间在平等基础上通过谈判达成的协议，即根据这种协议对不同服务部门实行不同程度的国民待遇。在服务贸易中，国民待遇原则是根据对等原则实施的。然而，这种互惠并不意味着绝对数量意义上的对等优惠，而是互利共赢，以满足处于不同发展水平的国家的要求，减轻成员之间的争端和冲突，并达成妥协。
第六节 其他货物贸易协定
一、单选
732. Which kind of international trade regulation would give customs administrations the right to request further information of importers where they have reason to doubt the accuracy of the declared value of imported goods.
732. 哪种国际贸易条例使海关当局有权在进口商有理由怀疑进口货物申报价值的准确性时要求进口商提供进一步资料。
A. Customs Valuation.
A. 海关估价。
B. Rules of origin.
B. 原产地规则。
C. Anti-dumping.
C. 反倾销。
D. Pre-shipment Inspection.
D. 装运前检验。
A
736. Which of the following statements in regard to the 1994 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade is NOT correct?
736. 关于1994年《技术性贸易壁垒协定》的下列哪项说法不正确？
A. All technical regulations shall be applied on a nondiscriminatory basis, without regard to the national origin of the products.
一个。所有技术法规均应在非歧视的基础上适用，不考虑产品的国籍。
B. Disputes between countries may be referred to the WTO for negotiation and settlement.
B. 国家之间的争端可以提交世贸组织谈判解决。
C. Whenever possible, product requirements should be based on the design and descriptive characteristics of a product, rather that its performance.
C. 只要有可能，产品要求就应该基于产品的设计和描述性特征，而不是其性能。
D. Proposed standards must be published and made available to foreign countries.
D. 拟议的标准必须公布并提供给外国。
C
735. A law or regulation affecting a product's characteristics that must be met before a product can enter a country is a:
735. 在产品进入一个国家之前，必须满足影响产品特性的法律或法规是：
A. Product standard.
A.产品标准。
B. Technical regulation.
B.技术法规。
C. Product limitation.
C. 产品限制。
D. Government procurement law.
D. 政府采购法。
B
734. Which one is NOT a kind of technical trade barrier?
734. 哪一个不是一种技术性贸易壁垒？
A. Labeling requirement.
A. 标签要求。
B. Environmental protection standard.
B.环保标准。
C. Safety requirement.
C. 安全要求。
D. Local contents requirement.
D. 本地内容要求。
D
738. For the following WTO covered agreements embodied in the “Legal Texts”, which one is included in the “single package” of the multilateral trade agreements?
738. 对于“法律文本”所涵盖的下列世贸组织协定，哪一项协定属于多边贸易协定的“一揽子计划”？
A. International Bovine Meat Agreement.
A. 国际牛肉协定。
B. The SPS Agreement.
B.卫生和植物检疫措施协议。
C. Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft.
c. 《民用航空器贸易协定》。
D. Agreement on Government Procurement.
D. 政府采购协议。
B
737. Which instrument is NOT a multilateral agreement on trade in goods of the WTO?
737. 哪项文书不是世贸组织关于货物贸易的多边协定？
A. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing.
A. 纺织品和服装协定。
B. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
B. 技术性贸易壁垒协定。
C. Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures.
C. 与贸易有关的投资措施协定。
D. Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft.
D. 《民用航空器贸易协定》。
D
二、多选
740. Technical barriers include but not limited to measures such as:
740. 技术壁垒包括但不限于以下措施：
A. Labeling requirements.
A. 标签要求。
B. Standards on technical specifications.
B. 技术规范标准。
C. Quality standards.
C. 质量标准。
D. Performance requirements.
D. 性能要求。
ABC
733. The Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement aims to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures are:
733. 《技术壁垒协定》旨在确保技术法规、标准和合格评定程序：
A. Non-discriminatory.
A. 非歧视性。
B. Unnecessary obstacles to trade.
B. 不必要的贸易障碍。
C. Transparency provisions.
C. 透明度规定。
D. Unpredictable trading rules.
D. 不可预测的交易规则。
AC
616. Which of the following statements regarding the 1994 Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures is NOT correct?
616. 下列关于1994年《进口许可证程序协定》的陈述中，哪项不正确？
A. Applications should not be refused because of minor errors in paperwork.
答：不应因为文书工作中的小错误而拒绝申请。
B. The WTO Import Licensing Committee must be notified if any new products will become subject to licensing requirements.
B.如果任何新产品将受到许可要求的约束，必须通知世贸组织进口许可委员会。
C. It calls for the procedures to be fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory.
C. 它要求程序公平、合理和非歧视。
D. Where licenses are used to administer quotas, the amount of the quota already used must be published for all importers to see.
D. 如果使用许可证来管理配额，则必须公布已使用的配额数量，以便所有进口商查看。
ABCD
ABCD公司
739. The multilateral agreements, as substantive law of WTO, does not include:
739. 多边协定作为世贸组织的实体法，不包括：
A. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing.
A. 纺织品和服装协定。
B. Agreement on Pre-shipment Inspection.
B. 装运前检验协议。
C. Agreement on Rules of Origin.
C. 原产地规则协定。
D. Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.
D. 对解决争端的规则和程序的理解。
D
741. In the four “plurilateral trade agreements” of the WTO, which ones have come into force now?
741. 在世贸组织的四项“诸边贸易协定”中，哪些协定现已生效？
A. Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft.
A. 民用航空器贸易协定。
B. Agreement on Government Procurement.
B. 政府采购协议。
C. International dairy Agreement.
C. 国际乳品协定。
D. International Bovine Meat Agreement.
D. 国际牛肉协定。
AB
三、判断
742. The GATT Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade governs the use of technical regulations, product standards, testing, and certifications among WTO member countries.
742. 《关贸总协定技术性贸易壁垒协定》规定了世贸组织成员国之间技术法规、产品标准、测试和认证的使用。
T
743. The GATT Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade sets minimum international standards for product performance, design, safety, or efficiency.
743. 《关贸总协定技术性贸易壁垒协定》为产品性能、设计、安全或效率设定了最低国际标准。
F
749. The GATT 1994 Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures provides strict guidelines for licensing paperwork. Licenses can be refused if any of the procedures are not strictly followed.
749. 关贸总协定1994年《进口许可证发放程序协定》为许可证发放文件提供了严格的准则。如果不严格遵守任何程序，许可证可能会被拒绝。
F
744. The WTO Agriculture Agreement is designed to increase export opportunities for agricultural products and to reduce government subsidies.
744. 世贸组织《农业协定》旨在增加农产品的出口机会，减少政府补贴。
T
745. The WTO Agriculture Agreement provides a framework for the long-term reform of agricultural trade and domestic policies, with the aim of leading to fairer competition and a less distorted sector.
745. 世贸组织《农业协定》为农业贸易和国内政策的长期改革提供了一个框架，目的是实现更公平的竞争和减少部门的扭曲。
T
746. Agricultural products, in general, have few barriers to trade placed upon them.
746. 一般而言，农产品几乎没有贸易壁垒。
F
747. The Agreement on Government Procurement has the force of international law and applies to all WTO countries.
747. 《政府采购协定》具有国际法效力，适用于世贸组织所有国家。
F
748. The Agreement on Government Procurement reverses the general GATT rules that allow government agencies to favor domestic products.
748. 《政府采购协定》推翻了关贸总协定允许政府机构偏袒国内产品的一般规则。
T
第七章 技术贸易
第一节 知识产权公约
一、单选
750. The first international intellectual property treaty and the principal convention dealing with industrial property is:
750. 第一个国际知识产权条约和涉及工业产权的主要公约是：
A. International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
A. 《保护工业产权国际公约》。
B. Bernie Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property.
B. 《保护文学和艺术财产伯尼公约》。
C. Agreement on Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights.
c. 与贸易有关的知识产权协定。
D. WIPO Copyright Treaty.
D. 《世界知识产权组织版权条约》。
A
751. The principal convention dealing with artistic property is:
751. 关于艺术财产的主要公约是：
A. International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
A. 《保护工业产权国际公约》。
B. Bernie Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property.
B. 《保护文学和艺术财产伯尼公约》。
C. Agreement on Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights.
c. 与贸易有关的知识产权协定。
D. WIPO Copyright Treaty.
D. 《世界知识产权组织版权条约》。
B
752. The first international convention protect computer programs and database is:
752. 保护计算机程序和数据库的第一项国际公约是：
A. International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
A. 《保护工业产权国际公约》。
B. Bernie Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property.
B. 《保护文学和艺术财产伯尼公约》。
C. Agreement on Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights.
c. 与贸易有关的知识产权协定。
D. WIPO Copyright Treaty.
D. 《世界知识产权组织版权条约》。
D
754. The World Intellectual Property Organization, or WIPO, is a specialized agency of the:
754. 世界知识产权组织（WIPO）是下列机构的专门机构：
A. United Nations.
A. 联合国。
B. World Trade Organization.
B. 世界贸易组织。
C. World Customs Organization.
C. 世界海关组织。
D. International Chamber of Commerce.
D. 国际商会。
A
753. The principle comprehensive agreement establishing general intellectual property obligations for most countries of the world is:
753. 为世界上大多数国家确立一般知识产权义务的主要全面协议是：
A. International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
A. 《保护工业产权国际公约》。
B. Bernie Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property.
B. 《保护文学和艺术财产伯尼公约》。
C. Agreement on Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights.
c. 与贸易有关的知识产权协定。
D. WIPO Copyright Treaty.
D. 《世界知识产权组织版权条约》。
C
二、多选
755. Major international treaties incorporated by the TRIPs Agreement include:
755. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》纳入的主要国际条约包括：
A. Paris Convention.
A. 《巴黎公约》。
B. Kyoto Protocol.
B. 《京都议定书》。
C. Berne Convention.
C. 《伯尔尼公约》。
D. IPIC Treaty.
D. IPIC条约。
AC
三、判断
756. The World Intellectual Property Organization defines intellectual property rights as “legal rights which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary, and artistic fields.”
756. 世界知识产权组织将知识产权定义为“工业、科学、文学和艺术领域智力活动产生的合法权利”。
T
757. A company that makes unauthorized copies of a movie and sells the copies on DVDs is infringing on the movie owner’s intellectual property rights.
757. 未经授权制作电影拷贝并以DVD形式出售的公司侵犯了电影所有者的知识产权。
T
第二节 与贸易有关的知识产权措施协定
一、单选
758. Which agreement under the umbrella of the WTO introduced rules on protection of intellectual property rights into the modulator trading system for the first time in the history.
758. 世贸组织框架下的哪项协定在历史上首次将知识产权保护规则引入调节器交易体系。
A. The TRIPs Agreement.
一个。《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。
B. The TRIMs Agreement.
B.TRIM协议。
C. The GATT Agreement.
c. 关贸总协定。
D. The GATS Agreement.
D. 《服务贸易总协定》。
A
768. Under the TRIPs, intellectual property rights do NOT include:
768. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，知识产权不包括：
A. Copyrights.
A. 版权。
B. Patents.
B. 专利。
C. Generic Pharmaceuticals.
C. 仿制药。
D. Trademarks.
D. 商标。
C
762. Although protected under the TRIPs Agreement, are not defined in this agreement.
762. 虽然受《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》保护，但本协定并未加以界定。
A. Copyright and related rights.
A. 版权及相关权。
B. Trademark.
B. 商标。
C. Patents.
C. 专利。
D. Industrial designs.
D. 工业品外观设计。
A
763. Although protected under the TRIPs Agreement, are not defined in this agreement.
763. 虽然受《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》保护，但本协定并未加以界定。
A. Geographical indications.
A. 地理标志。
B. Layout-designs of integrated circuits.
B. 集成电路的布图设计。
C. Undisclosed information.
C. 未披露的信息。
D. Trade secrets.
D. 商业秘密。
B
759. The TRIPs Agreement has an additional important principle rather than GATT and GATS. It is:
759. 与《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》比《关贸总协定》和《服务贸易总协定》另有一项重要原则。是的：
A. Transparency.
A. 透明度。
B. National treatment.
B. 国民待遇。
C. Most favorite nation treatment.
C.最喜欢的国家待遇。
D. Balanced protection.
D.平衡保护。
D
761. The WTO’s TRIPs Agreement established that each government has to give to the intellectual property of the follow WTO members.
761. 世贸组织的《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》规定，各国政府必须向世贸组织以下成员提供知识产权。
A. Maximum levels of protection.
A. 最高保护级别。
B. Minimum levels of protection.
B. 最低保护级别。
C. Longest period of protection.
C. 最长的保护期。
D. Shortest period of protection.
D. 最短的保护期。
B
764. Based on the TRIPs Agreement, which is the correct one among the following statements in relation to the substantive rule for protection intellectual property rights under the TRIPs Agreement?
764. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，关于《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》保护知识产权的实体规则的下列陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. The minimum duration for the protection of literary works is 30 years.
一个。文学作品保护的最短期限为30年。
B. The minimum duration for the protection of trademarks is 7 years.
B.商标保护的最短期限为7年。
C. The minimum duration for the protection of trade secrets is 20 years.
C. 商业秘密保护的最短期限为20年。
D. The minimum duration for the protection of industrial designs is 15 years.
D. 工业品外观设计保护的最短期限为15年。
B
765. In accordance with TRIPs, which statement as following concerning protection of trademarks is NOT correct?
765. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，以下关于商标保护的哪项说法是不正确的？
A. Any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings, shall be capable of constituting a trademark.
一个。能够将一个企业的商品或服务与其他企业的商品或服务区分开来的任何标志或标志的任何组合，均应能够构成商标。
B. Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services, members may make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use.
B.如果标志本身不能区分相关商品或服务，成员可以根据通过使用获得的显著性来决定可注册性。
C. Members may require, as a condition of registration, that signs be visually precipitable.
C. 作为注册的条件，成员可以要求标志在视觉上是可预见的。
D. Initial registration, and each renewal of registration, of a trademark shall be for a term of no less than 10 years.
D. 商标的初始注册和每次注册续展的期限不少于10年。
D
766. Based on the TRIPs Agreement, which is the correct one among the following statements in relation to the enforcement of the protection of intellectual property rights under the TRIPs Agreement?
766. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，在下列关于执行《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》规定的知识产权保护的声明中，哪一项是正确的？
A. Criminal law protection is not necessary in any circumstances.
A. 在任何情况下都不需要刑法保护。
B. Judicial review mechanism with regard to the intellectual property rights shall be maintained be maintained by each member of WTO.
B. 有关知识产权的司法审查机制应由世贸组织各成员维护。
C. The minimum duration for the protection of trade secret is 20 years.
C. 商业秘密保护的最短期限为20年。
D. Border measures under the administration of judicial authorities shall be available to the foreign rights holders.
D. 外国权利人应享有司法当局管理下的边境措施。
D
760. Among the following statements concerning TRIPS, which one is correct?
760. 在下列关于TRIPS的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. TRIPS provides global protection for any intellectual property originating in any country.
答：TRIPS为源自任何国家的任何知识产权提供全球保护。
B. TRIPS replaces all previous international intellectual property conventions between WTO members.
B. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》取代了世贸组织成员之间以往的所有国际知识产权公约。
C. TRIPS involves in protection of copyright, trademarks and patents only.
C. TRIPS仅涉及版权、商标和专利的保护。
D. TRIPS strengthens the enforcement mechanism of intellectual property rights.
D. 加强知识产权执法机制。
D
767. Pursuant to TRIPs Agreement, an institution is established to monitor the operation of this agreement and members’ compliance with their obligations thereunder. Such an institution is:
767. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，设立了一个机构来监督该协定的实施情况以及各成员遵守其义务的情况。这样的机构是：
A. The Council for Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
一个。与贸易有关的知识产权理事会。
B. The General Counsel.
B.总法律顾问。
C. The Council of Economic and Society.
C. 经济和社会理事会。
D. The World Intellectual Property Organization.
D. 世界知识产权组织。
A
二、多选
770. The TRIPS Agreement:
770. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》：
A. Is to create a multilateral and comprehensive set of rights and obligations governing the international trade in intellectual property.
一个。是建立一套多边和全面的知识产权国际贸易权利和义务。
B. Established a common minimum of protection for IPR applicable within all the WTO member states.
B. 确立了适用于所有世贸组织成员国的知识产权共同最低限度保护。
C. Established a common maximum of protection for IPR applicable within all the WTO member states.
C. 确立了适用于世贸组织所有成员国的知识产权保护的共同最高限额。
D. Is unique in including a provision requiring MFN treatment of intellectual property, compared with other IPR-related treaties.
D. 与其他与知识产权有关的条约相比，其独特之处在于纳入了要求最惠国待遇知识产权的条款。
ABD
769. The Scope of Intellectual Property Rights in TRIPS are:
769. TRIPS的知识产权范围是：
A. Copyright and Related Rights.
A. 版权及相关权。
B. Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Industrial Designs.
B. 商标、地理标志和工业品外观设计。
C. Patents.
C. 专利。
D. Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits.
D. 集成电路的布图设计（图解）。
ABCD
ABCD公司
773. The types of intellectual property rights protected by the TRIPs Agreement include:
773. 受《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》保护的知识产权类型包括：
A. Copyright and related rights.
A. 版权及相关权。
B. Topographies of integrated circuits.
B.集成电路的形貌。
C. Undisclosed information.
C. 未披露的信息。
D. Geographical indications.
D. 地理标志。
ACD
771. The TRIPs Agreement adopts for the first time in international law a common and uniform definition of:
771. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》首次在国际法中采用了对以下事项的共同和统一定义：
A. Industrial designs.
A. 工业品外观设计。
B. Trademark.
B. 商标。
C. Copyright and related rights.
C. 版权及相关权。
D. Layout-designs of integrated circuits.
D. 集成电路的布图设计。
AB
774. Based on the TRIPs Agreement, which ones are correct among the following statements in relation to the substantive rule for protection intellectual property rights under the TRIPs Agreement and other treatises incorporated by the TRIPs Agreement?
774. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，在《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》和《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》所纳入的其他论述中，下列关于保护知识产权的陈述中，哪些是正确的？
A. Internationally well-known trademarks shall be subject to protection even they are applied to other products and services.
A. 国际驰名商标，即使应用于其他产品和服务，也应受到保护。
B. Topographies of Integrated Circuits shall be protected by rules on copyright.
B. 集成电路的图图应受版权规则的保护。
C. Just like trademarks, patents are protected with indefinite renewing.
C. 与商标一样，专利也受到无限期续展的保护。
D. Trade secrets and are protected while test data concerning pharmaceuticals is not protected under the TRIPs Agreement.
D. 商业秘密，并受到保护，而与药品有关的测试数据不受《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》的保护。
AD
772. Under the TRIPs Agreement, each member shall be obliged to provide following forms of judicial protection for the intellectual property rights:
772. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，每个成员都有义务为知识产权提供以下形式的司法保护：
A. Judicial protection in the form of “injunctions”.
A. 以“禁令”形式提供的司法保护。
B. Judicial protection in the form of provisional measures.
B. 以临时措施形式提供的司法保护。
C. Judicial protection in the form of damages for infringement.
C. 以侵权损害赔偿的形式提供司法保护。
D. Judicial protection in the form of “other remedies”.
D. 以“其他补救办法”形式提供的司法保护。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
775. In 1947, the international community created the 1947 GATT and incorporated into the context of the principles is the protection of intellectual property to encourage innovation and protection.
775. 1947年，国际社会制定了1947年关贸总协定，并将保护知识产权纳入原则范围，以鼓励创新和保护。
F
776. According to TRIPs, Members shall provide for the protection of independently created industrial designs that are new or original.
776. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，成员国应为独立创造的、新的或独创的工业品外观设计提供保护。
T
778. According to TRIPs, the term of Patents protection available shall not end before the expiration of a period of 20 years counted from the filing date.
778. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，现有专利保护期不得在申请日起计算的20年期限届满前结束。
T
777. According to TRIPs, the duration of Industrial Designs protection available shall amount to at least 10 years.
777. 根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，工业品外观设计保护的期限至少为10年。
T
四、简答
779. The TRIPS Agreement covers five broad areas:
779. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》涵盖五大领域：
(1) How general provisions and basic principles of the multilateral trading system apply to international intellectual property.
（1） 多边贸易体制的一般规定和基本原则如何适用于国际知识产权。
(2) At the minimum standards of protection are for intellectual property rights that members should provide.
（2） 最低限度的保护标准是成员应提供的知识产权。
(3) Which procedures members should provide for the enforcement of those rights in their own territories.
（3） 成员国应规定在自己的领土内执行这些权利的程序。
(4) How to settle disputes on intellectual property between members of the WTO.
（四）如何解决世贸组织成员之间的知识产权纠纷。
(5) Special transitional arrangements for the implementation of TRIPS provisions.
（5） 执行TRIPS条款的特别过渡安排。
第三节 技术许可协议
一、单选
783. International licensing agreements pertain to forms of intellectual property such as:
783. 国际许可协定涉及各种形式的知识产权，例如：
A. Books, songs, inventions.
A. 书籍、歌曲、发明。
B. Trademarks, copyrights, patents.
B. 商标、版权、专利。
C. Real estate, personal property.
C.不动产、个人财产。
D. Contracts.
D. 合同。
B
784. Which of the following is NOT an example of the transfer of technology?
784. 以下哪项不是技术转让的例子？
A. Medical researchers at a university providing research data to a pharmaceutical company as part of an effort to find a cure for cancer.
答：一所大学的医学研究人员向一家制药公司提供研究数据，作为寻找癌症治疗方法的努力的一部分。
B. A computer programmer sharing her source code with the public via the Internet.
B.一位计算机程序员通过互联网与公众分享她的源代码。
C. A website designer downloading a copy of a photograph for use on a website, without the photographer's knowledge or permission.
C. 网站设计者在摄影师不知情或未经许可的情况下下载照片副本以在网站上使用。
D. A franchisor teaching a new franchise owner how to set up and run his franchise, using the franchisor's methods and materials.
D. 特许人教新的特许经营权所有者如何使用特许人的方法和材料建立和经营他的特许经营权。
C
780. In which kind of licenses should the licensor provide the right to the licensee to exclusively use the licensor’s technology within the contract area and period?
780. 许可人应以何种许可方式向被许可人提供在合同期限和期限内独家使用许可人技术的权利？
A. Exclusive license.
A. 独家许可。
B. Sole license.
B. 独家许可。
C. Simple license.
C. 简单许可证。
D. Cross-license.
D. 交叉许可。
A
781. In which kind of licenses may the licensor provide the right to more than one licensees to use the licensor’s technology within the same contract area and period?
781. 许可人可以以何种许可方式向一个以上的被许可人提供在同一合同区域和期限内使用许可人技术的权利？
A. Exclusive license.
A. 独家许可。
B. Sole license.
B. 独家许可。
C. Simple license.
C. 简单许可证。
D. Cross-license.
D. 交叉许可。
C
782. Company A provides a license to company B for the use of its technology, and simultaneously receives a license to use another technology of company B. We can say that there is a/an license.
782. A公司向B公司提供使用其技术的许可证，同时获得使用B公司其他技术的许可证。我们可以说有一个/一个许可证。
A. exclusive
A. 独家
B. sole
B.鞋底
C. simple
C. 简单
D. cross.
D.十字架。
D
787 Clauses in a technology import contract that limit partially or entirely the rights of a licensee to export goods from the territory where the licensee or its production facilities are located are called:
第787條 技術進口合約中部分或全部限制被許可證人從被許可證人或其生產設施所在地區出口貨物的條款，稱為：
A. Export Restrictions.
A. 出口限制。
B. Quantitative Restriction.
B. 数量限制。
C. Sales and Distribution Arrangement.
C. 销售和分销安排。
D. Price-fixing.
D. 定价。
A
788. Clauses in a technology import contract that limit a licensee's freedom to organize its distribution system independently of the licensor are called:
788. 技术进口合同中限制被许可人独立于许可人组织其分销系统的自由的条款称为：
A. Export Restrictions.
A. 出口限制。
B. Quantitative Restriction.
B. 数量限制。
C. Sales and Distribution Arrangement.
C. 销售和分销安排。
D. Price-fixing.
D. 定价。
C
789. Clauses in a technology import contract that require a licensee to sell products at a price specified by the licensor are called:
789. 技术进口合同中要求被许可人按许可人规定的价格销售产品的条款称为：
A. Export Restrictions.
A. 出口限制。
B. Quantitative Restriction.
B. 数量限制。
C. Sales and Distribution Arrangement.
C. 销售和分销安排。
D. Price-fixing.
D. 定价。
D
790. Clauses in a technology import contract that forbid a licensee from challenging the validity of the statutory right granted by the licensor are called:
790. 技术进口合同中禁止被许可人对许可人授予的法定权利的有效性提出质疑的条款称为：
A. Challenge to Validity.
A. 对有效性的质疑。
B. Tying Clauses.
B. 搭售条款。
C. Restrictions on Research and Development.
C. 对研究和开发的限制。
D. Grant-back Provisions.
D. 返还条款。
A
791. Clauses in a technology import contract that forbid a licensee to research, adapt, or improve the transferred technology or to research or develop competing technology are called:
791. 技术进口合同中禁止被许可人研究、改编或改进转让技术或研究或开发竞争技术的条款称为：
A. Challenge to Validity.
A. 对有效性的质疑。
B. Tying Clauses.
B. 搭售条款。
C. Restrictions on Research and Development.
C. 对研究和开发的限制。
D. Grant-back Provisions.
D. 返还条款。
C
792. Clauses in a technology import contract that requires a licensee to transfer back to the licensor any improvement, inventions, or special know-how that it acquires while using the technology are called:
792. 技术进口合同中要求被许可人将其在使用该技术时获得的任何改进、发明或特殊专门知识转让给许可人的条款称为：
A. Challenge to Validity.
A. 对有效性的质疑。
B. Tying Clauses.
B. 搭售条款。
C. Restrictions on Research and Development.
C. 对研究和开发的限制。
D. Grant-back Provisions.
D. 返还条款。
D
785. According to Regulations on Technology Import and Export Administration of the People's Republic of China, which kind of technologies shall be subject to the license administration and shall not be imported without granted license?
785. 根据《中华人民共和国技术进出口管理条例》，哪些技术应当接受许可证管理，未经许可不得进口？
A. Technologies encouraged from import.
A. 鼓励进口技术。
B. Technologies restricted from import.
B. 限制进口的技术。
C. Technologies prohibited from import.
C. 禁止进口的技术。
D. All kinds of technologies.
D.各种技术。
B
786. According to Regulations on Technology Import and Export Administration of the People's Republic of China, which kind of technologies shall be subject to the contract registration system?
786. 根据《中华人民共和国技术进出口管理条例》，哪些技术应当实行合同登记制度？
A. Technologies encouraged from import.
A. 鼓励进口技术。
B. Technologies restricted from import.
B. 限制进口的技术。
C. Technologies prohibited from import.
C. 禁止进口的技术。
D. Technologies freely importable.
D. 可自由进口的技术。
D
二、多选
794. Concerning a licensing contract, which statements are true?
794. 关于许可合同，哪些说法是正确的？
A. The parties give and take the execution or usage rights.
一个。双方授予并接受执行或使用权。
B. The specified conditions usually include payment of technical fees for special period.
B.规定的条件通常包括支付特殊时期的技术费用。
C. After the period is over, execution and usage become invalid.
C. 期限结束后，执行和使用失效。
D. The possessions right of technology is comprehensively transferred.
D.技术占有权全面转移。
ABC
793. An international licensing contract has the following characteristics:
793. 国际许可合同具有下列特点：
A. The right of using the IPR is transferred to a foreign country.
一个。知识产权的使用权转让给外国。
B. The ownership of the IPR is transferred to a foreign country.
B.知识产权的所有权转让给外国。
C. An international licensing agreement is limited by time.
C. 国际许可协议有时间限制。
D. An international license agreement is limited by particular areas
D. 国际许可协议受特定领域的限制
ACD
795. According to standard of whether the licensor can use the technology, a license can be divided into:
795. 根据许可人是否可以使用该技术的标准，许可证可分为：
A. Exclusive license.
A. 独家许可。
B. Sole license.
B. 独家许可。
C. Simple license.
C. 简单许可证。
D. Cross-license.
D. 交叉许可。
ABC
796. In the international licensing agreements, the licensor usually will impose some restrictive conditions on the licensee, which unreasonably impair free competition and unfairly restrict the due exploration of the transferred intellectual property rights. These conditions or clauses include but not limited to:
796. 在国际许可协定中，许可人通常会对被许可人施加一些限制性条件，这些条件不合理地损害了自由竞争，不公平地限制了对转让的知识产权的适当探索。这些条件或条款包括但不限于：
A. Price fixed.
A. 价格固定。
B. Non-competition clauses.
B. 竞业禁止条款。
C. Challenges to validity.
C. 对有效性的挑战。
D. Tying clauses.
D. 搭售条款。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
727. The parties that give and take the execution or usage of IP rights enter into a special contract which is called a licensing contract.
727. 给予和接受知识产权的执行或使用的当事人签订了一份称为许可合同的特别合同。
T
797. In the case of licensing, the concept is to permit the execution and usage of the technology.
797. 就许可而言，其概念是允许执行和使用技术。
T
798. Intellectual property rights are valuable assets that can be licensed to a foreign licensee as a means to penetrate a foreign market rather than establish a wholly owned subsidiary.
798. 知识产权是宝贵的资产，可以许可给外国被许可人，作为打入外国市场的手段，而不是建立全资子公司。
T
799. In an international licensing, only the right of use, not the ownership of the intellectual property is transferred.
799. 在国际许可中，只转让使用权，而不是知识产权的所有权。
T
800. International licensing agreements are contracts by which the holder of intellectual property grants certain rights in that property to a foreign firm for a specified period of time.
800. 国际许可协议是知识产权持有人在特定时期内将该财产的某些权利授予外国公司的合同。
T
801. A potential negative aspect of the transfer of technology is that the licensee could be your competitor in the future.
801. 技术转让的一个潜在负面影响是，被许可人将来可能成为你的竞争对手。
T
四、简答
802. According to Regulations on Technology Import and Export Administration of the People's Republic of China, which types of clauses contained in a technology import contract may be seen as restrictive clauses?
802. 根据《中华人民共和国技术进出口管理条例》，技术进口合同中哪些类型的条款可以视为限制性条款？
(a) Requiring the receiving party to accept any additional condition unnecessary for the technology import, including buying any unnecessary technology, raw material, product, equipment or service.
（a） 要求接受方接受技术进口不必要的任何附加条件，包括购买任何不必要的技术、原材料、产品、设备或服务。
(b) Requiring the receiving party to pay exploitation fee for a technology when the term of validity of the patent right in which has expired or the patent right of which has been invalidated, or to undertake other relevant obligations.
（二）要求受理方在专利权有效期届满或者专利权无效时缴纳技术开发费，或者承担其他有关义务。
(c) Restricting the receiving party from improving the technology supplied by the supplying party, or restricting the receiving party from using the improved technology.
（c） 限制接收方改进供应方提供的技术，或限制接收方使用改进的技术。
(d) Restricting the receiving party from obtaining technology similar to that supplied by the supplying party from other sources or from obtaining a competing technology.
（d） 限制接受方从其他来源获得与供应方提供的技术类似的技术，或限制其获得竞争技术。
(e) Unduly restricting the receiving party from purchasing raw material, parts and components, products or equipment from other channels or sources.
（e） 不当限制接收方从其他渠道或来源购买原材料、零部件、产品或设备。
(f) Unduly restricting the quantity, variety, or sales price of the products the receiving party produces.
（f） 不当限制接收方生产的产品的数量、品种或销售价格。
(g) Unduly restricting the receiving party from utilizing the channel for exporting products manufactured using the imported technology.
（g） 不适当地限制接收方利用该渠道出口使用进口技术制造的产品。
第八章 国际投资法
第一节 国际投资
一、单选
803. International investment law regulate:
803. 国际投资法规定：
A. Investment relations between governments and international financial institutions.
A. 政府与国际金融机构之间的投资关系。
B. Investment relations between governments.
B. 政府之间的投资关系。
C. Investment relations among international financial institutions.
C. 国际金融机构之间的投资关系。
D. Transnational private direct investment relations.
D. 跨国私人直接投资关系。
D
809. Which is the correct one among the following statements in relation to international investments?
809. 在下列关于国际投资的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. GATS is directly or indirectly related to international investment with its provisions of trade in services.
A. 《服务贸易总协定》与国际投资直接或间接相关，其规定是服务贸易。
B. Mode3 under the GATS refers to the various commercial presences set up, acquired or maintained via foreign direct investments.
B. 《服务贸易总协定》规定的模式3系指通过外国直接投资设立、获得或维持的各种商业存在。
C. GATS constitutes one of the latest legal sources for international investment law.
C. 《服务贸易总协定》是国际投资法的最新法律渊源之一。
D. GATS has nothing to do with the law on foreign direct investment.
D. 《服务贸易总协定》与外国直接投资法无关。
A
804. Which statement about the Guide to the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment is NOT correct?
804. 关于《外国直接投资处理指南》的哪项说法不正确？
A. It is developed under the auspices of the World Bank.
一个。它是在世界银行的主持下制定的。
B. It is a guidance document.
B.这是一份指导文件。
C. Not ipso facto binding on states.
C. 对国家不具有当然约束力。
D. Ipso facto binding on states parties unless a valid reservation has been made to a provision.
D. 对缔约国具有当然的约束力，除非对某项规定作出有效保留。
D
808. Which of the following statements about the overseas investment guaranty system is NOT correct?
808. 下列关于境外投资担保制度的表述中，哪项不正确？
A. Overseas investment guaranty covers only political risk.
A. 境外投资担保仅涵盖政治风险。
B. Any Insurance Company can participate in overseas investment guaranty business.
B.任何保险公司都可以参与海外投资担保业务。
C. The overseas investment guaranty institution usually has the nature of a national institution.
C.境外投资担保机构通常具有国家机构的性质。
D. The overseas investment guaranty institution will obtain the right of subrogation after paying the compensation to the investor.
D.境外投资担保机构在向投资者支付补偿金后，将获得代位求偿权。
B
807. At present, in the overseas investment guaranty of various countries, which kind of political risks as following do the guaranty institutions underwrite?
807. 目前，在各国的海外投资担保中，担保机构承保以下哪些政治风险？
A. Currency exchange risks.
A. 货币兑换风险。
B. Requisition of property.
B. 财产征用。
C. War and civil strife.
C. 战争和内乱。
D. Government default.
D. 政府违约。
D
805. The risks covered by the overseas investment guaranty system are limited to:
805. 海外投资担保制度所涵盖的风险仅限于：
A. Commercial risks.
A. 商业风险。
B. Natural disasters.
B. 自然灾害。
C. Political risks.
C. 政治风险。
D. Personal injuries.
D. 人身伤害。
C
806. What is the nature of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation of the United States?
806. 美国海外私人投资公司的性质是什么？
A. A government agency.
一个。政府机构。
B. A corporate body with government functions.
B.具有政府职能的法人团体。
C. A Private insurance company.
C. 私人保险公司。
D. A state-owned company.
D.国有企业。
B
二、多选
810. Which examples as following belongs to international direct investments?
810. 以下哪些例子属于国际直接投资？
A. Establishment of sole proprietorships abroad.
A. 在国外设立独资企业。
B. Establishment of joint ventures with host country enterprises.
B. 与东道国企业建立合资企业。
C. Development of a new product in cooperation with host country enterprises.
C. 与东道国企业合作开发新产品。
D. Purchase of foreign corporate bonds.
D. 购买外国公司债券。
ABC
811. Which examples as following belongs to international direct investments?
811. 以下哪些例子属于国际直接投资？
A. A U.S. investor buys some listed shares of China Unicom.
答：一位美国投资者购买了中国联通的部分上市股票。
B. Unilever, a Dutch consumer goods group, sells foods to Chinese.
B. 荷兰消费品集团联合利华（B. Unilever）向中国人销售食品。
C. China National Petroleum Corporation and Shell signed a joint venture agreement to operate gas stations in China.
C. 中国石油天然气集团公司与壳牌公司签署了在中国经营加油站的合资协议。
D. Weidelut set up offices in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and establish a marketing and technical support center.
D. Weidelut在北京、上海和广州设立办事处，并建立了营销和技术支持中心。
CD
817. With regard to the international investment, multilateral treaties include:
817. 关于国际投资，多边条约包括：
A. The MIGA Convention.
一个。《多边投资担保机构公约》。
B. The TRIMs Agreement.
B.TRIM协议。
C. GATT 1994.
C. 关贸总协定，1994年。
D. The TRIPs Agreement.
D. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。
AB
818. Major multilateral treaties on international investment includes:
818. 关于国际投资的主要多边条约包括：
A. The TRIPs Agreement under WTO.
一个。世贸组织下的《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。
B. The MIGA Convention.
B.《多边投资担保机构公约》。
C. The TRIMs Agreement under WTO.
C. 世贸组织下的《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》。
D. The ICSID Convention.
D. ICSID公约。
BCD
813. Which conventions as following are multilateral, global and specialized international investment conventions?
813. 下列哪些公约是多边、全球和专门国际投资公约？
A. Convention for the settlement of investment disputes between states and nationals of other states.
A. 《解决国家与其他国家国民之间投资争端公约》。
B. International Monetary Fund Agreement.
B. 国际货币基金组织协定。
C. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
C. 关税和贸易总协定。
D. Convention on the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.
D. 《多边投资担保机构公约》。
AD
816. Expansion of contents and coverage of new-generation BITs are mainly expressed in the following aspects:
816. 新一代双边投资条约内容的扩大和覆盖面主要表现在以下几个方面：
A. Some standard new-generation BITs start to exhibit the sign of trying to strike a balance between the comprehensiveness and precision about the investment destination.
一个。一些标准的新一代双边投资条约开始表现出试图在投资目的地的全面性和精确性之间取得平衡的迹象。
B. The new-generation BITs are clearer in providing for obligations of the contracting parties and identifying the standards for violation of these obligations.
B.新一代双边投资条约在规定缔约方的义务和确定违反这些义务的标准方面更加明确。
C. While pursuing greater liberalizing of investment, new-generation BITs leave more policy space for the host country to implement investment regulation in the name of a new public policy.
C. 新一代双边投资条约在追求更大程度的投资自由化的同时，为东道国以新的公共政策的名义实施投资管制留下了更多的政策空间。
D. The new-generation BITs innovate ways to settle investment disputes between the investor and the hold country.
D. 新一代双边投资条约创新了解决投资者与持有国之间投资纠纷的方式。
ABCD
ABCD公司
819. Normally, who will be protected by the contracting state parties of a bilateral investment protection agreements?
819. 通常，双边投资保护协定的缔约国将保护哪些人？
A. Natural persons having the nationality of the state party or having a domicile in the territory of the state party.
A. 具有缔约国国籍或在缔约国境内有住所的自然人。
B. Economic entities of legal or non-legal persons established under the law of a state party or having a domicile in that state party.
B. 根据缔约国法律设立或在该缔约国有住所的法人或非法人的经济实体。
C. Corporations of third states or of the other contracting state controlled by citizens or legal persons of the contracting state.
C. 第三国或由缔约国公民或法人控制的另一缔约国的公司。
D. Entities controlled by nationals of third states with no material connection to a contracting party.
D. 由第三国国民控制的实体，与缔约方没有实质性联系。
ABC
820. Which kinds of disputes are usually referred in a BIT?
820. 双边投资条约通常涉及哪些类型的争议？
A. Disputes between foreign investors and private investors in the host country.
A. 外国投资者与东道国私人投资者之间的纠纷。
B. Disputes between states parties arising from compliance with the interpretation of regulations.
B. 缔约国之间因遵守条例的解释而引起的争端。
C. Disputes arising out of investments between host governments and foreign investors.
C. 东道国政府与外国投资者之间因投资而产生的纠纷。
D. Disputes between host governments and international organizations.
D. 东道国政府与国际组织之间的争端。
BC
815. Measures adopted by capital exporting countries for encouraging overseas investment mainly included the following categories:
815. 资本输出国为鼓励海外投资而采取的措施主要包括以下几类：
A. Preferential Tax Treatment.
A. 税收优惠待遇。
B. Measures encouraging corporate financing.
B. 鼓励公司融资的措施。
C. Provision of relevant Information on investment.
C. 提供有关投资的信息。
D. Technical Assistance Measures.
D. 技术援助措施。
ABCD
ABCD公司
814. The proposes of international investment regulations are to transactions of investment.
814. 国际投资条例的提议是针对投资交易的。
A. Protect.
A. 保护。
B. Promote.
B. 推广。
C. Regulate.
C. 监管。
D. Forbid.
D. 禁止。
ABC
812 Which statements are correct with regard to the differences of the overseas investment insurance system from the normal insurance system?
812 关于境外投资保险制度与正常保险制度的区别，哪些说法是正确的？
A. The risks covered by overseas investment insurance are normally political risks.
一个。海外投资保险所涵盖的风险通常是政治风险。
B. Overseas investment insurance is for profit.
B.海外投资保险是以营利为目的的。
C. Overseas investment insurance is usually a kind of government guaranty provided by the state.
C.海外投资保险通常是国家提供的一种政府担保。
D. The insurance object of overseas investment insurance can only be an overseas investment.
D、境外投资保险的保险标的只能是境外投资。
ACD
三、判断
831. International investment law is mainly composed of bilateral investment treaties.
831. 国际投资法主要由双边投资条约组成。
T
824. International Investment Law regulates International Direct Investment Relationships.
824. 《国际投资法》规范了国际直接投资关系。
T
821. A host country refers to the country under whose laws the investing corporation was created or is headquartered.
821. 东道国是指投资公司根据其法律成立或总部设在其法律的国家。
F
822. A home country refers to the country under whose laws the investing corporation was created or is incorporated.
822. 母国是指投资公司根据其法律成立或注册成立的国家。
T
828. The screening system of foreign investment access in developing countries is usually stricter than that in developed countries.
828. 发展中国家对外国投资准入的审查制度通常比发达国家更严格。
T
827. An international concession agreement is an international treaty.
827. 国际特许权协定是一项国际条约。
F
823. A sovereign nation has the power to nationalize a foreign private enterprise without compensation.
823. 主权国家有权无偿将外国私营企业国有化。
F
829. The compensation standard for nationalization of a foreign-owned enterprise in developed countries is prompt, adequate and effective.
829. 发达国家外资企业国有化的补偿标准是及时、充分和有效的。
T
830. Overseas Investment Insurance (OII) can protect an investor against potential losses on overseas investments due to defined political and commercial risks.
830. 海外投资保险（OII）可以保护投资者免受海外投资因确定的政治和商业风险而遭受的潜在损失。
F
825. Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China focuses on management and protection of foreign investment.
825. 《中华人民共和国外商投资法》侧重于外商投资的管理和保护。
T
826. Foreign-invested enterprises in China are foreign enterprises.
826. 在中国的外商投资企业是外国企业。
F
四、名词
832. International direct investment
832. 国际直接投资
International direct investment is the transnational investment that Investors run the enterprise directly and have great control over the operation and management of the enterprise.
国际直接投资是投资者直接经营企业，对企业的经营管理有很大的控制权的跨国投资。
833. International concession agreement
833. 国际特许权协定
An international concession agreement refers to an agreement to give special permission signed between the host country and the foreign private investor which allows the foreign investor to enjoy certain exclusive rights of the host country under certain conditions within the designated area for a certain period of time, Investment in public utility construction or natural resources development and other special economic activities.
国际特许权协议是指东道国与外国私人投资者签订的给予特别许可的协议，允许外国投资者在一定条件下在指定区域内一定时期内享有东道国的某些专有权，投资公用事业建设或自然资源开发等特殊经济活动。
834 BOT
BOT（Build-Operate-Transfer）refers to the franchise granted by the host government to foreign investors to invest in the infrastructure of the host country within the time limit stipulated in the concession agreement. Investors have the right to construction, operation, management, maintenance and income of the projects invested. After the expiration of the concession agreement, investors hand over the investment projects to the host government free of charge.
BOT（Build-Operate-Transfer）是指东道国政府授予外国投资者在特许权协议规定的期限内投资东道国基础设施的特许经营权。投资人对所投资项目的建设、运营、管理、维护和收益享有权利。特许权协议到期后，投资者将投资项目免费移交给东道国政府。
835. Overseas investment insurance/guaranty system
835. 海外投资保险/担保制度
Overseas investment insurance system is a system in which the governments or public organs of capital exporting countries provide insurance against political risks that their overseas investors may encounter in the capital importing countries in order to protect the security of their nationals’ investment abroad. It can protect investors against potential losses on overseas investments due to defined political events in the country where investment is made.
境外投资保险制度是资本输出国政府或公共机关为保障本国国民海外投资安全，对境外投资者在资本输入国可能遇到的政治风险进行保险的制度。它可以保护投资者免受由于投资所在国的特定政治事件而造成的海外投资潜在损失。
五、翻译
836. The piecemeal nature of diversified BITs leads to low efficiency, which will not only add to the burden of administration on the part of developing countries that are already very weak in managing BITs but also inevitably reduce the bargaining power of most poor and weak nations. Furthermore, the bilateral agreement system undoubtedly adds to transaction costs of investment activities. Ultimately, such costs will be paid jointly by investors and host countries that benefit from the investment activities. In contrast, a multilateral mechanism can better protect the interests of the poor countries that are in most urgent need of domestic development. Hence, an international multilateral mechanism remains the best choice for legal protection of international investment. However, due to the selfishness of developed countries with regard to protection of international investment over the years, developing countries are very prudent regarding recommendations for the establishment of a multilateral protection mechanism for the protection of international investment proposed by the developed world.
836. 多样化双边投资条约的零碎性质导致效率低下，这不仅会加重在管理双边投资条约方面已经非常薄弱的发展中国家的行政负担，而且不可避免地会降低大多数穷国和弱国的议价能力。此外，双边协定制度无疑增加了投资活动的交易成本。最终，这些费用将由从投资活动中受益的投资者和东道国共同支付。相反，多边机制可以更好地保护最迫切需要国内发展的穷国的利益。因此，国际多边机制仍然是对国际投资进行法律保护的最佳选择。但是，由于发达国家多年来在保护国际投资方面的自私，发展中国家对发达国家提出的建立国际投资保护多边保护机制的建议非常谨慎。
837. The GATS is the product of mutual compromise between developed and developing countries. Making market access and national treatment specific obligations of members, GATS satisfies the wish of developed countries for developing countries to open their markets to foreign service suppliers on one hand and considers the interests and needs of developing countries, especially those of the least developed countries on the other hand. GATS is unique in that with appreciate considerations given to policy objectives of members, it sets up an international objective, i.e., members benefit through continuous multilateral negotiations on the basis of mutual interest, ensure holistic balance of rights and obligations and gradually realize liberalization of trade in services. This is of great importance to liberalization of investment in services. From the current situation, it is unrealistic to have members fully abandon government regulation over investment in services. The only possible way is to gradually liberalize investment in services by adopting the flexible ways provided for the in the GATS. The process of liberalization investment in services ultimately depends on domestic policy objectives and economic development levels of the members.
837. 《服务贸易总协定》是发达国家和发展中国家相互妥协的产物。《服务贸易总协定》规定了各成员的市场准入和国民待遇的具体义务，一方面满足了发达国家对发展中国家向外国服务提供者开放市场的愿望，另一方面也考虑到了发展中国家特别是最不发达国家的利益和需要。《服务贸易总协定》的独特之处在于，它考虑到成员的政策目标，确立了一个国际目标，即成员在共同利益的基础上通过不断的多边谈判受益，确保权利和义务的整体平衡，逐步实现服务贸易自由化。这对服务业投资自由化具有重要意义。从目前的情况来看，让成员国完全放弃政府对服务投资的监管是不现实的。唯一可能的办法是采用《服务贸易总协定》规定的灵活方式，逐步放宽服务业投资。服务业投资自由化进程最终取决于成员国的国内政策目标和经济发展水平。
第二节 多边投资担保机构
一、单选
845. The main content of the MIGA Convention establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency was to:
845. 《多边投资担保机构公约》设立多边投资担保机构的主要内容是：
A. Set up a world organization to ensure non-commercial risks of international investment.
A. 建立一个世界性组织，以确保国际投资的非商业风险。
B. Set up a world organization to ensure commercial risks of international investment.
B. 建立一个世界性组织，以确保国际投资的商业风险。
C. Provide principles and disciplines in regulation on foreign investment.
C. 提供外商投资监管的原则和纪律。
D. Provide principles and disciplines in regulation on oversea investment.
D. 提供海外投资监管的原则和纪律。
A
848. The MIGA Convention classifies its members into two types: Signatory States of Category One and Signatory States of Category Two. They are respectively:
848. 《多边投资担保公约》将其成员分为两类：第一类签署国和第二类签署国。他们分别是：
A. Developed and developing countries.
A. 发达国家和发展中国家。
B. Social and capital countries.
B. 社会和资本国家。
C. Home and host countries.
C. 母国和东道国。
D. Import and export countries.
D. 进出口国。
A
839. For which kind of investments does MIGA provide guaranty?
839. 多边投资担保机构为哪类投资提供担保？
A. Investments following accession to the MIGA.
A. 加入多边投资担保机构后的投资。
B. Investments after 1988.
B. 1988年以后的投资。
C. Investments whose execution commences after registration of an application for security.
C. 在登记担保申请后开始执行的投资。
D. Investments after 1985.
D. 1985年后的投资。
C
841. As to legal persons who are qualified investors in MIGA, what should they do in any member state other than the host country?
841. 对于作为多边投资担保机构合格投资者的法人，他们应该在东道国以外的任何成员国做些什么？
A. Registration.
A. 注册。
B. Having a principal place of business.
B.拥有主要营业地点。
C. Registration or establishment of a principal place of business.
C. 主要营业地点的注册或设立。
D. Registration and establishment of a principal place of business.
D. 主要营业地的登记和设立。
D
844. The type of risk that includes controls on exports, imports, controls on the movement of currency, restrictions on licensing and investment, and controls over physical property located in a country is:
844. 风险类型包括对出口、进口的控制、对货币流动的控制、对许可证和投资的限制以及对位于一国的有形财产的控制：
A. Legal risk.
A. 法律风险。
B. Political risk.
B. 政治风险。
C. Economic risk.
C. 经济风险。
D. Currency risk.
D. 货币风险。
B
846. The MIGA only insures:
846. 多边投资担保机构只为以下方面提供保险：
A. Non-commercial risks.
A. 非商业风险。
B. Commercial risks.
B. 商业风险。
C. Risks on national security.
C. 国家安全风险。
D. Terrorism risk.
D. 恐怖主义风险。
A
840. Which kind of risks as following is NOT covered by MIGA?
840. 多边投资担保不包括以下哪些风险？
A. Levy or war risk.
A. 征税或战争风险。
B. Currency Exchange and transfer risks.
B. 货币兑换和转移风险。
C. Risk of default.
C. 违约风险。
D. Commercial risks.
D. 商业风险。
D
847. Compared with other three types of risks, which one is a new category of risks created by the MIGA Convention?
847. 与其他三类风险相比，《多边投资担保公约》创设的新风险类别是哪一种？
A. Risks on currency transfer.
A. 货币转移风险。
B. Risks on expropriation or similar measures.
B. 征收或类似措施的风险。
C. Risk on breach of contract.
C. 违约风险。
D. Risk on war and civil disturbance.
D. 战争和内乱的风险。
C
838. Regarding MIGA, which of the following statement is correct?
838. 关于多边投资担保机构，下列哪项说法是正确的？
A. The insurance of this institution covers only currency exchange risks, collection risks, war and civil strife risks and government default risks.
一个。该机构的保险仅涵盖货币兑换风险、收款风险、战争和内乱风险以及政府违约风险。
B. Any investment, except indirect investment, may be covered by the insurance of the institution.
B.除间接投资外，任何投资均可由该机构的保险承保。
C. The institution has full legal personality and the power to conclude contracts and to acquire and dispose of immovable and movable property.
C. 该机构具有完全的法人资格，并有权签订合同以及取得和处置不动产和动产。
D. Under no circumstances may the institution accept insurance from natural or legal persons of the host country.
D. 在任何情况下，该机构均不得接受东道国自然人或法人的保险。
C
842. Which statements as following about MIGA is correct?
842. 下列关于多边投资担保机构的哪些说法是正确的？
A. The risks covered by MIGA include risk of currency exchange and risk of investor default.
一个。MIGA涵盖的风险包括货币兑换风险和投资者违约风险。
B. A legal person who is an institutional QFII (Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors) cannot be a legal person of the nationality of the host state.
B.机构QFII（合格境外机构投资者）的法人不能是东道国国籍的法人。
C. Both investors from developing countries and investors from developed countries can apply to institutions for insurance coverage.
C. 发展中国家的投资者和发达国家的投资者都可以向机构申请保险。
D. Institutional underwriting presupposes the existence of a bilateral investment protection agreement between the home country and the host country of the investor.
D. 机构承销的前提是投资者的母国和东道国之间存在双边投资保护协议。
C
843. Company A in country A has signed a contract with the government of Country B to build a waterworks in country B and has taken out insurance with MIGA. According to the relevant rules, which of the following statement is true?
843. A国的A公司与B国政府签订了在B国建造自来水厂的合同，并向多边投资担保机构投保。根据相关规则，以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. The substantial devaluation of the currency of country B, resulting in the loss of the company, belongs to the risks of currency exchange.
一个。B国货币大幅贬值，导致公司亏损，属于货币兑换风险。
B. The workers' strike, which has affected the normal operation of the water works, belongs to the risks of war and civil strife.
B.工人罢工影响了自来水厂的正常运作，属于战争和内乱的风险。
C. The New Income Tax Law of State B, which has resulted in an increase in the income tax of the company, belongs to the risks of expropriation and similar measures.
C.B国的新所得税法导致公司所得税增加，属于征收和类似措施的风险。
D. The non-performance of the contract with the company by the government of State B and the refusal of the courts of State B to deal with the related litigation belongs to the risks of government default.
D.B国政府不履行与公司的合同，B国法院拒绝处理相关诉讼，属于政府违约风险。
D
二、多选
849. MIGA contacts such types of business:
849. 多边投资担保机构与以下各类企业联系：
A. Investment guarantee.
A.投资担保。
B. Investment promotion.
B.招商引资。
C. Investment regulation.
C. 投资监管。
D. Investment subsidies.
D.投资补贴。
AB
855. According to the MIGA Convention, a qualified host country shall meet the following conditions:
855. 根据《多边投资担保机构公约》，合格的东道国应符合下列条件：
A. It shall be a developing member of the MIGA and the MIGA only guarantees investment made within the territories of developing countries.
一个。多边投资担保机构应是多边投资担保机构的发展中成员，多边投资担保机构在发展中国家领土内的投资。
B. It shall be a country that agrees to guarantee specific investment risks.
B.它应是一个同意保证特定投资风险的国家。
C. It shall be a country with qualified investment conditions.
C. 应为具有合格投资条件的国家。
D. It shall be a country that has constructed its respective legal systems on insurance for overseas investment and corresponding institutions for such insurance before the establishing of the MIGA.
D. 在多边投资担保机构成立之前，已建立各自的海外投资保险法律制度和相应的保险机构的国家。
ABC
858. According to the Convention of MIGA, who are the qualified investors?
858. 根据多边投资担保机构公约，谁是合格投资者？
A. Partnerships, associations of unincorporated persons and branches registered in a member state other than the host state and with a principal point of operation in that state.
A. 在东道国以外的成员国注册并主要经营点在该国的合伙企业、非法人协会和分支机构。
B. Registered in the host country, but most of the capital is owned by natural or legal persons of one or more member states outside the host country.
B. 在东道国注册，但大部分资本由东道国以外的一个或多个成员国的自然人或法人拥有。
C. Nationals of member states other than the host country.
C. 东道国以外成员国的国民。
D. Legal persons registered in a member state other than the host state and having a principal point of operation in that state.
D. 在东道国以外的成员国注册并在该国设有主要经营点的法人。
BCD
856. Based on the MIGA Convention, while agreeing to insure an investment, MIGA shall review and confirm whether the investment complies with the following criteria, i.e.,
856. 根据《多边投资担保机构公约》，多边投资担保机构在同意为投资投保时，应审查并确认该投资是否符合下列标准，即：
A. Economy and rationality of investment.
A.投资的经济合理性。
B. Pro-development of the investment.
B. 促进投资的发展。
C. The investment to be guaranteed shall comply with laws and regulations of the host country.
C. 被担保投资应当符合东道国法律、法规的规定。
D. Consistency of the investment with the development objectives and priorities of the host country.
D. 投资是否符合东道国的发展目标和优先事项。
ABCD
ABCD公司
854. MIGA insures foreign direct investment:
854. 多边投资担保机构为外国直接投资提供保险：
A. From developed to developing countries.
一个。从发达国家到发展中国家。
B. Flowing between developing countries.
B. 发展中国家之间的流动。
C. From developing to developed countries.
C. 从发展中国家到发达国家。
D. Following between developed countries.
D. 发达国家之间的跟踪。
AB
857. Which kinds of risks are covered by the guarantee of the MIGA?
857. 多边投资担保担保涵盖哪些风险？
A. Risk of expropriation and similar measures.
A. 征收风险和类似措施。
B. Risk of war and civil strife.
B. 战争和内乱的风险。
C. Risk of currency exchange.
C. 货币兑换风险。
D. Risk of government default.
D. 政府违约风险。
ABCD
ABCD公司
852. To ensure smooth conduct of investment guarantee, the MIGA Convention explicitly defines four types of risks. They are:
852. 为确保投资担保的顺利进行，《多边投资担保机构公约》明确界定了四类风险。他们是：
A. Risks on currency transfer.
A. 货币转移风险。
B. Risks on expropriation or similar measures.
B. 征收或类似措施的风险。
C. Risk on breach of contract.
C. 违约风险。
D. Risk on war and civil disturbance.
D. 战争和内乱的风险。
ABCD
ABCD公司
853. The MIGA may approve the extension of coverage to specific non-commercial risks other than the four types it has defined, provided:
853. 多边投资担保机构可批准将承保范围扩大到其所界定的四类以外的特定非商业风险，但条件是：
A. Upon the joint application of the investor and the host country.
一个。经投资者和东道国共同申请。
B. Decided by the Board with special majority.
B. 由董事会以特别多数决定。
C. To the risk only to other non-commercial risks.
C.仅对其他非商业风险的风险。
D. In no case to the risk of devaluation or depreciation of currency.
D. 在任何情况下都不会有货币贬值或贬值的风险。
ABCD
ABCD公司
850. Compared with many national investment guarantee agencies, MIGA enjoys unrivaled advantages over national insurance systems for oversea investment. Such as:
850. 与许多国家投资担保机构相比，多边投资担保机构在海外投资方面享有比国家保险制度无可比拟的优势。如：
A. Larger insurance coverage.
A. 更大的保险范围。
B. Greater insurance capacity.
B. 更大的保险能力。
C. More effective mechanisms for claims services and settlement of dispute.
C. 更有效的索赔服务和争端解决机制。
D. Review of insured investment and prior procedures.
D. 审查投保投资和先前程序。
ABCD
ABCD公司
851. Regulations of the MIGA on reviewing the insured investment and prior procedures of insurance can help avoid investment disputes. This is mainly reflected in the following that:
851. 多边投资担保机构关于审查被保险投资和保险事先程序的条例有助于避免投资纠纷。这主要体现在以下几个方面：
A. MIGA only insures investment conductive to economic development of the host country.
答：多边投资担保机构只为有利于东道国经济发展的投资提供保险。
B. MIGA is entitled to refuse ensuring investment not complaint with laws and regulations of the host country.
B. 多边投资担保机构有权拒绝确保投资，但不对东道国的法律和法规提出申诉。
C. Prior to the consent of the host country government, MIGA may not sign guarantee contracts that ensure non-commercial risks.
C. 在东道国政府同意之前，多边投资担保机构不得签署确保非商业风险的担保合同。
D. MIGA carry out appreciate complementary activities to promote the flow of investment to and amount developing member countries.
D. 多边投资担保机构开展互补活动，促进投资流向发展中成员国并增加投资额。
ABC
859. Company A of Country A invested in Country B by establishing a geothermal company and takes out insurance with the MIGA. Because of a large amount of foreign exchange outflow, Country B took a series of measures. As a result, although the geothermal company has obtained the approval for the remittance of income, it is still unable to carry out the currency exchange and remittance. According to the relevant rules, which statements are correct?
859. A国A公司通过建立地热公司在B国投资，并向多边投资担保机构投保。由于大量外汇外流，B国采取了一系列措施。结果，地热公司虽然获得了收入汇出的批准，但仍然无法进行货币兑换和汇款。根据相关规则，哪些说法是正确的？
A. The Central Bank of Country B has approved the currency exchange and cannot be considered to be a prohibited risk.
一个。B国中央银行已批准货币兑换，不能将其视为禁止风险。
B. Passive restrictions on currency exchange also fall within the scope of currency exchange risks.
B. 对货币兑换的被动限制也属于货币兑换风险的范畴。
C. Country B shall be a developing country.
C. B国应为发展中国家。
D. Once the MIGA pays compensation to Company A, it can subrogate the claim to the host country.
D. 多边投资担保机构向A公司支付赔偿金后，可以代位向东道国提出索赔。
BCD
860. Both Country A and Country B are contracting parties to the MIGA convention. Parker, a national of Country A, has concluded investment insurance contract with MIGA when investing in country B. Which statements are correct?
860. A国和B国都是多边投资担保机构公约的缔约国。Parker是A国国民，在B国投资时与MIGA签订了投资保险合同。哪些说法是正确的？
A. If Country B did not reject Parker's application for exchange, but merely delayed it, it would not be covered by currency exchange insurance.
一个。如果B国没有拒绝Parker的兑换申请，而只是推迟了申请，那么它就不在货币兑换保险的承保范围内。
B. Country B should be a developing country.
B. B国应为发展中国家。
C. The risk of civil strife also applies if the war in a neighboring country interferes with the normal operation of Parker's investments in that country.
C. 如果邻国的战争干扰了派克在该国的投资的正常运营，则内乱的风险也适用。
D. Parker's default is covered by the default insurance of MIGA.
D. Parker的违约由MIGA的违约保险承保。
BCD
三、判断
867. MIGA is an international organization with independent legal personality established in accordance with the Washington Convention in 1988.
867. 多边投资担保机构是根据1988年《华盛顿公约》成立的具有独立法人资格的国际组织。
F
四、名词
868. MIGA
868. 多边旅
MIGA（Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency）was created in 1988 as a member of the World Bank Group to promote foreign direct investment in emerging economies by helping mitigate the risks of restrictions on currency conversion and transfer, breach of contract by governments, expropriation, and war & civil disturbance. and offering credit enhancement to private investors and lenders.
MIGA（多边投资担保机构）成立于1988年，是世界银行集团的成员，旨在通过帮助减轻货币兑换和转移限制、政府违约、征用以及战争和内乱的风险来促进新兴经济体的外国直接投资。以及向私人投资者和贷款人提供信用增级服务。
五、论述
869. Summarize the trade-related investment measures stipulated in TRIMS Agreement, which violate the principle of national treatment and the general lifting of quantitative restrictions.
869. 总结《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》中规定的违反国民待遇原则和普遍取消数量限制的与贸易有关的投资措施。
(1) TRIMs that are inconsistent with the obligation of national treatment provided for in paragraph 4 of Article III of GATT 1994 include those which are mandatory or enforceable under domestic law or under administrative rulings, or compliance with which is necessary to obtain an advantage, and which require:
（1） 与1994年关贸总协定第三条第4款规定的国民待遇义务不符的TRIM包括根据国内法或行政裁决具有强制性或可强制执行的TRIPs，或为获得优势而必须遵守的TRIPs，以及需要：
(a)【Local composition requirements】the purchase or use by an enterprise of products of domestic origin or from any domestic source, whether specified in terms of particular products, in terms of volume or value of products, or in terms of a proportion of volume or value of its local production. or
（a）【当地构成要求】企业购买或使用国内原产产品或任何国内来源的产品，不论是具体产品、产品数量或价值，还是当地生产的数量或价值的比例。或
(b)【Trade balance requirements】that an enterprise's purchases or use of imported products be limited to an amount related to the volume or value of local products that it exports.
（b）【贸易差额要求】企业购买或使用进口产品的金额应限于与其出口的当地产品的数量或价值有关的数量。
(2) TRIMs that are inconsistent with the obligation of general elimination of quantitative restrictions provided for in paragraph 1 of Article XI of GATT 1994 include those which are mandatory or enforceable under domestic law or under administrative rulings, or compliance with which is necessary to obtain an advantage, and which restrict:
（2） 与《关贸总协定1994》第十一条第1款规定的全面消除数量限制的义务不符的TRIM包括根据国内法或行政裁决具有强制性或可强制执行的TRIMs，或为获得优势而必须遵守的TRIPs，以及限制：
(a)【Export performance requirements】the importation by an enterprise of products used in or related to its local production, generally or to an amount related to the volume or value of local production that it exports.
（a）【出口履约要求】企业进口用于其本地生产或与其本地生产有关的产品，一般或与其出口的本地生产的数量或价值有关。
(b)【Foreign exchange balance requirements】 the importation by an enterprise of products used in or related to its local production by restricting its access to foreign exchange to an amount related to the foreign exchange inflows attributable to the enterprise. or
（b）【外汇结余要求】 企业进口用于其本地生产或与当地生产有关的产品，将其获得外汇的渠道限制在与该企业可归属于该企业的外汇流入有关的数额内。或
(c)【Domestic sales requirements】the exportation or sale for export by an enterprise of products, whether specified in terms of particular products, in terms of volume or value of products, or in terms of a proportion of volume or value of its local production.
（c）【国内销售要求】企业出口或销售产品，不论是按特定产品、产品数量或价值，还是按其当地生产的数量或价值的比例规定。
第三节 与贸易有关的投资措施协定
一、单选
872. Restrictions on foreign investment, placed by nation, adversely affect trade in goods or services are called:
872. 各国对外国投资施加的对货物或服务贸易产生不利影响的限制称为：
A. Trade restrictions.
A. 贸易限制。
B. Trade-related investment measures.
B. 与贸易有关的投资措施。
C. Tariffs.
C. 关税。
D. Foreign interest restrictions.
D. 外国利益限制。
B
870. The is the first international agreement that specially regulates the relationship between trade and investment, and therefore plays a critical role in international investment law.
870. 这是第一项专门规范贸易与投资之间关系的国际协定，因此在国际投资法中发挥着关键作用。
A. General Agreement on Tariff and Trade.
A. 关税和贸易总协定。
B. Agreement on Trade-related Investment Measures.
B. 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》。
C. General Agreement on Trade in Services.
C. 《服务贸易总协定》。
D. Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property.
D. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。
B
871. Among the following statements concerning TRIMs Agreement, which one is correct?
871. 在下列关于《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》的陈述中，哪一项是正确的？
A. The Agreement forbids any TRIM which may have adverse effect on international trade.
一个。该协定禁止任何可能对国际贸易产生不利影响的TRIM。
B. The Agreement forbids only TRIM which inconsistent with article 3 and article 11 of GATT 1994.
B.《协定》只禁止与1994年关贸总协定第3条和第11条相抵触的TRIM。
C. The Agreement is a comprehensive multilateral investment agreement.
C. 《协定》是一项全面的多边投资协定。
D. The Agreement purports to liberalize international investment.
D. 该协定旨在使国际投资自由化。
B
二、多选
875. The core content of the TRIMs is its provisions on:
875. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》的核心内容是其关于以下方面的规定：
A. National treatment.
A. 国民待遇。
B. Quantitative restrictions.
B. 数量限制。
C. Bound tariff rate.
C. 约束关税税率。
D. MFN treatment.
D. 最惠国待遇。
AB
876. Measures prohibited by the TRIMs Agreement under WTO include:
876. 世贸组织《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》所禁止的措施包括：
A. Export performance requirements.
A. 出口性能要求。
B. Local content requirement.
B. 本地内容要求。
C. Labor requirement.
C. 劳动力要求。
D. TBT measures.
D. 技术性贸易壁垒措施。
AB
877. According to TRIMs Agreement, investment measures distort trade in violation of the GATT are prohibited.
877. 根据《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》，禁止违反关贸总协定的扭曲贸易的投资措施。
A. National treatment.
A. 国民待遇。
B. MFN treatment.
B. 最惠国待遇。
C. General elimination of quantitative restrictions.
C. 全面取消数量限制。
D. Market access.
D. 市场准入。
AC
878. According to the interpretative list annexed to TRIMs Agreement, measures that violate the provisions on national treatment under GATT 1994 manly refer to the following measures:
878. 根据《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》所附的解释性清单，违反1994年关贸总协定关于国民待遇规定的措施是指下列措施：
A. Local requirement.
A. 当地要求。
B. Export requirement.
B. 出口要求。
C. Import over domestic products.
C. 进口而不是国内产品。
D. Balance of payment.
D. 国际收支。
AB
879. According to the interpretative list annexed to TRIMs Agreement, not confirming to general prohibition of quantitative restrictions under GATT 1994 cover the following:
879. 根据《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》所附的解释性清单，未确认1994年关贸总协定对数量限制的普遍禁止包括：
A. Import over domestic products.
A. 进口超过国内产品。
B. Balance of payment.
B. 国际收支。
C. Export performance requirement.
C. 出口性能要求。
D. Export requirement.
D. 出口要求。
ABC
873. TRIMs forbids parties implementing any trade-related investment measures that are inconsistent with the basic principles of the WTO. These principles include:
873. 与贸易有关的投资措施禁止缔约方实施任何不符合世贸组织基本原则的与贸易有关的投资措施。这些原则包括：
A. Principle of tariff concessions.
A. 关税减让原则。
B. Most favored nation treatment.
B.最惠国待遇。
C. General abolition of the principle of quantitative restrictions.
C. 全面废除数量限制原则。
D. Principles of national treatment.
D. 国民待遇原则。
CD
874. Which ones of the following investment measures or requirements adopted by the host government are prohibited by TRIMs?
874. 东道国政府采取的下列投资措施或要求中，哪些是与贸易有关的投资措施或要求所禁止的？
A. Trade balance requirements.
A. 贸易差额要求。
B. Requirements for foreign exchange for imports.
B. 进口外汇要求。
C. Local content requirements.
C. 本地内容要求。
D. Domestic sales requirements.
D.国内销售要求。
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ABCD公司
三、判断
880. Trade-related investment measures are those restrictions a nation places or foreign investment that adversely affect trade in goods or services.
880. 与贸易有关的投资措施是指一国对货物或服务贸易产生不利影响的外国投资限制。
T
四、名词
881. TRIMs
881. 修剪
This Agreement, negotiated during the Uruguay Round, applies only to measures that affect trade in goods. Recognizing that certain investment measures can have trade-restrictive and distorting effects, it states that no Member shall apply a measure that is prohibited by the provisions of GATT Article III (national treatment) or Article XI (quantitative restrictions).
该协定是在乌拉圭回合期间谈判达成的，仅适用于影响货物贸易的措施。它认识到某些投资措施可能产生贸易限制和扭曲效应，指出任何成员均不得采取关贸总协定第三条（国民待遇）或第十一条（数量限制）规定所禁止的措施。
882. Foreign capital access system
882. 外资准入制度
Foreign capital access system refers to the restrictions and norms made by the capital importing countries on the foreign investment entering the domestic market to engage in business activities, which is the core link of foreign investment legal system in various countries.
外资准入制度是指资本输入国对外资进入国内市场从事经营活动所作出的限制和规范，是各国外商投资法律制度的核心环节。
883. Pre-establishment national treatment
883. 设立前的国民待遇
Pre-establishment national treatment refers to the extension of national treatment to the stage of investment access, that is, the treatment given to foreign investors and their investment is not lower than that given to domestic investors and their investment in the stages of establishment, acquisition and expansion of enterprises.
设立前国民待遇是指将国民待遇延伸到投资准入阶段，即给予外国投资者及其投资的待遇不低于给予境内投资者及其投资在企业设立、收购和扩大阶段的待遇。
884. Negative List
884. 负面清单
Negative List is equivalent to the "blacklist" in the field of investment which lists the areas and industries that enterprises cannot invest in. Academically, all management measures for foreign investment that are inconsistent with national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment, or performance requirements, executive requirements, and so on, are listed in the form of a list. With the exception of the restricted areas on the list, Investment in other industries, areas and economic activities are permitted.
负面清单相当于投资领域的“黑名单”，列出了企业不能投资的领域和行业。从学术上讲，凡是不符合国民待遇、最惠国待遇、绩效要求、执行要求等的外商投资管理措施，均以清单形式列出。除清单上的限制区域外，允许投资其他行业、领域和经济活动。
五、简答
885. What are trade-related investment measures?
885. 什么是与贸易有关的投资措施？
The list includes measures which require particular levels of local procurement by an enterprise (“local content requirements”) or which restrict the volume or value of imports such an enterprise can purchase or use to an amount related to the level of products it exports (“trade balancing requirements”). prohibition of quantitative restrictions national treatment
该清单包括要求企业在当地采购特定水平的措施（“当地含量要求”），或将企业可以购买或使用的进口数量或价值限制在与其出口产品水平相关的数量（“贸易平衡要求”）。禁止数量限制国民待遇
第四节 中国外商投资法
一、多选
886. The objectives of the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC are:
886. 《中华人民共和国外商投资法》的目标是：
A. To unify the existing different laws.
一个。统一现有的不同法律。
B. To establish and improve a mechanism for foreign investment protection.
B.建立健全外商投资保护机制。
C. To create a stable, transparent, predictable, and fair market environment.
C. 创造一个稳定、透明、可预测、公平的市场环境。
D. To open the capital account and allow free capital flow.
D.开立资本账户，允许资金自由流动。
ABC
887. The objectives of the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC require that foreign investment enterprises:
887. 《中华人民共和国外商投资法》的目标要求外商投资企业：
A. Comply with the applicable rules on labor protection.
A.遵守有关劳动保护的适用规则。
B. Comply with the applicable rules on social insurance.
B.遵守社会保险的适用规则。
C. Submit to anti-monopoly review when merge with or acquire mainland Chinese enterprises.
C. 与中国大陆企业合并或收购时，接受反垄断审查。
D. Submit to security review where affect or may affect national security.
D. 对影响或者可能影响国家安全的，接受安全审查。
ABCD
ABCD公司
888. According to the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, China will treat foreign and domestic investment equally with respect to:
888. 根据《中华人民共和国外商投资法》，中国在下列方面将平等对待外国和国内投资：
A. Application of business development policies.
A. 业务发展政策的应用。
B. Formulation of standards, and application of compulsory standards.
B.标准的制定和强制性标准的适用。
C. Government procurement.
C. 政府采购。
D. Consulting with the government when formulating rules on foreign investment.
D.在制定外商投资规则时与政府协商。
ABC
第九章 国际金融法
第一节 国际金融
一、单选
889. Chinese renminbi is:
889. 中国人民币是：
A. A fully convertible currency.
一个。一种完全可兑换的货币。
B. A partially convertible currency.
B.一种部分可兑换的货币。
C. Non-convertible currency.
C. 不可兑换货币。
D. Freely exchanged currency.
D. 自由兑换货币。
B
890. Generally, the highest exchange rate is:
890. 一般来说，最高汇率是：
A. Spot exchange buying rate.
A. 即期汇率买入率。
B. Spot exchange selling rate.
B.即期交易所卖出率。
C. Cash buying rate.
C. 现金购买率。
D. Cash selling rate.
D. 现金销售率。
B
891. Which one is NOT a participant in a Syndicated Loan?
891. 哪一个不是银团贷款的参与者？
A. The arranging bank.
一个。安排银行。
B. The agent.
B. 代理。
C. The trustee.
C. 受托人。
D. The issuer.
D. 发行人。
D
二、多选
892. Those will be accepted by the merchants in international trade and then can be used as the account currency of international trade contracts.
892. 这些将被国际贸易中的商人接受，然后可以用作国际贸易合同的账户货币。
A. Convertible currencies.
A. 可兑换货币。
B. Partly convertible currencies.
B. 部分可兑换货币。
C. Non-convertible currencies.
C. 不可兑换货币。
D. Blocked currencies.
D. 被冻结的货币。
AB
894. Which statements about Syndicated Loan are true?
894. 关于银团贷款的哪些说法是正确的？
A. A syndicated loan is offered by a group of lenders who work together to provide credit to a large borrower.
一个。银团贷款由一组贷方提供，他们共同为大型借款人提供信贷。
B. The borrower can be a corporation, an individual project, or a government.
B.借款人可以是公司、个人项目或政府。
C. Each lender in the syndicate contributes part of the loan amount.
C. 银团中的每个贷方都贡献了部分贷款金额。
D. The syndicate may be a combination of various types of loans.
D. 银团可以是各种贷款的组合。
ABCD
ABCD公司
893.Which statement about project financing as following are correct?
893.关于项目融资的以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. Project financing is the funding (financing) of long-term infrastructure, industrial projects, and public services using a non-recourse or limited recourse financial structure.
答：项目融资是使用无追索权或有限追索权的财务结构为长期基础设施、工业项目和公共服务提供资金（融资）。
B. The debt and equity used to finance the project are paid back from the cash flow generated by the project.
B.用于为项目融资的债务和股权从项目产生的现金流中偿还。
C. Project financing is a loan structure that relies primarily on the project's cash flow.
C. 项目融资是一种主要依靠项目现金流的贷款结构。
D. The project’s cash flow are for repayment, with the project's assets, rights, and interests held as secondary collateral.
D.项目现金流用于偿还，项目资产、权益作为次要抵押品持有。
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ABCD公司
三、判断
895. Currency exchange risk cannot be managed because the fluctuations of currencies cannot be predicted.
895. 由于无法预测货币的波动，货币兑换风险无法管理。
F
四、名词
897. Syndicated Loan?
897. 银团贷款？
A syndicated loan is offered by a group of lenders who work together to provide credit to a large borrower. The borrower can be a corporation, an individual project, or a government. Each lender in the syndicate contributes part of the loan amount, and they all share in the lending risk. One of the lenders act as the manager (arranging bank), which administers the loan on behalf of the other lenders in the syndicate. The syndicate may be a combination of various types of loans, each with different repayment terms that are agreed upon during negotiations between the lenders and the borrower.
银团贷款由一组贷方提供，他们共同为大型借款人提供信贷。借款人可以是公司、个人项目或政府。银团中的每个贷方都贡献了部分贷款金额，他们都分担了贷款风险。其中一个贷款人担任经理（安排银行），代表银团中的其他贷款人管理贷款。银团可以是各种类型贷款的组合，每种贷款都有不同的还款条件，这些条款是在贷款人和借款人谈判期间商定的。
896. Project financing
896. 项目融资
Project financing is the funding (financing) of long-term infrastructure, industrial projects, and public services using a non-recourse or limited recourse financial structure. The debt and equity used to finance the project are paid back from the cash flow generated by the project. Project financing is a loan structure that relies primarily on the project's cash flow for repayment, with the project's assets, rights, and interests held as secondary collateral.
项目融资是使用无追索权或有限追索权的财务结构为长期基础设施、工业项目和公共服务提供资金（融资）。用于为项目融资的债务和股权从项目产生的现金流中偿还。项目融资是一种贷款结构，主要依靠项目的现金流进行偿还，项目的资产、权利和权益作为次要抵押品持有。
第二节 国际货币基金组织
一、单选
898. Which institution is created under the Bretton Woods Agreement?
898. 根据《布雷顿森林协定》设立哪个机构？
A. The International Monetary Fund.
一个。国际货币基金组织。
B. The World Trade Organization.
B.世界贸易组织。
C. The United Nation.
C. 联合国。
D. The Basel Committee.
D. 巴塞尔委员会。
A
899. The regulation has been focusing on monetary activities and harmonizing foreign exchange policies of its members.
899. 该条例一直侧重于货币活动和协调其成员的外汇政策。
A. International Monetary Fund.
A. 国际货币基金组织。
B. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
B. 国际复兴开发银行。
C. World Trade Organization.
C. 世界贸易组织。
D. World Intellectual Property Organization.
D. 世界知识产权组织。
A
900. Which is NOT the way that the IMF tries to develop trust in currencies?
900. 国际货币基金组织试图建立对货币的信任的方式不是哪一种？
A. To promote exchange rate stability.
一个。促进汇率稳定。
B. To facilitate the flow of currencies and the balanced growth of international trade.
B.促进货币流动和国际贸易的平衡增长。
C. To promote international monetary cooperation.
C. 促进国际货币合作。
D. To condemned members that violate the Bretton Woods Agreement.
D. 对违反布雷顿森林协定的被谴责成员。
D
901. The Jamaica System finally legitimated:
901. 牙买加制度最终合法化：
A. Floating exchange rate system.
A. 浮动汇率制度。
B. Fixed exchange rate system.
B. 固定汇率制度。
C. US-Dollar-centered fixed exchange rate system.
C. 以美元为中心的固定汇率制度。
D. US-Dollar-centered floating exchange.
D. 以美元为中心的浮动交易所。
A
902. Which criteria is NOT the ones for inclusion in the SDR basket?
902. 哪些标准不是特别提款权篮子中的标准？
A. Issuer of currency is an IMF member or a monetary union.
答：货币发行人是国际货币基金组织成员国或货币联盟。
B. Issuer of currency is one of the top ten exporters of the world.
B.货币发行国是世界十大出口国之一。
C. The currency is widely used to make payments for international transactions.
C. 该货币被广泛用于支付国际交易。
D. The currency is widely traded in the principal exchange markets.
D. 该货币在主要交易市场上广泛交易。
B
903. SDR is often regarded as a 'basket of national currencies'. Which currency as following is NOT in that basket?
903. 特别提款权通常被视为“一篮子国家货币”。以下哪种货币不在该篮子中？
A. US dollar.
A. 美元。
B. Swiss franc.
B. 瑞士法郎。
C. Japanese yen.
C. 日元。
D. Chinese yuan.
D.人民币。
B
二、多选
904. Which statements about gold standard as following are correct?
904. 下列关于金本位制的哪些说法是正确的？
A. The gold standard is a monetary system where a country's currency or paper money has a value directly linked to gold.
一个。金本位制是一种货币体系，其中一国的货币或纸币的价值与黄金直接相关。
B. With the gold standard, countries agreed to convert paper money into a fixed amount of gold.
B.在金本位制下，各国同意将纸币兑换成固定数量的黄金。
C. A country that uses the gold standard sets a fixed price for gold and buys and sells gold at that price.
C.使用金本位制的国家为黄金设定固定价格，并以该价格买卖黄金。
D. The fixed price cannot be used to determine the value of the currency.
D.固定价格不能用于确定货币的价值。
ABC
905. The US-Dollar-centered international gold exchange standard established by the IMF Convention can be described as:
905. 《国际货币基金组织公约》确立的以美元为中心的国际黄金兑换标准可描述为：
A. US-Dollar was pegged to gold and the official rate at $35 to one ounce of gold was determined.
答：美元与黄金挂钩，官方汇率为35美元兑1盎司黄金。
B. Currencies of other IMF members were pegged to the US Dollar.
B. 国际货币基金组织其他成员国的货币与美元挂钩。
C. US Dollar and other members’ currency were pegged to gold at fixed exchange.
C. 美元和其他成员国的货币在固定汇率上与黄金挂钩。
D. Members shall maintain exchange rates within plus or minus 1% of parity by intervening in their foreign exchange market.
D. 成员国应通过干预其外汇市场，将汇率维持在平价的正负1%以内。
ABD
906. Special contents of the “double-peg” regime under the Bretton Wood System are as follows:
906. 布雷顿森林体系下“双钉住”制度的特别内容如下：
A. US Dollar was established as the currency for international reserve and pegged to gold.
答：美元被确立为国际储备货币，并与黄金挂钩。
B. Ways for insurance and conversion of the Dollar were stipulated.
B. 规定了保险和美元兑换的方式。
C. The fixed exchange rate system was defined.
C. 确定了固定汇率制度。
D. Financial intermediation programs were put forward.
D.提出了金融中介方案。
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ABCD公司
907. Basic conditions upon which the smooth operation of the Bretton Woods System relied include:
907. 布雷顿森林体系顺利运作所依赖的基本条件包括：
A. US trade suppliers of international payments under its current account.
A. 美国在其经常账户下交易国际支付供应商。
B. US trade deficit of international payments under its current account.
B.美国经常账户项下国际支付的贸易逆差。
C. Adequate gold reserves in the USA.
C. 美国有足够的黄金储备。
D. Maintenance of gold price at official level.
D. 在官方层面维持黄金价格。
ACD
912. Which statements about SDR are true?
912. 关于特别提款权的哪些说法是正确的？
A. SDR was created as a supplementary international reserve asset in the context of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system.
答：特别提款权是在布雷顿森林固定汇率制度下作为补充国际储备资产而设立的。
B. The collapse of Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the shift of major currencies to floating exchange rate regimes lessened the reliance on SDR as a global reserve asset.
B.1973年布雷顿森林体系的崩溃以及主要货币向浮动汇率制度的转变减少了对特别提款权作为全球储备资产的依赖。
C. SDR is neither a currency nor a claim on the IMF.
C. 特别提款权既不是一种货币，也不是对国际货币基金组织的债权。
D. SDR is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members.
D. 特别提款权是对货币基金组织成员国可自由使用的货币的潜在要求。
ABCD
ABCD公司
908. Under the Jamaica System instead of only the US Dollar, a package of Currencies, gold and SDR are regarded as international reserves. These including Currencies include:
908. 在牙买加体系下，一揽子货币、黄金和特别提款权被视为国际储备，而不仅仅是美元。这些包括货币包括：
A. Us Dollar.
A. 美元。
B. Euro.
B. 欧元。
C. Japanese Yen.
C. 日元。
D. Sterling Pound.
D.英镑。
ABCD
ABCD公司
911. SDR is often regarded as a 'basket of national currencies’. Which currencies as following is in that basket?
911. 特别提款权通常被视为“一篮子国家货币”。该篮子中有以下哪些货币？
A. US dollar.
A. 美元。
B. Pound sterling.
B.英镑。
C. Japanese Yen.
C. 日元。
D. Euro.
D. 欧元。
ABCD
ABCD公司
909. Advantages of the basic legal system of the Jamaica System include:
909. 牙买加体系基本法律制度的优点包括：
A. Diversification of international reserves.
A. 国际储备多样化。
B. More convenient and flexible supply and use of currencies.
B.更方便、更灵活的货币供应和使用。
C. Diversification of monetary mediation mechanisms.
C. 货币调解机制的多样化。
D. The floating exchange rate system.
D.浮动汇率制度。
ABC
910. Deficiencies of the legal framework of the International Monetary Legal Framework under the Jamaica System are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
910. 牙买加体系下国际货币法律框架法律框架的缺陷主要体现在以下几个方面：
A. Diversification of international reverse result in the instability of international monetary layout, complexity and difficulty of management and adjustment.
A.国际逆向的多样化导致国际货币布局不稳定，管理和调整的复杂性和难度。
B. The floating exchange rate system intensifies course and turbulence of the international financial market and system.
B.浮动汇率制度加剧了国际金融市场和金融体系的走向和动荡。
C. Diversification of mandatory mediation mechanism cannot fundamentally change in balance of payments.
C. 强制性调解机制的多样化不能从根本上改变国际收支。
D. Important decisions may only be adopted with over 85% of the votes in favor so IMF will not be able to make any important decisions without the agreement of the US.
D.重要决定只有在超过85%的赞成票下才能通过，因此未经美国同意，国际货币基金组织将无法做出任何重要决定。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
913. Under the Jamaica System, gold is completely disconnected with currencies of the Member States of the IMF and are no longer the foundation for exchange rates.
913. 在牙买加体系下，黄金与国际货币基金组织成员国的货币完全脱节，不再是汇率的基础。
T
四名词
914. gold standard
914. 金本位制
The gold standard is a monetary system where a country's currency or paper money has a value directly linked to gold. With the gold standard, countries agreed to convert paper money into a fixed amount of gold. A country that uses the gold standard sets a fixed price for gold and buys and sells gold at that price. That fixed price is used to determine the value of the currency.
金本位制是一种货币体系，其中一国的货币或纸币的价值与黄金直接相关。在金本位制下，各国同意将纸币兑换成固定数量的黄金。使用金本位制的国家为黄金设定固定价格，并以该价格买卖黄金。该固定价格用于确定货币的价值。
915. SDR
915. 特别提款权
SDR was created as a supplementary international reserve asset in the context of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. The collapse of Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the shift of major currencies to floating exchange rate regimes lessened the reliance on the SDR as a global reserve asset. Nonetheless, SDR allocations can play a role in providing liquidity and supplementing member countries’ official reserves, as was the case with the 2009 allocations totaling SDR 182.6 billion to IMF members amid the global financial crisis. The SDR serves as the unit of account of the IMF and some other international organizations. The SDR is neither a currency nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members. SDRs can be exchanged for these currencies.
特别提款权是在布雷顿森林固定汇率制度下作为补充国际储备资产而设立的。1973年布雷顿森林体系的崩溃以及主要货币转向浮动汇率制度，减少了对特别提款权作为全球储备资产的依赖。尽管如此，特别提款权分配可以在提供流动性和补充成员国的官方储备方面发挥作用，例如2009年在全球金融危机期间向国际货币基金组织成员国分配的特别提款权总额为1826亿特别提款权。特别提款权是国际货币基金组织和其他一些国际组织的记账单位。特别提款权既不是一种货币，也不是对国际货币基金组织的债权。相反，它是对国际货币基金组织成员国可自由使用的货币的潜在要求。特别提款权可以兑换成这些货币。
第三节 金融业监管
一、单选
916. The Basel System is established to:
916. 巴塞尔体系的建立是为了：
A. Regulate banks of developed countries.
A. 监管发达国家的银行。
B. Regulate banks of developing countries.
B. 管理发展中国家的银行。
C. Protect banks of developed countries.
C. 保护发达国家的银行。
D. Protect banks of developing countries.
D. 保护发展中国家的银行。
A
917. The core regulatory principle of the Basel System is the principle of:
917. 巴塞尔体系的核心监管原则是：
A. Capital adequacy ratio.
A. 资本充足率。
B. Currency exchange rate.
B. 货币汇率。
C. Interest rate.
C. 利率。
D. Off -balance-sheet exposures.
D. 资产负债表外风险敞口。
A
918. According to Basel Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the minimum capital adequacy ratio for all banks of the Member States is set at:
918. 根据《巴塞尔协议I.》和《巴塞尔协议II.》，成员国所有银行的最低资本充足率定为：
A. 8%.
答：8%。
B. 10%.
B. 10%。
C. 6%.
约6%。
D. 4%.
D. 4%。
A
919. According to Basel Ⅲ, the minimum capital adequacy ratio for all banks of the Member States is set at:
919. 根据《巴塞尔协议III.》，成员国所有银行的最低资本充足率为：
A. 8%.
答：8%。
B. 10%.
B. 10%。
C. 6%.
约6%。
D. 4%.
D. 4%。
C
920. The Basel Accord requires that the proportion of “Tier 1 Capital” total capital of all banks should be no less than:
920. 《巴塞尔协议》规定，所有银行的“一级资本”总资本比例应不低于：
A. 50%.
答：50%。
B. 75%.
B. 75%。
C. 40%..
约40%..
D. 80%.
D. 80%。
A
921. The is the world’s most authoritative body, international organization of international cooperation in securities and futures markets regulation.
921. 这是世界上最权威的机构，是证券和期货市场监管国际合作的国际组织。
A. International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO).
A. 国际证券事务监察委员会组织（IOSCO）。
B. Basel Committee on Banking Supervisor (BCBS).
B. 巴塞尔银行监管委员会（BCBS）。
C. International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS).
C. 国际保险监督员协会（IAIS）。
D. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
D. 国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）。
A
922. The decision-making body of the IOSCO is:
922. 国际证监会组织的决策机构是：
A. The executive committee.
一个。执行委员会。
B. The technical committee.
B.技术委员会。
C. The emerging market committee.
C. 新兴市场委员会。
D. Regional committees.
D. 区域委员会。
A
923. Which organization is established as a global insurance supervisory organization with a view to promote the mutual cooperation and coordination among the insurance supervision?
923. 哪个组织是全球保险监督组织，以促进保险监督部门之间的相互合作与协调？
A. International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO).
A. 国际证券事务监察委员会组织（IOSCO）。
B. Basel Committee on Banking Supervisor (BCBS).
B. 巴塞尔银行监管委员会（BCBS）。
C. International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS).
C. 国际保险监督员协会（IAIS）。
D. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
D. 国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）。
C
二、多选
925. Such international organizations are called the three core international financial supervisory organizations:
925. 这些国际组织被称为三个核心国际金融监督组织：
A. International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO).
A. 国际证券事务监察委员会组织（IOSCO）。
B. Basel Committee on Banking Supervisor (BCBS).
B. 巴塞尔银行监管委员会（BCBS）。
C. International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS).
C. 国际保险监督员协会（IAIS）。
D. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
D. 国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）。
ABC
924. About the Basel Committee, which statements are correct?
924. 关于巴塞尔委员会，哪些说法是正确的？
A. The Basel Committee is the primary global standard setter for the prudential regulation of banks
一个。巴塞尔委员会是银行审慎监管的主要全球标准制定者
B. The Basel Committee provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters.
B.巴塞尔委员会为银行监管事项的定期合作提供了一个论坛。
C. Its members comprise central banks and bank supervisors.
C. 其成员包括中央银行和银行监管者。
D. The Basel Committee focus mainly on international securities market.
D. 巴塞尔委员会主要关注国际证券市场。
ABC
926. The “three pillars” concept featured by Basel Ⅱ to promote greater stability in the financial system include:
926. 《巴塞尔协议二》提出的“三大支柱”概念，旨在促进金融体系的更大稳定，包括：
A. Minimum capital requirements.
A. 最低资本要求。
B. Supervisory review.
B. 监督审查。
C. Market discipline Risk weights.
C. 市场纪律 风险权重。
D. Risky assets.
D. 风险资产。
ABC
927. In accordance with Basel Ⅰ and Ⅱ, which are the correct ones among the following statement?
927. 根据《巴塞尔协议I.》和《巴塞尔协议II.》，下列说法中哪些是正确的？
A. The minimum capital adequacy ratio for all banks of the member states is set at 8%.
一个。成员国所有银行的最低资本充足率设定为8%。
B. The proportion of a bank’s capital to risk assets should be no less than 4%.
B.银行资本与风险资产的比例应不低于4%。
C. The minimum “Tier 1 Capital” adequacy ratio for all banks of the Member States is set at 8%.
C. 成员国所有银行的最低“一级资本”充足率为8%。
D. The minimum “Tier 1 Capital” adequacy ratio for all banks of the Member States is set at 4%.
D. 成员国所有银行的最低“一级资本”充足率为4%。
AD
928. According to the Basel Accord, in computing the capital adequacy ratio, a bank’s capital consists of:
928. 根据《巴塞尔协议》，在计算资本充足率时，银行的资本包括：
A. “Tier 1 Capital”.
A. “一级资本”。
B. “Tier 2 Capital”.
B. “二级资本”。
C. “Tier 3 Capital”.
C. “Tier 3 Capital”。
D. “Tier 4 Capital”.
D. “Tier 4 Capital”。
AB
929. According to the Basel Accord, “Tier 1 Capital” of a bank, considered as the most reliable form of capital, includes:
929. 根据《巴塞尔协议》，银行的“一级资本”被认为是最可靠的资本形式，包括：
A. Equity capital.
A. 股本。
B. Disclosed reserves.
B. 披露的储备金。
C. Undisclosed reserves.
C. 未披露的储备金。
D. Revaluation reserves.
D. 重估准备金。
AB
930. According to the Basel Accord, “Tier 2 Capital” of a bank, regarded as the second most reliable form of financial capital from a regulatory point of view, includes:
930. 根据《巴塞尔协议》，从监管角度来看，银行的“二级资本”被视为第二大最可靠的金融资本形式，包括：
A. Undisclosed reserves.
A. 未披露的储备金。
B. Revaluation reserves.
B. 重估准备金。
C. General provisions.
C. 一般规定。
D. Subordinated term debt.
D. 次级定期债务。
ABCD
ABCD公司
931. The IOSCO’s main objectives include:
931. 国际证监会组织的主要目标包括：
A. Protecting investor’s legitimate interests through coordination.
A. 通过协调保护投资者的合法利益。
B. Making a bull stock market.
B.制造牛市。
C. Realizing mutual exchange of regulatory information through coordination and ensuring that the securities markets are fair, efficient and transparent.
C. 通过协调实现监管信息的相互交流，确保证券市场的公平、高效、透明。
D. Enhancing communication and reducing systematic risks in securities market.
D. 加强证券市场的沟通，降低系统性风险。
ABCD
ABCD公司
932. The role of the IOSCO is to:
932. 国际证监会组织的作用是：
A. Assist its members to promote high standards of regulation.
A. 协助其成员促进高标准的监管。
B. Act as a forum for national regulators to cooperate with each other.
B. 作为国家监管机构相互合作的论坛。
C. Help members to issue security in the market of other members.
C.帮助会员在其他会员的市场发行证券。
D. Settle security disputes between its members.
D. 解决其成员之间的安全纠纷。
AB
933. The members of the IOSCO are divided into:
933. 国际证监会组织的成员分为：
A. Permanent members.
A. 常任理事国。
B. Associate members.
B. 准会员。
C. Affiliate members.
C. 附属成员。
D. Ad hoc members.
D. 特设成员。
ABC
934. All the members of the IOSCO shall fulfill the following obligations:
934. 国际证监会组织的所有成员应履行以下义务：
A. Cooperate together to promote high standards of regulation in order to maintain just, efficient and sound markets.
A. 共同合作，促进高标准的监管，以维持公正、高效和健全的市场。
B. Exchange information on their respective experiences to promote development of domestic markets.
B. 交流各自的经验，促进国内市场的发展。
C. Unite efforts to establish standards and an effective surveillance of international securities transactions.
C. 共同努力，建立标准和对国际证券交易的有效监督。
D. Provide mutual assistance to promote the integrity of the markets by a rigorous application of standards and by effective enforcement against offenses.
D. 通过严格执行标准和有效打击违法行为，提供互助，以促进市场的完整性。
ABCD
ABCD公司
935. The regulation principles of the IOSCO are:
935. 国际证监会组织的规管原则是：
A. The responsibilities of the regulator should be clear and objectively stated.
一个。监管机构的职责应明确和客观地说明。
B. The regulator should be operationally independent and accountable in the excesses of its functions and powers.
B.监管机构应在业务上保持独立，并对其职能和权力的过度行使负责。
C. The regulator should have comprehensive inspection, investigation, surveillance powers and enforcement powers.
C.监管机构应具有全面的检查、调查、监督权和执法权。
D. The regulatory system should ensure an effective and credible use of inspection, investigation, surveillance and enforcement powers and the implementation of effective compliance program.
D. 监管体系应确保有效和可信地使用检查、调查、监督和执法权力，并实施有效的合规计划。
ABCD
ABCD公司
936. Within the IOSCO framework, self-regulatory organizations include:
936. 在国际证监会组织的框架内，自律组织包括：
A. Securities associations.
A. 证券协会。
B. Accountant associations.
B. 会计师协会。
C. Bars.
C. 酒吧。
D. Other securities-market-related associations.
D. 其他证券市场相关协会。
ABCD
ABCD公司
937. The functions of the IAIS can be categorized into three levels as follows:
937. IAIS的职能可分为以下三个级别：
A. The IAIS sets out sets out rules for global insurance supervision.
一个。IAIS规定了全球保险监管的规则。
B. The IAIS ensures reports about the latest development of global insurance sector.
B.IAIS确保报告全球保险业的最新发展。
C. The IAIS providers a communication platform for global insurance sector.
C. IAIS为全球保险业提供了一个交流平台。
D. The IAIS settles the disputes on insurance supervisions between its members.
D. IAIS解决其成员之间关于保险监管的争议。
ABCD
ABCD公司
938. The IAIS package documents can be categorized into such levels:
938. IAIS一揽子文件可分为以下几类：
A. The “core principles” provide the core principles of insurance supervision.
一个。“核心原则”提供了保险监管的核心原则。
B. The “principles” provide the principles of insurance supervision.
B.《原则》规定了保险监管的原则。
C. The “standards” aim to provide rules for daily supervision.
C.《标准》旨在为日常监督提供规则。
D. The “guidances” constitute guiding rules for conduct supervision activities.
四、《指导意见》构成行为监督活动的指导性规则。
ABCD
ABCD公司
941. The core principles of insurance supervision under the IAIS include but not limited to:
941. 保险监管制度的核心原则包括但不限于：
A. Core principle of insurance supervision system.
A. 保险监管制度的核心原则。
B. Core principle of supervised entity.
B. 被监管主体的核心原则。
C. Core principle of ongoing supervision.
C. 持续监督的核心原则。
D. Core principle of markets and customers.
D.市场和客户的核心原则。
ABCD
ABCD公司
939. The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) called supervision on such supervisions as “three pillars” of insurance supervision.
939. 国际保险监督员协会（IAIS）将对这种监督的监督称为保险监督的“三大支柱”。
A. Corporate governance.
A. 公司治理。
B. Solvency supervision.
B. 偿付能力监督。
C. Market activities supervision.
C.市场活动监督。
D. Insurance products supervision.
D.保险产品监管。
ABC
940. About the “three-pillared” supervision system, which statements are correct?
940. 关于“三柱”监督制度，哪些说法是正确的？
A. The objective of “corporate governance” is to enhance the micro basis of insurance companies and the ability to maintain sustainable development.
一个。“公司治理”的目标是增强保险公司的微观基础和保持可持续发展的能力。
B. The objective of “solvency supervision” is to regularize market competition, prevent and resolve risks.
B.“偿付能力监管”的目的是规范市场竞争，防范和化解风险。
C. The objective of “market supervision” is to make supervision on market activities become the guarantee of market order and insurance customer rights protection.
C.“市场监管”的目的是使市场活动的监管成为市场秩序和保险客户权益保护的保障。
D. These three pillars of insurance supervision are interdependent and interacted, none of which could complete effective supervision alone.
D.保险监管的这三大支柱是相互依存、相互作用的，没有一个支柱可以单独完成有效的监管。
ABCD
ABCD公司
942. In accordance with the essential criteria concerning the supervised entities under the insurance core principles (the ICPs), the persons subject to the requirement of suitability of persons in the insurance business include:
942. 根据保险核心原则（ICP）中有关受监管实体的基本标准，受保险业务人员适当性要求的人员包括：
A. The significant owners of an insurer.
一个。保险公司的重要所有者。
B. Board members of an insurer.
B. 保险公司的董事会成员。
C. Auditors of an insurer.
C. 保险公司的审计师。
D. Actuaries of an insurer.
D. 保险公司的精算师。
ABCD
ABCD公司
943. Risk control is one of the most important IAIS supervision principals. The IAIS enhances risk control of insurance entities by supervising:
943. 风险控制是IAIS最重要的监督原则之一。IAIS通过监督以下方面加强对保险实体的风险控制：
A. Capital adequacy.
A. 资本充足率。
B. Solvency.
B. 偿付能力。
C. Risk assessment.
C. 风险评估。
D. Anti-money laundering.
D. 反洗钱。
AB
944. For the following statements, which one is correct?
944. 对于以下说法，哪一种说法是正确的？
A. IAIS refers to the International Association of Insurance Supervisors.
答：IAIS是指国际保险监督员协会。
B. FATF represents the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering under the IAIS.
B. 金融行动特别工作组代表国际反洗钱行动特别工作组。
C. ICPs are the abbr. of Insurance Core Principles and Methodology adopted by the IAIS.
C. ICP是IAIS采用的保险核心原则和方法的缩写。
D. ICPs represent the International Commission of Purchases.
D. 比较方案代表国际采购委员会。
ABC
三、名词
945. the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
945. 巴塞尔银行监管委员会
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is the primary global standard setter for the prudential regulation of banks and provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. Its 45 members comprise central banks and bank supervisors from 28 jurisdictions.
巴塞尔银行监管委员会是银行审慎监管的主要全球标准制定机构，为银行监管事项的定期合作提供了一个论坛。其45名成员包括来自28个司法管辖区的中央银行和银行监管机构。
946. the net stable funding ratio
946. 净稳定供资比率
The net stable funding ratio is a significant component of the Basel III reforms. It requires banks to maintain a stable funding profile in relation to their on- and off-balance sheet activities, thus reducing the likelihood that disruptions to a bank's regular sources of funding will erode its liquidity position in a way that could increase the risk of its failure and potentially lead to broader systemic stress. The net stable funding ratio becomes a minimum standard by 1 January 2018.
净稳定供资比率是巴塞尔协议III改革的一个重要组成部分。它要求银行在资产负债表内外活动方面保持稳定的资金状况，从而减少银行常规资金来源中断侵蚀其流动性状况的可能性，从而增加其倒闭风险，并可能导致更广泛的系统性压力。净稳定资金比率将于2018年1月1日成为最低标准。
947. Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision
947. 有效银行监管的核心原则
The Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision are the de facto minimum standard for sound prudential regulation and supervision of banks and banking systems. Originally issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 1997, they are used by countries as a benchmark for assessing the quality of their supervisory systems and for identifying future work to achieve a baseline level of sound supervisory practices.
《有效银行监管的核心原则》是对银行和银行体系进行健全审慎监管和监督的事实上的最低标准。这些准则最初由巴塞尔银行监督委员会于1997年发布，被各国用作评估其监督制度质量和确定今后工作以达到健全监督做法基线水平的基准。
第十章 国际税法
第一节 税收管辖权
一、单选
952. The tax jurisdiction can be divided into:
952. 税收管辖区可分为：
A. Personal jurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction.
A. 属人管辖权和属地管辖权。
B. Personal jurisdiction and resident jurisdiction.
B. 属人管辖权和居民管辖权。
C. Resident jurisdiction and citizen jurisdiction.
C. 居民管辖权和公民管辖权。
D. Territorial jurisdiction and place of property jurisdiction.
D. 属地管辖权和财产管辖地。
A
953. The personal tax jurisdiction can be divided into:
953. 个人税收管辖区可分为：
A. Resident jurisdiction and citizen jurisdiction.
A. 居民管辖权和公民管辖权。
B. Resident jurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction.
B. 居民管辖权和属地管辖权。
C. Citizen jurisdiction and place of income jurisdiction.
C. 公民管辖权和收入地管辖权。
D. Place of income jurisdiction and place of property jurisdiction.
D. 收入地管辖权和财产地管辖权。
A
954. The territorial tax jurisdiction can be divided into:
954. 属地税收管辖区可分为：
A. Place of income jurisdiction and place of property jurisdiction.
A. 收入地管辖权和财产地管辖权。
B. Resident jurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction.
B. 居民管辖权和属地管辖权。
C. Citizen jurisdiction and place of income jurisdiction.
C. 公民管辖权和收入地管辖权。
D. Citizen jurisdiction and place of property jurisdiction.
D. 公民管辖权和财产地管辖权。
A
957. The right of a state to tax a taxpayer's income from worldwide sources is known as:
957. 国家对纳税人从世界各地获得的收入征税的权利被称为：
A. Country of Origin Tax Jurisdiction.
A. 原产国税务管辖区。
B. Territorial tax jurisdiction.
B. 属地税收管辖权。
C. National Tax Jurisdiction.
C. 国家税务管辖。
D. Resident Tax Jurisdiction.
D. 居民税收管辖区。
D
958. Which principle has been widely recognized in International Tax Law?
958. 哪项原则在国际税法中得到广泛承认？
A. Citizens' tax jurisdiction.
A. 公民的税收管辖权。
B. Resident Tax Jurisdiction.
B. 居民税收管辖区。
C. Jurisdiction of source of income for taxation.
C. 税收收入来源的管辖权。
D. Territorial Jurisdiction of states.
D. 国家的属地管辖权。
C
955. Resident jurisdiction requires a resident taxpayer to pay taxes for:
955. 居民管辖区要求居民纳税人为以下事项纳税：
A. All of his income, including those originating in the state of which the taxpayer is a resident, and those generated abroad.
一个。他的所有收入，包括来自纳税人居住国的收入，以及在国外产生的收入。
B. His income generated abroad.
B.他在国外产生的收入。
C. His income originating in the state of which the taxpayer is a resident.
C. 他的收入来自纳税人居住的州。
D. Either his income originating in the state of which the taxpayer is a resident or his income generated abroad.
D. 其收入来源于纳税人居住的国家或他在国外产生的收入。
A
956. Which one as following is the object of an international tax legal relationship?
956. 下列哪一项是国际税务法律关系的客体？
A. Domestic income.
A. 家庭收入。
B. Foreign income.
B. 国外收入。
C. Transnational Income.
C. 跨国收入。
D. Foreign Property and income.
D. 外国财产和收入。
C
948. Which criteria for determining a natural person’s resident status does reflect the vital center of a taxpayer’s real economic activities?
948. 确定自然人居民身份的哪些标准确实反映了纳税人实际经济活动的重要中心？
A. Home-domicile.
A. 家庭住所。
B. Habitual abode.
B.惯常居所。
C. Time of stay.
C. 逗留时间。
D. Nationality.
D. 国籍。
B
949. With respect to the determination of legal persons’ resident status, which criteria is easiest to apply?
949. 关于法人居民身份的确定，最容易适用哪些标准？
A. Place of incorporation.
A. 注册地。
B. Place of business.
B. 营业地点。
C. Central place of effective management and control.
C. 有效管理和控制的中心场所。
D. Place of general office.
D. 总办事处所在地。
A
950. The place where a corporation makes important operation and management decisions and developed overall development strategies is called its:
950. 公司作出重要经营管理决策并制定总体发展战略的地方称为：
A. Place of incorporation.
A. 注册地。
B. Place of business.
B. 营业地点。
C. Central place of effective management and control.
C. 有效管理和控制的中心场所。
D. Place of general office.
D. 总办事处所在地。
B
951. The place where the organization in charge of a corporation’s daily operation and management activities is called it’s:
951. 负责公司日常经营和管理活动的组织称为：
A. Place of incorporation.
A. 注册地。
B. Place of business.
B. 营业地点。
C. Central place of effective management and control.
C. 有效管理和控制的中心场所。
D. Place of general office.
D. 总办事处所在地。
D
959. According to Chinese law, which standard about establishing the legal person's resident status is applied to exercise the resident tax jurisdiction?
959. 根据中国法律，行使居民税收管辖权适用法人居民身份的认定标准是什么？
A. Location of the head office.
A. 总公司所在地。
B. Place of incorporation.
B. 公司注册地。
C. Central place of effective management and control.
C. 有效管理和控制的中心场所。
D. Principles of permanent establishment.
D. 常设机构的原则。
A
960. According to international practices concerning the jurisdiction of resident tax, the general criteria for determining the resident status of natural persons do NOT include:
960. 根据有关居民税管辖权的国际惯例，确定自然人居民身份的一般标准不包括：
A. Standards of accommodation.
A. 住宿标准。
B. Time standard.
B.时间标准。
C. Criterion of will.
C. 遗嘱标准。
D. Criteria of place of origin.
D. 原产地标准。
D
二、多选
961. Relationship on international taxation covers:
961. 国际税收关系包括：
A. The relationship of international tax revenue distribution between states or regional governments.
一个。国家或地区政府之间的国际税收分配关系。
B. The relationship of international tax revenue distribution between nationals of different states or regions.
B.不同国家或地区国民之间的国际税收分配关系。
C. The relationship of rights and obligations between the government of one state or region and nationals of other states or regions arising out of tax imposition and administration.
C.一个州或地区的政府与其他国家或地区的国民之间因税收征收和管理而产生的权利和义务的关系。
D. The relationship of rights and obligations between states or regional governments.
D.国家或地方政府之间的权利和义务关系。
AC
962. Which one is NOT correct among the following statements in relation to the tax jurisdictions?
962. 在下列有关税务管辖区的陈述中，哪一项不正确？
A. The nexus of resident jurisdiction is the income of a resident, who is a national of country A, generated within country B of which the taxpayer is not a national.
一个。居民管辖权的联系是作为A国国民的居民在B国内产生的收入，而纳税人不是该国国民。
B. The principle of “permanent establishment” only applies to taxes on business incomes generated within the territory of the country A for business operation of a company, who is a country B’s resident company and is conducting business through a fixed place or sites generating the above incomes in country A.
B.“常设机构”原则仅适用于在A国境内为公司经营业务而产生的营业收入的税收，该公司是B国的居民公司，并通过在A国产生上述收入的固定地点或地点开展业务。
C. The principle of “permanent establishment” applies to taxes on incomes generated within the territory of the country A for professional legal services provided by a foreign lawyer, who is a country B’s citizen and practices in country A.
C. “常设机构”原则适用于在A国领土内为外国律师提供的专业法律服务而产生的收入的税收，该律师是B国公民并在A国执业。
D. The nexus of resident jurisdiction is the personal relationship between the taxpayer and the country making a tax claim and a tax residence such as a habitual abode is good evidence of such relationship.
D. 居民管辖权的联系是纳税人与提出税收要求的国家之间的个人关系，而惯常居所等税务居民是这种关系的良好证据。
AC
963. Which ones are NOT correct among the following statements in relation to the tax jurisdictions?
963. 在以下有关税收管辖区的陈述中，哪些是不正确的？
A. Under the source jurisdiction, the global income of a taxpayer will be taxed by the state making tax claims.
一个。在来源地管辖下，纳税人的全球收入将由提出纳税申报的国家征税。
B. Under the resident jurisdiction, the global income of a taxpayer will be taxed by the state making tax claims.
B.在居民管辖范围内，纳税人的全球收入将由提出纳税申报的国家征税。
C. Under the source jurisdiction, a taxpayer is subject to unlimited tax liabilities.
C. 在来源地管辖范围内，纳税人应承担无限的纳税义务。
D. Under the resident jurisdiction, a taxpayer is subject to unlimited tax liabilities.
D. 在居民管辖范围内，纳税人应承担无限的纳税义务。
AC
966. Which ones are criterion in determining the resident status for natural person?
966. 哪些是确定自然人居民身份的标准？
A. Home-domicile.
A. 家庭住所。
B. Habitual Abode.
B. 惯常居所。
C. Time of Stay.
C. 停留时间。
D. Place of Incorporation.
D. 注册地。
ABC
967. Which ones are criterion in determining the resident status for legal person?
967. 哪些是确定法人居民身份的标准？
A. Place of Incorporation.
A. 注册地。
B. Place of General Office.
B. 总办事处所在地。
C. Central Place of Effective Management and Control.
c. 有效管理和控制的中心场所。
D. Habitual Abode.
D. 惯常居所。
ABC
964. Based on the practice of various countries in negotiation bilateral tax treaties, criteria for determining a natural person’s resident status include:
964. 根据各国在双边税收协定谈判中的实践，确定自然人居民身份的标准包括：
A. Whether he or she has a home in the state making tax claims.
一个。他或她是否在该州有房屋提出纳税申报。
B. Whether he or she has a habitual abode in the state making tax claims.
B.他或她是否在该州有惯常居所，提出纳税申报。
C. Whether the time of his or her stay exceeds the required dates for obtaining a permanent residing right in the state making tax claims.
C. 他或她的逗留时间是否超过在提出纳税申报的州获得永久居留权所需的日期。
D. Whether he or she is a citizen of the state making tax claims.
D. 他或她是否是提出纳税申报的国家公民。
ABC
965. Based on practice of various countries in negotiation bilateral tax treaties, criteria for determining a company’s resident status of country A include:
965. 根据各国在谈判双边税收协定方面的实践，确定公司A国居民身份的标准包括：
A. Whether such a company is incorporated within the territory of the country A.
一个。此类公司是否在A国境内注册成立。
B. Whether such a company’s central place of effective control and management is located in country A.
B.此类公司的有效控制和管理中心是否位于A国。
C. Whether such a company employ nationals of country A to the required amount of country A.
C. 此类公司是否雇用A国国民，达到A国所需数量的国民。
D. Whether such a company’s general office or headquarter is located in county A.
D. 该公司的总办事处或总部是否位于A县。
ACD
三、名词
968. Resident tax jurisdiction
968. 居民税收管辖区
A resident tax jurisdiction refers to a jurisdictional taxation claim on transitional incomes based on a nexus between the state making such claim and the taxpayer as the person to which such transnational incomes can be attributed. It is based on the resident status of the taxpayer or tax residence of that taxpayer in a state making such revenue claims that such a state is able to impose taxes on that person. The tax basis under the resident tax jurisdiction is the global income of a particular taxpayer.
居民税收管辖区是指基于提出此类申请的国家与纳税人作为此类跨国收入归属的人之间的联系，对过渡性收入提出的管辖性税收要求。根据纳税人的居民身份或该纳税人在提出此类收入申报的州的税务居民身份，该州能够对该人征税。居民税收管辖区的税基是特定纳税人的全球收入。
969. Source tax jurisdiction
969. 来源税管辖
Source tax jurisdiction is a tax jurisdiction on a sum of transitional income based on a nexus between the state making such a claim of jurisdiction and activities generating such an income. Under the source jurisdiction, taxpayer are foreigners without ax residence in the imposing state, i.e., non-residents. While the resident jurisdiction imposes taxes on taxpayers’ global earnings, the source jurisdiction imposes taxes on taxpayers’ earnings originating in the source state, rather than all earnings.
来源税管辖权是基于提出管辖权要求的国家与产生此类收入的活动之间的联系，对过渡性收入总额的税收管辖权。在来源国管辖下，纳税人是在征收国没有居住地的外国人，即非居民。虽然居民管辖区对纳税人的全球收入征税，但来源管辖区对纳税人源自来源国的收入征税，而不是对所有收入征税。
四、简答
970. What is the Home-domicile criterion in determining the resident status of a natural person in international tax law?
970. 国际税法中确定自然人居民身份的原籍标准是什么？
Under the home-domicile criterion, the tax resident status of a natural person depends on whether he or she has a permanent home-domicile in the state making revenue claims.
根据户籍标准，自然人的税务居民身份取决于他或她是否在提出收入申报的州拥有永久户籍。
Home-domicile is the location where a natural person sets up his or her life and intends to live on permanently.
家庭住所是自然人建立他或她的生活并打算永久居住的地方。
971. What is the Time of Stay criterion in determining the resident status of natural person in international tax law?
971. 在国际税法中确定自然人居民身份的逗留时间标准是什么？
Under this criterion, a natural person’s tax resident identity shall be determined by whether the stay of such a person in the state imposing taxes exceeds a required period of time.
根据这一标准，自然人的纳税居民身份应根据该自然人在纳税国的停留时间是否超过规定的期限来确定。
As for the requirement of time period of stay, there are differences among different states.
至于停留时间的要求，不同州之间存在差异。
972. How to determine various sources of source jurisdiction?
972. 如何确定来源管辖权的各种来源？
Taxpayers’ income could be categorized as business income, income for personal services, investment income, property income, capital gain and other incomes. Different kinds of incomes are subject to different rules for the determination of the sources.
纳税人的收入可分为营业收入、个人服务收入、投资收入、财产收入、资本利得和其他收入。不同种类的收入在确定来源时受到不同规则的约束。
五、翻译
973. Tax jurisdiction refers to a state governments power to impose tax on certain persons or objects. Based on this power, states are free to decide who are taxpayers, what kind of earnings are taxable, and the tax rates. Tax jurisdiction relates to the following questions. One, who has the power to tax, the central government or local government? This question relates to who are entitled to the revenue. Two, who is going to be taxed? This question relates to the subject of taxation payment. Three, what is going to be taxed? This question relates to the tax base, on which the taxes are calculated. Four, how much is going to be taxed? This question deals with the tax rate applied. Five, how to tax? This question deals with the rules and procedures of tax collection and administration. Tax jurisdiction includes two general categories, i.e., personal jurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction includes resident jurisdiction and citizen jurisdiction. Territorial jurisdiction includes place of income jurisdiction and place of property jurisdiction.
973. 税收管辖权是指州政府对某些人或物体征税的权力。基于这种权力，各州可以自由决定谁是纳税人，什么样的收入应纳税，以及税率。税收管辖权涉及以下问题。第一，谁有权征税，中央政府还是地方政府？这个问题涉及谁有权获得收入。第二，谁将被征税？这个问题涉及纳税问题。三、什么要征税？这个问题与计算税款的税基有关。四、要征税多少？这个问题涉及适用的税率。五、如何征税？该问题涉及税收征收和管理的规则和程序。税收管辖权包括两大类，即属人管辖权和属地管辖权。属人管辖权包括居民管辖权和公民管辖权。属地管辖权包括收入地管辖权和财产地管辖权。
第二节 国际双重征税
一、单选
980. Which one is the main reason for the prevalence of international double taxation?
980. 哪一个是国际双重征税盛行的主要原因？
A. Conflicts between resident tax jurisdiction and resident tax jurisdiction.
A. 居民税务管辖区与居民税务管辖区之间的冲突。
B. Conflicts between source tax jurisdiction and source tax jurisdiction.
B. 源税管辖区与源税管辖区之间的冲突。
C. Conflicts between resident tax jurisdiction and source tax jurisdiction.
C. 居民税管辖区与源税管辖区之间的冲突。
D. Conflicts between resident tax jurisdiction and citizen tax jurisdiction.
D. 居民税收管辖区和公民税收管辖区之间的冲突。
C
976. If a person has a residence in State A and a home-domicile in State B. In which circumstance a double taxation will occur?
976. 如果某人在A国有住所，在B国有住所。在什么情况下会发生双重征税？
A. State A adopts resident criterion to determine tax resident identity, while State B adopted home-domicile criterion.
A. A国采用居民标准来确定税务居民身份，而B国采用家庭户籍标准。
B. State A adopts home-domicile criterion to determine tax resident identity, while State B adopted resident criterion.
B. A国采用户籍标准确定税务居民身份，B国采用居民标准。
C. Both of State A and State B adopts home-domicile criterion.
C. A国和B国均采用原籍标准。
D. Both of State A and State B adopts resident criterion.
D. A国和B国均采用居民标准。
A
977. If a bank of State A established a branch in State B to provide financial services permitted by the law of the State B, and if State B imposes turnover tax upon such financial services but exempts its operation earning from income tax, but if State A imposes income tax upon such bank’s income from oversea financial services, then:
977. 如果A国的银行在B国设立分行，提供B国法律允许的金融服务，如果B国对这种金融服务征收营业税，但免征其经营收入的所得税，但如果A国对该银行的海外金融服务收入征收所得税， 然后：
A. There is no international double taxation.
一个。没有国际双重征税。
B. An international de jure double taxation happens.
B.国际上发生了双重征税。
C. An international de facto double taxation happens.
C. 国际上事实上的双重征税。
D. An international legal double taxation happens.
D. 发生国际法律双重征税。
A
979. The phenomenon of two or more countries taxing the same income once each in the hands of different taxpayers with some kind of economic link is called:
979. 两个或两个以上的国家对具有某种经济联系的不同纳税人手中的同一收入各征税一次的现象称为：
A. International tax evasion.
A. 国际逃税。
B. International tax avoidance.
B. 国际避税。
C. International legal double Taxation.
C. 国际法律双重征税。
D. International economic double Taxation.
D. 国际经济双重征税。
D
978. The main difference between international legal double taxation and international economic double taxation is:
978. 国际法律双重征税与国际经济双重征税的主要区别在于：
A. Different subjects of Taxation.
A. 不同的税收主体。
B. Different tax payers.
B. 不同的纳税人。
C. Different periods of taxation.
C.不同的纳税期。
D. different objects of Taxation.
D.不同的征税对象。
B
981. Which criteria is recommended by the OECD model and the UN model to reconcile conflicts of dual resident status of legal persons?
981. 经合组织模式和联合国模式建议采用哪些标准来调和法人的双重居民身份冲突？
A. Legal person in the country where the head office of a legal person is located.
A. 法人总部所在国的法人。
B. The state in which the de facto governing body of a legal person is located.
B.法人事实上的管理机构所在的州。
C. Country of registration.
C. 注册国。
D. State of nationality of legal persons.
D. 法人的国籍国。
B
982. Which one is the current principle in most tax treaties for determining the profit margin of a permanent establishment?
982. 在大多数税收协定中，确定常设机构利润率的现行原则是哪一项？
A. Fixed base principle.
A.固定基数原则。
B. The principle of gravity.
B.万有引力原理。
C. Principle of practical linkages.
C. 实际联系原则。
D. Principles of reasonable apportionment of costs and expenses.
D. 合理分摊成本和费用的原则。
C
974. In order to calculate the profits of permanent establishment, which principle is incorporated into UN Model Tax Convention?
974. 为了计算常设机构的利润，《联合国税收示范公约》纳入了哪项原则？
A. Principle of effective connection.
A.有效连接的原理。
B. Principle of the force of attraction.
B.吸引力原理。
C. Principle of broadened force of attraction.
C.扩大吸引力原理。
D. Principle of permanent establishment attracting-all profits.
D. 常设机构吸引所有利润的原则。
B
975. If a resident of a State A does have a fixed base regularly available to him within the territory of the State B and generates incomes regularly for him or her in State B, then State B shall have a priority to tax such a cross-border income arising out of his or her independent personal service income. Such a rule is called:
975. 如果A国的居民在B国领土内确实有固定的基地供他使用，并且在B国定期为其创造收入，则B国应优先对其独立个人服务收入产生的这种跨境收入征税。这样的规则称为：
A. Fixed base rule.
A. 固定的基本规则。
B. Permanent establishment rule.
B. 常设机构规则。
C. Arm’s length transaction.
C. 公平交易。
D. Force of attraction.
D.吸引力。
A
983. About the taxation of transnational independent labor income, which principle is the generally observed?
983. 关于跨国自主劳动收入的征税，一般遵循的原则是什么？
A. Fixed base principle.
A.固定基数原则。
B. The principle of gravity.
B.万有引力原理。
C. Principle of practical linkages.
C. 实际联系原则。
D. Principles of reasonable apportionment of costs and expenses.
D. 合理分摊成本和费用的原则。
A
984. Which measure is most beneficial to transnational taxpayers on eliminating or mitigating international double taxation?
984. 在消除或减轻国际双重征税方面，哪项措施对跨国纳税人最有利？
A. Tax Exemption.
A. 免税。
B. Credit system.
B. 信用体系。
C. Method of deduction.
C.扣除方法。
D. Tax Reduction Law.
D. 减税法。
A
987. One of the ways to eliminate international double taxation is:
987. 消除国际双重征税的方法之一是：
A. Tax Exemption.
A. 免税。
B. Tax concessions.
B. 税收优惠。
C. Direct credit.
C. 直接信贷。
D. Indirect credit.
D. 间接信贷。
A
989. The credit method applied to settle double taxation between parent-subsidiary companies is known as:
989. 用于解决母子公司之间双重征税的抵免方法称为：
A. Direct credit.
A. 直接信贷。
B. Indirect credit.
B. 间接信贷。
C. Multi-level indirect avoidance.
C.多层次间接回避。
D. Simple indirect avoidance.
D.简单的间接回避。
B
985. A company of Country A gets income from Country A (1 million yuan) as well as from Country B (half 1 million yuan) in a tax year. The tax rates of Country A and Country B are 20% and 40% respectively. If Country A adopts the full credit system, the amount of income tax payable by the company to Country A is:
985. A国的公司在一个纳税年度内从A国（100万元人民币）和B国（半万元人民币）获得收入。A国和B国的税率分别为20%和40%。如果A国采用全额抵免制，则公司应向A国缴纳的所得税金额为：
A. 100 thousand.
答：10万。
B. 300 thousand.
B.30万。
C. 200 thousand.
约20万。
D. 150 thousand.
D.15万。
A
986. The state of residence provides a credit for the portion of the tax deducted by the country of origin to encourage foreign investors. This is known as:
986. 居住国为原籍国扣除的税款部分提供抵免，以鼓励外国投资者。这被称为：
A. Foreign tax discrimination.
A. 外国税收歧视。
B. Foreign tax concessions.
B. 外国税收优惠。
C. Foreign tax credit.
C. 外国税收抵免。
D. Foreign tax preferences.
D. 外国税收优惠。
B
988. The main measure taken by dividend-income countries to address international overlapping taxation is the use of:
988. 红利收入国家为解决国际重叠税收问题而采取的主要措施是：
A. Parent-subsidiary consolidated tax returns and indirect credit system.
A. 母子公司合并纳税申报表和间接抵免制度。
B. Double-rate system and conversion system.
B.双倍费率系统和转换系统。
C. System of indirect credits and double taxation.
C. 间接抵免和双重征税制度。
D. Parent-subsidiary consolidated tax returns and conversion system.
D. 母子公司合并纳税申报表和转换系统。
A
二、多选
991. The reasons for international double taxation include:
991. 国际双重征税的原因包括：
A. Conflict between one state’s resident jurisdiction and the other state’s source jurisdiction.
A. 一国的居民管辖权与另一国的原籍管辖权之间的冲突。
B. Conflict between one state’s resident jurisdiction and the other state’s resident jurisdiction.
B. 一国的常驻管辖权与另一国的常驻管辖权之间的冲突。
C. Conflict between one state’s source jurisdiction and the other state’s source jurisdiction.
C. 一国的来源管辖权与另一国的来源管辖权之间的冲突。
D. Conflict between de jure double taxation and de facto double taxation.
D. 法律上的双重征税与事实上的双重征税之间的冲突。
ABC
990. International judicial double taxation has the following characters:
990. 国际司法双重征税具有下列特点：
A. There are two or more sovereign states or regions making simultaneous tax claims.
一个。有两个或两个以上的主权国家或地区同时提出税收要求。
B. Taxpayer are natural persons or corporations having the same legal identity.
B. 纳税人是具有相同法律身份的自然人或公司。
C. Taxable objects are the same and taxes imposed are the same or a similar category.
C.应税对象相同，征收的税款相同或相似。
D. Multiple tax claims are made with regard to the same period of time in which the incomes are generated.
D. 就产生收入的同一时期提出多项税收要求。
ABCD
ABCD公司
998. Which ones are the characteristics of international judicial double taxation?
998. 国际司法双重征税的特点有哪些？
A. There are two or more sovereign states or regions making simultaneous tax claims.
一个。有两个或两个以上的主权国家或地区同时提出税收要求。
B. Taxable objects are same and taxes are imposed in the same or a similar category.
B.应税对象相同，税种相同或相似。
C. Taxpayers are natural persons or corporations having the same legal identity.
C. 纳税人是具有相同法律身份的自然人或公司。
D. Multiple tax claims are made regarding the different periods of time, in which the incomes are generated.
D. 就产生收入的不同时间段提出多项税收要求。
ABC
999. Which statements about double taxation as following are correct?
999. 下列关于双重征税的哪些说法是正确的？
A. Many scholars divide double taxation into legal double taxation and economic double taxation.
一个。许多学者将双重征税分为法律双重征税和经济双重征税。
B. Legal double taxation arises if the same person is taxed twice on the same income by, at least, two states.
B. 如果同一个人至少被两个州对同一收入征税两次，则会产生法律上的双重征税。
C. Economic double taxation arises when firstly corporate income tax is levied, and then the shareholders of the enterprise are required to pay tax on the dividends distributed out of the profit after taxes have been paid.
C.经济双重征税，首先是征收企业所得税，然后要求企业股东对税款缴纳后从利润中分配的股息纳税。
D. Legal double taxation is also known as De Facto Double Taxation.
D. 法律上的双重征税也称为事实上的双重征税。
ABC
992. With regard to the principle of permanent establishment, what are the correct ones among the following statements?
992. 关于常设机构原则，下列说法中哪些是正确的？
A. A permanent establishment is an origination of premier permit premise established by a resident company of a state in another state.
一个。常设机构是由一个州的居民公司在另一个州建立的首要许可场所的起源。
B. Such organization or premise is established to carry on business for pursuing profits.
B.这种组织或场所的建立是为了追求利润而开展业务。
C. Such organization or promise must be under the control of the nationals of another state.
C. 这种组织或承诺必须在另一国国民的控制之下。
D. Such organization or premise must be fixed in terms of location or physical characters.
D. 这种组织或前提必须根据地点或物理特征来固定。
ABD
993. According to many existing bilateral tax agreements, the term “permanent establishment” shall include especially the following:
993. 根据许多现有的双边税收协定，“常设机构”一词应特别包括以下内容：
A. A place of management.
一个。一个管理的地方。
B. Workshop providing products.
B.提供产品的车间。
C. A factory.
C.工厂。
D. An office.
D. 办公室。
ABCD
ABCD公司
994. A nature person or corporation which is a tax resident of State A, goes to State B to do business there and generate profits. Which statements are correct?
994. 作为A国税务居民的自然人或公司前往B国做生意并产生利润。哪些说法是正确的？
A. State A have right to require him to pay tax on all his earnings originating inside and outside State A.
A. A国有权要求他就其在A国境内外的所有收入纳税。
B. State B have right to require him to pay tax on all his earnings originating inside and outside State B.
B. B国有权要求他就其在B国境内外的所有收入纳税。
C. State A only have right to require him to pay tax on his earnings originating inside State A.
C. A国只有权要求他就其在A国境内的收入纳税。
D. State B only have right to require him to pay tax on his earnings originating inside State B.
D. B国只有权要求他就其在B国境内的收入纳税。
AB
995. A resident corporation incorporated in State A established a branch within the territory of State B. In such a situation, which statements are correct?
995. 在A国注册成立的居民公司在B国领土内设立了分支机构。在这种情况下，哪些说法是正确的？
A. State A can make a tax claim on the above corporation based on a resident jurisdiction.
答：A国可以根据居民管辖区对上述公司提出税收要求。
B. State B can make an income tax claim on the above corporation based on a source jurisdiction.
B. B国可以根据来源司法管辖区对上述公司提出所得税要求。
C. If both State A and State B exercise tax power on the incomes generated by such a branch, de jure double taxation happens.
C. 如果A国和B国都对这种分支机构产生的收入行使征税权，则在法律上会发生双重征税。
D. If both State A and State B exercise tax power on the incomes generated by such a branch, de facto double taxation happens.
D. 如果A国和B国都对这种分支机构产生的收入行使征税权，则发生事实上的双重征税。
ABC
996. If Cooperation D of State A establishes a wholly owned corporation, Corporation E, in State B. In such a situation, which statements are correct?
996. 如果A国的合作D在B国设立一家全资公司，即E公司。在这种情况下，哪些说法是正确的？
A. Corporation E is a tax resident of the state B and shall pay income tax to State B government.
A. E公司是B国的税务居民，应向B国政府缴纳所得税。
B. Dividends paid by Corporations E to Corporations D would be taxed by State A as a kind of corporate income.
B. E公司向D公司支付的股息将由A国作为一种公司收入征税。
C. There is no international double taxation.
C. 没有国际双重征税。
D. There is an international overlapping taxation.
D. 存在国际重叠的税收。
ABD
997. Unilateral measures available for resident state to eliminate double taxation include:
997. 居民国为消除双重征税而采取的单方面措施包括：
A. Tax deduction, under which the income taxes paid by a company to foreign governments aboard are deductible in calculating the taxable incomes of that company for taxation of the residing country of that company.
A. 税收减免，根据该法，公司向外国政府缴纳的所得税在计算该公司的应纳税所得额时可以扣除，以便向该公司的居住国征税。
B. Tax exemption, under which the profits derived abroad are exempted from being taxed.
B. 免税，根据该免税，在国外获得的利润免征税。
C. Tax reduction, under which the taxes paid abroad are deductable in calculating the taxes payable to the resident country.
C. 减税，在计算应向居民国缴纳的税款时，可以扣除在国外缴纳的税款。
D. Tax credit, under which resident shall pay tax in respect of all his income originating from foreign states, and the tax payable is applying the applicable tax rate to such income and then minus the amounts he has already paid for such income in foreign states.
D. 税收抵免，根据该抵免，居民应对其来自外国的所有收入纳税，应纳税额是对此类收入适用适用税率，然后减去他在外国已经为此类收入支付的金额。
BCD
1000. Unilateral measures for avoiding international double taxation include:
1000. 避免国际双重征税的单方面措施包括：
A. Tax Exemption.
A. 免税。
B. Tax Credit.
B. 税收抵免。
C. Tax Reduction.
C. 减税。
D. Tax Sparing credit.
D. 节税抵免。
ABC
三、名词
1001. International double taxation
1001. 国际双重征税
International double taxation means the imposition of two taxes which is under the same category on the same taxable items during the same period of time by two states basing on tax jurisdiction provided in their own national tax laws. The reason of international double taxation is the conflict of tax jurisdiction between different states. With regard to cross border economic activities, such conflicts are not unusual.
国际双重征税是指两个国家根据本国税法规定的税收管辖权，在同一时期内对同一应税项目征收同一类别的两种税种。国际双重征税的原因是不同国家之间的税收管辖权冲突。就跨界经济活动而言，这种冲突并不少见。
1002. International de jure and de facto double taxation
1002. 国际法律上和事实上的双重征税
International de jure double taxation means the imposition of the same or similar category of taxes by two or more states or regions upon the same taxpayer during the same period of time for the same taxable items. International de facto double taxation means the imposition of the same or similar category of taxes by two or more states or regions during the same period of time for the same taxable item upon the different taxpayers who have different legal identity but are associated economic.
国际法律上的双重征税是指两个或两个以上的州或地区在同一时期内对同一纳税人征收相同或相似类别的税款。国际事实上的双重征税是指两个或两个以上的国家或地区在同一时期内对同一应税项目对具有不同法律身份但具有相关经济联系的不同纳税人征收相同或相似类别的税款。
1003. Legal Double Taxation
1003. 法律避免双重征税
The imposition of the same or similar category of tax by two or more states or regions upon the same taxpayer during same period of time for the same taxable items.
在同一时期内，两个或两个以上的州或地区对同一纳税人征收相同或相似类别的税款。
1004. Economic Double Taxation
1004. 经济双重征税
The imposition of the same or similar category of tax by two or more states or regions during the same period of time for the same taxable item upon the different taxpayers who have different legal identity but are associated economically.
在同一时期内，两个或两个以上的州或地区对同一应税项目征收相同或相似类别的税款，这些纳税人具有不同的法律身份，但在经济上有联系。
1005.tax exemption
1005.免税
Tax exemption refers to foreign tax exemption, which means exempting resident’s income or property originating from foreign states from tax.
免税是指外国免税，即免除居民来自外国的收入或财产的税款。
1006. tax credit
1006. 税收抵免
Tax credit refers to foreign tax credit, which means resident shall pay tax in respect of all his income originating from foreign states, and the tax payable is applying the applicable tax rate to such income and then minus the amount he has already paid for such income in foreign states.
税收抵免是指外国税收抵免，即居民应就其来自外国的所有收入纳税，应纳税款是对此类收入适用适用税率，然后减去他在外国已经为此类收入支付的金额。
1007. tax reduction
1007. 减税
According to the method of tax reduction, taxes paid by cross-border taxpayer in foreign states are treated as common costs, and could be deducted from the total taxable income.
按照减税方法，跨境纳税人在国外缴纳的税款作为共同成本处理，可以从应纳税所得额总额中扣除。
1008. tax allowance
1008. 免税额
The method of low tax is a kind of allowance granted by the resident state to its residents in respect of the latter’s foreign income. Such an allowance may be a low tax rate applicable to the foreign income, or taxation of certain percentage of the foreign income.
低税法是居民国就其居民的外国收入给予其居民的一种津贴。这种免税额可以是适用于外国收入的低税率，也可以是对外国收入的一定比例征税。
第三节 国际逃税与避税
一、单选
1011. The main anti-avoidance measures adopted by various countries for transfer pricing is:
1011. 各国对转让定价采取的主要反避税措施是：
A. Principles of permanent establishment.
A. 常设机构原则。
B. Arm's length principle.
B. 公平交易原则。
C. Principle of the closest connection.
C.最接近连接的原则。
D. The principle of gravity.
D.重力原理。
B
1012. International tax avoidance by transnational taxpayers mainly through the establishment of one of the following types of institutions:
1012. 跨国纳税人主要通过建立下列机构之一进行国际避税：
A. Permanent Establishment.
A. 常设机构。
B. Fixed base.
B.固定底座。
C. Tread stone transmission company.
C.踏石传动公司。
D. The base company.
D.基地公司。
D
1013.Which one of the following principles is generally adopted by countries to counter international tax avoidance by multinational chain enterprises using transfer pricing?
1013.各国一般采用下列哪项原则来打击跨国连锁企业利用转让定价进行国际避税？
A. Arm's length principle.
A. 公平交易原则。
B. Fixed base principle.
B.固定基数原则。
C. Principles of permanent establishment.
C. 常设机构的原则。
D. The principle of gravity.
D.重力原理。
A
1009. Most states adopt the principle of to regulate transfer pricing among associated enterprises, and thus allocate profits among associated enterprises.
1009. 大多数国家采用的原则是规范联营企业之间的转让定价，从而在联营企业之间分配利润。
A. Arm’s length transaction.
A. 公平交易。
B. Permanent establishment.
B. 常设机构。
C. Thin capitalization.
C. 资本薄弱。
D. Substance over form.
D. 实质重于形式。
A
1010. There is NO provision on cooperation in respect of tax collection and administration in:
1010. 在以下方面，没有关于税收征管合作的规定：
A. Model Conventions adopted by the UN.
A. 联合国通过的示范公约。
B. Model Conventions adopted by the OECD.
B. 经合组织通过的示范公约。
C. Both of them.
C. 他们俩。
D. Neither of them
D. 他们都不是
C
二、多选
1021. Which statements about tax evasion and tax avoidance are correct?
1021. 关于逃税和避税的哪些说法是正确的？
A. Tax evasion is a kind of international acts in violation of tax law committed by taxpayers for evading the obligation to make tax payment.
A.偷税是纳税人为逃避纳税义务而实施的一种违反税法的国际行为。
B. Tax avoidance is a kind of practices adopted by taxpayers through the use of proper tax arrangements or planning to reduce their tax payable by taking advantage of loopholes and unclear provisions in the tax law, or unregulated methods.
B.避税是纳税人利用税法中的漏洞和不明确规定，或采用不受管制的方法，通过适当的税收安排或计划减少应纳税的一种做法。
C. The most important different between tax evasion and tax avoidance is the legal result, as tax evasion is legal.
C.逃税和避税之间最重要的区别是法律结果，因为逃税是合法的。
D. The harmful effect of cross-border tax evasion and tax avoidance is evident, as it hurts national economic interests and result in tax loss.
D.跨境逃税避税的危害是显而易见的，因为它损害了国家经济利益，造成了税收损失。
ABD
1014. The most difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance include:
1014. 逃税和避税之间的最大区别包括：
A. The legal results are all lost almost the same.
一个。法律结果几乎都丢失了。
B. The economic results are almost the same.
B.经济结果几乎相同。
C. Tax evasion doesn’t involve methods or activities directly violating the law.
C.逃税不涉及直接违法的方法或活动。
D. Tax avoidance doesn’t involve methods or activities directly violating the law.
D.避税不涉及直接违法的方法或活动。
BD
1022. Which statements about international tax avoidance and anti-tax avoidance are correct?
1022. 关于国际避税和反避税的哪些说法是正确的？
A. The exchange of tax information is the main content of international anti-tax avoidance cooperation.
一个。税务信息交换是国际反避税合作的主要内容。
B. Tax avoidance without transferring taxpayers is one of the basic methods of international tax avoidance.
B、不转移纳税人的避税是国际避税的基本方法之一。
C. The transfer pricing tax regime is governed by related party transactions.
C. 转让定价税制度受关联方交易管辖。
D. The confirmation of related party transactions is the core content of the whole transfer pricing tax system.
D、关联交易确认是整个转让定价税制度的核心内容。
ABC
1015. Tax evasion mainly consist of fraudulent activities such as:
1015. 逃税主要包括欺诈活动，例如：
A. Concealing taxable incomes.
A. 隐瞒应纳税所得额。
B. Cooking accounting books.
B.烹饪会计账簿。
C. Forging accounting statements.
C. 伪造会计报表。
D. Changing nationality.
D. 国籍变更。
ABC
1016. There are various measures for taxpayers to evade tax, familiar once include:
1016. 纳税人逃税的措施多种多样，熟悉的曾经包括：
A. Non-reporting of tax materials.
A. 未申报税务材料。
B. Concealing taxable income or property.
B. 隐瞒应纳税所得额或财产。
C. Fraudulently reporting income and overstating costs.
C. 欺诈性地报告收入和夸大成本。
D. Cooking books and forging accounting documents.
D. 烹饪账簿和伪造会计凭证。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1017. Natural persons, as taxpayer, usually adopt the following methods to change their tax residences and avoid their tax obligations in a certain state by way of:
1017. 自然人作为纳税人，通常采取下列方式变更其纳税居住地，通过以下方式规避在某一州的纳税义务：
A. Changing nationality.
A. 国籍变更。
B. Migrating to foreign states.
B. 移民到国外。
C. Shortening their period of stay in a certain state.
C.缩短他们在某一州的停留时间。
D. Changing name.
D. 更改名称。
ABC
1018. Corporations, as taxpayers, may use the following methods to choose or change their tax residence, and thus to avoid taxes:
1018. 公司作为纳税人，可以通过下列方式选择或者变更其税务居住地，从而避税：
A. Moving the place of effective management under control from a high-tax state to another low-tax state.
A. 将有效管理的地方从一个高税收国家转移到另一个低税收国家。
B. Transferring its profits to a state with lower-rate taxes through elaborate arrangements of cross-border operations and channels.
B. 通过精心安排跨境业务和渠道，将利润转移到税率较低的国家。
C. Transferring incomes and gains to base companies established in tax havens.
C. 将收入和收益转移到在避税天堂设立的基地公司。
D. Using more banking finance instead of equity investment, or even converting equity into debts.
D.更多地使用银行融资而不是股权投资，甚至将股权转化为债务。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1019. International cooperation to prevent cross-border tax evasion and tax avoidance has such important components as:
1019. 防止跨境逃税和避税的国际合作具有以下重要组成部分：
A. Establishment of information exchange system.
一、建立信息交流系统。
B. Providing mutual assistance in respect of tax collection and administration.
B. 在税收征管方面提供互助。
C. Preventing tax evasion and tax avoidance by bilateral and multilateral taxation agreement.
C. 通过双边和多边税收协定防止逃税和避税。
D. Uniform rules on tax collection and administration.
D. 统一的税收征收和管理规则。
AB
1020. Tax-involved information exchange are usually conducted in such forms as:
1020. 涉税信息交流通常以以下形式进行：
A. Routing exchange.
A. 路由交换。
B. Exchange upon special requests.
B. 根据特殊要求进行交换。
C. Voluntary exchange.
C. 自愿交换。
D. Contemporary exchange.
D.当代交流。
ABC
三、判断
1023. Tax evasion is a kind of international acts in violation of tax law, while tax avoidance is not a direct violation of law.
1023. 逃税是一种违反税法的国际行为，而避税不是直接违法。
T
四、名词
1027. tax evasion
第1027章 逃税
Tax evasion is a kind of international acts in violation of tax law committed by taxpayers for evading the obligation to make tax payment, and such violations take the form of failure to make full or part of the tax payment. Tax evasion is illegal, and severe tax evasion may even constitute a crime.
逃税是纳税人为逃避纳税义务而实施的一种违反税法的国际行为，其形式为未缴纳全部或部分税款。逃税是违法的，严重逃税甚至可能构成犯罪。
1028. tax avoidance
1028. 避税
Tax avoidance is a kind of practices adopted by taxpayers through the use of proper tax arrangements or planning to reduce their tax payable by taking advantage of loopholes and unclear provisions in the tax law, or unregulated methods. Tax avoidance is not a direct violation of law, and thus not a crime.
避税是纳税人利用税法的漏洞、规定不明确或不受规管的方法，利用适当的税务安排或计划减少应纳税额的一种做法。避税不是直接违法，因此不是犯罪。
1024. permanent establishment
1024. 常设机构
A permanent establishment means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. Specifically, the definition of a permanent establishment includes three key elements: Firstly, permanent establishment is an organization or premise established by a resident company of a state in another state. Secondly, such organization or premise is established to carry on business for profits. Thirdly, such organization or premise must be fixed in terms of locations or physical characters.
常设机构是指企业全部或部分经营业务的固定营业地点。具体而言，常设机构的定义包括三个关键要素：首先，常设机构是由一国的居民公司在另一国建立的组织或场所。其次，这种组织或前提是为了营利而开展业务而建立的。第三，这种组织或前提必须根据地点或物理特征来固定。
1025. independent enterprise principle
1025. 独立企业原则
The so-called independent enterprise principle means that permanent establishment is treated as an independent taxpayer, and profits expected to be earned by an independent Enterprise would be attributed to the permanent establishment. According to this principle, transactions between the permanent establishment and its parent corporation and the transactions between the permanent establishment and the other branches of such cooperation shall be deemed as conducted in arm’s length, and the profits shall be calculated accordingly.
所谓独立企业原则，是指常设机构被视为独立纳税人，预期独立企业赚取的利润将归于常设机构。根据这一原则，常设机构与其母公司之间的交易以及常设机构与这种合作的其他分支机构之间的交易应视为公平交易，并应据此计算利润。
1026. Associated Enterprises
1026. 关联企业
From the angle of international tax law, associated enterprises means those enterprises shareholdings and finance and taxation of which are related to each other to a certain degree and thus need to be regulated by international tax law. Associated enterprises, foreign controlled companies and base companies are different expressions of associated enterprises.
从国际税法角度看，关联企业是指其持股、财务、税务有一定关系，需要国际税法规范的企业。联营企业、外资控股公司和基地公司是联营企业的不同表现形式。
五、简答
10219. How to avoid international legal double taxations?
10219. 如何避免国际法律双重征税？
Generally, there are two main ways to avoid international double taxations. They are bilateral measures and unilateral measures. As regards bilateral measures, the principle of permanent establishment is the basic principle to solve the conflicts of cross-border business earnings in agreements addressing double taxation. In respect of unilateral measures, there are tax exemption, tax credit and tax reduction.
一般来说，有两种主要方法可以避免国际双重征税。它们是双边措施和单边措施。在双边措施方面，常设机构原则是解决双重征税协定中跨境企业收入冲突的基本原则。在单边措施方面，有免税、税收抵免和减税。
六、翻译
1030. In respect of the avoidance of international double taxation, bilateral measures could ultimately better balance benefits of contracting states, and thus are better than unilateral measures. However, unilateral measures are still necessary, and it is still of great importance. Actually, some unilateral measures are basis of bilateral measures. Without unilateral restraints, bilateral measures are difficult to produce results of avoiding double taxation. Unilateral measures available for resident states to eliminate double taxation include tax exemption, tax credit, tax reduction, and tax allowance. Because tax reduction and tax allowance have only the effect of easing double taxation, tax exemption and tax credit are more popular among states. Tax exemption includes full exemption and the exemption with progression. Tax credit includes full credit and tax credit with excess limitation. Both tax exemption and tax credit have the effect of avoiding international double taxation. Judging from the perspective for balancing interesting among taxpayers, source states and resident states, tax credit is better than tax exemption.
1030. 在避免国际双重征税方面，双边措施最终可以更好地平衡缔约国的利益，因此比单边措施要好。但是，单边措施仍然是必要的，而且仍然非常重要。实际上，一些单边措施是双边措施的基础。没有单边制约，双边措施就很难产生避免双重征税的效果。居民国为消除双重征税而采取的单边措施包括免税、税收抵免、减税和免税。由于减税和免税仅具有缓解双重征税的效果，因此免税和税收抵免在各州中更受欢迎。免税包括完全免税和渐进免税。税收抵免包括全额抵免和超额限额税收抵免。免税和税收抵免都具有避免国际双重征税的效果。从纳税人、来源国和居民国之间平衡利益的角度来看，税收抵免优于免税。
第十一章 国际经济争端解决法
第一节 国际经济争端的解决方法
一、单选
1031. ADR refers to:
1031. 替代性争议解决是指：
A. Alternative (or Alternate) Dispute Resolution.
A. 替代性（或替代性）争议解决方式。
B. Alternative Disruption Requirement.
B. 替代中断要求。
C. A Data Reference System.
C. 数据参考系统。
D. Atlantic Development Relations.
D. 大西洋发展关系。
A
1032. If mediation is chosen as a form of dispute resolution, it will be:
1032. 如果选择调解作为解决争端的一种形式，则为：
A. A mandatory process.
一个。一个强制性的过程。
B. Binding on all the parties.
B. 对各方均具有约束力。
C. A voluntary process.
C. 自愿程序。
D. Not available in international disputes.
D. 在国际争端中不可用。
C
1033. The term mediation when dealing with dispute resolution refers to the situation where:
1033. 在处理争议解决时，调解一词是指以下情况：
A. The two disputing parties settle the disagreement by themselves.
一个。争议双方自行解决分歧。
B. A third party tries to bring the parties in conflict to a mutually satisfactory solution.
B.第三方试图使冲突各方达成双方都满意的解决办法。
C. The parties in conflict agree to have a court hear only limited evidence.
C. 冲突各方同意让法院只听取有限的证据。
D. None of the above.
D. 以上都不是。
C
1034. Which statement about mediation involving foreign elements is NOT correct?
1034. 关于涉及外国因素的调解，哪项说法不正确？
A. Mediation is a method of dispute settlement involving a third party.
答：调解是一种涉及第三方的争议解决方式。
B. The settlement agreement reached by the parties under the mediation of the mediator has no effect of enforcement.
B.当事人在调解员调解下达成的和解协议不具有强制执行效力。
C. The arbitration tribunal may directly preside over the mediation in the foreign-related arbitration proceedings without first confirming the unanimous consent of the parties to the mediation.
C. 涉外仲裁程序中，仲裁庭可以直接主持调解，无需事先确认调解当事人的一致同意。
D. In foreign-related litigation, the judge may also mediate the relevant disputes.
D. 涉外诉讼中，法官也可以调解有关纠纷。
C
二、多选
1035. Generally speaking, the parties in Regulation-related International Economic Disputes (PRIEDs) have the following characteristics:
1035. 一般而言，与监管有关的国际经济争端（PRIEDs）的当事方具有以下特征：
A. Disputes involve the economic relationship between different countries.
答：争端涉及不同国家之间的经济关系。
B. At least one party is the government or government authorities.
B.至少有一方是政府或政府当局。
C. The parties are of equal status.
C. 当事人地位平等。
D. Generally, the principle of exhaustion of local administrative remedies are required.
D. 一般而言，需要用尽当地行政补救办法的原则。
ABD
1037. Pursuant to classification based on the different objects in international economic activities, PRIEDs can be divided into:
1037. 根据国际经济活动中不同对象的分类，公共经济活动可分为：
A. Regulation-related international trade disputes.
A. 与法规有关的国际贸易争端。
B. International state-investor disputes.
B. 国际国家投资者纠纷。
C. International tax disputes.
C. 国际税务纠纷。
D. Disputes arising out of international financial regulation.
D. 因国际金融监管而产生的争端。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1038. Currently, the major international arbitration as a method for setting PRIEDs include:
1038. 目前，作为设定 PRED 方法的主要国际仲裁包括：
A. ICSID Arbitration for resolving international investment disputes.
A. ICSID仲裁，用于解决国际投资争端。
B. WTO Arbitration for resolving disputes arising out of the regulatory actions authorized by the DSB.
B. WTO仲裁，用于解决因DSB授权的监管行动而引起的争议。
C. ICC Arbitration for resolving international trade disputes.
C. 国际商会仲裁，用于解决国际贸易争端。
D. Ad Hoc Arbitration for resolving international investment disputes between the home country the host country.
D. 解决母国与东道国之间国际投资争端的临时仲裁。
ABD
1036. Besides litigation and arbitration, international economic law disputes can also be resolved through alternative dispute resolutions (ADRs). Such as:
1036. 除诉讼和仲裁外，国际经济法争端也可以通过替代性争端解决机制解决。如：
A. Consultation.
A. 咨询。
B. Mediation.
B. 调解。
C. Conciliation.
C. 调解。
D. Compromise.
D. 妥协。
ABC
1039. The agreement of dispute resolution reached through is NOT legally binding.
1039. 通过达成的争端解决协议不具有法律约束力。
A. Alternative dispute resolution.
A. 替代性争议解决。
B. Arbitration.
B. 仲裁。
C. Litigation.
C. 诉讼。
D. Mini-trial.
D. 小型审判。
AD
三、判断
1040. A global economy cannot function unless business people know that contracts are enforceable and the appropriate remedy can be achieved.
1040. 除非商界人士知道合同是可以执行的，并且能够采取适当的补救措施，否则全球经济就无法运转。
T
1043. With mediation as a form of dispute resolution, the parties have a very limited degree of control over the process.
1043. 由于调解是解决争端的一种形式，当事方对调解过程的控制程度非常有限。
F
1044. With mediation as a form of dispute resolution, the parties may at any point initiate litigation or agree to submit the dispute to arbitration.
1044. 以调解作为解决争端的一种形式，当事方可随时提起诉讼或同意将争端提交仲裁。
T
1041. The results of a mediation are not binding on either party.
1041. 调解的结果对任何一方均不具有约束力。
T
1042. Choice of forum clauses fix in advance where the case will be heard by contract.
1042. 法院地条款的选择事先确定案件将按合同审理的地点。
T
1045. Choice of law clauses in contracts stipulate in advance what court the parties will use in case of a dispute and thereby avoid conflicts of law issues.
1045. 合同中的法律选择条款事先规定了当事方在发生争议时将使用哪个法院，从而避免了法律冲突问题。
F
1046. In general, at common law and in civil law jurisdictions, the choice of law clauses is rarely upheld.
1046. 一般而言，在普通法系和大陆法系司法管辖区，法律选择条款很少得到支持。
F
四、名词
1047. Conciliation
1047. 调解
Conciliation means by relatively independent government or a third country, international organizations or political leaders, through lobbying and coordinating the parties to the dispute, ultimately achieving the propose of mitigating economic conflicts between parties, and paving the way to the peaceful settlement of disputes.
调解是指相对独立的政府或第三国、国际组织或政治领导人通过游说和协调争端各方，最终实现缓和各方经济冲突的提议，为和平解决争端铺平道路。
1048. Meditation
第1048章 冥想
Meditation refers to intermediary coordination on the positions of the parties to the dispute conducted by relatively independent government of a third country, political leaders or other independents in order to bring the conflicting parties into negotiations and eventually settle the dispute.
冥想是指由相对独立的第三国政府、政治领导人或其他独立人士就争端各方的立场进行调解协调，以使冲突各方进行谈判并最终解决争端。
第二节 国际仲裁与纽约公约
一、单选
1049. One popular form of dispute settlement is arbitration. This is defined as:
1049. 一种流行的争端解决形式是仲裁。这被定义为：
A. Rules in admissibility of evidence.
A. 证据可采性规则。
B. Submission for determination of the disputed matter to a private unofficial person selected by agreement.
B. 将争议事项提交经协议选定的私人非官方人士裁决。
C. Interlocutory determination by a judge.
C. 法官的中间裁决。
D. None of the above.
D. 以上都不是。
B
1050. Which statement about the effects of a valid arbitration agreement are NOT correct?
1050. 关于有效仲裁协议效力的哪项陈述不正确？
A. The parties are obliged to submit a dispute covered by an arbitration agreement to arbitration.
一个。当事人有义务将仲裁协议所涵盖的争议提交仲裁。
B. A valid arbitration agreement confirms exclusively jurisdiction on the arbitral tribunal to hear all disputes covered by it.
B.有效的仲裁协议确认仲裁庭对仲裁庭审理其所涵盖的所有争议具有专属管辖权。
C. The jurisdictions of national courts are excluded by arbitration agreement.
C. 仲裁协议排除了国家法院的管辖权。
D. Countries are obliged to recognize and enforce the arbitration awards based on a valid arbitration agreement.
D. 各国有义务承认和执行基于有效仲裁协议的仲裁裁决。
D
1051. The disadvantages of arbitration include: I. Limited Discovery. II. Limited Rights to Appeal.
1051. 仲裁的缺点包括： I. 有限证据开示。二、上诉权有限。
A. I only.
答：只有我。
B. II only.
B. 仅 II。
C. Neither I nor II.
C. 既不是 I 也不是 II。
D. Both I and II.
D. I 和 II.
D
1053. Which convention has been praised to be “the single most important pillar on which the edifice of international arbitration rests”?
1053. 哪项公约被誉为“国际仲裁大厦所依赖的最重要的支柱”？
A. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement or Foreign Arbitral Awards.
A. 《承认及执行公约》或《外国仲裁裁决公约》。
B. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States Nationals of other States.
b. 《解决国家与其他国家国民间投资争端公约》。
C. Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.
c. 对解决争端的规则和程序的理解。
D. Arrangement on the Mutual Enforcement of Arbitral Awards Between Hong Kong SAR and the Mainland of China.
d. 香港特别行政区与中国大陆相互执行仲裁裁决的安排。
A
1054. An arbitration award made in any contracting state of the can easily be recognized and enforced in any other contracting state:
1054. 在缔约国任何缔约国作出的仲裁裁决，在任何其他缔约国都可以很容易地得到承认和执行：
A. Seoul Convention.
A. 《汉城公约》。
B. Washington Convention.
B. 《华盛顿公约》。
C. Vienna Convention.
C. 《维也纳公约》。
D. New York convention.
D. 纽约公约。
D
1055. In accordance with the New York Convention, the losing party may raise seven different grounds on which recognition and enforcement of an award may be refused at the request of the party against whom it is sought. These “grounds” do NOT include:
1055. 根据《纽约公约》，败诉方可以提出七种不同的理由，根据这些理由，在被请求裁决的一方当事人的请求下，可以拒绝承认和执行裁决。这些“理由”不包括：
A. incapacity of the parties or invalidity of the arbitration agreement.
A. 当事人无行为能力或仲裁协议无效。
B. excess of authority or lack of jurisdiction.
B. 权限过大或缺乏管辖权。
C. procedural irregularities.
C. 程序不规范。
D. the application of laws is inappropriate.
D.法律适用不当。
D
1052. If a U.S. company and an Austrian company end up in a dispute about a contract they entered into that contains an arbitration clause, a case brought before a U.S. court would:
1052. 如果一家美国公司和一家奥地利公司最终就他们签订的包含仲裁条款的合同发生争议，则向美国法院提起的案件将：
A. Be heard by the U.S. court since arbitration clauses are not popular with such courts.
A. 由美国法院审理，因为仲裁条款不受此类法院的欢迎。
B. Be heard by the U.S. court if the U.S. company can show it will be harmed by arbitration.
B. 如果美国公司能够证明它将受到仲裁的损害，则由美国法院审理。
C. Not be heard by the U.S. court because U.S. courts accept arbitration as a form of dispute resolution.
C. 由于美国法院接受仲裁作为争议解决的一种形式，因此不由美国法院审理。
D. None of the above.
D. 以上都不是。
C
1056. Japanese Company A and Chinese Company B concluded a sale contract, which stipulated that the dispute shall be arbitrated by "China trade arbitration", or be summited to the court. Then one party breached the contract, dispute about responsibility arose. According to China's relevant laws, which statement as following is correct?
1056. 日本A公司和中国B公司签订了销售合同，约定争议应通过“中国贸易仲裁”进行仲裁，或者提交法院审理。然后一方违反合同，产生了责任纠纷。根据我国有关法律，以下哪项说法正确？
A. The liability for breach of contract does not fall within the scope of arbitration.
一个。违约责任不属于仲裁范围。
B. The contract has established an arbitration body.
B.合同设立了仲裁机构。
C. The arbitration agreement shall be null and void in any case because the agreement is not clear.
C. 仲裁协议在任何情况下均因协议不明确而无效。
D. If Japanese Company A refuses to accept the decision of the arbitration institution on the validity of the arbitration agreement and applies to the Chinese court for confirmation of the validity of the agreement, the Chinese court should accept it.
D.如果日本A公司拒绝接受仲裁机构关于仲裁协议有效性的决定，并向中国法院申请确认该协议的有效性，中国法院应予以受理。
D
1057. Both China and State A are contracting states to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. An applicant from State A has applied to a Chinese court for the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award made in State A. Which statement as following is true?
1057. 中国和A国都是《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》的缔约国。A国申请人已向中国法院申请承认和执行在A国作出的仲裁裁决。以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. China should apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of the award, since the applicant has the nationality of a state party to the Convention.
答：中国应将《公约》适用于裁决的承认和执行，因为申请人具有《公约》缔约国的国籍。
B. The Convention shall not apply to arbitral awards in respect of investment disputes between the Chinese investors and the governments of State A.
B.本公约不适用于中国投资者与A国政府之间投资纠纷的仲裁裁决。
C. China is obliged to recognize the validity of all arbitral awards made by States Parties to the Convention.
C. 中国有义务承认《公约》缔约国作出的所有仲裁裁决的有效性。
D. If the person subjected to execution is a Chinese legal person, the jurisdiction of the court at the place where the legal person has its business shall be exercised.
D.被执行人为中国法人的，由法人经营地法院行使管辖。
B
1058. Which of statement regarding the revocation of an arbitral award as following is correct under the current law of China?
1058. 根据中国现行法律，关于撤销仲裁裁决的以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. A foreign arbitral award may be set aside by a Chinese court in accordance with Chinese law.
一个。外国仲裁裁决可以由中国法院根据中国法律撤销。
B. One of the legal reasons for Chinese courts to set aside foreign-related arbitral awards is that the items of the awards exceed the scope of the arbitration agreement.
B.中国法院撤销涉外仲裁裁决的法律理由之一是裁决项目超出仲裁协议的范围。
C. The legal reasons for revoking a foreign-related arbitral award are the same as those for revoking a domestic arbitral award.
C.撤销涉外仲裁裁决的法律理由与撤销国内仲裁裁决的法律理由相同。
D. The parties have no right of appeal against the court's decision not to enforce the arbitral award.
D. 当事人无权对法院不执行仲裁裁决的决定提出上诉。
B
二、多选
1065. Permanent arbitration is more conducive to the settlement of disputes, mainly because:
1065. 常设仲裁更有利于解决争端，主要是因为：
A. The Permanent Court of Arbitration will be dissolved automatically after the hearing of the case, which has strong flexibility.
一个。常设仲裁法院将在案件审理后自动解散，具有很强的灵活性。
B. The rules apply to the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
B.这些规则适用于常设仲裁法院。
C. A permanent arbitration body can provide the parties to a dispute with the necessary conditions for arbitration.
C. 常设仲裁机构可以为争议各方提供必要的仲裁条件。
D. A permanent arbitration institution may provide guidance to the arbitrators concerned through similar cases previously accumulated.
D. 常设仲裁机构可以通过先前积累的类似案件向有关仲裁员提供指导。
CD
1060. Which statements about arbitration procedures are correct?
1060. 关于仲裁程序的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The procedure rules under the law of the forum must be followed by the tribunal.
一个。仲裁庭必须遵守法院地法规定的程序规则。
B. The parties usually, in modern legal systems of international commercial arbitration, have the freedom to determine the rules to be followed.
B.在现代国际商事仲裁法律体系中，当事人通常可以自由决定要遵循的规则.
C. In the absence of the party’s agreement, the tribunal will determine the rules to be followed.
C. 在没有当事人同意的情况下，仲裁庭将确定要遵守的规则。
In the arbitral proceedings.
在仲裁程序中。
D. Certain mandatory requirements of applicable national law shall be followed no matter how the procedure rules are determined.
D. 无论如何确定程序规则，都应遵守适用的国家法律的某些强制性要求。
BCD
1061. The term “interim award” is usually used by the arbitration tribunal to refer to an award that:
1061. 仲裁庭通常使用“临时裁决”一词来指下列裁决：
A. Dispose finally of a particular substantive claim.
A. 最后处理某项实质性债权。
B. Disposal of choice of law.
B. 法律选择的处置。
C. Disposal of granting provisional relief.
C. 给予临时救济的处置。
D. Dispose of part of the party’s claims.
D. 处理当事人的部分债权。
BC
1059. Which statements about the advantage of international commercial arbitration are correct?
1059. 关于国际商事仲裁优势的哪些说法是正确的？
A. The arbitration proceedings are less formal and thus enhances the chance of an amicable settlement.
一个。仲裁程序不太正式，因此增加了友好解决的机会。
B. In arbitration there is in principle only a first instance procedure and therefore no crime should be lost in appeal procedures.
B.在仲裁中，原则上只有一审程序，因此在上诉程序中不应遗漏任何罪行。
C. The proceedings of arbitration are private and thus provide a confidential settlement.
C. 仲裁程序是非公开的，因此提供保密的和解。
D. Arbitration permits the resolution of the case in a third “neutral” country, rather than in the country of one of the parties.
D. 仲裁允许在第三“中立”国家解决案件，而不是在一方当事人的国家。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1062. Under the New York Convention, each contracting state undertakes to recognize and give effect to an arbitration agreement, when the following requirements are fulfilled:
1062. 根据《纽约公约》，各缔约国承诺在满足下列要求时承认仲裁协议并使其生效：
A. The arbitration agreement must be in writing.
一个。仲裁协议必须采用书面形式。
B. There must be a distinction between existing disputes and future disputes.
B.必须区分现有争端和未来争端。
C. The arbitration agreement should only cover matters capable of being settled by arbitration under the law of the agreement or under the law of the place of arbitration.
C. 仲裁协议应仅涵盖根据协议法律或仲裁地法律能够通过仲裁解决的事项。
D. The arbitration agreement should be valid under the law to which the parties have subject to it or under the law of the country where the award was made.
D. 仲裁协议应根据当事人所遵守的法律或作出裁决的国家的法律有效。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1063. China made two reservations when formally acceded to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards on December 2,1986. The reservations are:
1063. 中国在1986年12月2日正式加入《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决纽约公约》时提出了两项保留。预订如下：
A. Reciprocal Reservation.
A. 互惠保留。
B. Most favored nation.
B.最惠国待遇。
C. Commercial reservations.
C. 商业预订。
D. Contractual retention.
D. 合同保留。
AC
1064. A Chinese company and a foreign company entered into an arbitration agreement, which provided for arbitration by an arbitration institution in a certain place, but the name of the Arbitration Institution agreed upon was inaccurate. Which statements as following are correct?
1064. 一家中国公司与一家外国公司签订了仲裁协议，该协议规定由某地仲裁机构进行仲裁，但约定的仲裁机构名称不准确。以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. If the name of the arbitration institution is not accurate, but the specific arbitration institution can be identified, the arbitration institution shall be deemed to have been selected.
一个。仲裁机构名称不准确，但可以确定具体仲裁机构的，视为已选定仲裁机构。
B. If there is only one arbitration institution in the place of arbitration agreed upon in the arbitration agreement, that arbitration institution shall be deemed to be the agreed arbitration institution.
B.仲裁协议约定的仲裁地只有一个仲裁机构的，该仲裁机构视为约定的仲裁机构。
C. If there are two arbitration institutions in the place of arbitration agreed upon in the arbitration agreement, the arbitration institution established earlier shall be regarded as the arbitration institution agreed upon.
C.仲裁协议约定的仲裁地有两个仲裁机构的，以在先设立的仲裁机构视为约定的仲裁机构。
D. Where the arbitration agreement only stipulates the arbitration rules applicable to the dispute, it shall not be deemed to have agreed upon an arbitration institution.
D. 仲裁协议仅约定适用于争议的仲裁规则的，不视为已约定仲裁机构。
AB
1066. A Chinese company entered into a contract for the sale of goods with a foreign company and agreed that the dispute of the contract should be submitted to a certain Chinese arbitration commission. But there was no agreement on the law to which the arbitration should apply. After the dispute about the quality of the goods arose, the Chinese company submitted the case to the arbitration commission. The foreign company claimed that the arbitration clause was invalid. Which statements as following are correct?
1066. 一家中国公司与一家外国公司签订了货物销售合同，并同意将合同纠纷提交中国某仲裁委员会。但是，对于仲裁应适用的法律没有达成一致。在货物质量发生争议后，中国公司将案件提交给仲裁委员会。该外国公司主张仲裁条款无效。以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. Only Chinese courts have the power to review the validity of the arbitration clause in this case.
一个。在这种情况下，只有中国法院有权审查仲裁条款的有效性。
B. The validity of the arbitration clause in this case shall be determined by the Chinese court if one party requests the arbitration commission to make a decision while the other party requests the court to make a decision.
B.如果一方当事人请求仲裁委员会作出决定，而另一方当事人请求法院作出决定，则本案仲裁条款的效力由中国法院确定。
C. The review of the validity of the arbitration clause shall be governed by Chinese law.
C. 仲裁条款有效性的审查适用中国法律。
D. The review of the validity of an arbitration clause shall be governed by the law of the State of which the foreign party is a party.
D. 对仲裁条款有效性的审查应受外国当事人为当事方的国家的法律管辖。
BC
1067. A Chinese company and a foreign company agreed in the contract to submit the contract dispute to arbitration at the arbitration in Beijing, and the two parties did not agree on the arbitration rules and the applicable law of the arbitration agreement. Which statements as following are true?
1067. 某中国公司与某外国公司在合同中约定将合同纠纷提交北京仲裁仲裁，双方当事人未就仲裁协议的仲裁规则和适用法律达成一致。以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. If the parties have a dispute over the validity of the arbitration agreement, they shall submit it to the arbitration institution of their choice for award in written before the first hearing.
一个。当事人对仲裁协议效力有争议的，应当在第一次开庭前书面提交所选仲裁机构裁决。
B. If the parties bring a dispute over the validity of the arbitration agreement before a Chinese court, Chinese law will apply to.
B.当事人向中国法院提起仲裁协议有效性争议的，适用中国法律。
C. The arbitration rules of the arbitration shall be applicable to the arbitration agreement in force.
C. 仲裁的仲裁规则适用于生效的仲裁协议。
D. If the arbitration agreement is valid, the claimant may apply for modification of the arbitration claim in the arbitration and the arbitral tribunal may not refuse.
D. 仲裁协议有效的，申请人可以在仲裁中申请变更仲裁请求，仲裁庭不得拒绝。
ABC
三、判断
1068. In an arbitration agreement, the parties may choose to restrict the arbitrator's powers or let the arbitrator decide what is equitable and good.
1068. 在仲裁协议中，当事人可以选择限制仲裁员的权力，也可以让仲裁员决定什么是公平的和好的。
T
1071. Basis of the international arbitration is the application for arbitration.
1071. 国际仲裁的依据是仲裁申请。
F
1073. Settlement of a dispute by binding arbitration never makes the decision binding.
1073. 通过具有约束力的仲裁解决争端绝不会使该决定具有约束力。
F
1069. Arbitrators are private citizens. They do not belong to any government hierarchy.
1069. 仲裁员是公民个人。他们不属于任何政府等级制度。
T
1070. Normally, the parties express their consent to submit any future dispute to arbitration in a written agreement that is a clause in the commercial contract between them. If they do not have an arbitration clause in their contract, however, they can still enter into an agreement after a dispute has arisen. This is known as a submission agreement.
1070. 通常，当事方在书面协议中表示同意将任何未来的争议提交仲裁，该协议是他们之间商业合同中的一个条款。但是，如果他们的合同中没有仲裁条款，他们仍然可以在争议发生后达成协议。这称为提交协议。
T
1074. One advantage of arbitration is that awards are recognized by the signers of the U.N. Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.
1074. 仲裁的一个优点是，《联合国承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》的签署国承认裁决。
T
1075. One advantage of arbitration is that the entire case and evidence is not open to the public.
1075. 仲裁的一个优点是整个案件和证据不向公众公开。
T
1072. Two of the disadvantages of arbitration are the increase in time to hear a dispute and the expense of the hearing.
1072. 仲裁的两个缺点是审理争议的时间增加和审理费用高。
F
四、名词
1076. Arbitration
1076. 仲裁
Arbitration is a private dispute resolution whereby the parties, before or after the arising of a dispute, reach to an agreement to submit their dispute to a private and neutral third party, who hears the case and makes final decisions binding upon all parties to the dispute.
仲裁是一种私人争议解决方式，当事人在争议发生之前或之后达成协议，将争议提交给一个私人和中立的第三方，该第三方审理案件并做出对争议各方具有约束力的最终决定。
五、翻译
1077. An arbitration tribunal consists of one or three arbitrators. When only one arbitrator has to adjudicate on a dispute the parties usually have no difficulty over this appointment. In case of three arbitrators, each of the parties appoints an arbitrator and a third arbitrator is then appointed jointly by the parties or by the arbitration institution based on the authorization of the parties. The third arbitrator is the presiding arbitrator. The nominated arbitration institution is also competent to appoint an arbitrator if one of the parties refuses to cooperate. The arbitrator appointed by one party cannot consider himself as an agent of that party: he must have an independent and impartial view. If this independence and impartiality are compromised the arbitrator must refuse or hand back the appointment. Arbitrators must, in any event, disclose to the parties all instances, such as conflict of interests, financial ties, personal ties, etc. that could jeopardize their independence and impartiality. And the parties are entitled to challenge the independence and impartiality of arbitrators with cause.
1077. 仲裁庭由一名或三名仲裁员组成。当只有一名仲裁员必须对争议进行裁决时，当事人通常不会对这一指定有任何困难。在三名仲裁员的情况下，每一方当事人指定一名仲裁员，然后由双方当事人或仲裁机构根据当事人的授权共同指定第三名仲裁员。第三位仲裁员是首席仲裁员。如果其中一方当事人拒绝合作，指定的仲裁机构也有权指定一名仲裁员。一方当事人指定的仲裁员不能认为自己是该方当事人的代理人：他必须有独立和公正的观点。如果这种独立性和公正性受到损害，仲裁员必须拒绝或退回指定。在任何情况下，仲裁员都必须向当事人披露所有可能危及其独立性和公正性的情况，例如利益冲突、财务关系、个人关系等。当事人有权有理由质疑仲裁员的独立性和公正性。
第三节 解决投资争端国际中心
一、单选
1078. The International Center for Settlement of Investment Dispute is NOT:
1078. 国际投资争端解决中心不是：
A. A dispute settlement body.
一个。争端解决机构。
B. A legislate body.
B.一个立法机构。
C. Established in accordance with the Washington Convention.
C. 根据《华盛顿公约》设立。
D. Established in accordance with the New York Convention.
D. 根据《纽约公约》设立。
D.
1079. The Washington Convention, or in full name, is a multilateral convention concluded by states under the auspices of the World Bank in 1965, for the purpose of providing a mutual trusted means of solution to investment disputes between the host country government and foreign investors within the former’ territory.
1079. 《华盛顿公约》是各国于1965年在世界银行主持下缔结的一项多边公约，旨在为东道国政府与外国投资者在前者领土内的投资争端提供相互信任的解决办法。
A. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of other States.
A. 《解决国家与其他国家国民间投资争端公约》。
B. Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.
B. 《设立多边投资担保机构公约》。
C. Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.
c. 对解决争端的规则和程序的理解。
D. Code for Conduct for Transnational Corporations.
D. 《跨国公司行为守则》。
A
1083. The 1965 Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States is abbreviated as:
1083. 1965年《解决国家与其他国家国民间投资争端公约》简称：
A. New York Convention.
一个。《纽约公约》。
B. Seoul convention.
B. 汉城公约。
C. Washington Convention.
C. 《华盛顿公约》。
D. The Hague convention.
D. 《海牙公约》。
C
1080. Which institute is established to settle investment disputes between states and adoption of nationals?
1080. 为解决国家之间的投资争端和收养国民而设立的机构是哪家？
A. International Centre for settlement of investment disputes.
A. 国际投资争端解决中心。
B. European Union.
B. 欧洲联盟。
C. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.
C. 多边投资担保机构。
D. World Trade Organization.
D. 世界贸易组织。
A
1082. Disputes submitted to ICSID for mediation or arbitration must be:
1082. 提交国际投资争端解决中心进行调解或仲裁的争议必须：
A. Legal disputes relating to international investment.
A. 与国际投资有关的法律纠纷。
B. Legal disputes arising directly from international investment.
B. 直接由国际投资引起的法律纠纷。
C. Legal disputes arising from international trade.
C. 国际贸易引起的法律纠纷。
D. Legal disputes arising from international trade related to investment.
D. 与投资有关的国际贸易引起的法律纠纷。
B
1085. What kind of matter does ICSID have jurisdiction over?
1085. ICSID对哪些事项具有管辖权？
A. A legal dispute arising out of direct investment between a contracting state and another contracting state shall be submitted to the Centre with the written consent of both parties.
一个。缔约国与另一缔约国之间因直接投资而产生的法律纠纷，经双方书面同意后，应提交中心。
B. A legal dispute arising out of direct investment between a State Party and another national of a State Party, submitted to the Centre with the oral consent of both parties.
B.一缔约国与另一缔约国国民之间因直接投资而产生的法律纠纷，经双方口头同意提交中心。
C. A legal dispute arising out of direct investment between a State Party and a national of another State Party shall be submitted to the Centre with the written consent of both parties.
C. 缔约国与另一缔约国国民之间因直接投资而产生的法律纠纷，经双方书面同意后，应提交中心。
D. A legal dispute arising out of indirect investment between a state party and a national of another State Party shall be submitted to the Centre with the written consent of both parties.
D. 缔约国与另一缔约国国民之间因间接投资而产生的法律纠纷，经双方书面同意后，应提交中心。
C
1081. Under ICSID, the right to annul an arbitration award is authorized to:
1081. 根据ICSID的规定，撤销仲裁裁决的权利被授权为：
A. The Chairman of the Administrative Council.
一个。行政委员会主席。
B. The Panel of Arbitrators.
B.仲裁员小组。
C. An ad hoc committee.
C. 特设委员会。
D. The tribunal itself.
D. 仲裁庭本身。
C
1084. Which way as following is not a solution to an investment dispute between a state and its nationals?
1084. 下列哪一种方式不能解决一国与其国民之间的投资争端？
A. Negotiation and consultation.
A. 谈判和协商。
B. Host country relief.
B. 东道国救济。
C. Referral to the International Court of Justice.
C. 移交国际法院。
D. Diplomatic Channels.
D. 外交渠道。
C
二、多选
1086. In comparison to other international tribunals, the ICSID has some obvious characteristics:
1086. 与其他国际法庭相比，国际投资争端解决中心具有一些明显的特点：
A. The ICSID is a perfect international legal person.
一个。ICSID是一个完美的国际法人。
B. The ICSID has jurisdiction on the dispute only between the host state and the investor.
B.ICSID仅对东道国与投资者之间的争议具有管辖权。
C. The investor and the host state must both consent to the ICSID jurisdiction.
C. 投资者和东道国必须都同意ICSID的管辖权。
D. State party can withdraw his consent by denouncing the ICSID Convention.
D. 缔约国可以通过退出《国际投资争端解决中心公约》来撤回其同意。
ABC
1087. Disputes under the ICSID Convention have the following characteristics:
1087. 根据《国际投资争端解决中心公约》提出的争端具有以下特点：
A. The disputes are between the host government as one party and foreign investors as the other party.
一个。争议发生在东道国政府作为一方和外国投资者作为另一方之间。
B. The disputes are between foreign investors and domestic investors or between foreign investors.
B.争议发生在外国投资者和国内投资者之间，或者是外国投资者之间。
C. The disputes arise from governmental actions imposed on foreign investors in its territory.
C. 争议源于政府对其境内外国投资者实施的行动。
D. The disputes are commercial disputes in nature.
D. 争议性质为商业纠纷。
AC
1102. Which statements about the 1965 Washington Convention (or the ICSID Convention) are correct?
1102. 关于1965年《华盛顿公约》（或《国际投资争端解决中心公约》）的哪些说法是正确的？
A. The Centre has jurisdiction over legal disputes arising directly from investments.
一个。该中心对直接由投资引起的法律纠纷具有管辖权。
B. Disputes within the Centre's jurisdiction must be about the existence and scope of legal rights and obligations or about the nature or limits of reparation for breaches of legal obligations.
B. 中心管辖范围内的争端必须涉及法律权利和义务的存在和范围，或涉及对违反法律义务的赔偿的性质或限度。
C. Ratification of or accession to the Convention does not in itself amount to an obligation on the part of States Parties to submit a particular investment dispute to mediation or arbitration at the Centre.
C. 批准或加入《公约》本身并不等于缔约国有义务将某一特定投资争端提交中心进行调解或仲裁。
D. Decisions of the Centre are binding on the parties to the dispute.
D. 中心的决定对争端各方具有约束力。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1093. Requests for arbitrations, under the ICSID Convention, are the basis for instituting arbitration proceedings of ICSID. Which statements are correct?
1093. 根据《国际投资争端解决中心公约》提出的仲裁请求是国际投资争端解决中心提起仲裁程序的依据。哪些说法是正确的？
A. The Centre cannot automatically institute arbitration proceedings without the request for arbitration from the party.
一个。未经当事人提出仲裁请求，中心不能自动提起仲裁程序。
B. The request for arbitration should be submitted to the Secretary-General in written.
B.仲裁请求应以书面形式提交秘书长。
C. The request for arbitration shall be reviewed and registered by the Secretary-General.
C. 仲裁请求应由秘书长审查和登记。
D. The decision of the Secretary-General will establish the Centre’s jurisdiction on the case.
D. 秘书长的决定将确定中心对本案的管辖权。
ABC
1100. Which statements as following are correct under the 1965 Washington Convention if the parties agree to submit the dispute to ICSID arbitration:
1100. 根据1965年《华盛顿公约》，如果当事方同意将争议提交国际投资争端解决中心仲裁，以下哪些陈述是正确的：
A. In principle, the dispute in question no longer fell within the jurisdiction of the domestic courts of the state parties that were parties to the dispute, and the diplomatic protection of the investor's own state was excluded.
一个。原则上，有关争端不再属于争端当事国国内法院的管辖范围，投资者本国的外交保护被排除在外。
B. The consent of the parties to submit the matter to the jurisdiction of the Centre may not be withdrawn, but may be altered.
B.当事方同意将该事项提交中心管辖，不得撤回，但可以更改。
C. If a party refuses to participate in the arbitration, the center may hear and decide in absentia provided that it considers that it has jurisdiction over the dispute.
C. 当事人拒绝参加仲裁的，中心可以缺席审理和裁决，但前提是中心认为自己对争议有管辖权。
D. The winning party may apply to the Enforcement Centre's arbitral award of the courts of the contracting states whenever it finds the property of the other party in the territory of either state or in its jurisdiction.
D. 胜诉方在发现另一方当事人的财产位于缔约国领土内或其管辖范围内时，可向执行中心对缔约国法院的仲裁裁决提出申请。
ACD
1101. Under the 1965 Washington Convention, which statements are correct when the dispute is submitted to ICSID jurisdiction?
1101. 根据1965年《华盛顿公约》，当争端提交国际投资争端解决中心管辖时，哪些陈述是正确的？
A. Disputes submitted to the jurisdiction of the center must be submitted to arbitration.
A.提交中心管辖的争议必须提交仲裁。
B. The law of the host country shall apply only in the case of arbitration by the Centre.
B.东道国法律只适用于中心仲裁的情况。
C. The arbitral award of the Centre is final.
C. 本中心的仲裁裁决为终局裁决。
D. The arbitral award of the Centre is binding not only on the parties but also on all contracting States.
D. 中心的仲裁裁决不仅对当事人具有约束力，而且对所有缔约国都具有约束力。
CD
1089. With respect to the constitution of the ICSID Tribunal, which statement are correct?
1089. 关于ICSID法庭的组成，哪种说法是正确的？
A. The president of the tribunal shall be appointed by joint agreement of the parties.
一个。仲裁庭庭长应由当事各方共同协议任命。
B. The president of the tribunal shall be appointed by Chairman of the Administrative Council.
B.仲裁庭庭长由行政委员会主席任命。
C. Arbitrators may be appointed only from inside the Panel of Arbitrators kept by the Centre.
C. 仲裁员只能从中心设立的仲裁员名册内部任命。
D. Arbitrators may be appointed from inside or outside the Panel of Arbitrators kept by the Centre.
D. 仲裁员可由本中心设的仲裁员名册内部或外部指定。
AD
1088. The Tribunal of ICSID shall decide a dispute, in the absence of rules of law agreed by parties, in accordance with:
1088. 在没有当事方商定的法律规则的情况下，国际投资争端解决中心法庭应根据以下规定对争端作出裁决：
A. Rules of law of the contracting state.
A. 缔约国的法律规则。
B. Rules of law chosen by the home state and the host state.
B. 母国和东道国选择的法律规则。
C. General principles of law in domestic law of the home state and the host state.
C. 母国和东道国国内法的一般法律原则。
D. Rules of international law.
D. 国际法规则。
AD
1091. In accordance with the ICSID Convention, the “rules of law” can be used as the applicable law to resolve the cross-border state-investor disputes. Under ICSID Convention, the “rules of law” can be interpreted as to include:
1091. 根据《国际投资争端解决中心公约》，“法律规则”可作为解决跨国界国家投资者争端的适用法律。根据ICSID公约，“法律规则”可以解释为包括：
A. Domestic investment law of the host state.
A. 东道国的国内投资法。
B. Uniform international treaties certificated by the home state and the host state
B. 母国和东道国核证的统一国际条约
C. Bilateral investment treaties between the home state and the host state.
C. 母国与东道国之间的双边投资条约。
D. Any kind of possible future multilateral investment agreement.
D. 未来任何可能的多边投资协定。
ABC
1090. The source of arbitration rules with regard to ICSID Arbitrations include:
1090. 关于国际投资争端解决中心仲裁的仲裁规则的来源包括：
A. ICSID rules of Procedure for Arbitration Proceedings.
A. ICSID仲裁程序规则。
B. Washington Convention of 1965.
B. 1965年《华盛顿公约》。
C. Additional Facility Rules.
C. 附加设施规则。
D. ICSID Additional Facility Arbitration Rules.
D. ICSID附加设施仲裁规则。
ABC
1099. The applicable laws in ICSID arbitration cases are:
1099. 国际投资争端解决中心仲裁案件的适用法律是：
A. Laws Chosen by the parties.
A. 当事人选择的法律。
B. Laws of a State party.
B. 缔约国的法律。
C. International law.
C. 国际法。
D. Laws of a state party to a dispute.
D. 争端缔约国的法律。
ACD
1092. In ICSID Arbitration proceedings,
1092. 在ICSID仲裁程序中，
A. Persons subject to ICSID’s jurisdiction include the host state and foreign investors.
答：受ICSID管辖的人员包括东道国和外国投资者。
B. The premise for the ICSID to exercise a valid jurisdiction on such disputes is the eligibility of such persons in the arbitration proceedings.
B.ICSID对此类争议行使有效管辖权的前提是这些人有资格参加仲裁程序。
C. The object over which the jurisdiction of the ICSID Arbitration is exercised is legal disputes arising directly out of an investment.
C. ICSID仲裁的管辖权是直接由投资引起的法律纠纷。
D. Neither party shall seek any other legal remedies while the international investment disputes falling within the scope of ICSID.
D. 当国际投资争端属于国际投资争端解决中心范围时，任何一方均不得寻求任何其他法律补救措施。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1094. In accordance with the ICSID Convention, statutory grounds justifying the annulment of an award made by an ICSID Tribunal include:
1094. 根据《国际投资争端解决中心公约》，撤销国际投资争端解决中心仲裁庭作出的裁决的法定理由包括：
A. The Tribunal was not properly constituted cooperation between market authorities.
一个。法庭没有适当地构成市场当局之间的合作。
B. There has been a serious departure from a fundamental rule of procedure.
B.严重偏离了基本的议事规则。
C. There was corruption on the part of a member of the Tribunal.
C. 法庭一名法官存在腐败行为。
D. The Tribunal has manifestly exceeded its powers.
D. 法庭明显越权。
ABC
1095. For the following statements with regard to composition of the Ad Hoc Committee to decide on the annulment of ICSID arbitration awards, which are correct?
1095. 关于决定撤销国际投资争端解决中心仲裁裁决的特设委员会的组成，以下声明是否正确？
A. Members of Ad Hoc Committee are appointed by the Chairman of the Administrative Council of the ICSID.
答：特设委员会的成员由国际投资争端解决中心行政委员会主席任命。
B. Members of the Ad Hoc Committee are selected from the Panel of Arbitrators.
B. 特设委员会的成员从仲裁员名册中选出。
C. Neither the host state party nor the foreign investor party shall have a right to choose the member of the Ad Hoc Committee.
C. 东道国和外国投资者缔约方均无权选择特设委员会的成员。
D. None of the member of the Ad Hoc Committee shall be a member of the Tribunal making the disputed award.
D. 特设委员会的任何成员均不得是作出有争议裁决的仲裁庭成员。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1096. With regard to the obligations of contracting states to recognize or enforce the ICSID tribunal awards, which statements are correct?
1096. 关于缔约国承认或执行国际投资争端解决中心仲裁庭裁决的义务，哪些说法是正确的？
A. Each Contracting State shall recognize an award rendered pursuant to this Convention as binding.
一个。每一缔约国均应承认根据本公约作出的裁决具有约束力。
B. Each Contracting State shall enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award.
B.各缔约国应强制执行该裁决所规定的金钱义务。
C. Each Contracting State shall treat the award as if it were a final judgment of the courts of a constituent state.
C. 各缔约国应将裁决视为组成国法院的终审判决。
D. Each Contracting State have the authority to review the Centre’s award in enforcement stage.
D. 每个缔约国都有权在执行阶段审查中心的裁决。
ABC
1098. Both State A and State B are parties to the Convention of ICSID. Company A of State A intends to submit its dispute with State B to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. Which statement as following is correct?
1098. A国和B国都是《国际投资争端解决中心公约》的缔约国。A国的A公司打算将其与B国的争端提交国际投资争端解决中心。以下哪种说法是正确的？
A. The Centre may exercise jurisdiction over the dispute on the basis of a unilateral application by the company.
一个。中心可以根据公司的单方面申请对争议行使管辖权。
B. The jurisdiction of the Centre over the dispute is subject to the written consent of Company A and State B.
B.中心对争议的管辖权须经A公司和B国书面同意。
C. In the absence of a specific provision by State B, the jurisdiction of the Centre over the dispute is not conditional on the exhaustion of local remedies.
C. 在B国没有具体规定的情况下，中心对争端的管辖权不以用尽当地补救办法为条件。
D. After exercising its jurisdiction over the dispute, the Centre may rule on the law as agreed by the parties to the dispute.
D. 中心在对争端行使管辖权后，可以按照争端各方商定的法律作出裁决。
BCD
1097. Both Country A and Country B are parties of the Conventions of MIGA and ICSID. Company A is a Foreign-Capital Enterprise established in Country B by investors in Country A under the laws of Country B. Which statements as following are true under the two conventions?
1097. A国和B国都是多边投资担保机构公约和ICSID公约的缔约国。A公司是A国投资者根据B国法律在B国设立的外资企业。根据这两项公约，以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. Following certain procedures, Company A is eligible to apply in advance to MIGA for insurance.
一个。按照一定的程序，A公司有资格提前向MIGA申请保险。
B. If the investor in Country A, Company A and the government of Country B agree, Company A may request the ICSID to settle the dispute between Company A and country B.
B.如果A国的投资者、A公司和B国政府同意，A公司可以要求ICSID解决A公司与B国之间的争端。
C. The investor of Company A may not request the ICSID personally to settle the dispute between Company A and Country B.
C. A公司的投资者不得亲自要求ICSID解决A公司与B国之间的争端。
D. The MIGA may subrogate to the government of Country A after indemnifying the policyholder.
D. 多边投资担保机构在赔偿投保人后，可以代位向A国政府求偿。
AB
三、判断
1103. ICSID dispute settlement is restricted to the disputes of international sales of goods.
1103. 国际投资争端解决中心争端解决仅限于国际货物销售争端。
F
四、简答
1104. Please explain the jurisdiction of ICSID.
1104. 请解释国际投资争端解决中心的管辖权。
The jurisdiction of ICSID shall extend to any legal dispute arising directly out of an investment, between a Contracting State (or any constituent subdivision or agency of a Contracting State designated to the Centre by that State) and a national of another Contracting State, which the parties to the dispute consent in writing to submit to the Centre. When the parties have given their consent, no party may withdraw its consent unilaterally.
国际投资争端解决中心的管辖权应延伸至缔约国（或缔约国指定给中心设立中心的缔约国的任何组成部门或机构）与另一缔约国国民之间直接因投资而产生的任何法律纠纷，争议各方书面同意向中心提交。当事人同意后，任何一方当事人不得单方面撤回同意。
五、翻译
1105. The ICSID Convention was born under the context of surging nationalization in developing countries in the 1950s, under which there was no international means of dispute settlement acceptable to all parties. The two parties involved in such special investment disputes usually hold their own respective opinions. The developing countries, as the host countries, were usually in favor of setting investment disputes via “local remedy”. Their claims, however, were non-acceptable to foreign investors and their home countries that represent they presented their interests. Their excuse where that developing countries were deficient in rule of law and lack judicial independence and that the host country courts may thereby favor their own governments. On the other hand, the developed world, as a capital out-flowing countries, advocated dispute settlement via court justice in home countries where judicial systems were better. When expressed in practice, the investing home country tend to handle these cases according to the “Long Arm Statutes” rules, e.g., obtaining judicial jurisdiction by seizing assets of the defendant host country government within the territory of the home country. However, such practices are not accepted by the host country government, i.e., not only firmly resisted or even vehemently revenged upon by the latter, but also challenged in terms of judicial exemption of states under international law.
1105. 《国际投资争端解决中心公约》是在1950年代发展中国家国有化激增的背景下诞生的，当时没有各方都能接受的国际争端解决手段。此类特殊投资纠纷的双方当事人通常各持己见。发展中国家作为东道国，通常赞成通过“当地补救办法”解决投资争端。然而，他们的主张不为外国投资者和代表他们利益的母国所接受。他们的借口是发展中国家缺乏法治和司法独立，东道国法院因此可能偏袒本国政府。另一方面，发达国家作为资本外流国家，主张在司法制度较好的母国通过法院司法解决争端。在实践中，投资母国倾向于根据“长臂法规”规则处理这些案件，例如，通过扣押被告东道国政府在本国境内的资产来获得司法管辖权。然而，这种做法并不为东道国政府所接受，即不仅遭到东道国政府的坚决抵制甚至强烈报复，而且在国际法规定的国家司法豁免方面也受到挑战。
第四节 世贸组织争端解决机制
一、单选
1110. The participants in the WTO dispute settlement system are:
1110. 世贸组织争端解决制度的参与者是：
A. The member governments.
一个。成员国政府。
B. The observer countries.
B.观察员国。
C. The Secretariat.
C. 秘书处。
D. Other international organization.
D. 其他国际组织。
A
1107. The legal document of the World Trade Organization concerning the Dispute Settlement Mechanism is:
1107. 世界贸易组织关于争端解决机制的法律文件是：
A. Letter of Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.
a. 关于解决争端的规则和程序的谅解书。
B. Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.
B. 建立世界贸易组织的协定。
C. Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
C. 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。
D. Agreement on Trade in Services.
D. 《服务贸易协定》。
A
1108. The core procedures of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism is:
1108. 世贸组织争端解决机制的核心程序是：
A. Termination of compensation and concessions and procedures for cross-retaliation.
A. 终止补偿和让步以及交叉报复的程序。
B. Good offices, mediation and conciliation procedures.
B. 斡旋、调解和和解程序。
C. Appeal Review Procedure.
C. 上诉审查程序。
D. Panel procedures.
D. 小组程序。
D
1106. The WTO has introduced a so-called mechanism, which results in the almost automatic DSB adoption of duty car judicial decisions made by panels or the Appellate Body.
1106. 世贸组织引入了一种所谓的机制，其结果是争端解决机构几乎自动采用由专家组或上诉机构作出的值班车司法裁决。
A. Negative consensus.
A. 否定共识。
B. Consensus.
B. 协商一致。
C. Simple majority.
C. 简单多数。
D. Special majority.
D. 特别多数。
A
1109. The “negative consensus” rule under the WTO legal system does NOT apply to:
1109. 世贸组织法律制度下的“消极共识”规则不适用于：
A. The establishment of panels.
一个。小组的建立。
B. The establishment of Appellate Body.
B.设立上诉机构。
C. The adoption of panel reports.
C. 通过小组报告。
D. The adoption of Appellate Body reports.
D. 通过上诉机构报告。
B
1112. Which statement about the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism as following is NOT correct?
1112. 以下关于世贸组织争端解决机制的哪项说法是不正确的？
A. Consultations are a necessary procedure for the settlement of disputes between the members to the dispute.
答：协商是解决争端成员之间争端的必要程序。
B. the Panel and Appellate Body are the permanent bodies of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism.
B. 专家组和上诉机构是争端解决机制的常设机构。
C. If the losing party does not comply with the decision of the DSB, the complainant may take measures of its own to terminate the concession or other obligations.
C. 如果败诉方不遵守DSB的决定，投诉人可以自行采取措施终止特许权或其他义务。
D. The extent and scope of the claimant's termination of the assignment or other obligations in the event of retaliation shall be equal to the harm.
D. 在遭到报复的情况下，索赔人终止转让或其他义务的程度和范围应与损害相等。
C
1111. State A and State B are members of the World Trade Organization. State B claims that State A's import control of video products violates the principle of national treatment. Which statement as following is true?
1111. A国和B国是世界贸易组织的成员。B国声称，A国对录像制品的进口管制违反了国民待遇原则。以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. An agreement of understanding shall be reached at the stage of consultation between the two states may be used for subsequent dispute settlement proceedings.
一个。两国在磋商阶段应达成谅解协议，可用于随后的争端解决程序。
B. The panel may examine claims which hasn’t been specified in the application.
B.专家组可以审查申请中未指定的权利要求。
C. Cases may be referred back to the panel by the Appellate Body.
C. 上诉机构可将案件发回合议庭。
D. The case may be heard by an appeal chamber composed of three of the seven members of the Appellate Body.
D. 案件可由上诉机构七名成员中的三名组成的上诉分庭审理。
D
1113. Both State A and State B are members of the WTO. State B claims that the safeguards measures implemented by State A violate the principle of non-discrimination and submits the dispute to the Dispute Settlement Body. Which statement as following is correct?
1113. A国和B国都是世贸组织的成员。B国声称，A国实施的保障措施违反了不歧视原则，并将争端提交争端解决机构。以下哪种说法是正确的？
A. The Panel could still rule on claims not made by state B on the basis of their relevance.
一个。小组仍可根据B国提出的索赔的相关性对索赔作出裁决。
B. State A and State B must go through consultation, arbitration and mediation procedures in the settlement of disputes.
B. A国和B国在解决争端时必须经过协商、仲裁和调解程序。
C. The Dispute Settlement Body adopts the principle of "reverse unanimity" in its report on the settlement of disputes.
C. 争端解决机构在其关于解决争端的报告中采用“反向一致”原则。
D. If State A refuses to comply with the decision of the Appellate Body, State B may appeal to the Panel.
D. 如果A国拒绝遵守上诉机构的决定，B国可向专家组提出上诉。
C
1114. Both State A and State B are members of the World Trade Organization. State A imposed high anti-dumping duties on tires imported from State B, which caused heavy losses to tires exporters of State B. The government of State B lodged a complaint to the World Trade Organization. After the Panel and Appellate Body heard the case, State B won. Which of the following statement is true?
1114. A国和B国都是世界贸易组织的成员。A国对从B国进口的轮胎征收高额反倾销税，给B国的轮胎出口商造成重大损失。B国政府向世界贸易组织提出申诉。在专家组和上诉机构审理此案后，B国胜诉。以下哪项说法是正确的？
A. If State A fails to comply with the WTO ruling, State B may apply for enforcement.
一个。如果A国不遵守世贸组织的裁决，B国可以申请执行。
B. If State A fails to comply with the WTO ruling, State B may retaliate only in the case of tires.
B.如果A国不遵守世贸组织的裁决，B国只能对轮胎进行报复。
C. If State A fails to comply with the WTO ruling, State B may apply to the Dispute Settlement Body for authorization to retaliate.
C. 如果甲国不遵守世贸组织的裁决，乙国可以向争端解决机构申请授权进行报复。
D. The above-mentioned bodies can make a decision only after a thorough examination of the legal and factual aspects of the case.
D. 上述机构只有在彻底审查案件的法律和事实方面后才能作出决定。
C
二、多选
1120. Which ones of the agreements as following have given rise to disputes among the members of the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO after the establishment of it?
1120. 在世贸组织争端解决机构成立后，以下哪些协定在争端解决机构成员之间引起了争议？
A. Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization.
A. 建立世界贸易组织的协定。
B. Annexes to multilateral trade agreements.
B. 多边贸易协定附件。
C. Selected multilateral trade agreements.
C. 选定的多边贸易协定。
D. United Nations Convention on contracts for the international sale of goods.
D. 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》。
ABC
1118. Which statements are available for the settlement of trade disputes between members of the WTO?
1118. 世贸组织成员之间的贸易争端有哪些声明？
A. Review of appeals.
A. 对上诉的审查。
B. Cross retaliation.
B. 交叉报复。
C. Consultations.
C. 协商。
D. Good offices, mediation and conciliation.
D. 斡旋、调停与和解。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1119. With regard to the good offices, mediation and mediation procedures in the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO, which statements are correct?
1119. 关于世贸组织争端解决机制中的斡旋、调解和调解程序，哪些说法是正确的？
A. The program is secret and not time-bound.
一个。该计划是秘密的，没有时间限制。
B. The Panel does not have the authority to provide good offices, mediation and conciliation.
B.小组无权进行斡旋、调停和和解。
C. The director-general of the WTO may use his good offices, mediation and conciliation in accordance with his mandate.
C. 世贸组织总干事可根据其职权进行斡旋、调停和和解。
D. This procedure is mandatory and required.
D. 此程序是强制性的，并且是必需的。
AC
1115. Which statements as following describe the characteristics of the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO?
1115. 以下哪些陈述描述了世贸组织争端解决机制的特点？
A. The scope is limited to disputes over trade in goods.
一个。范围仅限于货物贸易纠纷。
B. The system provides strict procedural time limits.
B.该制度规定了严格的程序时限。
C. The system follows the principle of negative consensus.
C.系统遵循否定共识原则。
D. The scope is not limited to disputes over trade in goods.
D. 范围不限于货物贸易纠纷。
BCD
1116. With regard to the Panel procedure in the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO, which statements are correct?
1116. 关于世贸组织争端解决机制中的专家组程序，哪些说法是正确的？
A. It is the core procedure of the DSB.
一个。这是DSB的核心程序。
B. The Panel is normally composed of three persons or may be composed of five if the parties so agree.
B.小组通常由三人组成，如果当事各方同意，也可以由五人组成。
C. The final report of the Panel should normally be submitted to the Parties within six months.
C. 小组的最后报告通常应在六个月内提交缔约方。
D. For the adoption of the report of the Panel, the DSB applies the principle of reverse consensus.
D. 在通过小组报告时，争端解决机构采用反向协商一致原则。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1122. Which statements of the panel stage of the process of WTO dispute settlement are correct?
1122. 世贸组织争端解决进程专家组阶段的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The complaining party may request the formation of a panel only after the consultation fails to settle the dispute.
一个。只有在协商未能解决争议后，投诉方才能要求成立专家组。
B. The panel shall be composed of individuals whose governments are not the parties to the dispute unless the parties to the dispute agree otherwise.
B.小组应由其政府不是争端当事方的个人组成，除非争端当事方另有约定。
C. Three panelists compose a panel unless the parties agree to have five panelists.
C. 除非双方同意有五名小组成员，否则三名小组成员组成一个小组。
D. The secretariat proposes nominations for panels.
D. 秘书处提议小组成员的提名。
ABCD
ABCD公司
1121.Which statements with regard to the Appellate Body of the WTO as following are correct?
1121. 关于世贸组织上诉机构的以下哪些说法是正确的？
A. The Appellate Body is a permanent body.
一个。上诉机构是一个常设机构。
B. The Appellate Body examines the legal issues in the report of the panel of experts on appeal.
B.上诉机构审查上诉专家小组报告中的法律问题。
C. The Appellate Body May overturn the panel's findings of fact.
C. 上诉机构可以推翻专家组对事实的认定。
D. The parties to the dispute shall accept unconditionally the report of the Appellate Body.
D. 争端各方应无条件接受上诉机构的报告。
AB
1123. Which statements of the Appellate Body review of the process of WTO dispute settlement are correct?
1123. 上诉机构审查世贸组织争端解决程序的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The Appellate Body shall consider issues of both law and fact.
一个。上诉机构应审议法律和事实问题。
B. Its proceedings shall be confidential, and its reports shall be anonymous.
B.其议事程序应保密，其报告应匿名。
C. The Appellate Body may uphold, modify, or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of the panel.
C. 上诉机构可以维持、修改或推翻专家组的法律调查结果和结论。
D. The reports come into force on the day when made.
D. 报告自报告之日起生效。
BC
1124. The DSU has made a strict requirement on procedures with regard to the time limits for each stage either in penal proceedings, Appellate Body proceedings or other proceedings. Which statements in relation to the time limits are correct?
1124. DSU对刑事诉讼、上诉机构诉讼或其他诉讼中每个阶段的时限程序提出了严格的要求。关于时限的哪些陈述是正确的？
A. The period in which a panel conducts its examination shall usually not exceed six months.
一个。专家组进行审查的期限通常不得超过六个月。
B. The period in which a panel conducts its examination shall usually not exceed nine months.
B.专家组进行审查的期限通常不得超过九个月。
C. The period for appeal proceedings usually shall not exceed 90 days.
C. 上诉程序的期限通常不得超过90天。
D. The period for appeal proceedings usually shall not exceed 60 days.
D. 上诉程序的期限通常不得超过60天。
AD
1117. With regard to the implementation of decisions or recommendations of the DSB, which statements are correct?
1117. 关于执行争端解决机构的决定或建议，哪些说法是正确的？
A. The party found to be in breach of the relevant agreement shall, within a reasonable time, comply with the decision or recommendation of the Dispute Settlement Body.
一个。被认定违反相关协议的一方应在合理时间内遵守争端解决机构的决定或建议。
B. If the respondent fails to comply with the award or recommendation within a reasonable period of time, the complainant May, by way of retaliation authorized by the DSB, terminate the concession or other obligations to the respondent.
B.如果被投诉人未能在合理期限内遵守裁决或建议，投诉人可以通过DSB授权的报复方式终止对被投诉人的优惠或其他义务。
C. The level and scope of the termination of concessions or other obligations by the complainant in the event of retaliation should be commensurate with the harm suffered.
C. 投诉人在遭到报复时终止特许权或其他义务的程度和范围应与所遭受的损害相称。
D. The complainant has the discretion to terminate the level and scope of concessions and other obligations in the event of retaliation.
D. 如果遭到报复，投诉人有权自行决定终止减让的水平和范围以及其他义务。
ABC
1125. Under the cross-regulation mechanism under the WTO, if a Member took trade restrictions on the importation of steel products, which caused an effect in terms of nullification or impairment of the trade benefits of other Member under the WTO Agreement. Then the other Member shall be authorized to:
1125. 在世贸组织的交叉监管机制下，如果一个成员对钢铁产品的进口采取贸易限制，导致其他成员在世贸组织协定下的贸易利益无效或损害。然后，另一成员应被授权：
A. Take retaliation on the importation of steel products.
一个。对进口钢铁产品进行报复。
B. Take retaliation on the importation of cross-industry products.
B.对跨行业产品的进口进行报复。
C. Suspend its obligations under the GATT Agreement.
C. 中止其在《关贸总协定》下的义务。
D. Suspend its obligations under the GATS Agreement or the TRIPs Agreement.
D. 中止其根据《服务贸易总协定》或《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》承担的义务。
ABCD
ABCD公司
三、判断
1126. The jurisdiction of the WTO can be featured as a mandatory jurisdiction.
1126. 世贸组织的管辖权可以作为强制性管辖权。
T
1127. The Symbol of the Appellate Review in WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism is the Standing Appellate Body which is set up to check up the decision made by the panel.
1127. 世贸组织争端解决机制中上诉复审的标志是常设上诉机构，该机构旨在审查专家组作出的决定。
T
1128. The DSU emphasizes the importance of consultations in securing dispute resolution, requiring a Member to enter into consultations within 30 days of a request for consultations from another Member.
1128. DSU强调磋商在确保争端解决方面的重要性，要求一个成员在收到另一个成员的磋商请求后30天内进行磋商。
T
四、简答
1129. How to are settle trade disputes under WTO?
1129. 如何在世贸组织下解决贸易争端？
Settling disputes is the responsibility of the Dispute Settlement Body (the General Council in another guise), which consists of all WTO members. The Dispute Settlement Body has the sole authority to establish “panels” of experts to consider the case, and to accept or reject the panels’ findings or the results of an appeal. It monitors the implementation of the rulings and recommendations, and has the power to authorize retaliation when a country does not comply with a ruling.
解决争端是争端解决机构（另一种形式为总理事会）的责任，该机构由所有世贸组织成员组成。争端解决机构拥有设立专家“小组”审议案件的唯一权力，并接受或拒绝专家小组的调查结果或上诉结果。它监督裁决和建议的执行情况，并有权在一国不遵守裁决时授权进行报复。
1130.What stages will a dispute go through under the WTO Dispute Settlement System?
1130.在世贸组织争端解决机制下，争端将经历哪些阶段？
(1) First stage: consultation (up to 60 days).
（1）第一阶段：咨询（最多60天）。
(2) Second stage: the panel (up to 45 days for a panel to be appointed, plus 6 months for the panel to conclude)
（2） 第二阶段：小组（最多 45 天任命小组，加上 6 个月小组结束）
(3) Third stage: appeals (60-90 days for appeals report, plus 30 days for DSB to adopt appeals report)
（3）第三阶段：上诉（上诉报告60-90天，DSB通过上诉报告30天）
(4) Fourth stage: implementation.
（4）第四阶段：实施。