(!) Educators should be aware that, with the exception of the Grade 9 mathematics course, 2021 (MTH1W), the 2005 Mathematics curriculum for Grade 10 and the 2007 Mathematics curriculum for Grades 11-12 remain in effect. All secondary mathematics courses for Grades 10-12 will continue to be based on those documents. All references to Grade 9 that appear in The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9 and 10: Mathematics, 2005 and The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12: Mathematics, 2007 have been superseded by The Ontario Curriculum, Grade 9: Mathematics, 2021. Addenda have been issued to the Grade 10 MPM2D and MFM2P courses, to be implemented for the 2022-23 school year. 教育者应该知道,除了 9 年级数学课程 2021 年(MTH1W)外,2005 年 10 年级数学课程和 2007 年 11-12 年级数学课程仍然有效。所有 10-12 年级的中等数学课程将继续基于这些文件。在 2005 年《安大略省课程,9-10 年级:数学》和 2007 年《安大略省课程,11-12 年级:数学》中出现的所有 9 年级参考内容已被 2021 年《安大略省课程,9 年级:数学》取代。已发布针对 10 年级 MPM2D 和 MFM2P 课程的补充说明,将于 2022-23 学年实施。
SECONDARY 中学
Mathematics 数学
Version history rarr\rightarrow 版本历史 rarr\rightarrow
Glossary 术语表
! The definitions provided in this glossary are specific to the curriculum context in which the terms are used. 本词汇表中提供的定义仅适用于该课程的上下文。
A
algebraic expression 代数表达式
A collection of one or more terms involving variables, numbers, and operations. For example, the algebraic expression 5m5 m has one term, and 6x^(2)+xy-86 x^{2}+x y-8 has three terms. See also term, variable. 一个或多个涉及变量、数字和运算的术语的集合。例如,代数表达式 5m5 m 有一个术语, 6x^(2)+xy-86 x^{2}+x y-8 有三个术语。另见术语、变量。
appreciation 感激
An increase in value of an asset or a currency. 资产或货币的价值上升。
assumption 假设
A premise that a person believes to be true. 一个人相信为真的前提。
B
base 基础
A factor or the value in a power that is being repeatedly multiplied. For example, in the power 3^(5),33^{5}, 3 is the base. See also exponent, power. 被重复乘以的因子或幂中的值。例如,在幂 3^(5),33^{5}, 3 中 是底数。另请参见指数,幂。
box plot 箱线图
A graphic representation of the spread of a data set. A rectangle (box) shows the spread of the central half of the distribution, with the first quartile on the left edge, the third quartile on the right edge, and the median as a line within the box. Lines (whiskers) extend from the sides of the box to the lowest and highest values that are not outliers. Potential outliers are marked with a symbol beyond the whiskers. Also known as box-and-whisker plot. See also median, quartile values. 数据集传播的图形表示。一个矩形(框)显示了分布的中间一半的传播情况,左边缘是第一四分位数,右边缘是第三四分位数,框内有一条表示中位数的线段。从框的两侧延伸出的线条(须)到达最低和最高不被认为是异常值的值。可能的异常值用一个符号标出,位于须之外。也称为箱式图。另请参见中位数、四分位数值。
Lowest value 最低值
Greatest value 最大价值
budget 预算
An estimate or plan to manage income and expenses over a set period; for example, many people have a weekly or monthly budget. See also expenses, income. 对于在特定时期内管理收入和支出的估算或计划;例如,许多人都有每周或每月的预算。另请参阅支出、收入。 C\mathbf{C}
Cartesian plane 笛卡尔平面
A two-dimensional coordinate system divided into quadrants by a horizontal axis ( xx-axis) and a vertical axis ( yy-axis) intersecting at a point called the origin. The location of any point (x,y)(x, y) on the x-yx-y plane is described relative to the origin ( 0,0 ). For example, the point (3,4)(3,4) is located within the first quadrant, 3 units to the right of the yy-axis and 4 units above the xx-axis. 一个二维坐标系统由水平轴( xx 轴)和垂直轴( yy 轴)分为四个象限,在它们相交的点称为原点。任何点( (x,y)(x, y) )在 x-yx-y 平面上的位置都是相对于原点(0,0)描述的。例如,点( (3,4)(3,4) )位于第一象限,距 yy 轴向右 3 个单位,距 xx 轴向上 4 个单位。
characteristic 特征
A distinguishing trait or quality. For example, any line defined by x=kx=k has the characteristic of being a vertical line parallel to the yy-axis on the x-yx-y plane. 一个突出的特征或品质。例如,任何通过 x=kx=k 定义的线都具有垂直于 yy 轴平行的特性在 x-yx-y 平面上。
coding 编程
The process of writing computer programming instructions. 编写计算机编程指令的过程。
composite shape 复合形状
A shape composed of two or more basic shapes. 由两个或多个基本形状组成的形状。
conceptual understanding 概念理解
A deep understanding of mathematical ideas that goes beyond isolated facts and procedures to recognizing the connections between and usefulness of mathematical ideas in various contexts. For example, having a conceptual understanding of place value helps in understanding the various procedures involved when doing operations such as multiplying multi-digit or decimal numbers. 对数学思想的深入理解,超越了孤立的事实和程序,认识数学思想在各种情境中的联系和有用性。例如,对位值概念的理解有助于理解进行诸如乘以多位数或小数等运算时所涉及的各种程序。
cone 圆锥
A three-dimensional object with a circular base and a curved surface that tapers proportionally to an apex. See also three-dimensional object. 有一个圆形底座和一个成比例变窄的曲面的三维物体。也见三维物体。
constant 持续的
A part of an algebraic expression that does not change. For example, in the expression x+y=kx+y=\mathrm{k}, k represents a constant and xx and yy are the variables. When k is equal to 1,1 will remain the same, and the values of xx and yy can vary as long as they have a sum of 1 . See also algebraic expression, variable. 代数表达式中不变的部分。例如,在表达式 x+y=kx+y=\mathrm{k} 中,k 代表常数, xx 和 yy 是变量。当 k 等于 1 时,1 将保持不变,而 xx 和 yy 的值可以根据它们的和为 1 而变化。另请参阅代数表达式、变量。
constraint 约束
A restriction placed on the parameters upon which a subroutine or program works or in a loop to define the scope of the problem. 对子程序或程序工作的参数或循环中定义问题范围的限制。
D
density 密度
The concept that between any given two real numbers, there will always be another real number. Thus, there are infinitely many real numbers between any two real numbers. See also infinity, real number. 在任何两个给定的实数之间都会存在另一个实数的概念。因此在任何两个实数之间都有无穷多个实数。另见无穷大,实数。
dependent variable 因变量
A variable whose value depends on the value of another variable for a particular situation. For example, in the expression d=vtd=v t, distance (d)(d) depends on velocity (v)(v) and time (t)(t). In graphing, the dependent variable is usually represented on the vertical axis of a Cartesian plane. See also independent variable, variable. 其值取决于其他特定情况变量值的变量。例如,在表达式 d=vtd=v t 中,距离 (d)(d) 依赖于速度 (v)(v) 和时间 (t)(t) 。在制图中,因变量通常表示在笛卡尔平面的垂直轴上。另见独立变量,变量。
depreciation 折旧
A decrease in value of an asset or a currency. 资产或货币价值的下降。
dispersion 离散
The spread of values in a data set. 数据集中价值观的传播。
E\mathbf{E}
earning 赢得
Obtaining money in return for labour or services. See also income. 以劳动或服务换取金钱。另请参见收入。
equation 方程式
A mathematical statement that has equivalent expressions on either side of an equal sign. 等式两边表达式相等的数学语句。
evaluate 评估
To determine a value for an expression. 确定表达式的值。
expenses 费用
Things that one spends money on; for example, most adults’ expenses include food, shelter, utilities, and entertainment. 人们花钱的事物,例如成年人的开销通常包括食物、住房、公用事业和娱乐。
exponent 指数
The value in a power defining the operation on the base. For example, the exponent 3 , in the power 5^(3)5^{3}, defines that three 5 s are multiplied together. See also base, power. 指数定义了对底数的运算。例如,在幂 5^(3)5^{3} 中,指数 3 表示 5 乘以 3 次。另请参见底数、指数。
exponential decay 指数衰减
A decrease in a quantity over time, in which the quantity is diminished by a consistent fraction or percentage over a period of time. For example, when quantity nn decreases by half, the exponential decay can be written as n xx0.5n \times 0.5, n xx0.5 xx0.5,n xx0.5 xx0.5 xx0.5,n xx0.5 xx0.5 xx0.5 xx0.5,dotsn \times 0.5 \times 0.5, n \times 0.5 \times 0.5 \times 0.5, n \times 0.5 \times 0.5 \times 0.5 \times 0.5, \ldots to show the initial value of nn being halved in each time period. See also exponential growth. 在一段时间内,一个量的减少,量被以一个恒定的分数或百分比逐步减少。例如,当量 nn 减少一半时,指数衰减可以写成 n xx0.5n \times 0.5 , n xx0.5 xx0.5,n xx0.5 xx0.5 xx0.5,n xx0.5 xx0.5 xx0.5 xx0.5,dotsn \times 0.5 \times 0.5, n \times 0.5 \times 0.5 \times 0.5, n \times 0.5 \times 0.5 \times 0.5 \times 0.5, \ldots 来表示每个时间段初始值减半。另见指数增长。
exponential growth 指数增长
An increase in a quantity over time, in which the quantity is increased by a consistent multiple over a period of time. For example, when quantity nn doubles, the exponential growth can be written as n xx2,n xx2xx2,n xx2xx2xx2n \times 2, n \times 2 \times 2, n \times 2 \times 2 \times 2, n xx2xx2xx2xx2,dotsn \times 2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2, \ldots to show the initial value of nn being doubled in each time period. See also exponential decay. 在一段时间内数量的增加,数量在一段时间内以一致的倍数增加。例如,当数量 nn 翻一番时,指数增长可以写为 n xx2,n xx2xx2,n xx2xx2xx2n \times 2, n \times 2 \times 2, n \times 2 \times 2 \times 2 , n xx2xx2xx2xx2,dotsn \times 2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2, \ldots 以显示 nn 的初始值在每个时间段内翻一番。也请参见指数衰减。
expression 表情
A numeric or algebraic representation of a quantity. An expression may include numbers, variables, and operations; for example, 3+7,2x-13+7,2 x-1. See also algebraic expression. 数值或代数表示的量。表达式可能包括数字、变量和运算;例如, 3+7,2x-13+7,2 x-1 。另请参见代数表达式。
F\mathbf{F}
fraction 分数
A number in the form (a)/(b)\frac{a}{b}, in which the numerator aa and the denominator bb are integers and b!=0b \neq 0. For example, (1)/(2),(17)/(10),(3)/(3)\frac{1}{2}, \frac{17}{10}, \frac{3}{3}, and (-1)/(4)\frac{-1}{4} are all fractions. See also rational number. (a)/(b)\frac{a}{b} 和 bb 都是整数且 b!=0b \neq 0 的数字形式。例如, (1)/(2),(17)/(10),(3)/(3)\frac{1}{2}, \frac{17}{10}, \frac{3}{3} 和 (-1)/(4)\frac{-1}{4} 都是分数。也参见有理数。
G\mathbf{G}
generalize 概括
To make a statement that is consistent with all specific instances. 制定一个与所有具体实例一致的陈述。
geometric property 几何性质
An attribute that remains the same for a class of objects or shapes. For example, an attribute for any parallelogram is that its opposite sides are of equal length. 对于一类对象或形状而言保持不变的属性。例如,任何平行四边形的属性是它的对边长度相等。
growing pattern 生长模式
A pattern that involves an increase from term to term. A growing pattern that has a constant increase from term to term, such as 3,7,11,15,dots3,7,11,15, \ldots, is an example of a linear growing pattern. A growing pattern that does not have a constant increase from term to term, such as 3,6,12,21,dots3,6,12,21, \ldots is an example of a non-linear growing pattern. See also shrinking pattern. 从项到项都呈现增长的模式。如 3,7,11,15,dots3,7,11,15, \ldots 这种每项增量都相同的增长模式,就是线性增长模式的例子。而 3,6,12,21,dots3,6,12,21, \ldots 这种每项增量不相同的增长模式,就是非线性增长模式的例子。另请参见缩减模式。
income 收入
Money that an individual receives in exchange for work or from investments. See also earning. 个人为工作或投资所获得的金钱。另见收益。
independent variable 独立变量
A variable for which values are not dependent on the values of other variables. For example, in the expression b=2+c,cb=2+c, c is the independent variable because it does not depend on another variable for its value. In graphing, the independent variable is usually represented on the horizontal axis of a Cartesian plane. See also dependent variable. 一个独立变量的值不取决于其他变量的值。例如,在表达式 b=2+c,cb=2+c, c 中,是独立变量,因为它的值不依赖于另一个变量。在绘图中,独立变量通常表示在笛卡尔平面的水平轴上。另请参见依赖变量。
inequality 不平等
The relationship between two expressions or values that are not equal, indicating with a sign whether one is less than (<), greater than (>), or not equal to ( !=\neq ) another. An inequality can include an equal component such as less than or equal to ( <= )(\leq) and greater than or equal to ( >= )(\geq). For example, a < ba<b means aa is less than bb and a >= ba \geq b means aa is greater than or equal to bb. See also equation. 两个表达式或值之间的关系不相等,用符号表示其中一个小于(<)、大于(>)或不等于(0)另一个。不等式可以包含等号,如小于或等于 0 和大于或等于 0。例如,0 表示 0 小于 0,0 表示 0 大于或等于 0。另请参见等式。
infinity 无穷
The state of having no end or limit. For example, the set of even numbers or the set of rational numbers cannot be counted. A pattern or expression is said to approach infinity if the value can always be made larger than any given value. 没有终点或限制的状态。例如,偶数集合或有理数集合无法计数。如果某个值总能大于给定的任何值,则称该模式或表达式趋向于无穷大。
initial value 初始值
The value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is equal to zero. For example, in the expression c=50+2bc=50+2 b, when b=0,c=50b=0, c=50. See also dependent variable, independent variable, rate of change. 当独立变量等于零时, 从属变量的值。例如, 在表达式 c=50+2bc=50+2 b 中, 当 b=0,c=50b=0, c=50 。也请参见从属变量、独立变量、变化率。
integer 整数
Any one of the numbers …, -4,-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4,dots-4,-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4, \ldots. Integers are the entire set of whole numbers and their opposites (negative numbers). 任何一个数字..., -4,-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4,dots-4,-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4, \ldots 。整数是整个集合的整数和它们的对立面(负数)。
irrational number 无理数
A real number that is not a rational number. Thus, it is a number that cannot be represented as a fraction, and when expressed as a decimal it does not terminate or repeat; for example, sqrt5\sqrt{5}, pi. 非理性数。因此,它不能表示为分数,并且当以小数形式表示时,不会终止或重复;例如, sqrt5\sqrt{5} ,π。
K
knowledge systems 知识系统
Knowledge systems are developed over time by specific groups of people in particular locations around the world and passed on from generation to generation. A range of knowledge systems, including the rich diversity of Indigenous knowledge systems, shares related world views on key core values, beliefs, and practices and reflects the depth of locally held knowledge that is often rooted in a culture and place. 知识体系随时间的推移而发展,由世界各地特定群体在特定地点发展,并代代相传。一系列知识体系,包括丰富多样的原住民知识体系,在关键核心价值观、信仰和实践上分享相关的世界观,反映了深植于文化和地域的本地知识。
Understanding various knowledge systems is necessary for more than culturally relevant or responsive education because for some cultures and communities, such as diverse Indigenous peoples from around the world, the knowledge is connected to the land and part of a collective history and contemporary knowledge and perspectives. 了解各种知识体系对于文化相关或回应性教育而不仅是必要的,因为对于某些文化和社区,如世界各地的多样化土著人民,知识与土地相连,是集体历史和当代知识与观点的一部分。
L\mathbf{L}
limit 限制
The long-term behaviour of a pattern or function, or the result as the number of terms increases. For example, the limit of the value of (a)/(b)\frac{a}{b} (for positive values of aa and bb ) as bb approaches 0 is infinity. 模式或函数的长期行为,或项数增加时的结果。例如,当 bb 接近 0 时, (a)/(b)\frac{a}{b} (对于 aa 和 bb 的正值)的值的极限为无穷大。
Linear relation 线性关系
A relation between two variables that appears as a straight line when graphed on a coordinate system. May also be referred to as a linear function. 在坐标系中以直线显示的两个变量之间的关系。也可称为线性函数。
M\mathbf{M}
mathematical model 数学模型
A representation of a mathematical idea. For example, a number line is a model of a mathematical idea, as it shows the order and magnitude of numbers. 2) A mathematical solution to a complex real-life situation, created through the mathematical modelling process. 数学理念的表达。例如,数轴是数学理念的模型,因为它显示了数字的顺序和大小。2) 通过数学建模过程创造出的对复杂现实生活情况的数学解决方案。
mathematical modelling process 数学建模过程
An iterative and interconnected process of using mathematics to represent, analyse, make predictions, and provide insight into real-life situations. This process involves four components: understanding the problem, analysing the situation, creating a mathematical model, and analysing and assessing the model. 一种迭代和互连的过程,使用数学来表示、分析、做出预测并深入了解现实生活中的情况。这个过程包含四个组成部分:理解问题、分析情况、创建数学模型,以及分析和评估模型。
mathematical processes, the 数学过程,
The set of interconnected actions involved in doing mathematics. In the Ontario mathematics curriculum, the seven mathematical processes are problem solving, reasoning and proving, representing, reflecting, selecting tools and strategies, connecting, and communicating. 从事数学活动所涉及的一系列互相关联的行动。在安大略省数学课程中,七个数学过程包括问题解决、推理和证明、表征、反思、选择工具和策略、联系以及交流。
mean 平均的
One of the measures of central tendency. The mean represents the value that each piece of data would have if the data were evenly distributed. It can be calculated by adding up all the numbers and then dividing the result by the number of numbers in the set. For example, the mean of 10,20 , and 60 is (10+20+60)-:3=30(10+20+60) \div 3=30. Also called average. See also measures of central tendency, median, mode. 集中趋势的一个度量指标。平均数表示如果数据均匀分布,每个数据点的值。可以通过将所有数字相加,然后除以数字集中的数量来计算。例如,10、20 和 60 的平均数是 (10+20+60)-:3=30(10+20+60) \div 3=30 。也称为平均值。另请参见集中趋势的度量指标、中位数、众数。
measurement system 测量系统
A collection of measurement units and rules that define these units’ relationships to each other. 一系列测量单位和定义这些单位之间关系的规则。
measures of central tendency 中心趋势测量
A set of measures that represent the approximate centre of a set of data. Mean, median, and mode are all measures of central tendency. See also mean, median, mode. 一组代表一组数据的近似中心的度量。平均值、中值和众数都是中心趋势的度量。另见平均值、中位数、众数。
median 中位数
One of the measures of central tendency. The median is the middle value of a list of numbers sorted in ascending or descending order. For example, 14 is the median for the set of numbers 7,9,14,21,397,9,14,21,39. If there is an even number of data values, then the median is the average of the two middle values. See also mean, measures of central tendency, mode. 中心趋势的度量之一。中值是按升序或降序排列的数字列表的中间值。例如,14 是集合 7,9,14,21,397,9,14,21,39 的中值。如果数据值的数量是偶数,则中值是两个中间值的平均值。另请参阅均值、中心趋势的度量、众数。
mixed number 混合数
A number that is composed of an integer and a fraction; for example, -8(1)/(4)-8 \frac{1}{4}. 由整数和小数组成的数字;例如, -8(1)/(4)-8 \frac{1}{4} 。 N\mathbf{N}
non-linear relation 非线性关系
A relation between two variables that does not appear as a straight line when graphed on a coordinate system. 在坐标系上图示时不呈现为直线的两个变量之间的关系。
number system 数字系统
A way in which number relationships are defined. For example, the base ten number system includes the digits 0 to 9 , and the relationship of one place value to the next is a multiple of 10. 数字关系的定义方式。例如,十进制数系统包括数字 0 到 9,下一个位值与前一个位值的关系是 10 的倍数。
P\mathbf{P}
parameter 参数
A special type of variable used in the definition of a subprogram, which defines the values that are inputted when the subprogram is executed. 在子程序定义中使用的一种特殊类型的变量,它定义了在执行子程序时输入的值。
percent 百分之
A ratio with a second term of 100. A percent is expressed using the symbol %. For example, 30%30 \% means 30 out of 100 . A percent can be represented by a fraction with a denominator of 100; for example, 30%=(30)/(100)30 \%=\frac{30}{100}. 第二项为 100 的比率。百分比使用符号%表示。例如, 30%30 \% 表示 100 中的 30。百分比可以用分数表示,分母为 100;例如, 30%=(30)/(100)30 \%=\frac{30}{100} 。
point of intersection 交点
The point at which two or more lines or curves cross. Two lines may have one point of intersection, no points of intersection, or an infinite number of points that intersect. 两条或多条线条或曲线相交的点。两条线可能有一个交点、没有交点,或者有无数个交点。
population 人口
The total number of individuals or items under consideration in a surveying or sampling activity. 在调查或抽样活动中考虑的个人或物品的总数。
power 力量
A number written in exponential form. For example, in the power 2^(5)2^{5}, the base is 2 and the exponent is 5 . See also base, exponent. 以指数形式书写的数字。例如,在幂 2^(5)2^{5} 中,底数是 2,指数是 5。另请参阅底数、指数。
prism 棱镜
A three-dimensional object with two parallel and congruent faces. A prism is named by the shape of its bases, for example, rectangle-based prism, trianglebased prism. See also three-dimensional object. 具有两个平行且相等面的三维物体。棱柱按其底面的形状命名,例如矩形棱柱、三角形棱柱。另见三维物体。
Rectangle-Based Prisms 长方体
probability 概率
The likelihood that an event will occur. Probability is often represented as a percentage between 0 and 100 or as a decimal between 0 and 1. 事件发生的可能性。概率通常以 0 到 100 之间的百分比或 0 到 1 之间的小数形式表示。
procedural fluency 操作流利
The ability to use procedures in an accurate, efficient, and flexible way to solve problems. 准确、高效和灵活地使用程序来解决问题的能力。
Q
quantitative data 定量数据
Data that is numerical and acquired through counting or measuring; for example, number of sides of a three-dimensional object or amount of rainfall in a season. 通过计数或测量获得的数值数据,例如三维物体的边数或一个季节的降雨量。
quartile values 四分位数值
Values that divide a sequenced data set into four parts, each of which represents 25%25 \% of the data falling within that range. For example, 25%25 \% of the data is below the point that defines the first quartile, which is the middle number between the smallest number in the data set and the median. See also box plot. 将数据集分为四个部分的值,每个部分代表 25%25 \% 数据集中的数据。例如, 25%25 \% 的数据位于第一个四分位数点下方,这是数据集中最小数值与中位数之间的中间数。另请参见箱形图。
quotient 商
The result of a division. 除法的结果。
R\mathbf{R}
rate 费率
A comparison, or a type of ratio, of two measurements with different units; for example, 100km//h,10kg//m^(3),20L//100km100 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}, 10 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}, 20 \mathrm{~L} / 100 \mathrm{~km}. See also ratio. 两个单位不同的测量值之间的比较,或者一种比率;例如, 100km//h,10kg//m^(3),20L//100km100 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}, 10 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}, 20 \mathrm{~L} / 100 \mathrm{~km} 。另请参见比率。
rate of change 变化率
The change in one variable relative to the change in another. The slope of a line represents a constant rate of change. See also slope. 一个变量相对于另一个变量的变化。直线的斜率代表恒定的变化率。另见斜率。
ratio 比率
A comparison of quantities with the same units. A ratio can be expressed in ratio form or in fraction form, for example, 3:4 or (3)/(4)\frac{3}{4}. 具有相同单位的数量之比。可以用比例形式或分数形式表示比率,例如 3:4 或 (3)/(4)\frac{3}{4} 。
rational number 有理数
A number that can be expressed as a quotient of two integers where the divisor is not zero. It can also be represented as a decimal number that either repeats or terminates. For example, (1)/(3)\frac{1}{3} or 0.3333 dots,(17)/(10)0.3333 \ldots, \frac{17}{10} or 1.7,(3)/(3)1.7, \frac{3}{3} or 1 , and (-1)/(4)\frac{-1}{4} or -0.25 are rational numbers. See also fraction, quotient. 可以表示为两个整数的商且除数不等于零的数。它也可以表示为要么重复要么终止的十进制数。例如, (1)/(3)\frac{1}{3} 或 0.3333 dots,(17)/(10)0.3333 \ldots, \frac{17}{10} 或 1.7,(3)/(3)1.7, \frac{3}{3} 或 1,以及 (-1)/(4)\frac{-1}{4} 或-0.25 都是有理数。另请参见分数、商。
real number 实数
A rational or irrational number. See also rational number, irrational number. 有理数或无理数。另请参见有理数、无理数。
reflection 反射
A transformation that flips points over a line, such as the xx-axis or yy-axis, such that the reflected point and the original point are the same distance perpendicularly from the line of reflection. 一个变换,它将点翻转到一条直线上,如 xx 轴或 yy 轴,使得反射点和原始点垂直于反射线的距离相同。
regression 回归
A statistical method for determining the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable for a set of data. 确定一组数据中因变量与自变量之间关系的统计方法。
relation 关系
An identified relationship between two variables that may be expressed as a table of values, a graph, or an equation. 两个变量之间可以用数值表、图形或方程式表示的已确定关系。
S\mathbf{S}
sample 样本
A subset of a population. See also population, subset. 一个群体的子集。另见群体、子集。
scatter plot 散点图
A graph designed to show a relationship between corresponding numbers from two sets of data measurements associated with a single object or event; for example, a graph of data about students’ marks and the corresponding amounts of study time. Drawing a scatter plot involves plotting ordered pairs on a coordinate grid. 用于显示单个对象或事件的两组数据测量之间关系的图形;例如,学生成绩和相应学习时间的图形。绘制散点图涉及在坐标网格上绘制有序对。
scientific notation 科学记数法
A way of expressing a very large or very small number in terms of a decimal number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. For example, 690890000 000 is 6.9089 xx10^(11)6.9089 \times 10^{11} in scientific notation, and 0.000279 is 2.79 xx10^(-4)2.79 \times 10^{-4}. See also power. 在 1 和 10 之间的十进制数乘以 10 的幂的方式来表示非常大或非常小的数字。例如,690890000 000 的科学记数法为 6.9089 xx10^(11)6.9089 \times 10^{11} ,0.000279 的科学记数法为 2.79 xx10^(-4)2.79 \times 10^{-4} 。另请参见指数。
set 设置
A collection of elements that fulfil specific criteria. 满足特定标准的一组元素。
shrinking pattern 收缩模式
A pattern that involves a decrease from term to term. A shrinking pattern such as -3,-7,-11,-15-3,-7,-11,-15 is linear since there is a constant decrease of 4 from term to term. This type of shrinking pattern is also known as a decreasing pattern. A shrinking pattern such as 40,20,10,5,2.540,20,10,5,2.5 is an example of a shrinking pattern that is non-linear, since the decrease from term to term is not constant. See also growing pattern. 一种涉及从项到项递减的模式。例如 -3,-7,-11,-15-3,-7,-11,-15