民国校长
Principal of the Republic of China

张伯芬一人一校一国家 ZIHANGBG
Zhang Bofen is one person, one school, one country, ZIHANGBG

张伯苓等
Zhang Boling et al

著

他们出生于晚清乱世，流离于民国战火却以弱身御强世
They were born in the troubled times of the late Qing Dynasty, and they were displaced from the war of the Republic of China but resisted the strong world with weak bodies

为时代引路，开风气之先
Lead the way for the times and open up the atmosphere

对学生教之导之、帮之扶之、惜之爱之
Teach and guide students, help them, and cherish them

他们个性分明、风骨卓然宛如静默的灯塔
They have distinct personalities and outstanding personalities, like beacons of silence

擦亮学生心灵，照亮一方河山
Polishing the hearts of students and illuminating the rivers and mountains

中国文史出版社
China Literature and History Publishing House

張伯芬一人一校一国家 ZHANGBOLING
ZHANG BOFEN IS ONE PERSON, ONE SCHOOL, ONE COUNTRY, ZHANGBOLING

张伯苓等著 YIREN YIXIAO YIGUOJIA
ZHANG BOLING WAITED FOR YIREN YIXIAO YIGUOJIA

中国文史出版社 CHINA CULTURAL AND HISTORICALPRESS
CHINA CULTURAL AND HISTORICALPRESS

图书在版编目（CIP）数据
Book-in-Print Cataloging (CIP) data

张伯苓：一人一校一国家/张伯苓等著.一一北京：中国文史出版社，2018.1
Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country / Zhang Boling and so onBeijing: China Literature and History Publishing House, 2018.1

ISBN 978-7-5205-0602-1

I.①张Ⅱ①张Ⅲ①张伯苓（1876-1951）一传记IV.①K825.46
I. (1) Zhang II. (1) Zhang III. (1) Zhang Boling (1876-1951) - Biography IV①K825.46

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2018）第230917号责任编辑：梁玉梅
CIP Data Verification (2018) No. 230917 Editor-in-charge: Liang Yumei

出版发行：中国文史出版社
Publisher: China Literature and History Publishing House

社电传印经开印字版印定
The social telex printing was printed by the opening printing plate

址：北京市海淀区西八里庄69号院邮编：100142 话：010-811366068113660281136603（发行部）真：010-81136655
Address: No. 69, Xibalizhuang, Haidian District, BeijingZip code: 100142 Words: 010-811366068113660281136603 (Issuance Department) Fax: 010-81136655

装：北京温林源印刷有限公司销：全国新华书店
Load: Beijing Wenlinyuan Printing Co., Ltd. Sales: National Xinhua Bookstore

本：16开张：16.5
Ben: 16 Opening: 16.5

数：243千字
Count: 243 thousand words

次：2019年3月北京第1版次：2019年3月第1次印刷价：49.80元
Time: March 2019 Beijing 1st Edition: March 2019 1st printing price: 49.80Meta

文史版图书，版权所有，侵权必究。
Literature and history edition of the book, all rights reserved, infringement must be investigated.

文史版图书，印装错误可与发行部联系退换。
For the literature and history edition of the book, the printing error can contact the distribution department to return it.

一上人编
Edited by a master

校国家
School Nation

003

009

目录 CONTENTS
CONTENTS

窗

第一章先生凤志，教育救国结婚四十年自述/4
Chapter 1 Mr. Feng Zhi, Education to Save the Country and Marry for 40 Years Self-report/4

第二章旧中国，新南开南开学校的教育宗旨和方法/10
Chapter 2 The Educational Purpose and Methods of Old China, New Nankai Nankai School/10

旧中国之新希望与旧南开之新责任/13 南开精神，即“为公”二字／16
The New Hope of Old China and the New Responsibility of Old Nankai/13 The spirit of Nankai, that is, the word "for the public"/16

教育宗旨由本国情而定/19 本学期之政策/23
The purpose of education is determined by the national situation/19 Policy of the semester/23

欢迎校董，与南开共长进／27
Welcome to the school manager, and grow together with Nankai/27

香山会议之议题／31 本校教育政策/33
Agenda of the Xiangshan Conference/31 Education Policy of the University/33

寄语出版部：定准方针向前走/35
Message to the Publications Department: Set the right course to move forward/35

事无大小，全在精神／36 改造南开/39
No matter how big or small, it's all in the spirit/36 Transforming Nankai/39

振兴实业，增进物质文明／41
Revitalizing industry and enhancing material civilization/41

当前的时局及南开的训练方针/43 社会调查的目的和组织／45
The current situation and Nankai's training policy/43 The purpose and organization of social surveys/45

立志、冒险、前进/47 今后南开的新使命／49 教育发展，力求质精/52 我们要振作起来/54
Determination, Adventure, Progress/47 Nankai's New Mission in the Future/49 Educational Development, Striving for Quality/52 We Must Cheer Up/54

南开的精神愈益奋励／62
The spirit of Nankai is becoming more and more inspiring/62

南方之南，开展其伟大之生命／63
The south of the south, unfolds its great life/63

四十年南开学校之回顾／65 世界、中国、南开/80
Review of Nankai School in the Past Forty Years/65 World, China, Nankai/80

083

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年德智体三育并进而不偏废／84
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you need to rely on the moral, intellectual, and physical education of young people, and then not be biased/84

舞台、学校和世界/86 改正过错/88
The Stage, the School, and the World/86 Correcting Mistakes/88

诚，一切道德事业之本源／90 中国人所最缺者为体育／92 欲强中国，端赖新少年/95
Sincerity, the origin of all moral undertakings/90 What the Chinese lack most is sports/92 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the new youth/95

以社会之进步为教育之目的/97 做事之方法/100
The purpose of education is the progress of society/97 Methods of doing things/100

教育者当注重人格感化/102 青年的择业、婚姻和信仰/103 交友之道/104
Educators should pay attention to personality reform/102 Young people's choice of career, marriage and faith/103 The way to make friends/104

奋斗即是生活的方法/106
Struggle is the way to live/106

熏陶人格是根本/109 学行合一/112
Nurturing the personality is fundamental/109 Unity of learning and doing/112

学生的自立基础/115
Foundation of Student's Self-Reliance/115

129

提倡课外学术观摩会/116 对于南开校友的展望/117 认识环境，努力干去/120 南开校友与中国前途/125
Advocating Extracurricular Academic Observation Meetings/116 Prospects for Nankai Alumni/117 Understanding the Environment and Working Hard/120 Nankai Alumni and China's Future/125

第四章改造中国，睡狮方醒
Chapter 4 Transforming China, Sleeping Lion Wakes Up

吾之救国药/130 救国在教育/133
My National Salvation Medicine/130 National Salvation in Education/133

中国之第一要策，在于培养干才／134 改造中国，须去旧材料用新方法/136 中国的富强之路/138
China's No. 1 Policy is to Cultivate Talents/134 To transform China, we must remove old materials and use new methods/136 China's Road to Prosperity and Strength/138

坚卓不拔发展进取/143
Perseverance, development and enterprising/143

在舒城，着手负责任事业／145 教育为解决一切困难之妙物/147 中国之将来希望，纯在人才／149
In Shucheng, embark on a responsible cause/145 Education is a wonderful thing to solve all difficulties/147 China's future hope lies in talents/149

中国革命与改造及吾人今后之机会与责任／151 认清目标，竞先生未竟之业／153
China's Revolution and Transformation and Our Future Opportunities and Responsibilities/151 Recognize the goal, Mr. Jing's unfinished business/153

吾人应有之认识与努力／154 进发前进，创造新中国／161 中国教育之两大需要/162 访美感想/164
Our Proper Understanding and Efforts/154 Forge Ahead and Create a New China/161 The Two Needs of Chinese Education/162 Thoughts on Visiting the United States/164

运动会的缘起和发展/168
The Origin and Development of the Games/168

教育为改造中国之根本办法/170 中国之现状／173
Education as the Fundamental Way to Transform China/170 The Present Situation of China/173

回顾过去，瞻望将来／175 今后之我国体育／176
Looking back on the past and looking forward to the future/175 The future of sports in our country/176

唯有全民参政，才能大公无私／178
Only when the whole people participate in politics can they be impartial/178

195

183

第五章先生早年，弃武从教先生幼年，颖异过人张锡/184
Chapter 5 Mr. Early years, abandoned martial arts and taught Mr. Young Years, Ying Wei was superior Zhang Xi/184

悲甲午之痛，誓言弃武从教张锡祚/186 亲睹国帜三易，痛心外侮王斗瞻／189 必须改造人曹汉奇/191
Grieved the pain of Jiawu, vowed to abandon the martial arts and follow the religion Zhang Xizuo/186 Seeing the Three Changes of the National Flag, Saddening the Foreign Insult Wang Douzhan/189 Cao Hanqi must be reformed/191

第六章南开学校，风雨兼程南开兴学，蒸蒸日上张锡祚／196 南开的戏剧和体育张锡祚/200 在抗战的疾风骤雨中张锡祚/202 抗战胜利，南开复校张锡祚/209
Chapter 6 Nankai School, Wind and Rain and Nankai School, Thriving Zhang Xizuo/196 Nankai's Drama and Sports Zhang Xizuo/200 In the Storm of the Anti-Japanese WarZhang Xizuo/202 The Anti-Japanese War was victorious, and Nankai resumed schoolZhang Xizuo/209

先生兴学，势如春笋，展拓蒸蒸王斗瞻/216 移步换景逛南开黄钰生/219
Mr. Xingxue, the momentum is like mushrooms, Zhan Tuo steaming Wang Douzhan / 216 Move to change the scenery and visit Nankai Huang Yusheng / 219

早年的南开，教育很扎实黄钰生/224 南开是个家庭学校黄钰生/227
In the early years of Nankai, education was very solid, Huang Yusheng/224 Nankai is a homeschool, Huang Yusheng/227

南开精神：干、干、干杨肖彭/232
Nankai Spirit: Dry, Dry, Dry Yang Xiaopeng / 232

东北沦陷，印《东北经济地理》何炳棣／236
The Fall of Northeast China, He Bingdi/236, Economic Geography of Northeast China

239

第七章作为教育家的张伯苓父亲早期的教育思想张锡祚/240
Chapter 7 Zhang Boling's Early Educational Thoughts as an Educator Zhang Xizuo/240

先生办学，侧重“人才教育”“领袖教育”王斗瞻／243 教育救国，苓之夙志王斗瞻／245
Mr. runs a school, focusing on "talent education" and "leadership education" Wang Douzhan /243 Education to save the country, Ling Zhizhi dreams of Wang Douzhan / 245

对青年人热情，让人乐于接近杨肖彭／249 复校之志弥坚杨肖彭/250
Enthusiasm for young people, people are happy to approach Yang Xiaopeng/249 The ambition of resuming schoolYang Xiaopeng/250

私立学校如南开者，不可多得杨鸿烈/252
Private schools such as those in Nankai are rare to be rewarded with Yang Honglie/252

上编
Part I

一人一校一国家
One person, one school, one country

第一章
Chapter I

先生夙志，教育救国
Mr. long-cherished ambition, education to save the country

结婚四十年自述
Forty years of marriage

我本是出身于寒士家庭中的一个子弟，父亲是一个教书的先生。教书的和穷字向来不分家，所以同时我的母亲，还要用十指来帮忙她的丈夫，去接收一点外活来做做。我有两个妹妹，一位嫁了马千里，一位嫁了一个姓黄的。一个弟弟，那便是仲述。当然完全是一个旧家庭。
I was originally a child of a Hanshi family, and my father was a teacher. There has always been no separation between the teacher and the poor, so at the same time, my mother has to use her ten fingers to help her husband and take on a little work to do. I have two younger sisters, one is married to Ma Qianli, and the other is married to a person surnamed Huang. A younger brother, that is Zhongshu. Totally an old family, of course.

在我十九岁的时候，我就结婚了，也就在那年冬天，我的第一个太太就死去了，从结婚到续弦，中间不过十八天的工夫。那十八天，就从糊里糊涂中过去。我常想，假若我是一个女人，而又是在旧环境中，过了糊里糊涂的十八天，便要一辈子糊里糊涂地守节守了下去，岂不是一件笑话。但我们可以想到这种笑话中的主人，是随时随地不难找到的。
I was married when I was nineteen years old, and that winter my first wife died, and it took only eighteen days between my marriage and my renewal. Those eighteen days passed in the confusion. I often think that if I were a woman, and I was in the old environment, after eighteen days of confusion, I would have to keep the festival in a foolish way for the rest of my life, wouldn't it be a joke. But we can think of the owner in this kind of joke, which is not difficult to find anytime and anywhere.

我到二十一岁的阴历正月二十一日，又和现在的太太结了婚。向来续弦，一定丈夫比妻子要大。但我们却是例外，她却比我大了三岁「1。她的父亲，和我父亲的职业是一样的，也是教书的，这正称得起是门当户对。
On the twenty-first day of the first lunar month when I was twenty-one years old, I married my current wife again. It has always been that the husband must be older than the wife. But we were the exception, she was three years older than me"1. Her father, who had the same profession as my father, was also a teacher, which was a good match.

她到我家的时候，我的弟弟仲述，才不过四岁，她常把他背在身上的。*本文是1935年2月24日张伯苓在他举行的结婚四十周年纪念会时，对《益世报·社会服务版》记者的谈话记录。
When she came to my house, my younger brother Zhongshu was only four years old, and she often carried him on her back. *This article is a transcript of a conversation Zhang Boling held on February 24, 1935 at the 40th anniversary of his marriage to the reporter of Yishi Bao Social Service Edition.

[1】张伯苓之妻名王淑贞，1873年生，比张伯苓大三岁。 4张伯苓：一人一校一国家
[1] Zhang Boling's wife's name is Wang Shuzhen, born in 1873, three years older than Zhang Boling. 4 Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

我的母亲，是一个心地很慈善的老太太，不过喜欢爽快，脾气有点躁。家里又没有钱。那个环境，确实是不大容易对付，但是她向来没和我说过一句话，关于她的任何困难。家里实在没钱用了，我的母亲有时就拿自已和她的东西去当，她知道家里的贫乏和婆母的苦心，她为安慰老人，假作不知。她向来不看重物质，所以也并不寻找，而母亲等到有钱的时候，便又悄悄地赎出来，给她放在原处。例如这种事，她并不告诉我知道。到了后来家境稍为充裕了，她并不再感觉困难了，才渐渐地当闲话，偶尔和我谈谈。我才知道过去母亲和她都曾经受过许多艰难。
My mother is a very charitable old lady, but she likes to be cheerful and has a bit of a bad temper. There is no money at home. It was true that the environment was not easy to deal with, but she never said a word to me about any of her difficulties. There was really no money at home, and my mother sometimes took herself and her things as a pawn, she knew the poverty of the family and the hard work of her mother-in-law, and she pretended not to know in order to comfort the elderly. She had never valued material things, so she did not look for them, and when her mother waited until she had money, she quietly ransomed it out and put it in her place. For example, she didn't tell me to know. Later, when the family was a little more prosperous, she no longer felt difficult, so she gradually gossiped and talked to me occasionally. I learned that my mother and she had been through a lot of hardships in the past.

我那时正在北洋水师学堂，常在船上，不能常回家。如果回家的时候，她尽说许多足以使我愁烦的家庭琐事，岂不两个人就减少了快乐，反觉得索然了吗？要是她再哭一场，我真不知将何以自处，但她并不如此，她始终认定了只有夫妇俩的情感要紧，其余都可以不管，所以便一切索性不说。这算盘打得我以为顶对，顶对！我觉得她最可以称道的，就是她应付旧家庭甚为得体而又不使我知道一点的这一点。
At that time, I was in the Beiyang Naval Academy, and I was often on the boat, so I couldn't go home often. If, when she came home, she talked about many trivial household matters that were enough to annoy me, wouldn't the two of them be less happy and feel uneasy? If she cried again, I really didn't know how to deal with herself, but she didn't, she always decided that only the couple's emotions mattered, and the rest could be left alone, so she simply didn't say anything. This abacus made me think that the top is right, the top is right! I think the most commendable thing about her is that she coped with the old family very well without letting me know a little bit.

我自已是一个办教育的人，办教育自然也就是教书，教书不能发财，办教育也就不能发财。当我自已开始养家时，我就告诉她，钱不要花过了头，尤其不要使我分心去想家里的钱不够花，所以几十年之内，我家里在极经济的支付状况下，是无时无钱的，说不定，也许是我给的过多了罢？的确，她向来不曾和我提过一个钱字。这一点，帮助我很大。假使她不能不向我提钱，而我又时时为家里用钱打算，我也就不会专心于我的教育事业了，特别是在赚钱还不多的时候。钱，这个东西，是没个够的，那要看你怎么用。
I myself am a person who runs education, and running education is naturally teaching, and if you can't make a fortune by teaching, you can't make a fortune by running education. When I started to support my family, I told her not to overspend the money, especially not to distract me from thinking that the family did not have enough money to spend, so for decades, my family was in a very economical situation of payment, and I was always without money. Indeed, she never mentioned money to me. This has helped me a lot. If she couldn't help but ask me for money, and I was always thinking about the family's money, I wouldn't have been able to concentrate on my education, especially when I didn't have much money. Money, this thing, is not enough, it depends on how you use it.

她持家常然十分节俭，但对我却很优厚，例如她在这四十年中，就是常为我预备些好吃的食品，孩子们却并不在内。
She was always very frugal, but she was very kind to me, for example, during these forty years, she always prepared some delicious food for me, but the children were not included.

我对于孩子们，没有工夫去看管他们，都是由她看管大的，她不识字，不能教育，但是常识却十分丰富，而且理解非常清晰，孩子们对于他们的母亲，都是十分敬爱的。
I don't have time to take care of the children, they are all raised by her, she can't read and write, she can't educate, but she has a lot of common sense, and her understanding is very clear, and the children are very respectful to their mothers.

她教育小孩子有三种规定：一、宁肯饭菜做得好些，但绝不许买零嘴
She taught her children that there were three rules: 1. Rather cook better, but never buy snacks

第一章先生夙志，教育救国|5
Chapter 1: Mr. Long-cherished Ambition, Education to Save the Country|5

吃。二、绝对不许说逛话。三、用钱只要有理由，准给；没理由，准不给。
Eat. 2. Never talk nonsense. 3. As long as there is a reason to use the money, it is allowed to be given; There is no reason, you are not allowed to give it.

孩子们都穿布衣服，就是现在他们做了事，这种良好的习惯还存在着。向例老大的衣服，再留给老二穿，老二的衣服留给老三穿。但是后来长成了人，我的三儿子却比二儿子高，四儿子又比三儿子高，这却成了一个有趣的问题。记得有一次老四向他的母亲要求：“来件新棉袍吧！我穿完了再给三哥，再给二哥、大哥，倒着穿回去不一样吗？”我想起来就要笑，从这里，也可以看出她教子、持家之一斑。
The children all wear cloth clothes, and even now they do things, this good habit still exists. For example, the clothes of the eldest are left for the second child to wear, and the clothes of the second child are left for the third child to wear. But then I grew up, and my third son was taller than my second son, and my fourth son was taller than my third son, which became an interesting question. I remember once the fourth child asked his mother: "Bring a new cotton robe!" After I wear it, I will give it to the third brother, and then to the second brother and the eldest brother, is it different to wear it backwards? "I want to laugh when I think about it, and from here, I can also see that she teaches her children and runs a family.

孩子们小的时候，当然爱闹，所以当我在家时，他们的母亲怕惊扰了我，便领了他们到别处去。她对于孩子们是不常说的，她觉到总说并不好，那样会减去了孩子们的羞愧心和改过。我对他们偶尔打过，但次数极少，也可以说因为他们有了好母亲，他们就用不着我去管教了。
When the children were young, of course, they were noisy, so when I was at home, their mother, afraid of disturbing me, led them elsewhere. She doesn't often talk about the children, and she feels that it is not good to always say it, because it will reduce the children's shame and change. I've beaten them occasionally, but very rarely, and I can say that because they have a good mother, they don't need me to discipline them.

我的四个儿子，在她的管教之下，如今都成了人，大的又做了教书的先生，二的仍来经商，现在是从政了，四的在中央航校，现在也毕了业，总算都有了相当的成就。三的现在是正在养病时间，他生的是肺病，多少名医都治不了，而且几乎认定了命运已无可挽回，而他的母亲却自信母爱一定可以使他起死回生。果然，她那伟大的母爱，就使他日渐壮健起来。这四十年中，她为了四个儿子，真不知费了多少心血！
My four sons, under her discipline, have now become human beings, the eldest is a teacher again, the second is still in business and is now in politics, the fourth is in the Central Aviation School, and now he has also graduated, and finally has achieved considerable success. San's current recuperation time is now, he is born with a lung disease, no number of doctors can cure it, and he is almost sure that his fate is irreparable, but his mother is confident that mother's love will definitely bring him back to life. Sure enough, her great motherly love made him stronger and stronger. In the past 40 years, she really didn't know how much effort she had spent for her four sons!

她最使我满意的，就是四十年来对我时时、事事的安慰。我最近这几年，命运的确不错，但前几年，有许多时候是遭着失败，也不知碰了多少钉子。我每次钉子来的时候，总抱着不说话的态度，在我沉默的期间，她每次是如何地安慰我！劝我！她总爱说：“不要紧，什么事情过去就好了！”这话的确对！的确有道理。在我每次碰了钉子被她劝解以后，接着便是另一个新的开展，回回都如了她的预料：“过去就好了。”她增加了我的勇气和自信心！
What satisfies me most is the comfort she has given me for forty years. In the last few years, my fate has been good, but in the past few years, there have been many times when I have failed, and I don't know how many nails I have hit. Every time I came with a nail, I always held a non-speaking attitude, and during my silence, how she comforted me every time! Persuade me! She always likes to say, "It doesn't matter, it's okay to pass something!" This is true! It does make sense. After I was persuaded by her every time I touched a nail, another new development followed, and the return was as she expected: "It's good to be in the past." "She increased my courage and self-confidence!

家庭本是一个人工作后回来休息的地方，当然应该有一个愉快的环境才对，如果家庭是一个别扭的家庭，那就一定不能增加他工作的效率。我在家里，四十年来，向来不曾生过一点气，这便是她最大的功绩、我最大的安慰。因为这样，我做事的心，才不被分化，才永远是个整个的，她的确帮助
The family is a place where a person comes back to rest after work, of course, there should be a pleasant environment, if the family is an awkward family, then it must not increase the efficiency of his work. I have never been angry at home for forty years, and this is her greatest merit and my greatest comfort. Because of this, my heart is not divided, and it will always be a whole, and she does help

6|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
6|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

我工作增加不少效率；但她不像一切新式女太太一样，只会安慰丈夫而并不负其他的一切家庭责任。
I work a lot more efficiently; But she is not like all modern wives, who only comfort her husband and do not take on all other family responsibilities.

我对于自已的衣服，向来是不会想的，什么都是她替我预备。现在钱稍微松动了，还好办，从前量人为出的时候，她也都预备得很周全、熨帖。我向来却不曾注意过她的一切事。她又不合新式的太太们意见一样，对于丈夫，并没有“你应当伺候我！”的观念。
I don't think about my own clothes, she prepares everything for me. Now that the money is a little loose, it is easy to do, and when she measured people in the past, she was also very well prepared and ironed. I never paid attention to anything about her. She did not conform to the opinion of the new wives, and did not say to her husband, "You should serve me!" The concept of ".

四十年来，我们未曾打过一次架，就是偶尔有见解不同的地方，一会儿也就过去了。
In forty years, we have not had a single fight, except for the occasional difference of opinion, and it will pass in a moment.

就她的常识论，我觉得比读过书的妇女还要高一点。我真幸运有这么一位太太，如果不是这样一个人，恐怕这一生，我什么也做不成了。
In terms of her common sense, I think it's a little higher than the women who have read the book. I am so lucky to have such a wife, if it weren't for such a person, I'm afraid I wouldn't be able to do anything in this life.

四十年里，我每天回到家中，是完全休息着，十分舒服，十分安慰。因为有了她，不知省了我多少事：父母，她替我侍奉了；子女，她替我抚养了。我真应该对她表示十二分的谢意。
For 40 years, I came home every day and was completely rested, very comfortable, very comforting. Because of her, I don't know how many things I have saved: parents, she served for me; Children, she raised them for me. I really owe her a lot of gratitude.

“我尊敬她，我佩服她，佩服她的算盘打得的确不错！”
"I respect her, I admire her, and I admire her calculations are really good!"

（原载于1935年2月24日《益世报》）
(Originally published in Yishi Bao, February 24, 1935).

第一章先生夙志，教育救国|7
Chapter 1: Mr. Long-cherished Ambition, Education to Save the Country|7

第二章
Chapter II

旧中国，新南开
Old China, New Nankai

南开学校的教育宗旨和方法
The educational purpose and methods of Nankai School

一、南开学校教育宗旨及其教授管理之方法
1. The educational purpose of Nankai School and its teaching and management methods

凡事必有一定宗旨，然后纲举目张，左右逢源。本校教育宗旨，系造就学生将来能通力合作、互相扶持，成为活泼勤奋、自治治人之一般人才。英语所谓Co-operativehumanbeing者是也。欲达此目的，不可不有适宜之办法。前山东师范生来本校参观，在思敏室茶话。席间有以本校教授管理之方法相询者。余当时曾设譬答之，谓如幼稚园之幼稚生然，唱歌时每须举动其手足。为之保姆者，不过略一指点。其前列聪颖之幼稚生，立时领悟，余者即自知如法仿效，无须事事人人，皆须保姆为之也。本校教授管理亦无以异是。唯在引导学生之自动力而已。诸位先生倡之，老学生行之，新学生效之，无须个个提耳淳瞩也。而精神则在“诚”字、“真”字、“信”字。本校至今办理小有效果者，恃有此耳。诸生日日灌溉此精神之中，亦知之乎？
Everything must have a certain purpose, and then the outline is clear, left and right. The purpose of the school's education is to train students to work together and support each other in the future, and to become ordinary talents who are lively, diligent, and self-governing. The English so-called Co-operativehumanbeing is also. There must be a suitable means to achieve this goal. Former Shandong normal students came to visit the school and had a tea talk in the Simin room. During the meeting, there will be inquiries in the manner managed by the professors of the university. Yu once replied at that time, saying that if a kindergarten is naïve, he must move his hands and feet when singing. The one who sits for it, but with a little pointer. The bright naïve students in the forefront immediately comprehended, and the rest knew that they would follow the law, and they didn't need to do everything, but they all needed nannies. The same is true of the faculty management of the University. It is only the automatic force of guiding students. Gentlemen advocate it, old students do it, new students follow it, and there is no need to pay attention to it. The spirit is in the word "sincerity", "truth", and "faith". So far, the school has handled a small number of people, and they have this ear. Birthdays irrigate this spirit, and what do you know?

汝等新来诸生，亦当如幼稚生之视其前列聪颖者之举动，而注目先来诸生之勤苦者之举动，特汝等现在程度，远非幼稚生之比，则努力进步，应亦
Thou and the other newcomers, just as the infantile students look upon the actions of those who are in front of them, and the industrious ones who pay attention to the preceding beings, and the present level of thou and the others, far from the ratio of the infantile ones, strive to make progress, and should do the same

较幼稚生为甚，如此做去，则九百余人之教授管理，殊易易也。 10|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
It is even more so that the more naïve students are managed, and it is very easy for more than 900 professors to manage. 10|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

二、爱学校
2. Love the school

人为万物之灵，而不能如草木之孤立为生。在昔原人时代，人之生也，只知有母，其后人类进步，而有父母兄弟。以中国习俗言，尚有祖父母、伯叔等等诸关系。此种组织institution是日“家庭”。然家庭系血统的联属，自然相爱。再进，人不能不求知识，为涉世之预备，于是离家庭、人学校，等而上之为社会、为国家。凡在一种组织之中，则已身为一分子，member 一言一动莫不与全体有密切关系。
Man is the spirit of all things, not the isolated nature of plants and trees. In the era of the former primitives, people were born only to have mothers, and then human beings progressed, and there were parents and brothers. According to Chinese customs, there are still relationships such as grandparents, uncles, and so on. Such an organization institution is the day "family". However, the affiliation of the family lineage naturally loves each other. Again, people cannot but seek knowledge and prepare for the world, so they leave their families, people, schools, and so on for the society and the country. In an organization, one is already a member, and every word and action of a member is closely related to the whole.

对于社会国家，今姑勿论，而但言学校。学校系先生、学生与夫役三部所合成。其目的则造成德育、智育、体育完全发达，而能自治治人、通力合作之一般人才，以应时势之需要。诸生须知既为学校中之一分子，则汝实栖息于此全体之中。学校而良善，汝亦随之以受益，汝而良善，学校亦随之与有荣。反言之，学校而有缺点，汝亦不完，汝而有败行，学校亦玷污。利害相关，休戚与共。夫狭义之言学校，则课读而已，广义之言学校，则教之为人。
For the social state, let's not talk about it, but talk about the school. The school department is a combination of three departments: Mr. and Student, and Husband. Its purpose is to create moral, intellectual, and physical education that are fully developed, and ordinary talents who can govern people autonomously and work together to meet the needs of the times. All living beings need to know that if you are a member of the school, then you dwell in the whole. If the school is good, you will benefit from it, and if you are good, the school will be proud. On the other hand, if the school has shortcomings, you will not finish, and if you fail, the school will be defiled. The stakes are related and we share weal and woe. The school of words in the narrow sense is only for class reading, and the school of words in the broad sense is to teach people for people.

何以为人？则第一当知爱国。今人莫知我国国民爱国心薄弱，欲他日爱国则现在宜爱校，既同处一校则相与关切至密，亦既言之矣！故须相爱，以相助相成，其理由至易明了。然则如何用其爱，第一对于人有师长、有同学、有夫役，余不敢谓本校诸位先生如何特别优尚，唯余生平任事数校，求如本校诸位先生之一致、之认真、之热心，并以余暇竭力扶助学生诸般之自治事业，殆属绝无仅有。吾向以中国前途一线光明，舍振兴教育外无他术。今得如许同志协心同德，将来当不无成就也。诸生知有人敬爱汝，则汝必思厚报之。今诸生能敬爱诸位先生，则诸位先生亦自更加精神，以惠爱答之也。然教育非如贸易者，以一文之价来，必以一文之物去，轻轻然不肯溢利与我也。且师长对于学生，莫不勉力扶植之，而对于资质稍次者为尤甚，表面似恨之，其实则竭力成全如恐不及。诸生切勿误会此意，对师长要爱，对于同学尤要爱。诸生试思，在家兄弟最多六七人已不易得，今在学校则九百余众，是皆异姓兄弟也。在家兄弟少，在校兄弟多，则在校兄弟之乐，自亦较大于在家兄弟之乐也。且在校同学一语良言，其益往往过于师长终日强
What is a human being? The first thing is to know patriotism. Today, people don't know that our people's patriotism is weak, and if they want to love the country in other days, they should love the school now. Therefore, it is necessary to love each other and help each other, and the reason is easy to understand. However, how to use his love, first of all, for people with teachers, classmates, and husbands, Yu dare not say how the gentlemen of the school are particularly good, but the rest of his life is in charge of several schools, seeking to be as consistent, serious, and enthusiastic as the gentlemen of the school, and to try his best to support the students' self-government, which is unique. I hope that China's future is bright, and there is no other way to revitalize education. If you have to work together today, you will have achievements in the future. If all living beings know that someone loves you, you will repay them with great thoughts. If you can respect and love you in this life, then you will also be more energetic and answer with love. However, education is not like a trader, who comes for a penny, and will go for a penny, and gently refuses to make a profit with me. And the teacher is reluctant to support the students, and especially for those with slightly inferior qualifications, they seem to hate them on the surface, but in fact, they try their best to achieve them as if they can't do it. Students should not misunderstand this meaning, and love their teachers and teachers, especially their classmates. Thinking about it, it is not easy to get up to six or seven brothers at home, but now there are more than 900 brothers in the school, all of whom are brothers with different surnames. If there are fewer brothers at home and more brothers at school, the joy of brothers at school is greater than that of brothers at home. And the good words of the classmates at school are often more beneficial than the teachers all day long

第二章旧中国，新南开|11
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|11

，盖相习既久，长短互现，无隔靴搔痒之谈，多对症下药之论，收效之易自无待言。交友不必酒食征逐，须择规过劝善之真能益我者。然语云：“无友不如己者。”西语亦有云：Birdsofafeatherflocktogether（喻人以类聚也）。优尚者与优尚者处我虽欲得益友，奈益友之不以我为友。何日此，唯在汝自处如何耳！汝日日进步，则益友不求自至矣！自爱爱人，人安得不汝爱乎？
, cover the habit for a long time, long and short, no talk about scratching the boots, more of the right medicine, the easy effect is needless to say. You don't have to drink and eat to make friends, you have to choose those who can benefit me if you are good and persuade you. Ran Yuyun: "Those who have no friends are not as good as themselves." There is also a cloud in Spanish: Birdsofafeatherflocktogether (metaphor for people to gather together). Although I want to be a friend, I don't think I'm a friend. When is this, only in your own place, how to hear! If you progress day by day, you will benefit from friends without seeking self-reliance! Self-love and love others, people are safe and don't you love them?

今再言夫役，余生平之仆役，自为学生至于今日，无一人不忠顺于我者，此何以故？无他，以人待之耳。世人往往以奴仆为次于平人一等，至目之为禽兽，随自己之喜怒以横虐之，不知彼亦人也。汝不以人待之，彼亦不以已为有人格，渐渐无所不为矣！尚欲其忠顺得乎？若能以严正驭之，而加以仁慈使知自爱，既知自爱，夫何不忠顺之有？
Now I will talk about my husband's servant, the servant of the rest of my life, as a student to this day, there is no one who is not faithful to me, why is this? Without him, treat people as ears. People in the world often regard slaves as inferior to ordinary people, and at the end of their eyes they are beasts, abusing them according to their own joys and angers, and they don't know that they are also people. Thou shalt not treat others as treated, nor shall thou shalt regard him as a personality, and thou shalt gradually do everything! Do you want to be loyal and obedient? If you can control it with strictness and kindness, so that you can know self-love, and if you know self-love, why should your husband not be faithful and obedient?

以上言在学校对于人之爱。兹复言对于物之爱，爱物亦公德也。公德心之大者为爱国家，为爱世界。在校先能爱物，而后始可望扩而大之。至于国家、世界、校中桌椅，非汝之所有，亦非我之所有，推而至于书籍、图报、讲室、斋舍、食堂、厕所、球场，亦皆非汝与我之所专有，而为学校之所公有。我所有者不过其一分，一方面既为我之一分，则我之物我爱而保存之，固宜一方面为众人之所公有，则众人我所爱也。爱其人自亦不应毁其物，如偶或损坏，务要到会计室自行声明，照价赔偿，不可伴为不知。因微物有价而人品无价，毁物不偿所省有几，而汝之人品全失。失无价之人品，余有限之微资，勿乃自贬太甚乎？同学见有此等事，应为立即举发，因彼所毁之物亦有汝之一分也。然此物之有形者也，尚有无形者，为团体精神与全校名誉。本校出版之诸种报纸、杂志，如《校风》《敬业》《英文季报》及未出版之《励学》等，皆团体精神也。较物质百倍可贵，则维持之、发扬之，应尽其力之所能及。至于全校名誉，其良否皆与尔各个人有关（理详上），则尤所不可忽也。
The above words are in school for the love of people. I would like to say that for the love of things, love for things is also public morality. Those with a great heart of public morality love the country and the world. In school, you can love things first, and then you can hope to expand them. As for the country, the world, and the desks and chairs in the school, they are not owned by you or me, and books, pictorials, lecture rooms, dormitories, canteens, toilets, and courts are not the exclusive property of you and me, but are the common property of the school. My owner is only one part of it, on the one hand, since it is my share, then my things I love and keep them, and on the other hand, it is appropriate that on the one hand it is owned by all, and I love all people. If you love it, you should not destroy it, if it is even damaged, you must go to the accounting office to declare it and compensate according to the price, and you can't be ignorant. Because small things have a price, but your character is priceless, and the destruction of things does not pay for the savings, and your character is lost. Loss of priceless character, the rest of the limited small capital, don't you depreciate yourself too much? When a student sees such a thing, he should immediately report it, because he has also destroyed something. However, there are also visible things and invisible ones, which are the spirit of the group and the reputation of the whole school. The various newspapers and magazines published by the school, such as "School Spirit", "Dedication", "English Quarterly" and the unpublished "Enrichment", etc., are all part of the team spirit. If it is a hundred times more valuable than material, it should be maintained and carried forward, and it should be done to the best of its ability. As for the reputation of the whole school, whether it is good or not is related to each person (in detail), it is especially important to ignore it.

（原载于《校风》第18期，1916年1月24日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 18, January 24, 1916).

12|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
12|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

旧中国之新希望与旧南开之新责任
The new hope of the old China and the new responsibility of the old Nankai

春假内余曾赴京，所受感动，当于今日，为诸生言之。校内于春假亦曾组织旅行团，与行者受益自必不少。旅行最要之点，即为得一新经历。因吾人每日起居动息皆有例可循，常而不变，必寡精神。至旅行则可引起兴味，再做何事，自能得良善结果。余之至京，其原因之最要者，意赴美后，要余演说者，必有其人，虽欲拒绝，恐亦难免。
During the spring break, Yu went to Beijing, and he was moved, and he should speak for all living beings today. The school also organizes tours during the spring break, which will benefit the travelers. The most important part of travel is to have a new experience. Because there are rules to follow in our daily life, they are constant and unchanging, and they will be less energetic. Travel, on the other hand, can arouse interest, and what you do will bring good results. The most important reason for Yu Zhi's arrival in Beijing is that after he goes to the United States, there must be someone who wants to make a speech, and although he wants to refuse, it is inevitable that he will not be able to.

演说时如谈世界大局，自觉恐才有不逮；如谈专门科学，恐识有未足；即言身所历，目所经之教育，又觉寡趣无已。其一，言中国之与东亚诸问题乎？此为关系美日中三国者。关系中日固矣，何以谓为关于美乎？盖与美所界，只一太平洋间，故亦有关系。此种问题美日皆有著作论说，而中人则阙然久未及此，且常有外国友人对余提及。故虽觉不足，亦以尽厥责任为目的。曾思中人对于此种问题，较他人知之应为更，而况余济教育中人乎！此所以必不得已于言也。然徒恃一已之眼光，而不知他人之论调，又鸣呼可！故必参考美日之议论，然后言时较为圆满而有把握。
When speaking, if you talk about the overall situation of the world, you may not be able to catch it; If we talk about specialized science, we are afraid that our knowledge is insufficient; That is, the education that you have experienced in words and bodies, and what you have experienced in your eyes, you feel that you are not interested. First, what is the problem between China and East Asia? This is a relationship between the United States, Japan, and China. The relationship between China and Japan is solid, how can it be said to be about beauty? Gai and the United States, only one Pacific Ocean between, so there is also a relationship. This kind of issue has been discussed in both the United States and Japan, but the Chinese have not touched it for a long time, and foreign friends often mention it. Therefore, although it is insufficient, it is also aimed at fulfilling its responsibilities. Zeng Sizhong people should know more about this kind of problem than others, and Yu Ji education is very popular! Therefore, it must be said. However, in vain, he has a vision, and does not know the tone of others, and he shouts! Therefore, we must refer to the discussions between the United States and Japan, and then speak more satisfactorily and confidently.

余至京以此意告之西友密司忒葛雷。葛君言政府顾问英人莫理逊君处，藏书甚富，且多关于中国之与东亚诸问题。莫君曾为伦敦《泰士报》主*本文为1917年4月11日张伯苓在修身班上发表的演说，原题为“修身班校长演说记略”。
Yu Zhijing told Xiyou Mi Tergray with this intention. Ge Junyan's government adviser, the Englishman Morrison, has a rich collection of books, and most of them are on China and East Asian issues. Mo Jun was the chief editor of the London newspaper "Taishi"* This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the self-cultivation class on April 11, 1917, and the original title is "The Speech of the Principal of the Self-cultivation Class".

第二章旧中国，新南开|13
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|13

笔，前八年以顺直禁烟事余曾见之。今得葛君介绍，往访其人，得伊欢迎。且定于某日上午十钟涉猎其所藏书，至时赴约往视。其屋之小大，不下本校礼堂。书架满屋，琳琅满架。较之处则充栋宇，出则汗马牛，殆有过之。内分书籍杂志等，其书各国文字皆备，内约百分之九十余为英文，以著作者既多英美国人，而他国人亦间有用英文者故也。其余为法文、为德文、为拉丁文、为瑞典文。法文所载，率为云南、广西二省之土地风俗人情、矿产等。德文所载率皆关于山东之情形。拉丁文则为罗马教士初至中国所记载。瑞典文则寥若晨星，不多觀矣。一时不能遍观。伊为我介绍数册，后又视其法文所书之关于云广者，其中绘图之精，中国书籍中殆未之见。以其地与安南毗连，故彼凯最力。德文中则有五厚册关于山东者。莫君对余日：“若辈之经营亦不为不力矣。”真慨乎其言之。余闻听之余不寒而栗，方知他人较中人之知中国之多，有过之无不及也。
Pen, the first eight years to shun straight smoking ban thing Yu has seen it. Today, Ge Jun introduced and visited him, and Deyi welcomed him. And it is scheduled to dabble in his collection of books at 10 o'clock in the morning of a certain day, and then go to the appointment to see. The house is small and large, and it is no less than the auditorium of the school. The shelves are full of books. In comparison, it is full of buildings, and if it is out, it is sweaty, and it is excessive. It is divided into books and magazines, and its books are available in various languages, and about 90% of them are in English. The rest are French, German, Latin, and Swedish. In French, it refers to the land, customs, people, and minerals of Yunnan and Guangxi provinces. The rates in German are all about the situation in Shandong. The Latin language was written by the Roman priests when they first arrived in China. Swedish is as few as the morning star, and there are not many views. You can't look at it all for a while. Yi introduced me to a few volumes, and then regarded his French book about Yunguang, in which the essence of drawing is not seen in Chinese books. Its land is adjacent to Annam, so Pikai is the most powerful. In German, there are five thick volumes about Shandong. Mo Jun said to Yu Ri: "If the management of the generations is not ineffective. "It's really true. Yu Wen shuddered when he heard it, and he knew that others knew more about China than the Chinese people, and they did it even more.

嗣后与之略谈中国大局。其批评中国政治缺憾甚当，且日：满室之书无
Later, he briefly talked about the overall situation of China. His criticism of China's politics is very deserved, and there is no book in the room

。一语敢谓中人不足有为者。彼对于中国将来希望甚大。余要之演说，伊言演说非其所长。及十一钟余，余兴辞去。是日晚，葛君请一英国大学历史教育（授）某君共餐，余在座，食时，某君言及中国人与他国人皆谓中国古国也，地利率皆用尽，是诚大谬。中国宝藏甚富，蕴而未开，可享之数世而有余也。斯言也，在常人言之亦无价值，而某君者则曾在中国各地演说，其言皆从调查学问经历得来。言必有中，铁案不移也。后余在清华学校居住数日，潜玩莫君为余所介绍之书。阅毕，与前此对于中国之眼光不尽有所改变，方知吾人欲知中国情形，必观外人书籍。斯言乍听似偏，然吾中人之对中国，语焉而不精，知焉而不详，非按科学方法所研究既不能一致，故亦不能谓之真知。彼则以社会、经济、博物、政治、宗教等学理分类揭出，故有规则、有条理，较之中人所述似为较胜。昔苏格拉底有言日：“Knowthemselves。” 中人之病，即患在不自知。诸生知夫睡狮乎？其齿非不利也，爪非不尖也，力非不猛也，徒以睡故而失去知觉，麋鹿欺之。故欲有为，必先恢复知觉；而恢复知觉即在“awakening”一—“醒”之一字也。此字也昔曾言之而不
。 One word dares to say that people are not enough to do something. He has great hopes for China's future. Yu Yaozhi's speech, Yi Yan's speech is not his forte. And more than eleven minutes, Yu Xing resigned. On the evening of the same day, Ge Jun invited a certain gentleman of history education (teaching) from a British university to have a meal, and Yu was present, and during the meal, a certain monarch and Chinese and other people were all called ancient Chinese countries, and the land interest rate was exhausted, which was a big fallacy. China's treasures are very rich, but they have not been opened, and they can be enjoyed for several generations and have more than enough. Si Yan is also worthless in ordinary people's words, and a certain gentleman has made speeches all over China, and his words are all derived from the experience of investigation and knowledge. Words must be in the middle, and the iron case will not be moved. Later, Yu lived in Tsinghua School for a few days, playing with the books introduced by Mo Jun to Yu. After reading it, my vision of China has not changed from the previous one, and I know that if I want to know the situation in China, I must read the books of outsiders. At first glance, it may sound biased, but the Chinese people are not precise in their language about China, and their knowledge is not clear, and they cannot be consistent with the research of scientific methods, so they cannot be called true knowledge. He is classified into social, economic, naturalist, political, religious and other academic categories, so there are rules and rules, which seems to be better than what the Chinese people described. Socrates had a saying: "Knowthemselves." "The disease of the Chinese is suffering from unknowing. Knowing the husband of all living beings sleeping with a lion? Its teeth are not unfavorable, its claws are not sharp, its strength is not fierce, and it is unconscious in vain because of sleep, and the elk deceives it. Therefore, if you want to be promising, you must first regain consciousness; And the restoration of consciousness is in the word "awakening" - "awakening". This word has also been said in the past

14|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
14|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

知之，今则能谓真知矣。盖此字非阅历、思想不能知也。
Knowing it, now it can be said to be true knowledge. Cover this word is not experience, and thoughts cannot be known.

余今日之题为“thenewhopesofoldChina and thenewrespons-ibilities ofoldnan-kaischool”（旧中国之新希望与旧南开之新责任）。夫世界各国各尽厥责，如德倡潜艇政策而美抗之，尽其责也。而中国如何？睡狮知觉之无有，中国何责之能尽？虽然，中国人岂真不能尽责而有为耶？则固知莫理逊之言，无人敢谓中人不足有为者，与某君之谓，中国地利可数世享之而无穷，不我欺也。推原其故，睡狮所短者，精神也；而中国所短者，亦精神也。精神何以短？以性好保守也。譬之以弈，能取能弃，欲取姑与，方能制胜。耶稣基督曰：如求生命必先弃生命。譬之种粮，必先撒种于地，待之半年，方能刘获。若数事者，岂保守之人所能为哉！此中人之所短者也。何谓旧中国新希望？中国所少者，岂官吏乎？岂一般人民乎？亦皆非也。所短者，即为五十年或百年后造福利之人。何谓旧南开新责任？即为余与诸生从兹立志唤醒一已，唤醒国人，醒后负责任为世界发明新理论、新学说，使世界得平安，为人类造幸福。此为余春假中所得者，亦为所望于诸生者，而又赴美后所欲以之演说者也。
Yu today's title is "thenewhopesofoldChina and thenewrespons-ibilities ofoldnan-kaischool." (The new hope of the old China and the new responsibility of the old Nankai). All countries in the world have their own responsibilities, such as Germany advocating the submarine policy and the United States resisting it, and doing its duty. And what about China? With the Sleeping Lion's consciousness gone, what is China's responsibility? Although, can't the Chinese really do their duty? Knowing Morrison's words, no one dares to say that the Chinese people are not enough to do something, and a certain gentleman said, China's geographical advantages can be enjoyed for several generations and endlessly, not I deceive. Pushing the reason, the sleeping lion is short, and the spirit is also; And what China is short of, is also spiritual. Why is the spirit short? To be good conservative also. For example, if you can take or give up, if you want to take it, you can win. Jesus Christ said, "If you ask for life, you must first forsake it." For example, if you plant grain, you must first sow it in the ground, and wait for half a year before you can get it. If he counts things, how can he who keeps them do? This is also the shortest of the people. What is the old China and the new hope? If there are few in China, how can they be officials? What about ordinary people? Neither is it. The shortest is the one who will create welfare in 50 or 100 years. What is the new responsibility of the old Nankai? That is, Yu and all living beings are determined to wake up, wake up the people, and be responsible for inventing new theories and theories for the world after waking up, so that the world can be peaceful and create happiness for mankind. This is what you get during the spring break, and it is also the one who wants to give a speech after going to the United States.

（原载于《校风》第61期，1917年4月18日）
(Originally published in School Spirit, No. 61, April 18, 1917).

第二章旧中国，新南开|15
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|15

南开精神，即“为公”二字* 留日南开同学欢迎会演说
The spirit of Nankai, that is, the word "for the public"* Speech at the welcome party of Nankai students who stayed in Japan

今日在此，先代表赴美同人，敬谢诸君厚意，并愿与诸君介绍张君伟如。张君亦南开旧日学生也。座中石女士虽与南开无关，亦名誉佳客也。今春赴东亚运动会与诸君相时，即有今日欢聚之约，兹果成为事实矣。当未起程之前，恒静坐默思，如何起程？如何赴日？如何在东京聚会？种种景象历历如在目前，抵东之期越近，则此种景象愈觉真切。舟抵神户，发电告诸君时，即想见觀面时之乐。及至横滨，南开同学会代表，愉快莫名，及与诸君把，则更乐矣。
Today, on behalf of the people who went to the United States, I would like to thank you for your kindness, and I would like to introduce Zhang Junwei to you. Zhang Jun is also an old student in Nankai. Although Ms. Zazhongshi has nothing to do with Nankai, she is also a good guest. When I went to the East Asian Games this spring to meet with you, I had an appointment to gather today, and it became a fact. Before the journey, sit quietly and meditate, how to start? How do I get to Japan? How to meet in Tokyo? The more recent the arrival in the East, the more real the scene becomes. When the boat arrives in Kobe and sends a message to the king, I want to see the joy of seeing. As for Yokohama, the representatives of the Nankai Alumni Association are inexplicably happy, and they are even happier with the gentlemen.

夫余前此种种预想，次第现于事实，与前此所预想者，曾无少异，可见世事皆由渐进。人生生活亦然。抱一种希望，次第进行于精神界中，扩充势力，此种生命方觉有趣耳。余心常受感动者有两事：一则为国为公常觉快乐，为名为私每多失望。何也？盖为公众做事尽责而行。责任已尽，虽有失败，而扪心自问毫无愧愿。俯仰自得天下之乐，莫过是矣！至若为己身私利孜孜而谋，谋而不成，未有不失望者。余贫而无资，然余甚乐。盖诸君皆余之产业也，有如许产业，安往而不乐哉！南开学生尚未人社会做事，已有团
The previous predictions of the husband and the rest of the world are no different from those who were predicted before, which shows that everything in the world is gradual. The same is true of life. Holding on to a kind of hope, the second stage in the spiritual realm, expanding the power, this kind of life is interesting. There are two things for those who are often touched by their hearts: one is to be happy for the country and the public, and to be disappointed for the sake of selfishness. Why? Gai does everything for the public. The responsibility has been fulfilled, although there are failures, and there is no shame in asking yourself. The joy of pitching up and enjoying the world is nothing more than that! If you work diligently for your own selfish interests, but you can't succeed, there is no one who is not disappointed. The rest is poor and has no money, but the rest is very happy. The rest of the industry is also like a promise, and it is not happy to go in peace! Nankai students have not yet done things in the society, and there are regiments

*本文为张伯苓赴美途经东京时，于1917年8月18日在汉阳楼的演说词，由留日南开同学会记录，标题为编者加。
*This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at Hanyang Tower on August 18, 1917 when he was passing through Tokyo on his way to the United States.

16|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
16|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

结势力，悬理想以测将来，结果若何？亦从可知矣。夫今日之会，预定于数月以前，不转瞬而实现；居今而预想，吾等将来之前途，亦将不转瞬而次第实现。苟有其志，事未有不能成者。南开学生到处有团结力。曾闻黄钰生言，南开学生在清华学校，亦有团体。此种精神急宜利用，盖今日社会引诱太多，能辅助、能勉励吾等者小团体之力甚大，苟不利用之，真失机会也。将来在社会做事非有团结力不可，否则必不能成功。此即团体之效力也。吾人之计划岂非使中国富强，与欧美并驾齐驱乎！夫前此希望今日之会其事小，数月而成：使中国富强其事大，其成功在数十年致百年之后，亦未可知。余虽身死不及见亦与目睹无异，但愿吾人协力前进，不畏险阻。此则须赖团结力矣！我国在世界上果占何等地位，不可不知。昔时世界各国尚不知我国内容，后渐以虚弱之名暴露于世。于是瓜分与利益均沾之说，相继而来。
What is the result of forming forces and hanging ideals to predict the future? It can also be seen from this. Today's meeting, scheduled a few months ago, will not be realized in an instant; If we live now, we will realize our future in an instant. If you have your ambitions, there is nothing that you can't do. Nankai students are united everywhere. I once heard Huang Yu say that Nankai students also have groups in Tsinghua School. This kind of spirit should be used urgently, because there are too many temptations in today's society, and the small groups that can assist and encourage us are very powerful, and if we do not take advantage of it, we will really miss the opportunity. In the future, we must have the ability to work together in society, otherwise we will not succeed. This is the effectiveness of the group. Isn't it our plan to make China rich and strong, on a par with Europe and the United States! The hope of today's meeting is small, but it will be completed in a few months: it will make China rich and strong, and its success will not be known in decades or a hundred years. Although Yu is dead and cannot see it, it is no different from witnessing, but I hope that we will work together to move forward without fear of danger and obstacles. It's all about unity! We must know what position our country occupies in the world. In the past, the countries of the world did not know the content of our country, and it was gradually exposed to the world in the name of weakness. As a result, the theory of division and interest sharing came one after another.

自日本勃兴东亚，我国边壤多遭凯。欧战发生乃一变于政策，倡东亚门罗主义，于商业财政，皆切实预备，将来西人势力恐不能与争。今者中国政变，国内大乱，日本持不干涉态度，恐伤两国感情，难为将来扩充势力地也。就中与日本势力稍有抵触者为美国。近年来日美感情，不甚融洽。美惧日本垄断于中国，于其太平洋之发展有碍。故近日日美交相商，协助中国。苟中国长此以往，不能自治，两国将越樽组代庵，一如美国之对墨西哥。中国而果至此地位乎？余非所忍言矣！他勿具论。即如财政一项不思整顿，外人之干涉亦岂能免。至此地步则全国之自由失矣！诸如此类，皆我等将来所必遇之问题。今日须志之，以为将来之计划。今日国事纠纷连年变乱，国人多心灰望绝。若国之危亡即在旦夕者，夫中国而果至于亡耶？吾安忍言。然不幸而中国果即于亡，吾人犹当谋所以复兴之，决非一亡，即安然无事，以听他人之宰割也。亦不能谓国亡即不能做事也。吾人计划无论国之存亡，皆宜进行。虽然国亡而欲做事，其事太难，其遇太苦，非余所忍思也。
Since Japan has flourished in East Asia, China's border soil has been mostly Kai. The outbreak of the European war was a change in policy, advocating the Monroe Doctrine of East Asia, and making practical preparations for commerce and finance, and the Westerners might not be able to compete with each other in the future. In the current coup d'état in China, there is great turmoil in the country, and Japan's attitude of non-interference may hurt the feelings of the two countries, and it will be difficult for them to expand their influence in the future. The one that has a slight conflict with the Japanese forces in China is the United States. In recent years, the relationship between Japan and the United States has not been very harmonious. The United States fears that Japan's monopoly on China will hinder its development in the Pacific. Therefore, Japan and the United States have recently discussed with each other to assist China. In the long run, China will not be autonomous, and the two countries will cross the bottle to form a substitute hermitage, just as the United States is to Mexico. What is China's status at this point? Yu is unbearable! He doesn't have to say. Even if we do not think about putting the finances in order, we will not be able to avoid the interference of outsiders. At this point, the freedom of the whole country will be lost! These are all problems that we will encounter in the future. Aim for the future. Today, state disputes have become chaotic year after year, and many people are discouraged. If the danger of the country is imminent, the husband of China will die? I can't bear to speak. However, unfortunately China is about to die, and we should still seek to revive it, and it is not a death, that is, it is safe and sound, so as to listen to the slaughter of others. It cannot be said that the country is dead, that is, it cannot do things. Our plan should be carried out regardless of the survival of the country. Although the country is dead and wants to do things, it is too difficult, and its encounter is too bitter, and it is not enough to bear to think about it.

此次东来，路遇一印度学生，欲赴美研究神学者，有两汽船公司（赴美之汽船公司凡三），以其为印度人靳票不售；其一公司虽售而倍昂其值，置之下等舱中。此余目睹之事也。亡国之人步为艰。吾辈虽欲亡国其奈代价
This time, I met an Indian student who wanted to go to the United States to study theologians, and there were two steamship companies (Fansan, the steamship company that went to the United States), and the tickets were not sold for Indians; Although one of the companies sells it, it is worth it and puts it in the inferior class. The rest of the things I have witnessed. It is difficult for those who have lost their country. Although my generation wants to die in the country, it is the price

第二章旧中国，新南开|17
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|17

之重，非吾等所能任受乎？夫国而不治，在理宜亡；国而能治，其势必兴。此事实之无可逃避者也。以我国之现状，是否有招外人干涉之道，平心思之，未有不悚然惧者。今事已至此，唯立定志向思所以挽回之耳。余尝日：诸事可变，南开精神不可变，一致为公，始终不渝。常策欧尝问余日：将来人社会做事，对于失望，有何补救？余应之日：尽力而行，多为公，不为私，无所谓失望也。余固尝言，为已而谋，每多失望。凡做一事，第问其为已为人耳？苟其为人不，何必容心于成败之间哉！余敢断言，将来做事能以南开精神成功者，即“为公”二字。为人须志其大，何患于冻绥。余见夫今日之青年多学今日外人之谋利，而不学昔日外人之牺牲。愿吾人皆学昔时有建设国家能力之外国人。如此而国家能亡者未之有也。余年渐长，见事较为清晰：君等少年英发，即为建筑新中国之人物，不见西乡隆盛之铜像乎？亦当年英挺少年建设国家之人物也！余望将来之成功，亦如数月前预定此会，抱定伟大志向，本理想以求实行，并望精神团结，时时警醒馨香祝之。此次我等赴美必组织南开同学会，以期联络焉。
Is it too heavy for us to bear? If the husband does not govern, he should die in reason; If the country can be governed, it will inevitably prosper. There is no escaping this fact. With the current situation of our country, whether there is a way to attract outsiders to interfere, and there is no one who is not afraid. Now that the matter has come to this, only to set up your mind to think so to save the ear. Yu Weiri: Everything is changeable, the spirit of Nankai is immutable, unanimous for the public, and unswerving. Chang Ceou asked Yu Ri: In the future, people and society will do things, what is the remedy for disappointment? The day of the aftermath: do your best, mostly for the public, not for selfishness, and don't care about disappointment. Yu Gu tried to say, for the sake of it, every time he was disappointed. Whoever does a thing, the first question is that it has been heard by men? If you are not a person, why should you be willing to be between success and failure! Yu dared to assert that those who can succeed in the spirit of Nankai in the future will be "for the public". People must be ambitious, and what is the trouble is in the frost. Yu Jianfu's young people today learn more from the profits of today's outsiders, but not from the sacrifices of outsiders in the past. May all of us learn from foreigners who had the ability to build a nation in the past. In this way, the country can die. As the years go by, I see things more clearly: Jun and other young people are young, that is, the characters of the construction of New China, and they don't see the bronze statue of Saigo Takashi? He was also a young man who built the country! Looking forward to the success of the future, just as I booked this meeting a few months ago, I have great ambitions, this ideal to be implemented, and I hope that the spirit will be united, and I will always be vigilant and wish it fragrant. This time, we will organize a Nankai alumni association in the United States in order to contact Yan.

（原载于《校风》第74期，1917年10月15日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 74, October 15, 1917).

18|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
18|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

教育宗旨由本国情而定
The purpose of education is determined by the national context

题旨：一中学之办法（活、动、长、进）；二大学之筹备；三实业之提倡。每次开学，均有演说。而此次与往者略有不同：
Topic: The method of a middle school (active, active, long, progressive); 2. Preparation of the University; 3. The advocacy of industry. Every time the school starts, there is a speech. This time it is slightly different from the past:

（一）予告假一年半，今方接任；（二）正计划将来的进行。
(1) Give a leave of absence for one and a half years, and take over from the present party; (2) It is being planned for the future.

前中学成立，在予同严先生由日调查教育后。今先生又极力帮同筹款设立大学，亦正在予同先生由美研究教育来。今方欲用半年工夫，审慎筹备此事。此时可谓南开新纪元。
The former middle school was established after Mr. Yu Tong Yan was educated by the Japanese investigation. Mr. Jin also tried his best to help Tong raise funds to establish a university, and he is also giving Mr. Tong the United States Research and Education. Today, we want to spend half a year to prepare for this matter prudently. At this time, it can be described as a new era of Nankai.

前二次办专科，无如今日之筹备，亦幸而未成。如果成立至今，亦须改变。以其有许多未妥处，而此次则较有把握。
The first two times I ran a specialty, there was no preparation for today, and fortunately it was not successful. If it has been established to the present, it must also be changed. There are many flaws, but this time it is more certain.

今所欲言者分三项，其轻重繁简，各有不同。
There are three types of people who want to speak today, and they are different in their importance, complexity and simplicity.

（一）关于中学之做法十之七。（二）关于大学之筹备十之二。（三）关于实业之提倡十之一。
(1) Seven out of ten practices for secondary schools. (2) Preparations for the University (2) (3) One of the 10 advocates of industry.

本文是1919年2月14日张伯苓在南开学校第二学期始业式上的演说纪要，由幸蒙记录。
This article is a summary of Zhang Boling's speech at the opening ceremony of the second semester of Nankai School on February 14, 1919, which was recorded by Xingmeng.

第二章旧中国，新南开|19
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|19

一、关于中学之做法
1. On the practice of secondary schools

办学校须有宗旨，亦犹盖房者，心中须先有草图，用何器具，得何成效。
To run a school, there must be a purpose, and those who build a house must have a sketch in mind, what equipment to use, and what results to achieve.

先时尊君尊孔等，后来全个仿日本，均非其道。现在欲求宗旨，须从反面着想，如同：（一）需造哪类人；（二）当用何种方法。于此须知者：
First, the monarch respected Kong, etc., and later imitated Japan, which is not the way. Now in order to seek purpose, we must think from the opposite side, such as: (1) what kind of people need to be created; (2) What method should be used. Here's what you need to know:

（一）本国政体（需造哪类人）；（二）人民情形（当用何方法）。
(1) the political system of the country (what kind of people need to be created); (2) The situation of the people (what method should be used).

知乎此，然后再定教育宗旨，是以教育宗旨不可仿造，当本其国情而定。而所谓国情者，又太泛太General，令人不易捉摸。兹再例述几项易于捉摸者：
Knowing this, and then defining the purpose of education, is based on the fact that the purpose of education cannot be imitated, and it should be determined by its national conditions. And the so-called national conditions are too general and elusive. Here are a few more examples of the elusive:

（一）世界文明国多活泼，吾人太死。
(1) How lively the civilized countries of the world are, we are too dead.

（二）世界文明国多进取，吾人好保守（按此当提倡自动）。
(2) The civilized countries of the world are more enterprising, and we are more conservative (according to this, we should advocate automatic).

（三）吾人多知自已及家族，而思想眼光多不知社会之必要[按此当提倡使国人有社会的自觉心（SocialConsciousness）]。
(3) We know more about ourselves and our families, but we do not know the necessity of society [we should advocate social consciousness for our people].

（四）国人好做消极的言论行动（当提倡积极精神）。
(4) Chinese people are good at negative speech and action (when advocating a positive spirit).

以上所言，不过四项，已经比徒言国情者易于领悟。然此不过是目的而已，目的使之自动进取，等等。但欲达此目的，需用何种方法，如使学生有机会，在学生中及团体中做事，即练习社会自觉心，又如使学生自谋其前途事业，即练习自动心。凡此愈说愈近，已经易于领悟多了。
The above is only four, which is easier to understand than those who talk about the national situation. But this is only an end, and the end makes it self-motivated, and so on. But in order to achieve this goal, what methods are needed, such as giving students the opportunity to do things among students and in groups, i.e., practicing social consciousness, and if students are able to pursue their own future careers, i.e., practicing autonomina. The closer you are, the easier it is to comprehend.

凡此种种，予愿同诸位师生共同勉励，用南开做一个试验场，以长以进，就是民主的精神。
All these are the spirit of democracy that I would like to work with all teachers and students to encourage Nankai to be a testing ground and to make progress with longevity.

予末后告诉诸生，易懂易记的四个字，就是“活一动一长一进”。按此四字去行，自然可以得生命、经验、方法等。
At the end of the day, he told all living beings that the four words that are easy to understand and remember are "to live, move, grow and advance". If you follow these four words, you will naturally get life, experience, methods, etc.

二、关于大学之筹划
2. Planning of the University

前此办过专科二次，好批评者，有谓为维持本校运动计而立专科，有谓 20丨张伯苓：一人一校一国家
I have run a college twice before, and it is a good critic to say that a college is established to maintain the school's sports plan, and it is said that 20丨Zhang Boling: one person, one school, one country

为维持本校新剧计而立专科；又有谓为校长名誉计而立专科者；若此均不待辩论，识者自知。究竟办大学与不办大学比起来是难是易，于此亦可了然。予前给在美留学生将来本校大学教员凌冰去信，告诉他将来在这办大学，是一个很不易的事。这因为予由美来华之先，即曾同凌君谈到办一件新事的困难，而此次无论如何，必极力去做。意者或谓，南开中学已千余人，事业非不盛，主其事者，何乐不可休息休息！亦知此种思想已十分腐旧。教育的事业乃进的，又安有止境一说？先时教育为扬名声，显父母，而今日则迥乎异矣！教育为社会谋进步，为公共谋幸福；教育为终身事业（lifework），予于此至死为止。所以必立大学的原因：
Establishment of a major program to sustain the University's new drama; It is also said that those who set up specialists for the honorary plan of the president; If none of this is to be debated, those who know will know for themselves. It is also clear whether it is easier or harder to run a university than not to run a university. Yu Qian sent a letter to Ling Bing, a university faculty member who was an international student in the United States, telling him that it would be a very difficult task to set up a university here in the future. This is because before Yu Yumei came to China, he had talked to Ling Jun about the difficulty of doing a new thing, and this time, no matter what, he would do his best. It may be said that there are more than 1,000 people in Nankai Middle School, and the cause is not prosperous. It is also known that this kind of thinking is very old. The cause of education is progressive, and there is no end to it? In the past, education was to promote fame and show parents, but today it is very different! Education seeks progress for society and happiness for the public; Education is lifework until death. So the reason for Beacon University:

（一）现在教育在别一方面言，即使青年合于将来社会的习惯，加大学即将其习惯加长，使造成益形坚固之习惯。
(1) In the present education, even if the youth is in tune with the habits of the society of the future, the university will lengthen their habits and make them stronger.

（二）中学毕业后，直接在社会上做事不足，故需有大学的培养。
(2) After graduating from secondary school, it is not enough to do things directly in society, so it is necessary to have university training.

此外，仍有一个次要的原因，即国中国立的、教会立的大学，虽是不少，然而真正民立的大学却不多见。须知今日中国所以幸存者，多半是因为世界的舆论帮助。然而吾们亦当教世界知道，吾们国民能做点事，所以这亦是旁边的原因。
In addition, there is still a secondary reason, that is, although there are many state-run and church-run universities, there are few truly private universities. It is important to know that most of the survivors in China today are because of the help of the world's public opinion. However, we should also teach the world that we people can do something, so this is also a side reason.

至于天学的筹备：
As for the preparation of the heavenly school:

（一）人才方面，有凌冰先生，并转在美约请数人。
(1) In terms of talents, there is Mr. Ling Bing, and he has invited several people to the United States.

（二）财政方面，予此次至京，各界均有意帮忙，并见南开旧同学尤极高兴。严先生已预备至各处捐款。本月十五日，为此事在校内开一乐贤会。
(2) In terms of finance, all walks of life are interested in helping in this visit to Beijing, and I am especially happy to see the old students of Nankai. Mr. Yim is ready to donate to various places. On the 15th of this month, a club was held on campus for this purpose.

三、关于实业之提倡
3. On the promotion of industry

先欲劝大家省钱，合力去做买卖。凡本校师生所用的东西，均由本校师生自已去做，自已经营。这个意思就是想引着大家省钱，并注意实业。以前有思想的人，多半不想实业；而办实业的人，又多半无思想，这样如何不贫？是以以后想有工场、有售品处。大家合作，人人有份。
First of all, I want to persuade everyone to save money and work together to do business. All the things used by the teachers and students of the school are made and operated by the teachers and students of the school. This means that I want to lead everyone to save money and pay attention to the industry. Most of the people who thought in the past didn't want to be industrial; And most of the people who run businesses are thoughtless, so how can they not be poor? I want to have a factory and a sales office in the future. Everyone has a role to play.

第二章旧中国，新南开|21
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|21

予今日所言者，无不许如何、不准如何等消极的报告，唯望大家一齐努力，共于成。
For those who speak today, there are no negative reports such as how and how not to do, and I hope that everyone will work together to achieve success.

（原载于《校风》第117期，1919年3月18日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 117, March 18, 1919).

22|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
22|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

本学期之政策
Policies for this semester

今日为本学期之第一次修身班。本校修身班向用演说。主讲人大半为校长，亦时邀名人演讲，如上期全大夫之演讲卫生学、钱得洛先生之演讲印度状况是也。本期拟稍更前例，除校长外兼请专门、中学二主任及诸位教员并各名人演讲。内容则分为时事、训言、报告、名人演说四种。
Today is the first self-cultivation class of this semester. The school's self-cultivation class gave a speech. Most of the speakers are presidents, and celebrities are invited to give speeches, such as Dr. Quan's lecture on hygiene and Mr. Chandellow's lecture on the state of India. In this issue, we will invite special students, secondary school directors and teachers to give speeches in addition to the principal. The content is divided into four types: current affairs, precepts, reports, and celebrity speeches.

吾人对此起首之时应作如何思想？吾尝思之，于四书中得数语焉，日：“凡事预则立，不预则废；言前定则不跆，事前定则不闲，行前定则不疾，道前定则不穹。”诸生于个人之学业，开学前曾预思之否？当夫中日之战，日本得胜，及日俄之战，日本又胜，胡为而分胜败？盖一则于事前筹划尽致；一则临时仓促，其胜败之机不战后而可立判，此其一例耳。推而演之，何事非然。诸生非小学生，有脑筋，能思想，即宜各就自已现状预为思之。语云：尽人事，听天命。盖世界上最易失败者，即毫无思想之人类。预算者虽未必尽能成功，然不预算者之失败无俟龟卜。今就诸生应预算者略为计之，优等学生闻而行之，劣者遗忘之，善者或能因吾说而进一步思焉，是在各人之自省已。
How should we think about this when we begin with this? I tried to think about it, and in the four books, I got a few words, day: "Everything is foreseen, it is established, and if it is not prepared, it is wasted; The pre-word rule is not taeksubor, the pre-word rule is not idle, the pre-line rule is not sick, and the pre-road rule is not firm. "Are you born in your own studies, and have you thought about it before the beginning of school? When the war between China and Japan, Japan won, and the war between Japan and Russia, Japan won again, and Hu Wei divided the victory and defeat? Gai Yi is well planned in advance; A temporary haste, whose chance of victory or defeat can be judged without a fight, is an example. By deduction, what is wrong. All students are not primary school students, they have brains, and they can think, that is, they should think about their own current situation. Yuyun: Do your best, listen to the destiny of heaven. The world's most vulnerable losers, that is, thoughtless human beings. Although the budgeter may not be able to succeed, the failure of the non-budgeter is not a turtle. Now the students should be budgeted for a little calculation, the superior students will hear and do it, the inferior will forget it, and the good ones may be able to think further because of what I say, it is in everyone's self-reflection.

（一）对于课程之预算第一，勿旷课。读书之秘诀，日“时时温习”。人生最不幸者，即求学期中发生疾病，因而误课是也。疾病之缠身，匪唯书不克读，即寻常治事，亦无精神以副之。青春几何？设使大好光阴，尽消
(1) For the budget of the course, do not skip class. The secret of reading is to "review it all the time". The most unfortunate person in life, that is, if he has an illness during the semester, he will miss class. Riddled with diseases, the bandit only refrains from reading, that is, ordinary affairs, and no spirit to replace it. Geometry of youth? Let the good time be gone

第二章旧中国，新南开丨23
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨23

磨于病中，其困苦为何如耶？第二，每日之课程应温习完毕。今日所授之课程，今日温习之，本星期所授之课程，本星期温习之；日日无压积，则对于课程觉有余裕，而自能时时复习矣。一日之光阴，恰如银洋若干元，设吾人数元在握，必预思此元何用，彼元何用？一日光阴何莫不然。宜预思此时做何事，彼时做何事？每日各事做成。一好习惯，即将来之一好人格，一有用之学生。第三，宜择自已较弱之课程而补习之。中学课程为普通学科，人生不可少之知识，退而处世应用，进而求学专门，非有中学之普通学科基础，断无成效可言，则学生之对于各科有求全之必要矣！
Suffering in sickness, why is his distress like yes? Second, the daily lessons should be reviewed. The lessons taught today, the lessons taught today, the lessons taught this week, the lessons this week; If there is no accumulation every day, you will feel more comfortable for the course, and you can review it from time to time. The time of a day, just like a number of dollars in Yinyang, set my number of dollars in hand, I must think about what is the use of this yuan, what is the use of other yuan? How about a day. It is advisable to think about what to do now and what to do at that time. Everything is done every day. A good habit is a good personality and a useful student in the future. Thirdly, it is advisable to choose a course in which you are weak and make up for it. The secondary school curriculum is a general subject, and the knowledge that is indispensable in life can be applied in the world, and then study specializedly.

（二）对于体育体育一科现时急宜注意。体育发达非童身体之强健已也，且与各事均有连带之关系。读书佳者宜有健全身体，道德高者宜有健全身体。其练习之方法，正课则有体操、徒手体操，余如各种运动，庭球、筐球、足球等，器械运动，如秋千、天桥、手桥、木马、平台等。个人宜择性之所好者一二种，定时练习。二则卫生应加检点，而实行一端，尤为重要；如上期全大夫所讲卫生诸事，均宜按法行之，不可稍忽。卫生之中饮食最为重要。人当少年时胃口发达，所食反较成人为多。因食物非仅供其身体之需用，且资助其身体之发达也。而普通少年，大半以其胃口之发达，遂随意进食，毫无节制，乃伏后日生病之机。即以余为例，少年时曾信口乱食，今则胃中受病，消化不良矣！诸生宜鉴此实例，幸勿谓吾未身受，遂不加检点也。人所最难行之事即为制欲，是盖天地间之固然。卫生之道，非仅对于全体，即一部分之病亦不可稍忽。设耳、眼之一部受伤，全体功用因之失效。某君曾演说一最恰之比例云：长铁环一下系重物，一环损伤全体坠矣！盖身体各部虽各营独立之功用，而对于其余则有相互之关系及于全身。再则恶习宜戒除也，烟酒等习为青年最易犯者。今日为本学年之始，诸生青年为一生之始，自今日起，斩除恶习根株，与之搏战奋斗，易事耳！人生唯患不立志，语云“有志者事竟成”。诸生其三复斯言。
(2) Attention should be paid to the subject of Physical Education at present. The development of sports is not the strength of the child's body, and it is related to all things. Those who are good at reading should have a sound body, and those with high morals should have a sound body. The methods of practice include gymnastics, freehand gymnastics, and various sports, such as court ball, basketball, football, etc., and equipment sports, such as swings, flyovers, hand bridges, wooden horses, platforms, etc. It is advisable for individuals to choose one or two kinds of favorites, and practice them regularly. Second, health should be checked, and the implementation of one end is particularly important; As mentioned by Dr. Quan in the previous issue, all health matters should be done in accordance with the law, and should not be neglected. Hygiene is the most important thing. When people are teenagers, they have a developed appetite and eat more than adults. Because food is not only for the needs of the body, but also for the development of the body. Most of the ordinary teenagers, with their developed appetites, eat at will without moderation, which is the opportunity to get sick the day after tomorrow. That is, take Yu as an example, when he was a teenager, he used to eat indiscriminately, but now he suffers from stomach disease and indigestion! All beings should learn from this example, fortunately, do not say that I have not experienced it, so I do not check it. The most difficult thing for a person to do is to control his desires, which is the course of covering heaven and earth. The way of hygiene is not only for the whole, but also for some diseases. One part of the ear and eye is injured, and all functions are invalidated. A certain gentleman once gave a speech about the most appropriate proportion of clouds: the long iron ring is tied to a heavy object, and the whole ring is damaged! Although each part of the body has an independent function, it has a mutual relationship with the rest of the body. In addition, bad habits should be abandoned, and habits such as smoking and drinking are the most likely for young people. Today is the beginning of this school year, and all young people are the beginning of their lives. Life is only a matter of aspiration, and the saying "where there is a will, there is a way". All beings are three times repeated.

（三）对于各事之进行本校于课程外，组织各种学会团体，以为学生练习做事之资助。有种学生，做事虽善，然所担任者太多，以致误其课程， 24|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
(3) For the implementation of various things, the school organizes various societies and groups outside the curriculum to provide financial support for students to practice and do things. There is a kind of student who, though he is good at his work, has so many people that he misses his lesson, 24|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

此大非也，又有学生，专事读书，日夜理首，除课程以外之事，毫不过问，此又非也。诸生今日之服务于各会，即练习将来做事之基础。若徒谓吾来求学，只知读书，其奈闭门造车出户反何？总言之，宜使课程与做事，互相调和，勿使有过长、过短之处斯可耳。
There are also students who specialize in studying, day and night, and do not care about anything other than the course. The service of all beings today is to practice the foundation of future work. If I come to study and only know how to study, why should I go out of the house behind closed doors? In short, it is advisable to reconcile the course and the work, and not to make too long and too short of Scol.

（四）对于经济之预算吾尝闻人谓本校为贵胃学校，此语诚非过当。本校人数众多，纨子弟自属不少，衣锦绣，食膏梁，骄奢性成，任意挥霍，唯知金钱之任吾需用，而不一念其祖父创业之艰。须知学生时代为受熏陶锻炼时代，而非享安逸时代，此时作成节俭习惯，则异日任处何境，自无不能忍受之意矣！校中如膳制甲等外别立乙等，以为学生节俭之助，行后颇著成效。其余凡可减省者，则减省之，勿谓吾有祖父资财，而毫不节制也。凡上所述，皆学生生活事务，而决不可不预算者，诸生来此求学，更何能贸然前行，而于已身各事，毫不思索？今日预定前程，努力实行，何患乎学之
(4) As for the budget of the economy, I have heard that people call this school a noble stomach, which is not an exaggeration. There are a large number of students in this school, and there are many children who belong to them, who are beautifully dressed, eat and ointment, are arrogant and extravagant, and squander at will, only knowing that money is needed, and not thinking about the difficulty of their grandfather's business. It is important to know that the student era is the era of edification and training, not the era of comfort, and if you make a habit of frugality at this time, you will be in any situation on a different day, and there is no intolerable meaning! In the school, such as the first class of the meal system, there is no second class, in order to help students thrift, and it has been quite effective after the practice. The rest of those who can be saved, let it be reduced, not to say that I have the wealth of my grandfather, and I have no moderation. All of the above are the affairs of student life, and those who must not be unbudgeted, how can they rush forward when they come here to study, and they are already doing everything without thinking? Book your future today, work hard to implement it, and learn from it

不成、业之不就耶？有志诸生，宜知省矣。
If it doesn't work, isn't it karma? If you are interested in life, you should know the province.

A

本校数年来增长颇速，计初成立时教员学生共六十余人，迄今有二十载，而职教员已胜昔日全校人数，学生且二十倍于前焉！此数年内之增长，殆如十五六岁之童子，身体正当发育，速度极高，而其中则不免有一部过长、过弱之处，因之颇不类人形，及过此时期，则发育完全而身体强健矣。故近数年来，本校之增长虽速，而于坚固一层尚觉稍差。本期之政策，即关此的去作，使各事均有一定之秩序，英文“system”之意是也。黎大总统就任之言，日：“将中国作成一法制国。”本校政策即将学校作成一法制学校，总不使一人之去留影响于全校，如古籍所云“人存政举，人亡政息”之意，则可耳！各事既有秩序，则无论何人视事均能依旧进步。其能力强者能扩充之，虽较弱者亦无退步之虞，使之坚固永久，斯本期之政策也。兹分述之如下：
Over the past few years, the school has grown rapidly, with more than 60 faculty and students at the beginning of its establishment, and has been 20 years since then, and the number of vocational teachers has surpassed the number of students in the past, and the number of students is 20 times that of the previous school! The growth of these years is like that of a boy of fifteen or sixteen years of age, whose body is developing at a very high rate, and one of them is inevitably too long and too weak, so that it is not human-like, and after this period it is fully developed and strong. Therefore, in recent years, although the growth of the school has been rapid, it is still slightly worse in terms of solid floor. The policy of this issue is to make everything have a certain order, and the English word "system" means also. President Lebane's inaugural remarks: "Make China a country governed by law." "The school's policy is to make the school a legal school, so that no one person will be affected by the whole school, as the ancient books say, "people save the government, people die and the government rests", then it can be heard! If everything is in order, then no matter who sees things, they can still make progress. Its ability to be strong can be expanded, although the weaker are not in danger of regression, so that it is strong and permanent, and the policy of this period is also. They are as follows:

（一）校长之责任分担于校董：本校昔年曾请严范孙、卢木斋、王益孙三先生为校董。本期拟扩充校董人数，假中徐菊人先生来本校参观，现时已请其担任此事，并蒙允诺。此外，拟再邀一二人任校董职，并实行参与本校重要事务。如此校董既负一分责任，则校长之责任减轻，而全校事务不致交
(1) The responsibility of the principal is shared among the school managers: In the past, the school invited Mr. Yan Fansun, Lu Muzhai and Wang Yisun to be the school managers. In this phase, the number of school managers is to be expanded, and Mr. Xu Juren has been asked to take up the task of visiting the school during the holiday, and has been promised. In addition, it is planned to invite one or two more people to serve as school managers and participate in important affairs of the school. In this way, if the manager has a share of responsibility, the responsibility of the principal is reduced and the affairs of the whole school are not handed over

第二章旧中国，新南开丨25
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨25

于校长之一身矣！
Yu is one of the principals!

（二）校长之下分专门、中学二主任本校近年发达称速，同时又创设专门科师范班，故一切事务自倍于囊昔。自去岁已增中学主任，今复增专门部主任。以后凡属中学班各事可向中学主任询问，专门班各事则问专门部主任交涉。斯权限分，而事易举。
(2) The principal is divided into specialty, and the second director of the secondary school has developed in recent years, and at the same time, it has created a special normal class, so all affairs have been twice as good as in the past. Since last year, the director of secondary school has been added, and now the director of the special department has been added. In the future, the head of the secondary school can be consulted about all matters in the middle school class, and the director of the special department can be consulted for all matters in the special class. It's easy to do it.

（三）校务分掌职员中分管理、庶务、体育三课。各有课长、课员，其余各事并由诸教员帮助，分国文、英文、图书、学会、体育、学校卫生、音乐诸股，各司其职，各理其事。校长既不过劳，校事亦有秩序，而进步自易矣！
(3) The school affairs are divided into three classes: management, general affairs, and physical education. Each has a section leader and class members, and the rest of the things are helped by the teachers, divided into national language, English, books, clubs, physical education, school health, and music, each performing its own duties and taking care of its own affairs. The principal is not overworked, the school affairs are also orderly, and progress is easy!

（四）定时做事本校昔时人数较少，故学生有事无论何时均可问职员接洽；现全校人数将及千人，若仍用此法则恐诸职员有应接不暇之势。故拟仿本校会计处办法，每日有一定时刻接洽事务，在职员既可得暇休息，而学生又能养成秩序的习惯。诚一举而两得矣！
(4) Regular workThe number of students in the school was small in the past, so students can ask the staff whenever they have something; At present, the number of students in the whole school will be 1,000, and if this rule is still used, I am afraid that the staff will be overwhelmed. Therefore, it is proposed to imitate the method of the accounting office of the university, and contact affairs at a certain time every day, so that the staff can have time to rest, and the students can develop the habit of order. Sincerity kills two birds with one stone!

（五）对于各会亦用本校政策，勿使增长过大，而求其精神坚固为要。（六）对于各报各出版物均请国文教员赞助，内容则取其精华而辞其
(5) The policy of the University should also be applied to each association, so as not to make the growth too large, but to ensure that its spirit is strong. (6) For all newspapers and publications, the Chinese language teachers are invited to sponsor them, and the content is based on the essence of the text

繁冗。
Redundant.

（本文为“修身班校长讲演录”，由常策欧笔录。原载于《校风》第36、
(This article is a transcript of the "Speech of the Principal of the Self-cultivation Class", which was recorded by Chang Ceou.) Originally published in School Spirit, p. 36

37期，1916年9月4、11日） 26|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
No. 37, 4-11 September 1916) 26|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

欢迎校董，与南开共长进
Welcome the school manager to grow together with Nankai

今日开会，其宗旨：一方为欢迎校董，一方为得与学生家人联络，而其主要意思则在长进。
The purpose of today's meeting is to welcome the school manager, to liaise with the students' families, and the main purpose is to grow.

今日次序，上午为展览会，此刻为乐贤会，晚有新剧以助余兴。予今借此得与诸位家长谈谈。今日到会者千余人，若一一面谈，殊难周到。诸位若有所见亦请随时指导，本校无任欢迎。
Today's order, the morning is the exhibition, the moment is the Lexian Club, and there are new dramas in the evening to help the afterlife. I would like to take this opportunity to talk to all parents. There are more than 1,000 people attending the meeting today, and if you talk to them one by one, it will be very difficult and thoughtful. If you have any opinions, please feel free to guide, our school is not welcome.

诸位已看过东楼上其第一室为校中历史，表明本校当日如何渐渐长成；第二为学生手工室，极简单，不过学了半年，成绩颇不足观，三为出版室；四为体育室；五为学生之组织及学校办事法；此外有讲室、饭厅、宿舍、会所、义塾，等等。诸位如有未看完者，明日下午二点仍可来。
You have seen the history of the school in the first room on the east floor, which shows how the school grew up on that day; The second is the student handicraft room, which is very simple, but after half a year of study, the results are quite unimpressive, and the third is the publishing room; the fourth is the sports room; (5) Students' organization and school practices; In addition, there are lecture rooms, dining rooms, dormitories, clubhouses, and schools. If you haven't finished reading it, you can still come tomorrow at 2 p.m.

当诸位看本校历史时，即知本校发起在严先生家里，现在中学已成立十四年半。再往前说，则在二十一年前，即戊戌变政时彼时无所谓改良，严先生由贵州学政返津，倡议改科举。其时予即在先生家教其子侄六人英文、算术等，后又有王宅书房数人与此合并，遂于光绪三十年改为中学堂。堂中共有学生十三人，此即十四年以前事也。后集款建此，学生渐加，现在有
When you look at the history of the school, you will know that the school was founded in Mr. Yan's family, and now the middle school has been established for 14 and a half years. Going back to the past, 21 years ago, that is, when there was no reform at the time of the Wuxu Rebellion, Mr. Yan returned to Tianjin from Guizhou to study politics and proposed to change the imperial examination. At that time, Yu taught six of his sons and nephews English, arithmetic, etc., in the husband's house, and later several people in the study room of the royal mansion merged with this, so it was changed to a middle school hall in the 30th year of Guangxu. There are 13 students in the hall, which was 14 years ago. After raising funds to build this, the students gradually increased, and now there are

本文为1919年2月15日张伯苓在南开学校乐贤会上对学生家长的演说词，由幸蒙记录，标题为编者加。
This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling to the parents of students at the Nankai School Lexian Meeting on February 15, 1919.

第二章旧中国，新南开|27
Chapter 2: Old China, New Nankai|27

一千多人。此校纯是私人对于教育热心办起来者，起手捐款为严、王、徐诸先生，后渐长，乃加人省款，亦因有官立学校学生归并为此故也。
More than a thousand. This school is purely private for education enthusiastic about the start-up of the donations, Mr. Yan, Wang, Xu Zhu, and then grew, is to add people to save money, but also because there are government school students merged for this reason.

校办理不周之处，在所难免。而校所最注意者，即教育方法，彼时学校初兴，办事多主严，致风潮迭起。此点本校所主张稍有不同，盖纯严则压制学生使不得长，而学生此时正在长进之期，岂可阻滞。孩童当五六岁时多好跳跃奔走，如吓之不使动转，殊碍其生机，结果则一班人身体多不强健，或谓如任孩童随意奔跑，恐有损筋折骨之险，然而绝不当因此即使之不长，而当设法使之跳而不至损骨。盖如在此五六岁时，不顺其天然使之长，则成人以后虽欲不能矣！近闻有因家中孩童由小学放学甚早，嘈闹不堪，于小学功课以外下班后仍送之于塾师，以图省心者，殊不合于生养之方，仅图省事不顾幼孩之长进，贻害无穷。此关于教养幼童心理生理二方之极简道理。
It is inevitable that the school will not be properly managed. The school paid the most attention to the educational method, that is, the school was in its infancy at that time, and there were many strict things, which led to a wave of trends. This point is slightly different from what the school advocates, and if it is pure and strict, it will suppress the students so that they cannot grow, and the students are in the period of growth at this time, how can they be hindered. When a child is five or six years old, he is so good at jumping and running, if he is frightened, it will hinder his vitality, and as a result, many people will not be in good health, or if they are allowed to run at will, they may risk breaking their muscles and bones, but they should never try to make them jump without breaking their bones, even if they are not long. If you don't let it grow up at the age of five or six, you won't be able to do it as an adult! Recently, it has been reported that because the children in the family leave school very early from the primary school, they are noisy, and they are still sent to the tutor after work outside the primary school, in order to save worry, but it is not in line with the method of birth and raising, and only to save trouble and ignore the growth of young children, which is infinitely harmful. This is a very simple truth about the psychophysiological aspects of raising young children.

中学时之学生，正在发展集合性及做事心之际，是以多好动。教育家当于此时因其势而力导之，为之作种种预备，若竞图省事，则此时少年丢去许多长进的机会。何以国人外交屡屡失败？无团结力，即少时无练习之故，至长成做事，于社会为软弱，见外人则摔倒，如今亡羊补牢，正当使青年顺性发达，以练达其做事心及团结力。凡无害之事，则放心使之自由发达，而于坏习惯则丝毫不容，如烟酒、赌等事，犯者绝不宽假，至二十（岁）以后理解可以胜嗜欲，自然可以无虑矣！外人每评论吾国人无团结力，如散沙，好自争，是固然。其缘故因吾辈年幼之时，即无此种练习，比长成至社会再去练习团结，抑亦晚矣！
Students in secondary school are more active when they are developing their collective nature and work-oriented mind. At this time, the educator should lead it because of its situation, and make all kinds of preparations for it, if he tries to save trouble, then the young man will lose many opportunities for growth. Why does Chinese diplomacy fail repeatedly? There is no unity, that is, there is no practice when you are young, until you grow up to do things, you are weak in the society, and you fall down when you see outsiders. Anything harmless, then rest assured to make it free and developed, and bad habits are not tolerated at all, such as smoking, drinking, gambling, etc., the offender will not be lenient, until twenty (age) after the understanding can win over lust, naturally can be worry-free! It is true that outsiders comment that our people have no unity, like scattered sand, and are good at fighting for themselves. The reason for this is that when my generation was young, there was no such practice, and it was too late to practice unity when I grew up in society!

向者，人多以到学校为念书，其实学校的意思不止于此。到学校当学生活之方，当学共同生活。如只念书而不会生活，则非徒无益，而且有害，是以当随时使之做事。起初亦有小争，以其幼时自私之念尚未消融，而渐渐则极有秩序。对于此点，予不能不感谢诸位（对学生家长言）。子弟之良善，予亦敢以此十四年之经验，证明吾国人可以往民国去做，更由此可以报告诸位，中国是有希望。
In fact, the meaning of school is more than that. Go to school as a way to learn life, and learn to live together. If you only study and do not live, it is not useless and harmful, but it is necessary to make it do things at any time. At first, there were small disputes, and the selfishness of his childhood had not yet dissolved, but gradually he became very orderly. I would like to thank all of you for this. The kindness of the children is that with this fourteen years of experience, it proves that our people can go to the Republic of China to do it, and from this we can report to you that there is hope for China.

28|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
28|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

此外尚有关于学生之事数项，欲向诸位家长面谈：第一，即关于钱财。本校章程，人校时均使之写账。此种习惯极需养成，即便钱多，亦当知节俭之道。诸位可按报告与学生算账，于此亦可助学校之不周。天津地方，如三不管为最不清洁，本校特派人在彼处巡查，凡有犯校章者立即革除，于此不能不严。至二十（岁）以后，好习惯已成，即无需监督自然亦不至错步。而家中人往往因子弟一星期在校用功，至星期日则纵之使消遣于恶劣之地，学校六日建筑之功，每因此一日遂至破坏，是以格外请诸位注意。又如娶亲一事。本校定章，不至二十一（岁）不得娶亲，违者革除。早婚于学问、进步、道德诸方面均是有损无益。其所以早婚的原因，大概多由于祖父母或父母欲多得一辈人。是固然。然而得一辈伤一辈，究竟何益？有时学生因早婚为本校察觉即行革除。家长来言亦无法通融，或谓定亲已久，至今不能不娶，固属至理，而鄙意亦深望诸位家长勿早为子弟定亲。就中仍有琐事甚多，恐不能一一向诸位面谈，如学生告假一项，本校亦事事从严。用电话不能告假，必须有相当理由及信。如随便使学生告假，即使之多一说谎机会，于将来极有影响。本校如查得其人作假，亦无大罚，申斥之而使之知所悔改。盖犯过之人未必均是坏人，大多由于习惯或由于软弱。有病，所以当可怜，而不当过斥；过厅亦往往无效，如得其病源而告之使改，其人更爱服，往往流涕誓改。是以教育当防其有过，而于已经有过者更勿记恨其过，当设法使之改悔。
In addition, there are several things about students that I would like to interview with parents: first, about money. The constitution of the school and the time of the school are all made to write accounts. This is a habit that needs to be cultivated, even if you have a lot of money, you should know how to be frugal. You can settle accounts with students according to the report, and you can also help the school to be inadequate. In Tianjin, if the three are the most unclean, the school will send someone to inspect the place, and anyone who violates the school rules will be immediately expelled, and this cannot be unstrict. After the age of 20, good habits have been formed, that is, they do not need to be supervised and do not go wrong. The family members often ask for your attention because of the fact that the younger brother works hard at school for a week, and on Sunday, even if he spends his time in a bad place, the school building works for six days, and every day it is destroyed. Another example is the matter of marrying. According to the rules of the school, no marriage is allowed until the age of twenty-one, and the offender will be dismissed. Early marriage is detrimental to learning, progress, and morality. The reason for early marriage is probably due to the desire of grandparents or parents to have more than one generation. Yes, of course. However, what is the benefit of having one generation and hurting another? In some cases, students are dismissed because of early marriages. Parents can't be accommodating, or they have been married for a long time, and they can't help but marry, which is reasonable, and I hope that parents will not marry their children early. There are still a lot of trivial matters, and I am afraid that we cannot interview them all one by one, and if a student takes a leave of absence, the school will also be strict in everything. You can't take leave by phone, you must have a reasonable reason and a letter. If students are casually asked to take leave, even if there is more opportunity to lie, it will have a great impact in the future. If the school finds that a person has committed fraud, there is no great punishment for reprimanding him and making him repent. Those who have sinned are not necessarily bad people, but mostly because of habit or weakness. If you are sick, you should be pitiful, and you should not be reprimanded; The hall is often ineffective, if the source of the disease is told to change, the person is more convinced, often sobbing and vowing to change. It is to educate them to guard against their faults, and not to hold grudges against those who have already done them, but to try to make them repent.

此外，凡本校有不周之处，切请时时指示。前者有学生家长因学生所着大擎无处放置特来相告。同人颇感其言，即于东楼旁设法匀一通学生存物室。虽多用一人多占一屋，而为学生方便亦所不辞。然往往因经济的限制，不能事事满意，但能为者必尽力为之，若能得诸位经济上的辅助，尤极欢迎。
In addition, if there is any inadequacy in the school, please give us instructions from time to time. In the former, some parents of students came to tell them because the students had nowhere to put them. The same person was quite impressed.,That is, try to get through the student storage room next to the east building.。 Although it is necessary to use one more person to occupy one room, it is also convenient for students. However, due to economic constraints, we cannot be satisfied with everything, but those who can do it will do our best, and if you can get your financial assistance, you are especially welcome.

此次到美，愈觉现世为民主发达时代。而吾国所处与此主义正复相合。现在世界已将强权打消。当鄙人走时，东邻极强，诸多欺侮；而今世界帮助当无多虑。然永仗他人帮助，绝非其道。是以须自造民国，而教育事业益不
This time I came to the United States, and I felt more and more that the present world is an era of democracy and development. And our country is in harmony with this doctrine. Now the world has eliminated power. When the contemptible people go, the eastern neighbor is extremely strong, and there is a lot of bullying; Now the world should not be much to worry about. However, it is not the way to rely on the help of others forever. It is necessary to create the Republic of China by itself, and the cause of education is not beneficial

第二章旧中国，新南开|29
Chapter 2: Old China, New Nankai|29

可缓。现在大家商议借着南开做一大学。或谓左近已有北京、北洋及教会所立大学，无需再多此一举。其实不然，教育无嫌其多者，但看学者多否，如学者多则可加多。美国学校各有各性质。本校性质纯为私立，在做成由人民所立之学校，现在筹款筹地，著著进行，事事多仗人民私力。即徐菊人先生虽为总统，终为本校旧校董，亦系一人民资格。
Slow. Now everyone is discussing the idea of building a university through Nankai. Or it can be said that there are already universities in Beijing, Beiyang and the church, so there is no need to do more. In fact, it is not the case that there is no doubt about education, but it depends on whether there are many scholars, and if there are many scholars, it can be more. American schools are diverse. The nature of this school is purely private, and it is now raising funds and land to make a school established by the people, and everything is done with the private power of the people. That is to say, although Mr. Xu Juren is the president, he is the old trustee of the school, and he is also a people's qualification.

诸位均知南开为私立学校，有先生，有东家，当日由严先生一人当东家，已有如此进步。若诸位者今日均为东家，则前途益觉光大，所以校对于诸君有无限欢迎。
You all know that Nankai is a private school, there is a gentleman, there is an owner, and Mr. Yan was the owner that day, and there has been such progress. If you are all the owners today, you will have a bright future, so the school has infinite welcome to you.

（原载于《校风》第116期，1919年3月11日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 116, March 11, 1919).

30|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
30|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

香山会议之议题
Topics of the Xiangshan Conference

余在各地学校常与人谈中国教育，越办越糊涂。吾常言，读书可赚钱，只不可赚混账钱，读书可求个人之生活，要（更）求大众之生活。·如此做法，要自问是否与教育宗旨相合？是否与教育学生之目的相合？··试问学校之设施是否合乎国家之需要？对于学生之输入，是否合乎社会之需求？造就之人才，是否将来有转移风俗、刷新思潮、改良社会之能力？若日不能，是自小视教育也。若仅为个人增加知识技能而办教育，则教育神圣亦不足称矣。吾人实具一改良社会之希望，因此次休课之暇，乃举行香山会议。·以慈幼院为开会之所，列席者有本校各课主任及各班学生代表数人，借此以征求各班学生之意见。
Yu often talks about Chinese education in schools around the world, and the more he does, the more confused he becomes. I often say that reading can make money, but not making bastard money, and reading can be a personal life, and we must (more) seek the life of the public. Is it consistent with the purpose of educating students? Do the facilities of the school meet the needs of the country? Does the input of students meet the needs of the community? Will the cultivated talents have the ability to change customs, refresh the trend of thought, and improve society in the future? If you can't, it's because you have been looking at education since childhood. If education is conducted only to increase the knowledge and skills of individuals, it is not enough to call education sacred. We really have the hope of improving the society, so the time of this suspension of classes is to hold the Xiangshan Conference. The Salesian Home was used as the meeting place, and the heads of the school and several representatives of the students of each class were present to solicit the opinions of the students of each class.

此一段话，说香山会议成立之历史。在香山前后一个礼拜，所讨论者凡四十议案。精思细想，得有此一大结果。吾不得不感谢诸列席者，研究心之富，办事心之勇，为吾南开辟一新纪元、开一新道路、建一新楼台。
This passage talks about the history of the establishment of the Xiangshan Conference. A week before and after Xiangshan, forty bills were discussed. If you think about it, you have to have this big result. I have to thank all the attendees for studying the wealth of the heart, the courage of the heart of work, and opening up a new era, opening a new road, and building a new building for the south of Wunan.

此四十议案中，有讨论有结果者，有讨论尚须审查者，有讨论未有结果、待此半年继续讨论者。其中最要之点：
Among these 40 motions, there are those that have been discussed and have results, those that have yet to be examined, and those that have not been discussed and will continue to be discussed for half a year. One of the most important points:

本文是1921年3月4日张伯苓在南开学校全体教职员会上的开会词。由陈文波记录，标题为编者加。
This article is the opening speech of Zhang Boling at the all-staff meeting of Nankai School on March 4, 1921. Recorded by Chen Wenbo, titled Editor's Plus.

第二章旧中国，新南开|31
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|31

（一）校务公开。学校一切事，不是校长一人号令，应大家共同商量，所以要大家同负责任。有了此种力量，才能一致地奋斗，况教育目的，不是饭碗，安有高过此的意思？若要达到这种意思，非得全体一致的动作不可，所以校务要公开。
(1) Disclosure of school affairs. Everything in the school is not ordered by the principal alone, but should be discussed by everyone, so everyone should be responsible together. With this kind of strength, we can work in unison, and the purpose of education is not a job, and what does it mean to be higher than this? In order to achieve this meaning, it is necessary to act in unison, so school affairs must be made public.

（二）责任分担。全校师生既是都负责任，必须认定自已的责，尽了自已的职务，才行。史芬有言：“绝无一时就好的事，非得除了自已病不可。” 我们在教育界做事的，没有贪的机会，但觉势力犹小，要广造新青年才行。然而若造新青年去改良社会，绝不是在书本上就行的，非得以身作则，用精神感动不可。
(2) Allocation of responsibilities. Since all teachers and students in the school are responsible, they must recognize their own responsibilities and fulfill their duties. Shi Fen said: "There is no such thing as a good thing at one time, you have to get rid of your own illness." "We don't have the opportunity to be greedy in the education sector, but we feel that our power is still small, and we need to create new young people. However, if we want to create new young people to improve society, we must not do it in books, but we must set an example and move with our spirit.

（三）师生合作。此项绝非空说即行，我们此次到西山，有学生十几人。当时学生中有说学生同去，恐于说话不便。然既同往时，大家一齐讨论，一同饮食、居住，精神是非常之好。盖无形之中即能感动。此后即将此种精神推于全校师生。吾得有暇，以办筹款事务。至于师生校务研究等会，已有《香山会议报告书》，兹不赘书。
(3) Teacher-student cooperation. This is by no means empty words, we went to Xishan this time, there are more than a dozen students. At that time, some students said that the students went with them, and they were afraid that it would be difficult to speak. However, when we were in the same place, we discussed together, ate and lived together, and the spirit was very good. The cover can be moved invisibly. Since then, this spirit has been extended to all teachers and students in the school. I have time to do the fundraising. As for the teachers and students of the school affairs research meeting, there is already a "Xiangshan Conference Report", so I will not repeat it.

（原载于《南开周刊》第1期，1921年4月1日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 1, April 1, 1921).

32|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
32|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

本校教育政策
The school's educational policy

上星期六晚，曾到校内校外、各处宿舍看看，若干的少年人从远方来，在这里求学。要是有年纪长的人，常常同他们谈谈，可以帮助他们长进，亦可使他们安慰快乐。可惜近来校中人太多，无法一一亲近。在当初二三百人时，予于全校学生，都能认识，并可略道其家中事。
Last Saturday night, I went to the dormitories inside and outside the school, and a number of young people came from afar to study. If there are elderly people, talking to them regularly can help them grow and comfort and make them happy. It's a pity that there are too many people in the school recently, and I can't get close to them one by one. At the beginning, there were two or three hundred students, so that all the students in the school could get to know each other and learn about their family affairs.

该晚与学生谈时很乐。见他离家来此，颇有志气。以前所谓各省的学生，大半都是各省的人，寄居京津的。而近来从安徽、山东、山西、广东、江浙等省各处来的学生，多半是由本省一直投入本校。这些人都能舍家远游，必定有志气。家里肯供给到此来读书，必定有造就，所以愈看愈乐。我就问他们各处的学生，因为什么到这儿来？有好些人就说，他本省学校办得不好。这些人既然来到本校，志气极高，将来必有为领袖的机会。其中虽有一二人目的未定，然而有目的实居多数。其目的都是很可尊重的。
It was a pleasure to talk to the students that night. Seeing that he left home and came here, he was quite ambitious. In the past, most of the students from the so-called provinces were from various provinces and lived in Beijing and Tianjin. Recently, most of the students from Anhui, Shandong, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces have been invested in the school by their own provinces. These people can give up their families to travel far away, and they must have ambition. If the family is willing to provide for them to come here to study, they will definitely be edified, so the more they watch, the happier they are. I asked the students everywhere, why are they here? Many people said that the schools in his province were not running well. Since these people have come to this school, their ambitions are very high, and they will definitely have the opportunity to become leaders in the future. Although one or two of them have undecided purposes, they are in the majority. The purpose is very respectable.

诸生既到本校来，须知本校亦有本校目的。人类所以比他类强的，就是他可以用方法去达到他的目的。本校要师生合起来，去达到两项相连属的目的。这就是本校的精神，亦可说是本校教育政策。这两项就是“理解”跟“自由”。
When students come to our school, we should know that our school also has its purpose. The reason why man is stronger than others is that he can use methods to achieve his goals. The school wants teachers and students to work together to achieve the goal of connecting the two subordinates. This is the spirit of the school, and it can be said that it is the educational policy of the school. These two items are "understanding" and "freedom".

本文是1919年3月5日张伯苓在南开学校修身班的演讲。由幸蒙记录。
This article is a speech given by Zhang Boling at the self-cultivation class of Nankai School on March 5, 1919. Recorded by Kotomo.

第二章旧中国，新南开丨33
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨33

所谓“理解”者，即一切事，不使学生专仗先生去推。当认清理解，自已去行，意在造出一班自动的人来。果能按理解去自动，即完全给以“自由”。近来自由几为社会的诟病，然而予不但不以为病且欲多讲育。怕者无理解的自由。若有理解，何故不给人自由呢？！
The so-called "understanding", that is, everything, does not let the student focus on Mr. to push. When we recognize and understand, we act on our own, and we aim to create a group of automatic people. If it can be understood automatically, that is, it is completely "free". Recently, freedom has been criticized by the society, but Yu not only does not think it is sick but also wants to pay more attention to education. Those who are afraid have no freedom to understand. If there is understanding, why not give people freedom?!

（原载于《校风》第119期，1919年3月31日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 119, March 31, 1919).

34|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
34|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

寄语出版部：定准方针向前走
Message to the Publication Department: Set the right policy to move forward

香山会议后，全校各组织均向进步方向发展，而学校进行之目标，亦即欲经一次之变动，求一种之长进路程。在出版部方面，则比较帮助学校为多，此就以往事而言颇可满意者。若于未来则尚有一事，请诸君计划，即值此思想界革新之时，我校适经过此路程。此后即宜如何想方法使之进步，吾忆杜威先生曾说：“吾人在社会上须能应付环境，然后踏定足跟，自已造新环境。”此所谓活人活组织。今日吾希望于出版部者，亦即能定准方针向前去走。俟假期后，再合大、中两部新来教员及特材生想方法利用此出版部，领全校千余人以正路，不受外间之被动，寻自已之方法。
After the Xiangshan meeting, all the organizations of the school are developing in the direction of progress, and the goal of the school is to seek a long-term progress through a change. In the publishing department, it is more helpful to the school, which is quite satisfactory in terms of the past. If there is one thing in the future, please plan that our school should go through this journey at the time of the revolution of the world of thought. I recall that Mr. Dewey once said, "We must be able to cope with the environment in society, and then set our feet on our feet and create a new environment for ourselves." "This is called a living organization. Today, I hope that those who are in the publishing department will be able to set the right course to move forward. After the holidays, the new faculty members and special students of the two departments of the university and the middle school tried to make use of this publishing department to lead more than 1,000 people in the school to find their own ways to find their own ways without being passive from the outside.

（原载于《南开周刊》第31期，1921年6月9日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 31, June 9, 1921).

本文是1921年6月2日张伯苓在南开学校出版部联欢大会上的讲话，标题为编者加。
This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the gathering of the Publishing Department of Nankai School on June 2, 1921.

第二章旧中国，新南开|35
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|35

事无大小，全在精神
No matter how big or small, it's all in the spirit

—南开大学第四学年始业式演说词
—The inaugural speech of the fourth year of Nankai University

今日为我校大学部成立第四学年第一学期的始业式，吾略备数语与诸位同人和学生一述之如下：
Today is the opening ceremony of the first semester of the fourth year of the establishment of the University Division of our university, and I would like to share with you and students the following:

南开大学系由中学部所产生。吾犹忆十数年前南开中学始成立时，天津中等学校同时而起者不下七八处，如官中、新学、长芦、明德、私二、私三等皆争胜于时，而至今存在者已无几。若发展由数十人、数百人，以至千三四百人者，则更稀矣。此中消长情形，固有幸与不幸之分，而南中办事诸同人和学生笃信教育万能之梦，至处此经费极困难情形之下，仍能煞费苦心，竞争不息，亦可大增吾辈办学之信心矣。然非即以此为满足，中间亦屡次欲提高学生程度，如开办专门班二次，皆以经费无着与章程所限等原因而停止，致将学生转送他校，至今犹以为憾。现大学成立虽逾三年，而其始亦几经波折，始克继续发展至有此小小之成功。此数年间与吾校同时而起之大学，如东北、西南、东南、河北、鄂大及厦门等，皆耸动一时。而至今除东南、厦门与南大三校外，他将成为泡影，或至今尚未实现。东南与厦门两校学款尚裕，可望持久。吾校经此三年之试验，学生由数十人增至今三百数十人，与前相较，增且数倍。以学生言，可谓幸事者一。年前以校舍狭窄，难
The Department of Nankai University was formed by the Secondary School. I still remember that when Nankai Middle School was first established more than ten years ago, there were no less than seven or eight Tianjin secondary schools at the same time, such as Guanzhong, Xinxue, Changlu, Mingde, Private No. 2, and Private No. 3, all of which competed to win the time, and there are few of them that exist today. If the development is from dozens or hundreds of people to 1,300 or 400 people, it is even rarer. In this situation, there is a distinction between good fortune and misfortune, and the colleagues and students of Nanzhong believe in the dream of education omnipotence, and in this extremely difficult financial situation, they can still take painstaking efforts and compete endlessly, and can also greatly increase the confidence of our generation in running a school. However, instead of being satisfied with this, there have been many attempts to improve the level of students, such as the opening of special classes twice, but they were stopped due to lack of funds and the limitation of the charter, resulting in the transfer of students to other schools, which is still regrettable. Although the University has been established for more than three years, and its beginnings have gone through many twists and turns, Shike has continued to develop to this small success. In the past few years, universities that have emerged at the same time as our university, such as the Northeast, Southwest, Southeast, Hebei, Hubei University and Xiamen, have all been sensational. So far, except for the three universities in Southeast China, Xiamen and Nanda, he will become a bubble, or it has not yet been realized. The two schools in Southeast and Xiamen are still abundant and are expected to last. After three years of experimentation, the number of students in our school has increased from dozens to 300 now, which is several times higher than before. In the words of the students, it can be described as one of the fortunate ones. Years ago, the school building was cramped and difficult

*本文原题为《本校大学部始业式校长演说纪略》，由刘炽晶记录，标题为编者改。 36|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
*This article was originally titled "A Brief History of the Speech of the President of the University Division", recorded by Liu Chijing, and the title was changed by the editor. 36|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

以扩充。今得津南八里台广地数百亩，以充建筑校舍之需，第一处楼房一二月即可告竣，则第一班毕业诸生，明春定可在新校址举行毕业典礼，当不致再有转送他校之虞。以校舍言，可谓幸事者二。吾校经费自中学既感困难，然从未以此而中止，今大学经费，三年来亦不充足，不久将再事筹款，或可望有成效。且美国煤油大王前所捐之十二万五千元科学馆助费，亦可望领到，则今日理科诸生明春当能得大科学馆之享受。以经费言，可谓幸事者三。此外，大学最要者即良教师，现在座诸教授，皆一时之硕彦，从此教诲得人，诸生受益，当非浅鲜。以教师言，可谓幸事者四。
to expand. The first building will be completed in January or February, and the first class of graduates will definitely be able to hold a graduation ceremony at the new school site next spring, so that there will be no more risk of being transferred to another school. In terms of school buildings, it can be described as the second fortunate one. The funding of our university has not been suspended since the secondary school is in difficulty, and the current funding for the university has not been sufficient for three years, and it is expected that the fundraising will be renewed soon, and it may be fruitful. In addition, the 125,000 yuan donated by the American kerosene king in front of the science museum can also be received, so that today's science students should be able to enjoy the big science museum next spring. In terms of funds, it can be described as the third fortunate one. In addition, the most important person in the university is the good teacher, and now all the professors here are all masters for a while, and from then on, the teachings will win people and benefit all students, which should not be shallow. In the words of the teacher, it can be described as the fourth fortunate person.

以上乃数年来吾校成立之历史与此后进行不已之计划也。然年复一年，茫然计此者何为？此即吾南开大学教育目的何在之问题。吾将借此机会为诸生约略陈之。
The above is the history of the establishment of our school in the past few years and the continuous planning since then. But year after year, what is the point of the person who is at a loss? This is the question of what is the purpose of education at Nankai University. I will take this opportunity to make a brief presentation for all sentient beings.

吾族自有历史以来，世世相传，从无过极困难之时期，如吾辈今日所身遇之甚者。盖前此所谓之困难，乃一族的，一事件的，甚或一二年的。今吾辈所身临者乃外界潮流突来之打击，未及应付，即将吾固有之环境打破，以致标准丧失、是非混淆，社会泯纷之象日甚一日。究此原因，即所变者过急，国人莫能定其新环境以抗之也。故外潮一人，民气全失；长此以往，黄帝神明、华胄，将何以堪？于是忧时之士，始也希冀袁氏帝制推翻后，则一切泯纷之象皆可迎刃而解，全国上下就可好了。既袁倒，而泯纷之象如故；于是又转其希冀之点于张勋复辟失败、于安福失败、于直奉战终等，而前此泯纷之象至今仍如故。“就好了”三字之梦乃大失其信仰心。然则此问题将如何以解决？吾无以答之，唯求之于南开大学教育。
Since the beginning of our history, it has been passed down from generation to generation, and there has never been a time of great difficulty, as is what happened to our generation today. The so-called difficulties of the previous cover are of one family, one event, or even one or two years. What we are witnessing today is a sudden blow from the external trend, and before we can cope with it, we will break the inherent environment, resulting in the loss of standards, the confusion of right and wrong, and the phenomenon of social discord is getting worse day by day. The reason for this is that the changes are too hasty, and the people of the country cannot determine their new environment to resist them. Therefore, there is one person outside the tide, and the people's morale is completely lost; In the long run, how will the Yellow Emperor gods and Huazhou be? Therefore, the people who were worried about the time also hoped that after the overthrow of the Yuan emperor, all the troubles could be solved, and the whole country would be fine. Yuan falls, and the image of chaos is the same; So he turned his hope to the failure of Zhang Xun's restoration, the failure of Yu Anfu, and the end of the war in Zhifeng, etc., and the previous chaotic image is still the same. The dream of the three words "just fine" is a great loss of faith. But how can this problem be solved? I can't answer it, I only want it to be educated at Nankai University.

约翰·杜威（JohnDewey）于其《民治与教育》（Democracyand Education，今译《民主与教育》）一书中，前四章论应付此种外力之法最精微。谓当一新环境之袭入，须先自定方策，即有一种“动机”，以应付外来环境之逼迫，以与之较胜负，继续不已，以至终身，始克得胜。今吾华民族所最缺乏者，即此种有“动机”而能引领全族出此迷津之领袖。南开大学即造此领袖之所望。今日在座诸男男女女，一秉此心，自强不息。
John Dewey wrote in his book Democracy and EducationIn Democracy and Education, the first four chapters deal with the most subtle ways to deal with such external forces. It is said that when a new environment is attacked, it must first make its own strategy, that is, there is a "motive" to deal with the persecution of the external environment, so as to compete with it, and continue to win, and even for life, to overcome victory. What the Chinese nation lacks the most today is the kind of leader who has the "motive" to lead the whole nation out of this maze. Nankai University is what this leader wants. All the men and women here today are united in this spirit and strive for self-improvement.

第二章旧中国，新南开|37
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|37

总以上所言，此次大学成立之动机系第三次之试验，此后将打破艰难，永无止息。至成立之历史，则一由外界之帮助，二由内部之增长一校舍扩充，学生增加，教授得人一—而教育之目的无他，在求此解决吾华困难问题之方而已。此问题吾知非一时所能解决者，然“百尺高楼从地起”，事无大小，全在精神。《圣经》有言：“对小事忠心者，对大事亦必忠心。”故吾敢语诸生，凡事不在成功，不在失败，只视其如何竞争。今吾辈既生此时艰，万勿轻视自身，须记汝“责任大”，“机会好”，志向一定，前途正远。人谓南开今日虽小，后望方长。他吾不知，吾唯知“穷家子弟咬牙紧”“生于忧患，死于安乐”“天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨”望与诸生共勉之。
To sum up, the motivation for the establishment of the university is the third experiment, and it will never stop breaking through the difficulties thereafter. As for the history of its establishment, it is due to external help, internal growth, the expansion of school buildings, the increase of students, and the winning of professors—and the purpose of education is no other than to find a solution to the difficult problems of our country. I know that this problem cannot be solved at one time, but "a hundred-foot tall building starts from the ground", no matter how big or small, it is all in the spirit. The Bible says, "He who is faithful to small things will also be faithful to great things." "Therefore, I dare to speak to all beings, everything is not about success, not about failure, but only about how they compete. Today, our generation is born at this difficult time, do not despise yourself, we must remember that you have "great responsibility", "good opportunities", certain ambitions, and a long future. It is said that although Nankai is small today, it looks long. I don't know, I only know that "the children of poor families grit their teeth", "born in sorrow, die in peace", "the heavens will descend on the people, and they must first suffer their minds and work their muscles and bones", hoping to encourage them with all beings.

（原载于《南开周刊》第41期，1922年9月28日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 41, September 28, 1922).

38|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
38|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

改造南开*
Renovation of Nankai*

本校自逾千人后，因地址不足总未召集全体集会。今日因要事不便分两次报告，乃召集一次全体集会。女中部已于昨日集会，明日尚拟至大学部作同样之集会。
Since the school had more than 1,000 students, it has not convened a general assembly due to lack of address. Today, due to important matters, it is not convenient to report on two occasions, but I will convene a plenary meeting. The Central Women's Committee met yesterday and plans to do the same tomorrow at the University Division.

此次集会之目的为“改造南开”。此语骤闻之似无甚意义，盖年来本校气象颇盛，尚何改造之可言？殊不知本校至本年十月十七，虽已届二十周年，此二十年中，本校虽已能排除一切困难而继续进步，而去岁暑假，遇前此未有之巨大变动，本校舍由一而分裂为三。去岁即分力于大学之建筑迁徙及一切新组织。而女中学亦适于暑假后创始，其困难实较以前为更甚。盖辛亥学潮，直皖、直奉诸役，虽皆影响及于学校之发展，然其势力皆自外来，远不及此次因自身扩张而生者之重要也。至于今日，已历一学期，诸种困难幸均已平安渡过。以言经济，至去岁年关，虽亏款三十余万，自可陆续归还，即万不致入于无办法之途而已；至于精神方面，则实不如预料所期，今既已渡过经济难关，乃充多注意于精神之整顿。由此可知，南开学校之所以改造，其一因有改造之余地；其二因有改造之余力。日前曾有一学生家长对吾言，谓将学生送人南开，即答放心。吾即答以吾辈即因之不能放心矣。此
The purpose of this rally is to "transform Nankai". This statement seems to be meaningless, and the atmosphere of the school has been quite prosperous for many years, so how can it be transformed? As everyone knows, although the school has reached its 20th anniversary on October 17 this year, although the school has been able to overcome all difficulties and continue to make progress in the past 20 years, the school building has been divided from one to three in the face of unprecedented huge changes last summer. Last year, he devoted himself to the relocation of the university's buildings and all new organizations. Girls' secondary schools are also suitable for starting after the summer holidays, which is even more difficult than before. Although the Xinhai student movement, Zhiwan and Zhifeng all affected the development of the school, their forces were all from outside, and they were far less important than those who were born due to their own expansion. As for today, it has been a semester, and all kinds of difficulties have been overcome safely. In terms of economy, until the end of last year, although the loss of more than 300,000 yuan, it can be returned one after another, that is, it will not be in a helpless way; As for the spiritual aspect, it is really not as expected, and now that we have overcome the economic difficulties, we should pay more attention to spiritual rectification. It can be seen from this that the reason for the transformation of Nankai School is that there is room for transformation; Second, because there is room for transformation. A few days ago, a student's parent said to me that he would send the student to Nankai, that is, he would rest assured. I immediately replied that my generation could not rest assured because of it. this

*本文是1924年2月21日张伯苓在南开男中学部全体特别集会上的谈话，标题为编者加。
*This article is a conversation made by Zhang Boling at a special meeting of the Nankai Boys' High School on February 21, 1924, with the title Editor's Plus.

第二章旧中国，新南开|39
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|39

亦可谓改造之一因，即永不自满而使之常常在改造中也。
It can also be said to be one of the reasons for transformation, that is, never be complacent and make it often in the process of transformation.

吾尝闻人言，学生对学校总不能满意，此语殊难索解。岂学生与职教员之利害正相冲突耶？吾以为教育之目的为一致的。学生与职教员其利害苟一相对，则必系一方面认错此方向矣。试就学费一项言之，初似为学生与学校之利害冲突点。然苟能财政公开，则自能相谅矣！故吾以为改造之最重要方法，即开诚布公而已。盖冲突每起于误会，若学校办事之认真、教员授之毫无假借等，每为学生所误会，以为故与彼等作对。然苟解明其故，自能涣然冰释矣。吾印成建议书数千份，当分之全校师生校役，以求收集思广益之功。诸生可各思有何种建议，即偶有错误亦无妨，盖吾借此更可使诸生得一自省之机会也。女中学部因团体甚小，诸事多能自治，故一切情形均差强人意。男中学部团体虽甚大，然亦可分班组织自治会，不然固不能及女中部，且学校亦无能为力也！
I have heard people say that students are not always satisfied with the school, and this is very difficult to understand. Are the interests of students and teachers in conflict? I believe that the purpose of education is the same. If the interests of students and vocational teachers are opposed, they must admit that they are wrong in this direction. In terms of tuition fees, it seems to be a point of conflict between the interests of students and schools. However, if you can make your finances public, you can forgive each other! Therefore, I think the most important way to transform is to be open and honest. If the school is serious in its work, and the teachers teach it without pretense, etc., every time the students misunderstand, they will oppose them. However, if you understand the reason, you can be relieved. I printed thousands of proposals, which were divided among all teachers and students in order to collect the work of brainstorming. All beings can think about what kind of advice they have, even if there are occasional mistakes, it is okay, and Gaiwu can also give them an opportunity to introspect. Due to the small size of the girls' secondary school and the autonomy of many things, everything is not satisfactory. Although the boys' secondary school group is very large, it can also be divided into classes to form a self-governing association, otherwise it will not be able to reach the girls' middle school, and the school will not be able to do anything!

吾前已言，改造之要点在“诚”。以吾之经验，人苟欲有所成就，盖亦无地无须借助于“诚”。本校中之青年学生，亦必因此字而得进步。且此种建议书可对学校，亦可对自身。例如思自身有何可改之处及改革之理由，再及于改革之方法，不自欺，不松懈，道德学业自皆可日进矣。总之，本学期全体师生，均能有一种改造之新精神，然后本校之前途乃克有绝大之希望。愿共勉之。
As I said before, the key point of transformation is "sincerity". In my experience, people want to achieve something, and there is no need to rely on "sincerity". The young students in our school will also make progress because of this word. And such a proposal can be for the school as well as for itself. For example, think about what you can change and the reasons for reform, and then about the method of reform, and do not deceive yourself and do not relax, so that you can improve your moral studies day by day. In short, all teachers and students this semester can have a new spirit of transformation, and then the future of the school has great hope. May we encourage them together.

（原载于《南开周刊》第84期，1924年3月1日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 84, March 1, 1924).

40|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
40|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

振兴实业，增进物质文明
Revitalize industry and enhance material civilization

近日在中学所收议案，其可行者已立刻实行，其尚有讨论之必要者，已交人分别管理，预备仔细讨论，故建议结至今日暂行停止。侯讨论完毕，作一结束再重行征集，庶不迟延过久。唯此次议案中，有一系提议将校后臭水塘填塞，恐系不明本校历史之故。
The bills recently received in secondary schools have been implemented immediately if feasible, and those that still need to be discussed have been handed over to others for management and are ready for careful discussion, so it is recommended that they be temporarily stopped today. After the discussion is completed, the collection will be re-launched as soon as it is over, and it will not be delayed for too long. However, in this proposal, one department proposed to fill the stinky pond behind the school, which may be due to the ignorance of the history of the school.

盖本校当未设立时，有德人汉那根者与三数中国人在天津设地皮公司，其与地方官所订条约，系将天津城拆毁而从西头掘河一道，经德租借地而达海。当时本校校址附近多系津人坟地，亦被该地皮公司划为已有，强迫将坟移徙。有郑姓者，虽以势不敌将坟移走，但不甘心将地归该公司，即赠与学校。当时余以学生尚无球场，即以该地充之。德人闻之，出而阻挠，经过无数交涉，后余与该德人面议，结果德人另赠本校地一块，此即本校现在校址之一部分也。后该公司所预拟凿之河未能成功，乃将天津城中概造暗沟，天津城市之污水乃皆集于本校后之水坑。现三不管附近，昔因地中甚低，居民欲在其地建筑者，即借掘鱼池为名，将地填高，盖所以避免官厅干涉也，结果各水池亦皆变成污水池矣。近闻津人在从事于运动，将与本校旁小河相通之河在海光寺设闸，时时将污水换过。结果则本校后水坑之臭气或能减轻不
When the school was not established, there were German Hannagan and three Chinese who set up a land company in Tianjin, and the treaty they made with the magistrate was to demolish the city of Tianjin and dig a river from the west, and reach the sea through the German leased land. At that time, many of the cemetery sites near the school site were also classified as existing by the land company, and the graves were forcibly relocated. Those with the surname Zheng were unable to remove the grave, but they were unwilling to return the land to the company, that is, to donate it to the school. At that time, the remaining students did not have a court, so they used the land to fill it. After countless negotiations, the German people discussed with the German people, and as a result, the German people gave the school a piece of land, which is part of the current site of the school. Later, the company's planned river was unsuccessful, so a culvert was built in the city of Tianjin, and the sewage of Tianjin city was collected in the puddle behind the school. Nowadays, regardless of the vicinity, because the land is very low, the residents who want to build in the area will fill in the land in the name of digging fish ponds to avoid interference by the government, and as a result, all the pools have become sewage ponds. The people of Jinjin are engaged in sports, and the river that connects with the small river next to the school is set up at Haiguang Temple, and the sewage is changed from time to time. As a result, the odor of the puddles behind the school may be reduced

本文是1924年3月13日张伯苓在南开中学高级修身班上的演说，标题为编者加。
This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the senior self-cultivation class of Nankai Middle School on March 13, 1924.

第二章旧中国，新南开|41
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|41

少。总之，此水坑现时实无法使之填塞。吾校同人唯有练习忍耐之法，盖在此种情形下亦无可如何也·
Few. In short, the puddle is not currently able to be filled. Our school has to practice the method of patience, and there is nothing to do in this situation.

本校大学部近日有几种极巨变化：其一为评议部之成立，其二为商科学生之组织学生会。此会余对之颇尽力赞助，盖自吾从美洲回国，知中国现在之要，首在增进物质文明，不然，则为世界进化中之落伍者，欲图与之争衡不可也。然增进物质文明之法，吾以为不在提倡科学，而在振兴实业，财赋一足，则自能从容从事于科学之发明矣，此点由各国之历史及现状均可证明之。吾今岁内校中诸事均已妥协，乃努力于此。此商学会凡商科学生必须加入，出校后仍与此会发生关系。吾愿三十年后南开学校之商科学生在中国商界可逐渐减杀外人之势力也。
Recently, there have been several great changes in the university's university department: one is the establishment of the evaluation department, and the other is the student council, which is the organization of business students. The rest of the meeting did his best to sponsor it, and he knew that China's current importance was to promote material civilization, otherwise, he would be a laggard in the evolution of the world, and he would want to compete with it. However, I do not think that the method of promoting material civilization is not to promote science, but to revitalize industry, and to be able to calmly engage in scientific inventions with sufficient wealth, which can be proved by the history and current situation of each country. I have compromised everything in the school this year, and I am working hard to do so. All business students must join this business association and still have a relationship with this association after leaving the school. I hope that in 30 years, the business students of Nankai School will gradually reduce the influence of outsiders in the Chinese business community.

（原载于《南开周刊》第86期，1924年3月15日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 86, March 15, 1924).

42|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
42|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

当前的时局及南开的训练方针
The current situation and Nankai's training policy

近日时局不靖，国人因相习已久，未尝稍生恐惧，致妨事业之进行，此亦可谓民识之一进步。此次变乱之范围，果将如何扩大，此际尚不敢定。然无论如何，其均不足以解决中国之根本问题，则是吾人所敢断言者。江浙诸省及北京方面之教育界所受影响颇巨，言之可痛。再北京之私立大学，近日数目顿增，夷考是实，则大多数乃专为欲分润各国将退还我国之庚子赔款。但吾人从一方面观之，此种现象之存在，固由于各省中等教育之不良，或由于政府办理大学教育之不善，或范围过小；然深一步观之，则可知皆由于国内政治之不良，不然，则此种反常之事实万不能发现也。美国因退还中国庚子赔款余额，已派专员孟禄博士来华。孟禄氏之预定，本拟速将管理此款之中美委员会举定，其中美国五人、中国九人。但现仍未能将人妥实举出，此种迟延不决之习惯，真为中国人之病根矣。
Recently, the situation is not quiet, and the people of the country have not experienced the slightest fear because they have been accustomed to each other for a long time, which has hindered the progress of the cause, which can also be said to be one of the progress of public knowledge. It is uncertain how the scope of this turmoil will be expanded. However, in any case, it is not enough to solve China's fundamental problems, and it is our dare to assert it. The impact on the education sector in Jiangsu, Zhejiang provinces and Beijing is painful. The number of private universities in Beijing has increased in recent days, and most of them are dedicated to the indemnity that will be refunded to our country by various countries. However, from our point of view, the existence of this phenomenon is due to the poor secondary education in the provinces, or the poor management of university education by the government, or the scope is too small. However, if we look at it more closely, we can see that it is all due to the bad domestic politics, otherwise, such abnormal facts would never have been discovered. The United States has sent Commissioner Dr. Meng Lu to China to return the balance of China's Gengzi indemnity. Meng Lu's plan is to be made to the Sino-American Commission to administer this paragraph, including five from the United States and nine from China. However, it is still not possible to properly cite people, and this habit of delaying and indecisiveness is really the root cause of the Chinese's disease.

国内武人颇有主张，以各国退还庚款筑路，然后再以路政收人充教育基金者，其言未尝不能成理。然按之国内已成各铁路营业并不赔偿，其赢余果归于何处？彼等又有谓筑路可以助国内统一者，然按之实际，京奉路固早已通车，何近仍与政府俨然成对乎？总之，年来武人盛倡武力统一，至于今日
The domestic warriors have quite advocated that those who use the countries to return the Geng money to build roads, and then use the road administration to collect people to fill the education fund, their words are not unreasonable. However, according to the domestic railway business has been completed and does not compensate, where does the surplus return? They also said that road construction can help the reunification of the country, but according to the actual situation, Jingbong Lugu has already been opened to traffic, so why is it still in opposition to the government? In short, in the past years, the warriors have advocated the unification of force, as for today

*本文是1924年9月11日张伯苓在南开中学高级修身班上的讲话，标题为编者加。
*This article is a speech given by Zhang Boling at the senior self-cultivation class of Nankai Middle School on September 11, 1924.

第二章旧中国，新南开|43
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|43

之情势，几非用武力不可解决亦可悲矣。
The situation is almost unsolvable and tragic unless it is used by force.

值此等混乱之际，本校尚能安稳开课，实属大幸；然因之乃发生一最重要之问题，即解决中国之时局果需要何种人才是也。盖吾人于此际既不能决然助何方，则必须养成将来解决国事之人才，其事甚明。然训练之方法何为？中国最需要之人才系建设者乎，抑破坏者乎？以吾现在中国现状一部分需破坏，一部分需建设。于是本校训练之方针，乃专注意此两种人才所必具之基本性质，约言之可得三种：其一日，志大而正，其二日，具胜困难与试绣之毅力；其三，为永远进取之精神。此外尚有一种特质，日创造的精神，其重要尤巨。然此种特质只能于少数特才者见之，殊不能如其三者之希望于每人也。日后得暇当一详论之。
In such a chaotic time, it is a great blessing that the school is still able to start classes safely. However, one of the most important questions arises, that is, what kind of human resources are needed to solve the current situation in China. Since the Gai Wu people cannot decisively help anyone at this time, they must cultivate talents who will solve state affairs in the future, and the matter is very clear. But what is the training method? What does China need most in terms of talent being builders and destroyers? Part of China's current status quo needs to be destroyed, and part of it needs to be built. Therefore, the policy of the school's training is to pay attention to the basic characteristics of these two kinds of talents, and it is said that there are three kinds of talents: one day, the ambition is big and right, and the second day, the perseverance to overcome difficulties and try embroidery; Third, it is the spirit of eternal progress. In addition, there is a quality, the spirit of daily creation, which is particularly important. However, this kind of quality can only be seen in a few talents, and it cannot be expected in everyone as the three of them. I will have time to discuss it in detail in the future.

（原载于《南开周刊》第98期，1924年9月29日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 98, September 29, 1924).

44|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
44|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

社会调查的目的和组织
The purpose and organization of social surveys

时局到今日，可称混乱已臻极点。北有讨赤之役，南有川湘之战。欲求和平安宁，在最近之将来，恐难达到目的。但吾人不能以混乱时局而消极，更不能以战争频仍而自。教育事业，既关国家百年大计，尤应督促进行，奋自勉励。吾人今固不能止武人之跋扈，无谓内争之循环，然吾人固足假教育青年之伟力，防后来之种种变乱也。是以时局愈混乱，吾人愈觉责任綦重，而于教育事业之信心，亦愈加深焉。
Today, the chaos has reached its climax. There was the battle of the Red in the north, and the battle of Sichuan and Hunan in the south. The desire for peace and tranquility may not be achieved in the near future. However, we cannot be passive because of the chaotic situation, let alone because of frequent wars. The cause of education is related to the country's 100-year plan, and it is especially necessary to supervise and encourage oneself. We can't stop the martial arts and the cycle of useless internal strife, but we are solid enough to fake the great power of educating young people and prevent all kinds of chaos in the future. The more chaotic the situation, the more we feel the weight of our responsibilities, and the more we have faith in education.

本校自成立迄今，已逾二十一载。人数合大、男、女中三部师生计之，亦已超过二千四百余人。校中财产基金及经费，虽云拮据，然搏节省用，亦颇可勉强度日。此固非当年创办时所得梦想及也。校外各处人士，鉴于校中历年成绩亦咸加赞誉及助益。吾人试披阅学生之籍贯，见其远如海外华侨，蒙、察各处居民，咸不惮跋涉相继来此就学，可本校虚名久已远播。虽然，吾人即可以此自豪，妄自满足耶？若然者，则吾人之所得进展者，尽于此矣。吾人唯不甘以现状而即自满足，故时欲奋勉改进，借臻完善之域。如关于学生生活问题，习社会情状问题等，先前虽稍曾置议，然并未实行解决。兹自暑假后，拟创一新组织，专解决上列各问题，而以调查或视察天津
The University has been established for more than 21 years. The number of teachers and students in the three departments of the university, male and female secondary schools has exceeded 2,400. Although the school's property funds and funds are scarce, they can barely survive despite their savings. This is not a dream and also a dream when it was founded. People from all over the outside of the school have also praised and helped the school in view of its achievements over the years. I tried to read the students' hometowns, and saw that they were as far away as overseas Chinese, residents from all over Mongolia and Chacha, and they came here one after another to study, but the school's false name has been spread far and wide for a long time. Although, we can be proud of this, and be self-satisfied? If so, then our gains and progress will be all that is done. We are not willing to be satisfied with the status quo, so we want to strive for improvement and take advantage of the realm of perfection. For example, the issue of student life and the social situation of Xi Jinping have been discussed in the past, but they have not been resolved. After the summer vacation, it is proposed to create a new organization to solve the problems listed above, and to investigate or inspect Tianjin

*本文是1926年8月10日张伯苓在自宅召集服务南开诸生报告“本学期调查视察之组织”的演说词。
*This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling on August 10, 1926 at his own house to convene and serve the students of Nankai to report on "The Organization of Investigation and Inspection in this Semester".

第二章旧中国，新南开|45
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|45

各界问题为其总纲目，此种新组织之目的，有下列数种：
The general programme of the new organization is the following:

一、培养学生实际上之观察力。吾国学生最大之缺点，即平日除获得书本上知识外，鲜谱社会真正情状。故一旦出校执业，常觉与社会隔，诸事束手。欲免此种弊病，最宜使学生常与社会接近。若调查或视察各种问题，不特可培养学生实际上之观察力，抑可以换课堂生活之拘郁空气也。
1. Cultivate students' practical observation skills. The biggest shortcoming of our students is that in addition to acquiring knowledge from books, they also have a vivid picture of the real situation of society. Therefore, once you leave school to practice, you often feel isolated from society and everything is tied. In order to avoid this ill, it is best to keep students close to society. If you investigate or inspect various problems, you can not only cultivate students' practical observation skills, but also change the atmosphere of classroom life.

二、明了各界之真正情状。吾人今日虽处兹社会已久，实则其真相如何，吾人殊难详确置答。以若许广大之商埠，而无一翔实之调查及记载，岂非大可耻叹？故吾人函拟假此机会，做一精确详明之统计，供国内外人士之借镜。
2. Understand the true situation of all walks of life. Although we have been in society for a long time, it is difficult for us to answer the truth in detail. Wouldn't it be a great shame to allow a vast commercial port without a detailed investigation and record? Therefore, I intend to take this opportunity to make an accurate and detailed statistics for the reference of people at home and abroad.

三、使各问题有正当之解决。各问题既明了，然后指示国人以正当解决之途径。此种责任，吾人应群起共负之。
3. To ensure that all problems are properly resolved. Once the problems are understood, the people of the country are then instructed to solve them in a proper way. We should share this responsibility.

上列各种目的，不过举其大端者。若云组织，则暂拟分三部进行：
The various purposes listed above are just to name the big ones. If the cloud organization is organized, it is tentatively planned to be divided into three parts:

（一）大学部；（二）高中部；（三）初中部。
(1) University Division; (2) High school; (3) Junior high school.

大学部当由各科教授分类领导学生调查各问题，其调查之方针及办法概由委员会决定之。
Professors of each department shall lead students to investigate each issue by category, and the policy and method of investigation shall be decided by the committee.

高中部注重在各种社会制度及机关之调查（如法庭、大商行、工厂等）。初中部则以年龄及学力关系，专注重在视察自然界现象。其组织纯照童子军组织法办理，借利进行，视察或调查之方针及步骤，亦由一委员会定之。其委员之人选如下：
The high school focuses on the investigation of various social systems and institutions (such as courts, large commercial houses, factories, etc.). In the junior high school, the focus is on the observation of natural phenomena based on age and academic ability. The organization shall be governed solely by the Organic Law of the Scouts, and the guidelines and procedures for conducting inspections or investigations shall also be determined by a committee. The members of the Committee are as follows:

凡职教员之具下列资格之一者，由校长聘请为本会委员：（一）熟于本地乡土情形者；
All in-service teachers with one of the following qualifications shall be hired by the president as members of the Association: (1) those who are familiar with the local local conditions;

（二）于各科任有专职者（如博物、地理、历史诸专任教员）；（三）对于调查事项具有兴趣，而愿代收集各种参考材料者。
(2) Full-time teachers in various subjects (e.g., full-time teachers of naturalism, geography and history); (3) Those who are interested in the investigation and are willing to collect various reference materials on their behalf.

至其工作，以范围所涉太广，此时尚难一一具述。总之，当择其简而易并较重要者，先行试办，并拟先由初二、高一两级做起。
As for his work, the scope is too broad to describe one by one. In short, when choosing the simple, easy and more important ones, we should try it out first, and plan to start from the second year of junior high school and the first and second levels of high school.

（原载于《南中周刊·南开学校二十二周年纪念号》，1926年10月17日） 46|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
(Originally published in the 22nd Anniversary Issue of Nankai School in Nanzhong Weekly, October 17, 1926) 46|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

立志、冒险、前进
Determination, adventure, and progress

现在要将开这个会的意义和我的感想说一说。起始建筑房屋的时候，举行建立基石礼，是西国的风俗。其意义很深，起始好，基础坚固，差不多一半就成功了，后来的种种，也可以本着前进发展。这是女中学第一所校舍，故举行这会，可以说于女中学前程、国家（女）子教育前途，影响很深的。可惜有一位热心教育的、提倡女学的张仲平先生，因事不能来。他对于女中学建筑新校舍，极表同情，允捐建筑费一万元，我们很感谢的！
I would now like to share the significance of this meeting and my impressions. When the house was first built, it was a custom in the West to hold a foundation stone ceremony. Its meaning is very deep, the start is good, the foundation is solid, almost half of it is successful, and the subsequent development can also be carried forward. This is the first school building of a girls' high school, so it can be said that the holding of this meeting has a profound impact on the future of girls' middle schools and the future of national (girl) education. It's a pity that there is a Mr. Zhang Zhongping, who is enthusiastic about education and advocates women's studies, and he can't come because of things. He expressed great sympathy for the construction of the new school building of the girls' middle school and agreed to donate 10,000 yuan for the construction cost, we are very grateful!

世事似乎先有空中楼阁，然后渐渐实现。一般人看来不是容易的事，而在我们同人觉得不是很难的。二十余年来同人办理男中学，便是一个先例；大学在八里台建筑新校舍，也是一个明例。开办女中学的动机，首先在十一年夏董事会，那时范静生先生曾提议添设女中学，当时议案虽通过，为了经费种种困难，却没有计划去做。其次直到十二年春，天津各女校学生代表华冰如、王文田等十人，正式来要求我添设女中学。她们的理由是：（一）天津没有适当的女中学；（二）南开大学已收女生，而没有好的女中学做预备，女子想进大学，仍是不行。故十二年秋，决意开办，招初级两班，计七十余
The world seems to have a castle in the sky first, and then gradually come true. It's not easy for ordinary people, but it's not very difficult for us to be the same people. For more than 20 years, the same people have run a boys' middle school, which is a precedent; The construction of a new campus building in Balitai by the university is also a clear example. The motivation for the establishment of the girls' middle school was first in the summer of 11 years, when Mr. Fan Jingsheng proposed the establishment of a girls' middle school, although the bill was passed, due to various financial difficulties, there was no plan to do it. Secondly, it was not until the spring of the twelfth year that ten students, including Hua Bingru and Wang Wentian, representatives of various girls' schools in Tianjin, officially came to ask me to set up a girls' middle school. Their reasons were: (1) that there was no proper girls' middle school in Tianjin; (2) Nankai University has accepted female students, but there is no good girls' middle school to prepare, and girls still can't enter the university if they want to. Therefore, in the autumn of the twelfth year, it was decided to open and recruit two classes of junior students, totaling more than 70

*本文是1925年9月21日张伯苓在南开女中学新校舍建立基石礼上的开会词。由陈学荣、林懋志、赵克慧、黄宁馨记录，标题为编者加。
*This article is the opening speech of Zhang Boling at the foundation stone ceremony of the new school building of Nankai Girls' High School on September 21, 1925. Recorded by Chen Xuerong, Lin Maozhi, Zhao Kehui, and Huang Ningxin, the title is editor's plus.

第二章旧中国，新南开丨47
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨47

人，校舍租用六德里住房，即男中学的第二校外宿舍，再捐到数千元开办费，男中学补助常年经费，女中幸告成立。可是后来人数增多，初中将毕业，女生又有添设高中之要求，外来要求寄宿者也日多，奈何经费竭，校舍无法分配。因此在去年秋，有募款十五万元之计划，以十万元为基金，以五万元在男中学操场之南，为新校舍建筑费。不料今日竟在此举行建立基石礼了，而空中楼阁，不久将为我们讲学读书的地方了，“有志者事竟成” 句话，真可鼓励我们呢！
The school building rented the Liudeli house, that is, the second off-campus dormitory of the boys' middle school, and donated thousands of yuan to the start-up fee, and the boys' middle school subsidized the perennial funds, and the girls' middle school was fortunately established. However, when the number of students increased, junior high schools were about to graduate, girls were asked to set up new high schools, and there were more and more foreign boarders, but the funds were exhausted and the school buildings could not be allocated. Therefore, in the autumn of last year, there was a plan to raise $150,000, with $100,000 as a fund and $50,000 to the south of the playground of the boys' secondary school for the construction of the new school building. Unexpectedly, the foundation stone ceremony was held here today, and the pavilion in the sky will soon be a place for us to teach and study.

我回想二十余年来的经过，凭着立志、冒险、前进的精神，方得到今日的情况，不过现在仍向前走着，力求进步。如果南开的学生，每人有这种精神，我想于社会国家，总有些补益吧。
Looking back on the past 20 years, I have been able to get to where we are today with the spirit of determination, adventure and progress, but I am still moving forward and striving for progress. If the students of Nankai have this kind of spirit, I think there will always be some benefits for the society and the country.

举行建立基石礼时，照例教职员学生来宾各推代表，垫一些灰，这是表示大家合作之意义，望诸位领会这点意义。
When the foundation stone ceremony is held, as usual, the faculty, staff, students, and guests will push their representatives and put some ashes on them, which is the meaning of everyone's cooperation, and I hope you will understand this significance.

（原载于《南开周刊》第1卷第3号，1925年9月28日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, Vol. 1, No. 3, September 28, 1925).

48|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
48|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

今后南开的新使命
Nankai's new mission in the future

这次本校刊印二十三周年纪念特刊，承编辑诸君邀我为文，使我借此机会与校内外诸同学略倾几句想说的话，心里很觉欣幸快慰！
This time, the school published a special issue to commemorate the 23rd anniversary, and the editors invited me to write an article, so that I took this opportunity to share a few words with the students inside and outside the school, and I felt very happy and happy!

我想诸位都知道我们南开学校过去二十三年的历史，是无日不在风雨飘摇之中。频年经费的困乏、几次灾害的侵迫，都足以致我们学校于死命，陷我们学校于停顿；然而这样辗转患难卒能成立到现在，并且蓬勃滋长，前进未已，这实在一方面是靠社会诸公同情的扶助，一方面是靠本校同人热忱的奋斗。所以在此，我先要对于他们诸位表示一番谢意！
I think you all know that the history of our Nankai School in the past 23 years has been in turmoil day by day. The lack of funds and the persecution of several disasters are enough to kill our school and bring it to a standstill. However, the fact that this kind of suffering has been established to the present, and that it has flourished and advanced, is really due to the sympathetic support of the public on the one hand, and the enthusiastic struggle of the same people in this school on the other. So I would like to start by saying thank you to all of them!

本校成立到现在，在社会上所居地位若何？我想诸位在各方面，当然可以听到看到。但是我们所以能负此时誉，绝不是因为我们校舍比人大，或是学生比人多，实际还是靠我们所产的“果子”品质精良。因为诸君出校后在社会各方都能稳重从事，人格上、学问上，又能奋斗向上，处处发扬南开的精神，随时怀着救国的志愿。这一点我以为正是本校对于社会的贡献，也就是诸君赐予母校的荣誉。所以在此我对于诸位离校同学也当深深表示感激！
What is the status of the school in society since its establishment? I think you can hear and see in all aspects. However, the reason why we can live up to our reputation at this time is not because our school building is larger than the people, or because there are more students than people, but in fact, it is because of the excellent quality of the "fruit" we produce. Because after leaving the school, you can work steadily in all aspects of society, and in terms of personality and knowledge, you can strive for progress, carry forward the spirit of Nankai everywhere, and have the desire to save the country at any time. I think this is the contribution of our university to society, which is the honor that you have bestowed on your alma mater. Therefore, I would like to express my deep gratitude to all of you who have left the school!

我在三十年前肆业北洋水师，当时因为看到国是日非，外侮频函，觉得要救中国非从教育人手不可。所以就与严范孙先生合创私垫，那时惨淡经营，校舍很是简陋，设备也极不完备，其后历了几许患难，经了几许奋斗，
Thirty years ago, I became a sailor in the Beiyang Navy, and at that time, because I saw that the country was wrong with Japan and foreign insults were frequent, I felt that it was necessary to educate people to save China. So I created a private mat with Mr. Yan Fansun, at that time it was a bleak operation, the school building was very simple, and the equipment was extremely incomplete.

第二章旧中国，新南开|49
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|49

才能扩张到现在这样。为斯缔造经营，无非要想达到教育救国之目的。不过我以前所采取的方式，与现在稍有不同，也可以说那时的方法是没有到十分彻底。因为我以前终以为中国之积弱，是只在我们个人没有能力，所以一切不能与外人并驾齐驱，并且想以我们四百兆之众，苟有一天能与外人一人敌一人，则中国之强就可翘足而待。故一向对于教育方式，都按此目标向前进行。
to expand to the way it is now. To create a business for Sri Lanka is nothing more than to achieve the purpose of education to save the country. However, the approach I used to take was slightly different from what I do now, and it can be said that the method at that time was not very thorough. Because I used to think that China's weakness was only due to our personal inability, so everything could not be kept up with outsiders, and I thought that with our 400 trillion people, one day we could fight with outsiders, and then China's strength could be waited for. Therefore, the education method has always been carried out according to this goal.

至近来，因经多方观察，觉中国至深之病，实不在个人之没有能力，而在个人之缺乏合作精神。我们且从智力方面讲，许多留学外洋的学生智力何尝真比外人低。学校考试的时候，第一名还往往多属中国人；其次，再从实际方面看，多少经营贸易的商人，致富的本领有时只比外人来得大，然而一谈到国家，他们终是富强，我们终是贫弱，这原因究竟何在？难道仍是我们个人能力不逮的毛病吗？一经细察，就觉事非尽然。现在列强之所以能致富致强，实在是靠他们人民团结的能力，因为他们有强有力的政府，可以
Recently, due to many observations, I have realized that China's deepest illness is not due to the inability of individuals, but to the lack of cooperation spirit of individuals. In terms of intelligence, many students studying abroad have lower intelligence than outsiders. When school exams, the first place is often mostly Chinese; Secondly, from a practical point of view, how many merchants engaged in trade sometimes have only the ability to get rich more than outsiders, but when it comes to the country, they are always rich and strong, and we are always poor and weak. Is it still a problem of our personal inadequacy? Once you look closely, you will see that everything is not true. Now the great powers are able to become rich and strong because of the ability of their people to unite, because they have strong governments, they can

、做他们一切事业的保障，并且可以凭此与外人抵抗。反顾我们中国，人民虽
, to be the guarantee of all their undertakings, and to be able to resist outsiders with this. Looking back at our China, the people though

众，只是一盘散沙，人各为己，凭什么力量能与外人抵抗？我们要以各个人的分的力量，与人家全人民团结的力量去折冲争御，这岂不是以卵击石，终归失败吗？所以在此我觉得，我们中国现在实有训练团结的必要。我们全国人民现在最低限度的希望，是要有一个独立的国家、一个良好的政府。所以我们现在一方面是要使人民有组织的能力、合作的精神，负责任肯牺牲，没有名利之思，不做意气之事，什么事都以国家为前提，如此人才，将来组织政府，才能使政途清明、政治稳固。这正是我们现在训练的目标，也正是我们南开的新使命。所以现在本校对于此点已积极进行，凡校内各种组织都加以特别指导和辅助。
The crowd is just a plate of scattered sand, each for himself, with what strength can he resist with outsiders? If we want to fight with the strength of each person and the strength of the unity of the whole people, isn't this an egg hitting a stone and ultimately failing? So here I think that we in China now really need to train unity. The minimum hope of our people now is for an independent country and a good government. Therefore, on the one hand, we must enable the people to have the ability to organize, the spirit of cooperation, be responsible and willing to sacrifice, have no thoughts of fame and fortune, do not do things with will, and take the state as the premise for everything. This is exactly the goal of our current training, and it is also our new mission in Nankai. Therefore, the university is now actively working on this point, and all the various organizations in the school provide special guidance and assistance.

此外，一方面要使人民有政治常识，了然于世界大势，对于各种关系本国切身利害问题，尤当实地研究，如此做去，才能得到真正的补救方法。关于此点，也正是我们南开重大的使命。所以本校现在也已在实地进行。学科方面，现都特别注重学生应有的根本常识。近来更要有满蒙研究会之组织，
In addition, on the one hand, it is necessary to enable the people to have political common sense, to have a clear understanding of the general situation in the world, and to study on the spot various issues that have a bearing on the vital interests of the country. This is also our major mission in Nankai. Therefore, the school is now also in the field. In terms of disciplines, special attention is paid to the fundamental knowledge that students should have. Recently, it is necessary to have an organization of the Manchurian and Mongolian Research Society.

50张伯苓：一人一校一国家
50 Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

凭着我们去空谈重实行的精神，我们要把满蒙问题能够实际解决。当然我们中国问题，不只满蒙一个，此外如关税、铁路等，何尝不都是关于中国切身利害的问题呢？我希望我们将来都要把它们拿来细细研究，并且希望校内外同学能够互相联络，多多探讨，这样我们的教育方针，才不至于空虚，我们的救国目的，才不至于妄谈。
In the spirit of talking about things and emphasizing practice, we must make sure that the Manchurian and Mongolian issues can be realistically resolved. Of course, there is not only one China issue, but also tariffs, railways, etc., are not all issues related to China's vital interests. I hope that we will all study them in detail in the future, and I hope that students inside and outside the school can contact each other and discuss more, so that our educational policy will not be empty, and our purpose of saving the country will not be talked about in vain.

最后我还要提醒大家一句话，就是我们应该通力合作、固结团体，实现
Finally, I would like to remind you that we should work together to consolidate the community and make it happen

我们最低限度的两个要求一
We have a minimum of two requirements for one

一个独立的国家，一个良好的政府！
An independent country, a good government!

（原载于《南中周刊》第31期，南开学校23周年纪念号，1927年10月 17日）
(Originally published in Nanzhong Weekly, No. 31, 23rd Anniversary of Nankai School, October 17, 1927).

第二章旧中国，新南开151
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai 151

教育发展，力求质精
Educational development strives for quality and refinement

余本拟于全国教育会议开幕前赴南京参加该会，适中学部四大建筑，只动其二，礼堂及体育馆因建筑费不足，尚须稍待，乃不得不留津筹划，以便早日兴工。加以日来正在进行某项校务，为防夜长梦多，中途生变，故辞去全国教育会议专门委员职，以便在此力行，期能早日成功。
Yu Ben planned to go to Nanjing to attend the conference before the opening of the National Education Conference, and only two of the four major buildings of the secondary school were to be moved, and the auditorium and gymnasium had to wait for a while due to insufficient construction costs, so they had to stay in Tianjin to plan for the early construction of the project. In addition, in the past few days, he has been carrying out a certain school business, and in order to prevent many dreams at night and changes in the middle of the journey, he resigned from his post as a special member of the National Education Conference, so that he can do his best in this area and hope to succeed at an early date.

国中大局，日来又有将剧变之势，殊为可虑。近尝觉中国今日之病在缺乏真正领袖，在量太多而质太坏，在一般之散、之弱、之贫、之愚。欲救此病，舍教育外无他术。故今后教育之目标当注重在：（一）造成量大、眼光远之青年；（二）造成真正之领袖人才；（三）养成勇敢、果断、有远见、有魄力之国民。
The overall situation in the country is about to change drastically in the coming days, which is very worrying. Recently, I have tasted that the disease of China today is the lack of real leaders, the quantity is too much and the quality is too bad, and the general scatteredness, weakness, poverty, and foolishness are in the general. If you want to save this disease, there is no other way to do it. Therefore, the goals of education in the future should focus on: (1) creating a large number of young people with far-sighted vision; (2) to produce genuine leaders; (3) Cultivate brave, resolute, far-sighted, and courageous citizens.

教育之责任既如是重大，我校又居最高学府之地位，则今后振作精神，继续努力，自不容缓。唯要在能力行师生合作，以共谋校务之发展，养成团体之精神。若因此小团体而不能和衷共济，则将来置身社会，其散漫如故无疑也。
Since the responsibility of education is so great and our university is the highest institution of learning, it is not unreasonable to keep our spirits up and continue to work hard in the future. It is only necessary to cooperate with teachers and students in order to seek the development of school affairs and cultivate the spirit of community. If we can't help each other because of this small group, we will be in society in the future, and there is no doubt that it will be as loose as ever.

今春在京，曾向教部请由俄国庚子赔款项下年拨二十四万元，补助本校经费之不足。近得复讯，以分配困难，只允拨十二万元，月付万元。我校大
In Beijing this spring, he asked the Ministry of Education to allocate 240,000 yuan from the Russian Gengzi compensation fund to subsidize the lack of funds for the university. In order to make it difficult to distribute, only $120,000 was allowed, and $10,000 was paid monthly. Our school is large

*本文是1930年5月25日张伯苓在南开大学全体同学1930年第三次集会上的谈话要点。 52|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
*This article is the talking point of Zhang Boling's third meeting of all students at Nankai University in 1930 on May 25, 1930. 52|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

学部每年亏数约十万元，今得此款，虽折扣稍大究不无小补，今后又当再谋发展矣。
The school loses about 100,000 yuan every year, and now it has this money, although the discount is a little larger, it is not without a small supplement, and it should seek development in the future.

现计划自暑假后起，理学院添电气工程及医预两系，作今后发展之第一声。此本系数年前之计划，以经费关系，迟至今年始克实现。至文商学院今后亦当不惜巨款，力求质之精，量之发展则须待诸来日也。
It is now planned that from the summer vacation, the Faculty of Science will add two departments, Electrical Engineering and Medical Pre-Medicine, to be the first voice of future development. This plan has been realized since the beginning of this year, in terms of funding. In the future, Zhiwen Business School should also spare a huge amount of money, strive for quality and refinement, and the development of quantity must wait for the future.

教部于春假前派员来校视察，“周刊”曾报告之。其上教部报告如何措词，现尚不知。彼等参观某物理班时，正值该班举行小考，彼等似甚注意。盖一般大学，素少考试之说，教者更不敢以考试评学生。余告以考试在南大实家常便饭，无足为奇，承其称慕不置。国中大学如此，将来何以谈救国？
The Ministry of Education sent staff to inspect the school before the spring break, which was reported by the "Weekly". It is not yet known how the Ministry of Education report will word. When they visited a physics class, they seemed to pay close attention to the fact that the class was holding a quiz. In ordinary universities, there are few exams, and teachers dare not use exams to evaluate students. Yu Sue thought that the exam was commonplace in Nanda, and it was not surprising that it was insignificant, and he admired it. If this is the case with the National High School University, how can we talk about saving the country in the future?

我校行男女同校已十余年，自今男女之间似仍不能相谅，殊非佳象。甚至有视女同学为可奇，而生种种之揣测及行动，更为失当，且遗女同学以轻视之机，望力矫正之！
Our school has been co-educational for more than ten years, and it seems that there is still no understanding between men and women. There are even female classmates who regard them as strange, and all kinds of speculations and actions are even more inappropriate, and the bereaved female classmates take the opportunity of contempt to correct them!

（原载于《南大周刊》第88期，1930年5月27日）
(Originally published in NTU Weekly No. 88, May 27, 1930).

第二章旧中国，新南开|53
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|53

我们要振作起来*
We need to take heart *

这次去四川，感觉样样都好，真不知说什么好！
This time I went to Sichuan, I feel that everything is good, I really don't know what to say!

简单地说一说此次往返五十多天经过，以后再说将来的希望。
Briefly talk about the more than 50 days of this round trip, and then talk about the hope for the future.

一、经过
First, the process

我是十一月六日离津，先到上海，在上海参加全国体育协进会，会后去京再去重庆。在京曾召集京地校友举行茶会，是借的周作民先生的新房舍，到会一百二三十人。校友很多，老教授如薛桂轮、徐谟诸先生，老校友如凌冰、凌太太、童冠贤等许多位都到会。谈谈往四川去的目的，大家谈得都很高兴，国事好转，南开同人，大家更要努力。
I left Tianjin on 6 November and went to Shanghai to attend the National Sports Association in Shanghai, and then to Beijing and then to Chongqing. In Beijing, he once convened a tea party for Beijing alumni, which was borrowed from Mr. Zhou Zuomin's new house, and 120 or 30 people attended the meeting. There are many alumni, old professors such as Xue Guilun and Mr. Xu Mozhu, and old alumni such as Ling Bing, Mrs. Ling, Tong Guanxian and many others attended the meeting. Talking about the purpose of going to Sichuan, everyone is very happy to talk, the state affairs are improving, Nankai is the same people, everyone must work harder.

十六日由京坐飞机飞重庆，我坐飞机的次数多了，倒很舒服。南京至重庆间，天气常不大好，这次由南京到九江，到汉口，天气还很好，在汉口等了十多分钟，听宜昌的报告天气不好，汉口到宜昌，电波就乱了。幸而我早饭没多吃一—每次坐飞机都少吃，只吃些牛奶、面包等的，不知吃得少倒好，不怕颠覆。在宜昌又等，听说重庆的雾大，得等电报才敢飞去。
On the 16th, I took a plane from Beijing to Chongqing, and I took the plane many times, but it was very comfortable. Between Nanjing and Chongqing, the weather is often not very good, this time from Nanjing to Jiujiang, to Hankou, the weather is still very good, in Hankou waited for more than ten minutes, listen to the report of Yichang The weather is not good, Hankou to Yichang, the radio waves are chaotic. Fortunately, I didn't eat more than breakfast—every time I took a plane, I ate less, only some milk, bread, etc., and I didn't know that it was better to eat less, and I was not afraid of subversion. I waited in Yichang again, and I heard that the fog in Chongqing was so heavy that I had to wait for a telegram before I dared to fly there.

*本文是1937年1月3日张伯苓在天津南开校友会上的讲话。原题是《借着新的转机，我们要振作起来！—寻新的路、想新的方法》。
*This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the Nankai Alumni Association in Tianjin on January 3, 1937. The original title was "With a new turnaround, we need to cheer up!" - Find new ways and new ways.

54张伯苓：一人一校一国家
54 Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

中航的飞机是美国飞机，天气好才敢飞。飞行的时候，须看着地。到重庆是沿着长江飞，由宜昌到重庆天气好转，重庆的山也看得见了。两点以后到重庆，实在是三点。重庆比京沪的时间差一点钟，因为太阳由东出来，所以东边是三点，西边才是两点，由上海到四川往回拨一点钟，由川去沪加一点钟。
The plane of China Aviation is an American plane, and it dares to fly only when the weather is good. When flying, you have to look at the ground. To Chongqing is to fly along the Yangtze River, from Yichang to Chongqing the weather is better, and the mountains of Chongqing can also be seen. After two o'clock, I arrived in Chongqing, which was really three o'clock. Chongqing is one hour worse than the time in Beijing and Shanghai, because the sun comes out from the east, so it is three o'clock in the east and two o'clock in the west.

到重庆下机，看见同学们及南渝的代表。事先我曾去电报阻止学生们去迎接，结果没阻止了，于是一同回学校。
When I got off the plane in Chongqing, I saw the students and the representatives of Nanyu. I had telegraphed to stop the students from going to greet them, but I didn't, so we went back to school together.

由学校到重庆是三十里路，用时三十分钟，路面很好，在校学生均在校门前排队接我。我一看建筑真好，看照片，房、地都不错，看真的比图好！
From the school to Chongqing is a 30-mile road, it takes 30 minutes, the road is very good, and the students in the school are queuing up in front of the school gate to pick me up. I look at the building is really good, look at the photos, the house and the land are good, it is really better than the picture!

南开的地是平的，南渝不平，可是亦不太不平，有小小的高，有小小的低，看也很有趣，学校的地点真好！
The land in Nankai is flat, Nanyu is uneven, but it is not too uneven, there are small high, there are small low, it is also very interesting to watch, the location of the school is really good!

我再补说设学的理由一一去年华北很乱，我看到四川的前途很远，就选了四川，又选了重庆，遇见胡仲实，选了沙坪坝。南开以往开发东北，费事，近又因政治关系，不能努力，西北太穷，不行，西南的四川前途亦好。有人赞成在成都，可是重庆见长，只电灯进步的速度任何城市也比不上。
I will add the reasons for setting up the school: Last year, North China was very chaotic, and I saw that the future of Sichuan was very far, so I chose Sichuan, then Chongqing, met Hu Zhongshi, and chose Shapingba. In the past, Nankai developed the northeast, which was troublesome, and because of political relations, it could not work hard, the northwest was too poor to work, and the future of Sichuan in the southwest was also good. Some people are in favor of Chengdu, but Chongqing is good at it, and the speed of electric light progress is not comparable to that of any other city.

南渝地点在沙坪坝，一边是大江，一边是嘉陵江，这块地正在成渝路上一一从重庆到成都的一条路上。沙坪坝距城三十里，由城到小龙坎，一拐就是磁器口，其中二十八九里是成渝路，三里多是巴县公路，南渝中学便是在巴县公路的旁边，有汽车可到，交通便利。
Nanyu is located in Shapingba, with the Dajiang River on one side and the Jialing River on the other, and this land is on the Chengdu-Chongqing Road from Chongqing to Chengdu. Shapingba is 30 miles away from the city, from the city to Xiaolongkan, a turn is Ciqikou, of which 289 miles is Chengdu-Chongqing Road, more than 3 miles is Ba County Highway, Nanyu Middle School is next to Ba County Highway, there are cars to reach, the transportation is convenient.

南渝中学现有地四百余亩，将来还想买。那儿的学生，据先生们说，比南开学生好，四川人都聪明，活泼，擅口才。可是有两种缺点，一是身体软弱，一是不沉着，不过经过训练之后，将来是很有希望的。
Nanyu Middle School has more than 400 acres of land, and I want to buy it in the future. The students there, according to the gentlemen, were better than the Nankai students, and the people of Sichuan were smart, lively, and eloquent. However, there are two disadvantages, one is weakness and the other is not composed, but after training, the future is very promising.

我看见那里的房、地、学生都那样好，教职员又那样努力，我真痛快。第一天睡觉很少，躺在那儿计划着怎样发展，怎样捐款。第二天早上六点，他们就起来了，起身后早操，教职员等都在一起，精神很好。到那儿的前三四天皆在校中，与教职员、学生们聚会。
I was so happy to see that the house, the land, the students, and the staff worked so hard. On the first day, I slept very little, lying there planning how to develop and how to donate. At six o'clock the next morning, they got up, got up and had morning exercises, and the teachers and staff were all together, and they were in good spirits. The first three or four days of my stay there were spent on campus, meeting with staff and students.

沙坪坝距城很远，理想中可自成一村。南渝教职员们的家眷初到时都
Shapingba is far away from the city, and ideally it can become a village of its own. The families of the teachers and staff of Nanyu first arrived

第二章旧中国，新南开|55
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|55

觉得闷，现在都好了。我去的时候，给他们带话匣子去，又买的新片子，又向华西公司借了一架收音机，因为那里是用的直流电，所以只借了一个适用的，虽然声音小一点，不过收听南京的播音，也听得清楚。我想每星期六有个会，或是同乐会，能演电影更好，慢慢地把那块地方造成新村。要想造新中国，应该在新的地方造起，这块地便可以造。今年那里有二百余学生，明年可有六百余人，后年可千人，到了第四年，可以有一千三百余人，男女学生既多，同人亦多。到那时，新村的生活就可以实现。
I feel bored, but now it's all right. When I went, I brought them a chatterbox, bought a new film, and borrowed a radio from Huaxi Company, because it was a direct current used there, so I only borrowed a suitable one, although the sound was a little smaller, but listening to the broadcast in Nanjing, I could hear it clearly. I think it's better to have a party every Saturday, or a fun party, to be able to act in a movie, and slowly turn that place into a new village. If you want to build a new China, you should build it in a new place, and this land can be built. There are more than 200 students this year, 600 next year, 1,000 the year after, and 1,300 in the fourth year. At that time, life in the new village can be realized.

前四五天，始终没出去，后来就出去到城里，由胡仲实校友陪着我，拜访各机关领袖。在回京时曾烦吴达诠部长，向四川行政长官刘湘及四川各银行、商会等去电介绍，后来大家相见后，都请吃饭，稍稍应酬，然后去成都。
For the first four or five days, I never went out, but then I went out to the city, and alumnus Hu Zhongshi accompanied me to visit the leaders of various institutions. When he returned to Beijing, he annoyed Minister Wu Daquan, and called Liu Xiang, the chief executive of Sichuan, and various banks and chambers of commerce in Sichuan to introduce them.

这次去川，我打算捐款。四川与我有缘。四川这地方很有希望，川边亦可以发展。四川与云、贵、陕、甘接连，对于中国发展很有关系。上次由川回来，筹得十五万余元筹备南渝，现在都用完了。这次，我还打算捐十五万元，不过是想在四川当地捐。
This time I went to Sichuan, and I plan to donate. Sichuan has a relationship with me. Sichuan is a promising place, and Sichuan can also develop. Sichuan is connected to Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi and Gansu, which is very relevant to China's development. The last time I came back from Sichuan, I raised more than 150,000 yuan to prepare for Nanyu, but now it has all been used. This time, I also plan to donate 150,000 yuan, but I want to donate locally in Sichuan.

捐法是，上次行政长官蒋院长捐五万元，此次打算请四川的行政长官刘主席也捐五万，商界捐五万，个人捐五万，同时组织董事会。这回川人看见南渝中学从建筑至开学，时期很短用钱很省，这种“快”“能”，予他们以很好的印象，又是给他们本地办学，大家很愿帮忙，且极信我。
The donation method is that last time, President Jiang, the chief executive, donated 50,000 yuan, and this time he plans to ask Chairman Liu, the chief executive of Sichuan, to also donate 50,000 yuan, the business community to donate 50,000 yuan, and the individual to donate 50,000 yuan, and at the same time organize the board of directors. This time, the Sichuan people saw that Nanyu Middle School from the construction to the opening of the school, the period is very short, the money is very saving, this kind of "fast" and "can", to give them a good impression, but also to give them a local school, everyone is willing to help, and believe in me.

成都去了八天，拜见刘主席，时刘卧病，扶病谈话。刘人很好，头脑很清楚，信我们为教育而办学，无些许别的意思，于是就答应帮忙。去的时候，由秘书长陪着见的，刘主席告诉秘书长跟各厅长商量着办，幸而那时胡仲实因为华西开董事会，也飞了去。那时财政厅长刘航琛在汉口，民政厅嵇厅长及建设厅长卢作孚，都没有办法，教育厅也没有款，当时胡仲实给大家建议，给刘航琛去信，请他筹款。原来刘有学生在南渝读书，刘本人亦见过喻先生，对南渝甚为佩服。于是由财厅秘书校友何九渊写了封信去，果然刘回信照办。
Chengdu went for eight days to meet Chairman Liu, when Liu was sick and talked about helping the sick. Liu Ren is very good, his mind is very clear, he believes that we run a school for education, and has no other meaning, so he agreed to help. When he went, he was accompanied by the secretary-general, and Chairman Liu told the secretary-general to discuss with the directors of various departments, but fortunately, Hu Zhongshi also flew away because of the board of directors in Huaxi. At that time, Liu Hangchen, the director of the Department of Finance, was in Hankou, and Lu Zuofu, the director of the Department of Civil Affairs and the director of the Department of Construction, had no choice, and the Department of Education had no money. It turned out that Liu had students studying in Nanyu, and Liu himself had met Mr. Yu and admired Nanyu very much. So He Jiuyuan, an alumnus of the secretary of the Finance Department, wrote a letter, and sure enough, Liu replied and complied.

56张伯苓：一人一校一国家
56 Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

蒋教育厅长亦愿帮忙。他期望重庆有女子高中，请南渝代办，经常费按省立学校标准发给，不过建筑费不管，明年起委托南渝办女中。重庆女师原有两班，初二、高二，明年就是初三、高三，临时再招高一、二，初一、二，可成六班，可二百多人，这是政府委托的；而南渝本身再招初一、高一五班，再合以旧有学生六班，明年男女学生将有十七组，比现在要加三倍，当然现有的建筑不够，不算买地只算建筑费约计：
Director Jiang is also willing to help. He hoped that there would be a girls' high school in Chongqing, and that he would ask Nanyu to run it on his behalf, and that the regular fee would be paid according to the provincial school standards, but the construction fee would not matter, and he would entrust Nanyu to run a girls' high school from next year. Chongqing female teachers originally had two classes, the second year of junior high school and the second year of high school, and next year will be the third and third year of high school. And Nanyu itself recruits five classes of junior high school and high school, and then merges with six classes of old students, and there will be 17 groups of male and female students next year, which is three times more than now, of course, the existing building is not enough, not counting the purchase of land, only the construction cost is about:

科学馆——三万五千元。男生宿舍——二万二千元。女生宿舍饭厅一—三万元。教员宿舍——一万五千元。图书馆—三万五千元。礼堂一座一——五万元。
Science Museum – $35,000. Boys' dormitory - $22,000. The dining room of the female dormitory is 1-30,000 yuan. Faculty quarters – $15,000. Library — $35,000. One auditorium - 50,000 yuan.

操场一一运动场，在天津等地，看台等须由平地往上起筑，那边不用，就着地势起伏，自成天然运动场及看台，用费二万至三万元。
Playground one by one sports field, in Tianjin and other places, the stands must be built from the flat ground to the top, there is no need there, just on the undulating terrain, self-contained natural sports field and stands, with a cost of 20,000 to 30,000 yuan.

总共只建筑费需要二十万元左右，现在实有的是政府的五万元，其余大概亦有把握。
In total, only about 200,000 yuan is needed for the construction cost, and now the actual amount is 50,000 yuan from the government, and the rest is probably confident.

其余的简单地报告些。
The rest are simply reported.

由成都返回重庆，提议组织董事会，董事共设九位，南京二位，张群、吴达诠，成都二位，卢作孚、刘航琛；重庆五位，银行公会主席吴寿彤，美丰银行行长康心如，华西实业公司胡仲实及胡子昂，建设厅长卢作孚，公安局长何壮衡，还有财厅秘书何九渊是校友，就请他当董事会秘书，我不在重庆时，就请他替我跑跑。
Returning to Chongqing from Chengdu, he proposed to organize a board of directors, with a total of nine directors, two in Nanjing, two in Nanjing, two in Chengdu, two in Chengdu, Lu Zuofu and Liu Hangchen; Five people in Chongqing, Wu Shoutong, chairman of the Association of Banks, Kang Xinru, president of Meifeng Bank, Hu Zhongshi and Hu Ziang of Huaxi Industrial Company, Lu Zuofu, director of the Department of Construction, He Zhuangheng, director of the Public Security Bureau, and He Jiuyuan, secretary of the Department of Finance, are alumni, so they asked him to be the secretary of the board of directors.

开会时候，在京的二位自然不能到，成都卢作孚适在重庆，就在南渝中学开了一次会，领着全体看一看地、房子。
When the meeting was held, the two people in Beijing naturally could not arrive, and Chengdu Lu Zuofu was in Chongqing, so he held a meeting in Nanyu Middle School and led everyone to see the land and houses.

开会的时候，我告诉大家，这回想要捐款建筑校舍，于是把房图及计划拿出来给他们看，并且说明数目还不够，没想到大家都无难色！
At the meeting, I told everyone that I wanted to donate money to build the school building this time, so I showed them the house plan and plan, and explained that the number was not enough.

同时有二位表示，一位是康心如先生，他说他有个哥哥，留学日本，回
At the same time, two people said, one is Mr. Kang Xinru, he said that he has an older brother who studied in Japan and went back

第二章旧中国，新南开157
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai 157

国后在北大教文学，存的书籍很多，现时已故去了。为纪念他的哥哥，打算把书捐了，并捐十万元建一图书馆，总想不出把这事交给谁。去年我头一次到四川去，借住在他那儿，他很招待。今年我去，又约他做南渝的董事，这次他打算把这事委托南渝代办，同时在南渝用三万五千元建图书馆，在重庆城里办一个图书馆，捐书，捐经常费。
After the country, he taught literature at Peking University, and there were many books saved, which are now deceased. In memory of his brother, he planned to donate books and donate 100,000 yuan to build a library, but he couldn't think of anyone to hand it over. Last year, I went to Sichuan for the first time, and I stayed with him, and he was very hospitable. This year, I went and asked him to be the director of Nanyu, and this time he planned to entrust this matter to Nanyu, and at the same time spend 35,000 yuan to build a library in Nanyu, set up a library in Chongqing, donate books, and donate regular expenses.

一位是吴寿彤先生，道德很好，幼时没人过学校。他向胡仲实表示，他有四个子女，二男二女，每人留给他们三万，自已仍经营商事，死后，愿将全部财产捐助南渝；现答应捐一万五千元，并允再募一万五。教员宿舍旁有一块地是他们行里一个行员的，南渝想买过来，费了多少事，不成，跟他一提，他答应了，或者就许捐给我们，他说临死都捐了，大概有三四十万！
One is Mr. Wu Shoutong, who has good morals and no one went to school when he was a child. He told Hu Zhongshi that he had four children, two boys and two girls, each of whom left them 30,000 yuan, and that he was still running a business, and that after his death, he was willing to donate all his property to Nanyu; He now promised to donate 15,000 yuan and promised to raise another 15,000. There is a piece of land next to the faculty dormitory that belongs to a member of their bank, Nanyu wants to buy it, how much it cost, it can't be done, mention it to him, he agreed, or promised to donate to us, he said that he donated it when he died, about three or four hundred thousand!

运动场是由胡仲实给杨子惠先生去信，请他拿三万元。
The stadium was caused by Hu Zhongshi to write to Mr. Yang Zihui, asking him to take 30,000 yuan.

社会方面，如银行公会等，及个人的捐款，据说很有希望，所想的十五万的数目，或者可以超过了。
Social donations, such as the Association of Banks, and individual donations are said to be promising, and the number of 150,000 may be exceeded.

再说经常费，南渝除了蒋委员长捐五万元外，教育部今年拨给两万元，我打算明年请教部拨助四万，后年六万。
In addition to Chairman Jiang's donation of 50,000 yuan, the Ministry of Education has allocated 20,000 yuan this year, and I plan to ask the Ministry of Education to allocate 40,000 yuan next year and 60,000 yuan the year after.

四川的校友，在重庆的有四十八位，在成都的有五十多位。重庆校友多服务华西实业公司，都是曾在国外及国内学专门的，将来的发展很大。重庆，现在的灯、水都是归华西办，今年他们又添办了水泥厂，成绩很好。他们什么事都办，川大的工程是他们包的，这次又应了成渝铁路的石工、土工的工程，约一千几百万元。
There are 48 alumni in Chongqing and more than 50 in Chengdu. Most of the alumni in Chongqing serve Huaxi Industrial Company, and they have studied abroad and at home, and they will develop greatly in the future. In Chongqing, the current lights and water are all under the West China Office, and this year they have added a cement factory, and the results are very good. They did everything, and they contracted the Sichuan University project, and this time they applied for the masonry and earthwork project of the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway, about 10 million yuan.

华西重要人有胡仲实、胡光，都是校友。胡光负责技术，胡仲实负责联络。华西的前途很大，用我们大学学生很多，都是商、电、矿科的，如章功叙、杨长骥、吴克斌等，还有位职员徐宗君，薪金每月七百，是负水电厂的责任的。
Important people in West China include Hu Zhongshi and Hu Guang, all of whom are alumni. Hu Guang is in charge of technology, and Hu Zhongshi is in charge of liaison. There are many students in our university, all of whom are in business, electricity, and mining, such as Zhang Gongxu, Yang Changji, Wu Kebin, etc., and there is also a staff member, Xu Zongjun, whose salary is 700 per month, and he is responsible for the hydropower plant.

在成都有个小规模的新华公司，是张锡羊、敖世珍、钟端可、张灏、宋挚民同几位本地人合办的。宋挚民负责建筑，他最近又带了三十多工人去，
There is a small-scale Xinhua company in Chengdu, which was co-founded by Zhang Xiyang, Ao Shizhen, Zhong Duanke, Zhang Hao, and Song Zhimin with several locals. Song Zhimin is in charge of construction, and he recently brought more than 30 workers there.

将来这个公司是很有希望的。 58|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
In the future this company is promising. 58|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

四川的前途很大，现时政治稳定，校友们愿意去，可以去看一看。那里校友精神很好，前途很好。
Sichuan has a great future, and now that it is politically stable, alumni are willing to go and have a look. The alumni there have a good spirit and a good future.

这是到南渝及四川的经过情形。
This is the situation of the journey to Nanyu and Sichuan.

二、将来的希望
2. Hope for the future

四川的建设刚兴起，用人的地方正多，于是我想起学生的出路。胡仲实跟我曾谈，如果成渝铁路起修，用工人很多，就用高中毕业生去练监工，回来再升学，专录用寒士，我想也是一个办法。
The construction of Sichuan has just emerged, and there are many places to employ people, so I think of the way out for students. Hu Zhongshi once told me that if the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway starts to be repaired and there are a lot of workers, I think it is also a way to use high school graduates to train as supervisors, and then go on to higher education when they come back, and hire Hanshi.

锡羊曾去川边，川边军政长官也拟发展川边实业。最近钟体正去川边视察，据报告说政军各情尚不大稳定。不过我想，全国稳定了，川边、西康也不能例外，假如稳定下去，那里实业的发展一定很大。
Xiyang once went to Chuanbian, and the military and political governor of Chuanbian also planned to develop Chuanbian industry. Recently, Chung Ti was inspecting the riverside, and it was reported that the situation between the government and the military was not very stable. However, I think that the whole country is stable, and Kawabe and Xikang are no exception, and if it is stable, the development of industry there must be great.

我们南开工厂造人才，本地销路少，别处多销也好。我们的“货”跟别的“货”一样，论到学术、技术都差不多，论负责，则胜过别人，能如此，工厂造人才，在社会有用，前途就很大了。四川成渝铁路起修，用人很多，请乃如在大学学生堆里想想，善忱在同学会里找一找。四川南开部分在华西实业公司，已有很大基础，银行界如王新华、李世林都在长着了，若干年后长起来，我们的“货”更容易销。我们以前想开发西北，西北太穷。西南却真好，据赵永来说坐着汽车沿途经过各村庄，比北方村庄富丽，普通吃肉食不很特别，这还是经过军阀割据之后的。
Our Nankai factory creates talents, and there are few local sales, and it is good to sell more elsewhere. Our "goods" are the same as other "goods", in terms of academics and technology, they are almost the same, and in terms of responsibility, they are better than others. Sichuan Chengdu-Chongqing Railway started to repair, employing a lot of people, please think about it in the university students, and find it in the class reunion. The Nankai part of Sichuan has a very large foundation in the Huaxi Industrial Company, and the banking circles such as Wang Xinhua and Li Shilin are all growing, and after a few years, our "goods" will be easier to sell. We used to want to develop the Northwest, but the Northwest was too poor. The southwest is really good, according to Zhao Yong, he passed through various villages along the way in a car, which was richer than the northern villages, and it was not very special to eat meat ordinarily, which was after the warlords seized it.

南开学生能去在西南做事，四川的机会真多，聚住了别散，够咱做的，能在那销“货”，使人承认我们的“货”；塘沽永利、久大已经承认我们的“货”了，印象就很好，我们创出牌子去得叫人能用。
Nankai students can go to work in the southwest, Sichuan has a lot of opportunities, gather and disperse, enough for us to do, can sell "goods" there, so that people recognize our "goods"; Tanggu Yongli and Jiuda have recognized our "goods", and the impression is very good, and we have created a brand to make people use.

总之，想发展实业，告诉给学生，到四川到西康去，以先我们想向东北、西北去发展，都碰壁了。西南将来可以达到目的，这也是我个人的野心。校友们在四川下“子”很紧要，华西公司所有专门人才都需要。他们把重庆的水和电改良后，重庆人对他们很有信仰。去年计划组织洋灰厂，不久就可出灰，成渝铁路修成后，发达更大。他们并且举我做董事，我已答应他
In short, if we want to develop industry, tell students that when we go to Sichuan and Xikang, we want to develop in the northeast and northwest, but we have hit a wall. The Southwest can achieve its goals in the future, which is also my personal ambition. It is very important for alumni to "sub" in Sichuan, and all the specialized talents of Huaxi Company are needed. After they improved Chongqing's water and electricity, Chongqing people believed in them very much. Last year, it was planned to organize an ash factory, and soon the ash will be produced, and after the completion of the Chengdu-Chongqing railway, it will be more developed. They also made me a director, and I promised him

第二章旧中国，新南开|59
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|59

们，为的是销销大学、中学的“货”。
In order to sell the "goods" of universities and middle schools.

南渝一长不要紧，南开到西南去有了根据地！
It doesn't matter if Nanyu is long, there is a base in the southwest!

我在南渝住着很高兴，天天在院子里转。那儿的花匠跑到山里去拾花种子，把地分成，把南开的菊花单放一，插上签子叫“南开菊”。任叔永到那去看见说：“南开菊都到南渝了！”在那里住的日子虽不多，可是我胸宽肚小了，皮带都进去一个眼，很想多住，周围净是山，远的山很高，近的丘陵起伏，本院里又平，非常之好。
I am very happy to live in Nanyu, and I walk around the yard every day. The gardener there went to the mountains to collect flower seeds, divided the land, put a single chrysanthemum in Nankai, and inserted a sign called "Nankai chrysanthemum". Ren Shuyong went there and saw it and said, "Nankai Ju has arrived in Nanyu!" "Although the days of living there are not many, but I have a wide chest and a small belly, and the belt is in one eye, I really want to live more, surrounded by mountains, the distant mountains are very high, the near hills are undulating, and the courtyard is flat, which is very good.

正在痛快极了的时候，就不痛快了。十三日的早上，薛桂轮、孙、胡光燕三人跑到我那里，告诉我蒋先生被扣的消息。原来那天，重庆校友足、篮球队跟南渝学生队比赛，我给他们预备的饭，买了一块钱四川特产的花生，一块钱小红橘一—一块钱买一百七十个。他们三位一来，我脑子里的空中楼阁全散，我跟他们讨论这事的结果，结论是必得用兵。后来接到孔祥熙先生的电报，叫我径赴西安或到京，于是我准备赴京。
When you are in great pain, you are not happy. On the morning of the 13th, Xue Guilun, Sun, and Hu Guangyan came to me and told me the news of Mr. Jiang's detention. It turned out that on that day, the Chongqing alumni football and basketball teams played against the Nanyu student team, and I prepared a meal for them, and bought peanuts from Sichuan for one yuan, and 170 small red oranges for one dollar. When the three of them came, all the castles in my mind were scattered, and the result of my discussion with them was that we had to use troops. Later, I received a telegram from Mr. Kong Xiangxi, telling me to go to Xi'an or Beijing, so I prepared to go to Beijing.

十七日乘机起飞，天气不好，又多住了一天，十八日到京。还是那样少吃东西，在飞机上看见山上下雨下雪。飞机顺着大江飞，过三峡，如同走在小胡同内，两边是山，下边的江似道水沟，有意思。这次我可得着一点新经验：飞机大的可坐十四人，地位最好在前右方，因为左前边有一个通司机室的门，司机人出来进去很不方便，也不得看下边，前右方第一位，飞机的翅膀在后，颤动不很大，坐在那看着下雨下雪，联想到行雨、驾云。过汉口就有些饿了，越急越不到，人真是不知足，世界上最快的还嫌慢。到京见孔副院长，问一问我怎样到西安，代表谁，说何条件，他也没有具体办法，于是等一等吧，那天正是蒋鼎文回来。二十四日孔先生请我吃饭，他们很不着急，谈起来他们很乐观，后来我告诉他打算先回津，如用我马上就来。二十五日搭车返津，二十六日到济南才看见报说蒋先生脱险返洛阳，心上一
I took off on the 17th, the weather was bad, I stayed for an extra day, and arrived in Beijing on the 18th. Still eating less like that, I saw the rain and snow on the mountain on the plane. The plane flies along the big river, crosses the Three Gorges, just like walking in a small alley, there are mountains on both sides, and the river below is like a ditch, which is interesting. This time I can get a little new experience: the plane can sit fourteen people, the position is best in the front right, because there is a door to the driver's cab in front of the left, the driver is very inconvenient to go out and in, and you must not look down, the first place on the right side of the front, the wings of the plane are behind, the tremor is not very big, sitting there watching the rain and snow, thinking of the rain, driving the clouds. When you cross Hankou, you are a little hungry, the more anxious you are, the more you can't get it, people are really not satisfied, and the fastest in the world is too slow. When I went to Beijing to see Vice President Kong, I asked me how I got to Xi'an, who I represented, and what conditions, but he didn't have a specific way, so he waited, it was Jiang Dingwen who came back that day. On the 24th, Mr. Kong invited me to dinner, and they were not in a hurry, and they were very optimistic about talking, and later I told him that he planned to return to Tianjin first, and if he used it, he would come immediately. On the 25th, he took a car back to Tianjin, and on the 26th, he arrived in Jinan only to see the report that Mr. Jiang had escaped and returned to Luoyang

块石头落了地·
A stone fell to the ground·

151

我常对四川南开校友说：“我这老头子在前头跑，青年人在后赶，你们怎么样？”大家说：“努力努力。”都还不错。我们不只要聪明、能干，还要做 60|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
I often say to the alumni of Nankai, Sichuan: "I, the old man, are running in front, and the young people are catching up, how are you?" They said, "Work hard." "It's all pretty good. Not only are we smart and capable, but we also have to do 60|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

事努力、信实；能继续着去做，推动国家，兼做个人事业。校友会派人各处跑一跑，南开学生断了连续的气，把他再联上，所谓打打气，叫他们振作起来！借着国家气势好转的时候。学校的事，跟国家的事差不多。（略）现在社会，好像认识了正义、好和坏，南开力量小，可是方向对，我们继续还去做，借着机会，推行我们的为公、正明、诚实、远大的主张！
hard work and faithfulness; I can continue to do it, promote the country, and do my own business. The alumni association sent people to run around, and the Nankai students broke off their continuous breath and reconnected him, the so-called cheering them up, so that they could cheer up! By the time the momentum of the country improves. The affairs of the school are similar to the affairs of the state. Now the society seems to know justice, good and bad, Nankai has little power, but the direction is right, we continue to do it, and take the opportunity to promote our public, honest, honest and lofty ideas!

十三日惊醒我的梦，二十六以后我又造了许多空中楼阁。
On the thirteenth day I was awakened from a dream, and after the twenty-sixth I built many towers in the air.

我们以前所顾虑的，现在都不必顾虑了，凡事很可乐观！不要落后，做吧。把脑子换换，换去老的，装上新的。现在可以算南开的新纪元，放开手做，大做，一定成功。
What we used to worry about, now we don't have to worry about, everything is optimistic! Don't lag behind, do it. Change the brain, replace the old one, and put on the new one. Now it can be regarded as a new era in Nankai, let go and do it, do it big, and it will be successful.

我们充实我们的工厂，造就学生到各处去，特别是西南！我们大家新点，重来，新点。详细的办法，我还没有想校友方面，最好多多旅行。在南京的时候，校友们说，南京没有会所，这个学校可以帮忙。
We enrich our factories and train students to go everywhere, especially in the Southwest! Let's all start over, start over, and start again. In detail, I haven't thought about the alumni aspect, and it's better to travel more. When they were in Nanjing, the alumni said that there was no clubhouse in Nanjing, and that this school could help.

总之，自已的本钱，不会利用，开小买卖就错了。我们要想新的路，新的法子，新的计划，用新的精神，往前猛进。
In short, you will not use your own capital, and it will be wrong to open a small business. We must think of a new path, a new method, a new plan, and a new spirit to move forward.

（原载于《南开校友》第2卷第5期，1937年1月15日）
(Originally published in Nankai Alumni, Vol. 2, No. 5, January 15, 1937).

第二章旧中国，新南开丨61
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨61

南开的精神愈益奋励
The spirit of Nankai is becoming more and more inspiring

敌人此次轰炸南开，被毁者为南开之物质，而南开之精神，将因此挫折，而愈益奋励。故本人对于此次南开物质上所遭受之损失，绝不挂怀，更当本创校一贯精神，而重为南开树立一新生命。本人唯有凭此种精神，绝不稍，深信于短期内，不难建立一新的规模。现已在京成立南开办事处，对于下期开校一切事宜，正赶事筹划中。
The enemy bombed Nankai this time, and the destroyed people were the material of Nankai, and the spirit of Nankai will be frustrated because of this, and it will become more and more energetic. Therefore, I will never be concerned about the material losses suffered by Nankai this time, and I should be the consistent spirit of the founding school, and establish a new life for Nankai. With this spirit, I am convinced that in the short term, it will not be difficult to establish a new scale. The Nankai Office has been set up in Beijing, and all matters related to the next opening of the school are being planned.

（原载于《中央日报》1937年7月31日）
(Originally published in JoongAng Ilbo, July 31, 1937).

1937年7月29—30日，日寇连续轰炸南开大学和男中、女中等校舍后，张伯苓在南京接受《中央日报》记者采访时发表谈话。
From July 29 to 30, 1937, after the Japanese bombed Nankai University and the buildings of the boys' and girls' middle schools, Zhang Boling made a speech in Nanjing when interviewed by the reporter of the "Central Daily".

62|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
62|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

南方之南开，展其伟大之生命
The south of the south opens, showing its great life

南开中大学被日机轰炸时，余适未在校内，因庐山会议后，余过南京稍留，当时本欲行返津，以在京朋友之挽留，并劝告本人谓：日本人对南开及余个人均甚不高兴，其实吾人能得日本人之嫉视，已自足荣幸。友人更谓至必要时，日本必将予南开以破坏，并将予本人以不利，余遂即暂留南京。
When Nankai University was bombed by Japanese planes, Yu Shiwei was not on campus, because after the Lushan Conference, Yu stayed in Nanjing, and at that time he wanted to return to Tianjin, in order to keep his friends in Beijing, and advised me that the Japanese were very unhappy with Nankai and Yu Ren, in fact, we were honored to be jealous of the Japanese. The friend even said that if necessary, Japan would destroy Nankai and disadvantage himself, so he stayed in Nanjing temporarily.

七月二十九日，余得到报告，谓南开被炸。时余并不惊讶，因此事已在意料之中。教育是立在精神上的，而不是立在物质上的。当晚中央社记者访余时，余已向彼等言之。当时轰炸南开学校时，幸未伤人，而在事前，校内仪器图书亦多已迁出。本人以为建立一个大学，精神难而物质易。南开已经四十年来之经营，当去年政府计划接办时，估计全部校产已达二百七十万元之巨，在私立大学中似已可观。如今牺牲掉，本人并不过分爱惜，因南开精神已散布于全国，愈毁坏，愈有更新发展之可能。
On July 29, Yu received a report that Nankai had been bombed. Shi Yu was not surprised, so it was expected. Education is spiritual, not material. When the Central News Agency reporter visited Yu that night, Yu had already told them. At that time, when the Nankai School was bombed, fortunately no one was injured, and most of the instruments and books in the school had been moved out beforehand. I thought that building a university was spiritually difficult and materially easy. Nankai has been in business for 40 years, and when the government planned to take over last year, it was estimated that the total campus assets had reached 2.7 million yuan, which seems to be considerable among private universities. Now sacrificed, I do not cherish too much, because the spirit of Nankai has spread throughout the country, the more destroyed, the more likely it is to be renewed and developed.

当日余接到被炸消息不久，教育部长王世杰曾到旅馆来慰问，并表示政府必尽力帮助恢复南开，余当时答称，在此抗战期间，余绝不愿使政府分心。后蒋委员长亦向余有同样表示，亦如此答复。现时南开中学已在南渝重新建立成功。本人于前年已料到北方必要发生问题，当即开始向各方奔走募
Shortly after Yu received the news of the bombing, Education Minister Wang Shijie came to the hotel to offer condolences and said that the government would do its best to help restore Nankai. Later, Chairman Chiang also expressed the same expression to Yu You, and replied in the same way. At present, Nankai Middle School has been successfully re-established in Nanyu. The year before last, I had anticipated that there would be a problem in the north, and I immediately began to solicit money from all sides

*本文是张伯苓1937年9月26日在武汉校友公宴会上的演词，标题为编者加。
*This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the Wuhan Alumni Banquet on September 26, 1937.

第二章旧中国，新南开丨63
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨63

款，不久即募得三十余万元。进行能如此容易，实因南开之奋进创造精神，已布满全国。
soon raised more than 300,000 yuan. It can be carried out so easily, because Nankai's spirit of forging ahead and creating has spread all over the country.

至于今后南开大学之恢复，若在平时，当然不成问题，但现时正在抗战期间，恢复工作须告待后日续谈，现时政府已在长沙设立临时大学，此校将容纳清华大学、北京大学、南开大学及中央大学研究院四校学生。现时该处所有之房屋及用品，均已备妥，一切亦均有办法。余此次赴长沙，即为办理校中各事。本校已决定将电工一部与湖南大学合作，化工一部与重庆大学合作，至于理、文、商三科，则设于长沙。
As for the restoration of Nankai University in the future, if it is in peacetime, of course, it will not be a problem, but it is currently during the Anti-Japanese War, and the restoration work must be resumed at the next day, and the government has now set up a temporary university in Changsha, which will accommodate students from Tsinghua University, Peking University, Nankai University and the Central University Research Institute. At present, all the houses and supplies in the place have been prepared, and everything is in order. Yu went to Changsha this time to handle various things in the school. The university has decided to cooperate with Hunan University in the first section of electrical engineering, the first department of chemical engineering in cooperation with Chongqing University, and the three departments of science, literature and commerce in Changsha.

南渝中学方面，只有原来南开中学生数十人，现已开学，学生均甚好，至于其他一切，均较在天津时更有进步。因南渝方面一切都是有计划的。今年十月十七日本校纪念日，当扩大举行纪念，表示北方南开学校被毁，而南方之南开又展开其更伟大之生命。
As for Nanyu Middle School, there are only a few dozen students in Nankai Middle School, and now the school has opened, and the students are all very good, and everything else is more improved than when they were in Tianjin. Everything was planned on the Nanyu side. On October 17 this year, when the commemoration was enlarged, it was announced that the Nankai School in the north was destroyed, and the Nankai School in the south began its greater life.

论吾人对今日抗战之态度及认识一问题时，吾人应先理解今日之中国已为新中国，吾人已变成新中国人。以前吾人均有三大病：一、为“怕”；二、为“退”；三、为“难”。即遇事来即怕，怕而退，退即觉所有各事都难，结果什么事都办不成。自从抗战爆发以后，可以证明国家是变了。第一因不怕日本凶，再即不因日本之用强力压迫而退却，三（即）不顾一切艰难，向前迈进。
When discussing the issue of our attitude and understanding of today's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, we should first understand that today's China has become a new China and that we have become a new Chinese. In the past, I had three major diseases: first, "fear"; Second, it is "retreat"; Third, it is "difficult". That is, when something happens, you are afraid, you are afraid and retreat, and when you retreat, you feel that everything is difficult, and you can't do anything. Since the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, it can be proved that the country has changed. The first is because we are not afraid of Japan's fierceness, secondly, we will not retreat because of Japan's strong oppression, and thirdly, we will move forward despite all difficulties.

中国此种情形，较之昔日非改变而何。即吾人亦如之。中国现时之抗战，实占有绝对有利之条件，经济、政治、外交三方面，均有利于我，而无利于日本，中国只要打，一切都有办法。无论如何想，中国都不会亡国。中国历年来进步不易，其原因是中国是大国，故要亡中国，因其大，故亦不易亡之。余希望大家自已应了解已变为一新国民，但希望注意不要使身体成新的，而留下一副旧成分或剩下一条尾巴在身上。中国之领袖的进步，实一日千里，余已自己感觉追逐不上，希望全体同学当努力力追云。
This situation in China has not changed compared to the past. Even so do we. China's current War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression has absolutely favorable conditions, and the economic, political, and diplomatic aspects are all favorable to China, but not to Japan. No matter how you think about it, China will not be destroyed. The reason why China has made progress over the years is that China is a big country, so it will not be easy to perish China, and because it is big, it will not be easy to die. Yu hopes that everyone should understand that they have become a new national, but they hope that they will be careful not to make the body new, leaving behind an old composition or a tail on the body. The progress of China's leaders is really rapid every day, and Yu already feels that he can't catch up, and hopes that all students should work hard to chase the clouds.

（原载于武汉《大公报》1937年9月27日）
(Originally published in Wuhan Ta Kung Pao, September 27, 1937).

64|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
64|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

四十年南开学校之回顾绪言
Introduction to the review of Nankai School in the past 40 years

本年十月十七日，为南开学校四十周年纪念日。校友及同人以胜利在望，复校有期，值此负有悠久光荣历史之纪念日，允宜特辑专刊，一以载过去艰难缔造之经过，一以示扩大庆祝之热忧！属苓为文纪念，爱撰斯篇，以寄所怀。
October 17 this year is the 40th anniversary of Nankai School. On the occasion of the anniversary of the long and glorious history of alumni and fanficamen with victory in sight, Yunyi Special Issue will show the enthusiasm for expanding the celebration with the difficult creation of the past! Ling is a commemoration of the text, and I love to write the article to send it to my heart.

南开学校成立于逊清光绪三十年，迄今已四十年矣！此四十年中，苓主持校务，摩划经营，始终未懈，以故校舍日益扩展，设备日益充实，学生日益众多，而毕业校友亦各能展其所长，为国服务。凡我同人同学，值此校庆佳节，衷心定多快慰！而对于四十年来，为学校服务之同人，爱护学校之校友，与夫赞助学校之政府长官及社会各方人士，尤应致其莫大之谢忧！盖私人经营之学校，其经济毫无来源，其事业毫无凭借，非得教育同志之负责合作，在校或出校校友之热烈爱护，与夫政府及社会各方之赞助与扶持，决不能奠定基础而日渐滋长也！南开学校四十年之发展，岂偶然哉！
Nankai School was established in the 30th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, and it has been 40 years so far! In the past 40 years, Ling has been in charge of school affairs and has been running the school unremittingly, so that the school buildings have been expanded, the facilities have been more and more substantial, the number of students has increased, and the graduating alumni have also been able to show their strengths and serve the country. All my classmates, on the occasion of the school celebration, I am heartily happy! For those who have served the school over the past 40 years, the alumni who have cared for the school, the government officials and people from all walks of life who have sponsored the school with their husbands, I should be especially grateful to them! Privately-run schools have no financial resources and no support for their careers, and they must not be able to lay the foundation and grow day by day without the responsible cooperation of educational comrades, the warm love of alumni who are in school or out of school, and the sponsorship and support of the government and all parties in society. The development of Nankai School in the past 40 years is not accidental!

兹当南开四十周年校庆佳日，吾人回顾以往之奋斗陈述，展望未来之复校工作，既感社会之厚我，倍觉职责之重大。爱将南开创校动机、办学目的，及工作发展经过，作一总检讨，分述于下。
On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Nankai, we look back on the past struggles and look forward to the future resumption of the school. The motivation for the establishment of the school, the purpose of running the school, and the development of the work are reviewed in a general manner, which are described below.

第二章旧中国，新南开|65
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|65

一、创校动机
1. Motivation for the establishment of the school

南开学校之创办人，为严范孙先生。先生名修，字范孙，为清名翰林。为人持已清廉，守正不阿。戊戌政变前，任贵州学政，首以奏请废科举，开经济特科，有声于时。政变后，致仕家居。目击当时国势危，外侮日急，以为中国欲图自强，非变法维新不可，而变法维新，又非从创办新教育不可。其忧时悲世之怀，完全出乎至诚。凡与之交者，莫不为之感动。
The founder of Nankai School is Mr. Yan Fansun. Mr. name Xiu, the word Fan Sun, is the Qing name Hanlin. He has been honest and upright. Before the coup d'état, he served as a scholar in Guizhou, and was the first to ask for the abolition of the imperial examination and the opening of a special economic department. After the coup d'état, Zhishi Home. Witnessing the national crisis at that time and the urgency of foreign insults, he thought that if China wanted to become self-reliant, it had no choice but to reform the law, and to change the law and restore the law, it was necessary to establish a new education. His sorrowful time and sorrow are completely sincere. Anyone who has friends with it is not moved.

光绪二十三年，英人继德、俄之后，强租我威海卫，清廷力不能拒，允之。威海卫于甲午战时，为日人占据，至是交还，政府派通济轮前往接收，移交英国。其时苓适毕业于北洋水师学堂，在通济轮上服务，亲身参与其事，目睹国帜三易，悲愤填胸，深受刺戟！念国家积弱至此，苟不自强，奚以图存，而自强之道，端在教育。创办新教育，造就新人才，及苓将终身从事教育之救国志愿，即肇始于此时。
In the twenty-third year of Guangxu, the British followed Germany and Russia and forcibly leased our Weihaiwei, and the Qing court could not refuse and allowed it. During the First Sino-Japanese War, Weihaiwei was occupied by the Japanese, and when it was returned, the government sent a Tongji ship to receive it and hand it over to the British. At that time, Ling Shi graduated from the Beiyang Naval Academy, served on the Tongji ship, personally participated in its affairs, witnessed the three changes of the national flag, filled his chest with grief and indignation, and was deeply stabbed! Thinking that the country is so weak, it is not self-reliant, and the way to self-improvement lies in education. The establishment of new education, the cultivation of new talents, and Ling's lifelong commitment to education to save the country began at this time.

翌年，苓离船，接严先生之聘，主持严氏家。严先生与苓同受国难严重之刺戟，共发教育救国之宏愿，六年后（清光绪三十年十月），严氏家塾乃扩充为中学，此南开学校创立之缘起也。
The following year, Ling left the ship and accepted the employment of Mr. Yan to preside over the Yan family. Six years later (October of the 30th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty), Yan's family school was expanded into a middle school, and the origin of the establishment of this Nankai school is also.

二、办学目的
Second, the purpose of running the school

南开学校系因国难而产生，故其办学目的，旨在痛矫时、育才救国。窃以为我中华民族之大病，约有五端。首日“愚”，千余年来，国人深中八股文之余毒，民性保守，不求进步。又教育不普及，人民多愚昧无知，缺乏科学知识，充满迷信观念。次日“弱”、重文轻武，鄙弃劳动，鸦片之毒流行，早婚之害未除，因之民族体魄衰弱、民族志气消沉。三日“贫”，科学不兴，灾荒叠见，生产力弱，生计艰难。加以政治腐败，贪污流行，民生经济，濒于破产。四日“散”，两千年来，国人蛰伏于专制淫威之下，不善组织，不能团结。因此个人主义畸形发展，团体观念，极为薄弱。整个中华
Nankai School was born due to the national disaster, so its purpose is to correct the time and cultivate talents to save the country. I think that the serious disease of the Chinese nation has about five ends. The first day of "foolishness", for more than 1,000 years, the Chinese people have been deeply poisoned by the remnants of the eight strands of literature, and the people are conservative and do not seek progress. In addition, education is not universal, and the people are ignorant, lack scientific knowledge, and are full of superstitious concepts. The next day, the "weak", emphasizing literature over military force, despising labor, the poison of opium was prevalent, and the harm of early marriage was not eliminated, so the national body was weakened and the national spirit was depressed. Three days of "poverty", science is not thriving, disasters and famines are repeated, productivity is weak, and livelihoods are difficult. With political corruption and widespread corruption, the people's livelihood economy is on the verge of bankruptcy. For two thousand years, the people of the country have been dormant under autocracy and obscenity, and they are not good at organizing and cannot unite. Therefore, the abnormal development of individualism and the concept of group are extremely weak. The whole of China

[1]接收时，先下日旗，后升国旗，隔一日，改悬英旗。 66丨张伯苓：一人一校一国家
[1] When receiving, the Japanese flag was lowered first, then the national flag was raised, and the next day, the British flag was hoisted. 66丨Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

民族有如一盘散沙，而不悟“聚则力强，散则力弱”“分则易折，合则难摧” 之理。五日“私”，此为中华民族之最大病根。国人自私心太重，公德心太弱，所见所谋，短小浅近。只顾眼前，忽视将来，知有个人，不知团体。其流所及，遂致民族思想缺乏、国家观念薄弱，良可慨也。
The nation is like a plate of scattered sand, and it does not realize the principle that "gathering is strong, scattering is weak", "division is easy to break, and union is difficult to destroy". The five-day "selfishness" is the biggest root cause of the Chinese nation. The selfishness of the Chinese people is too heavy, the sense of public morality is too weak, and what they see and what they seek is short-sighted. Focusing only on the present, ignoring the future, knowing that there is an individual, not knowing the group. As a result, there is a lack of national ideology and a weak sense of the state.

上述五病，实为我民族衰弱招侮之主因。苓有见及此，深感国家缺乏积极奋发、振作有为之人才，故追随严范孙先生，倡导教育救国，创办南开学校；其消极目的，在矫正上述民族五病，其积极目的，为培育救国建国人才，以雪国耻，以图自强。
The above-mentioned five diseases are actually the main reasons for the weakness and humiliation of our nation. Seeing this, Ling deeply felt that the country lacked talents who were active and energetic, so she followed Mr. Yan Fansun, advocated education to save the country, and founded Nankai School; Its negative purpose is to correct the above-mentioned five national diseases, and its positive purpose is to cultivate talents for saving the country and building the country, to shame the country, and to strive for self-improvement.

三、训练方针
3. Training policy

南开学校为实现教育救国之目的，对于学生训练方针，特注意下列五点。
In order to achieve the purpose of saving the country through education, Nankai School pays special attention to the following five points in its student training policy.

一日重视体育。强国必先强种，强种必先强身。国民体魄衰弱，精神萎靡，工作效率低落，服务年龄短促。原因固属多端，要以国人不重体育为其主要原因。南开学校自成立以来，即以重视体育，为国人倡，以期各个学生有坚强之体魄，及健全之精神，故对于体育设备、运动场地，力求完善；体育组织，运动比赛，力求普遍。学生先后参加华北、全国及远东运动会者，均有良好之成绩表现。但苓提倡运动目的，不仅在学校而在社会，不仅在少数选手，而在全体学生。学生在校，固应有良好运动习惯；学生出校，亦应能促进社会运动风气。少数学生之运动技术，固应提高，全体学生之身体锻炼，尤应注意。最要者学校体育不仅在技术之专长，尤重在体德之兼进，体与育并重，庶不致发生流。故体育道德，及运动精神，尤三致意焉。
A day to pay attention to sports. A strong country must first be strong, and a strong seed must first be strong. The people are physically weak, mentally ill, inefficient, and have a short service age. There are many reasons, and the main reason is that the Chinese people do not attach importance to sports. Since its establishment, Nankai School has been attaching importance to sports and advocating for the people, in order for all students to have a strong physique and a sound spirit, so it strives to improve the sports equipment and sports venues; Sports organizations, sports competitions, strive for universality. Students who have participated in the North China, National and Far Eastern Games have achieved good results. But Ling advocates the purpose of sports, not only in school but also in society, not only in a few players, but in all students. Students should have good exercise habits at school; Students' departure from school should also promote a culture of social movements. The sports skills of a small number of students should be improved, and the physical exercise of all students should be paid special attention. The most important thing is that school sports are not only in technical expertise, but also in both physical and moral development, and pay equal attention to physical education and education, so as not to cause flow. Therefore, sportsmanship and sportsmanship are especially respectful.

二日提倡科学。我国科学不发达，物质文明远不如人。故苓当办学之初，即竭力提倡科学，其目的在开通民智、破除迷信，借以引起国人对于科学研究之兴趣，促进物质文明之发达。今者科学与国防建设发生密切之关系，无科学无国防，无国防无国家，愈见提倡科学之重要。唯是科学精神，不重玄想而重观察，不重讲解而重实验，观察与实验，又需有充分之设备。
The second day advocates science. China's science is underdeveloped, and its material civilization is far inferior to that of people. Therefore, at the beginning of the school, Ling Dang tried its best to advocate science, and its purpose was to open up people's wisdom and eliminate superstition, so as to arouse the interest of Chinese people in scientific research and promote the development of material civilization. Nowadays, science has a close relationship with national defense construction, and there is no national defense without science, and there is no country without national defense, and it is more and more important to advocate science. Only the spirit of science should focus on observation, not on explanation but on experiments, and on observation and experiments, and need to have adequate equipment.

第二章旧中国，新南开丨67
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨67

南开学校在成立之初，苓即从日本购回理化仪器多种，其后历年添置，令学生人人亲手从事实验。犹忆民国初年，美国哈佛大学校长伊利奥（DrEiliot）博士来校参观，见中学有如此设施，深为赞许。盖以尔时中学内有实验设备者，尚不多觀也。
At the beginning of the establishment of Nankai School, Ling purchased a variety of physical and chemical instruments from Japan, and added them over the years, so that all students could engage in experiments by themselves. I still remember that in the early years of the Republic of China, Dr. Eiliot, the president of Harvard University in the United States, visited the school and saw that the middle school had such facilities, and was deeply praised. There were not many people who had experimental equipment in the middle school at the time of Gaier.

三日团体组织。国人团结力薄弱，精神涣散，原因在不能合作，与无组织能力。因此学校对于学生课外组织、团体活动，无不协力赞助，切实倡导，使学生多有练习做事参加活动之机会，而苓所竭力提倡之各种课外活动，有下列数种：
Three-day group organization. The reason for the weak unity and sluggishness of the Chinese people is their inability to cooperate and their lack of organizational ability. Therefore, the school sponsors and advocates for students' extracurricular organizations and group activities, so that students have more opportunities to practice and participate in activities, and Ling strives to advocate various extracurricular activities as follows:

1.学术研究。如东北研究会、天津研究会、科学研究会、数学研究会，以及政治经济研究会等，以大自然为教室，以全社会为教本，利用活的材料，来充实学生之知识，扩大学生之眼界。
1. Academic research. For example, the Northeast Research Society, the Tianjin Research Society, the Scientific Research Society, the Mathematics Research Society, and the Political and Economic Research Association, etc., take nature as the classroom and the whole society as the teaching book, and use living materials to enrich students' knowledge and expand their horizons.

2.讲演。演讲目的，在练习学生说话之技术，与发表思想之能力，并可进为推行民主政治之准备。其组织，或以年别，或以组分；其训练，由学校聘请有研究有兴趣之教员，为其导师。平时充分练习，定期公开比赛，其优胜者，则由学校加以奖励。
2. Speeches. The purpose of the speech is to practice students' speaking skills and ability to express their thoughts, and to prepare them for the implementation of democratic politics. its organization, either by year or by component; For their training, the school hires faculty members who are interested in research as their mentors. Regular practice is sufficient, regular public competitions, and the winners are rewarded by the school.

3.出版。学校为训练学生写作之能力，增加学生发表思想之机会，自始即鼓励学生编辑刊物，会有会刊，校有校刊，或以周，或以季，种类甚多，于彼此观摩之中，寓公开竞赛之意。以是南开学校并未设有新闻学课程，亦未添设新闻学科系，但毕业校友之服务新闻界、通讯社，以及文化团体而卓有成绩者，为数尚不少。
3. Publication. In order to train students' writing ability and increase the opportunities for students to express their ideas, the school has encouraged students to edit publications from the beginning. However, Nankai School does not have a journalism course or a journalism department, but there are still many alumni who have made outstanding achievements in serving the press, news agencies, and cultural organizations.

4.新剧。南开提倡新剧，早在宣统元年（1909年）。最初目的，仅在借演剧以练习演说，改良社会，及后方做纯艺术之研究。南开话剧第一次出台公演者，为《用非所学》一剧，由苓主编，亦由苓导演。继则由今中央委员时子周君，前政治部副部长周恩来君，及本校职员伉乃如君等，合力编演《一元钱》《新少年》《一念差》及《新村正》等。每次出演，成绩至佳。其后张彭春君自美归国，负责指导编译名剧多种，亲自精心导演。当《国民公敌》《娜拉》及《争强》诸剧演出之时，艺术高超，大受观众欢迎。当时出
4. New drama. Nankai advocated new dramas as early as the first year of Xuantong (1909). The original purpose was to practice oratory through acting, to improve society, and to do pure art research in the future. The first public performance of Nankai drama is the play "What You Learn with Non-Learning", edited by Ling and directed by Ling. He was followed by Zhou Jun, a member of the current Central Committee, Zhou Enlaijun, former deputy minister of the Political Department, and a staff member of the school, such as "One Yuan", "New Boy", "One Thought" and "New Village". Every time I act, I get the best results. Later, Zhang Pengchunjun returned to China from the United States, and was responsible for guiding the compilation of a variety of famous dramas, and personally directed them carefully. When the plays "Enemy of the Nation", "Nola" and "Fighting" were performed, they were highly artistic and very popular with the audience. Out at that time

68|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
68|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

演者，有今名编剧家万家宝君。而南开新剧团之名，已广播于海内矣。
actors, there is the famous screenwriter Wan Jiabaojun. The name of the new Nankai troupe has been broadcast in China.

5.音乐研究会。南开提倡音乐，远在光绪三十一年，当时设备不全，仅有军乐一项。其后会员增加，设备充实，增添口琴、提琴、钢琴及大提琴诸组，今名音乐家金律声先生，亦导师之一。前后举行演奏会多次，成绩甚为美满。
5. Music Workshop. Nankai advocated music, far away in the 31st year of Guangxu, when the equipment was not complete, only military music. Later, the membership increased, and the equipment was substantial, adding harmonica, violin, piano and cello groups, and the current musician Mr. Kim Ly-sing is also one of the instructors. He has held many concerts before and after, and the results have been very satisfying.

6.体育。南开重视体育，提倡体育组织，提高普及，均所注重，除田径外，并辅导学生组织各项球队，如篮球、足球、棒球、排球、网球等，而尤以篮球队为国人所称羡。当时曾有“南开五虎将”之称，所向无敌，执全国篮球界之牛耳。其时负责教练者，即今名体育家董守义先生也。
6. Sports. In addition to track and field, Nankai attaches great importance to sports, advocates sports organization, and improves popularization, and tutors students to organize various teams, such as basketball, football, baseball, volleyball, tennis, etc., and especially the basketball team is the envy of the Chinese people. At that time, he was known as the "Nankai Five Tiger Generals", invincible and the bull's ear in the national basketball world. At that time, the person in charge of coaching, that is, Mr. Dong Shouyi, who is now a sportsman.

7.社团。南开学校为训练学生做事能力、服务精神，并培养社会领袖人才起见，鼓励学生自动组织各种社团，通力合作，团结负责，当年最早成立之学生社团，有自治励学会，由今中学部主任喻传鉴君主持之，有敬业乐群会，由周恩来君主持之，此外并有青年会，专以研究基督教义为任务，由张信天君主持之。皆各有定期出版刊物，彼此观摩竞赛，工作成绩颇足称道。
7. Societies. In order to train students' ability to do things, the spirit of service, and to cultivate social leaders, Nankai School encourages students to organize various clubs automatically, work together, unite and be responsible, and the earliest student clubs established that year include the Autonomous Encouragement Society, which is presided over by Yu Chuanjianjun, the director of the middle school, and the Dedication Club, which is presided over by Zhou Enlaijun, and the Youth Association, which is dedicated to the study of Christian doctrine as the task, presided over by Zhang Xintianjun. All of them have regular publications, observe each other's competitions, and their work results are quite commendable.

四日道德训练。教育为改造个人之工具，但教育范围，绝对不可限于书本教育、知识教育，而应特别注重于人格教育、道德教育。是以苓当学校之初期，每于星期三课后，召集全体训话，名为修身班。阐述行已处世之方，及求学爱国之道，语多警，学生颇能服膺勿失。
Four-day moral training. Education is a tool for transforming individuals, but the scope of education must not be limited to book education and knowledge education, but should pay special attention to personality education and moral education. In the early days of the school, every Wednesday after class, the whole group was called the self-cultivation class. Explain the way to live in the world, and learn the way of patriotism, and the language is more vigilant, and the students are quite able to convince and not lose.

苓鉴于民族精神颓废、个人习惯不良，欲力矫此弊，乃将饮酒、赌博、冶游、吸烟、早婚等事，悬为厉禁，犯者退学，绝不宽假。在校门侧，悬一大镜，镜旁镌有镜，俾学生出人，知所做戒。词为：“面必净，发必理，衣必整，纽必结；头容正，肩容平，胸容宽，背容直；气象：勿傲，勿暴，勿怠，颜色：宜和，宜静，宜庄。”此与现时新生活运动所倡导者，若合符节。犹忆美国哈佛大学校长伊利奥博士来校参观，见南开学生仪态与在他校所见者不同，特加询问。苓乃引伊至镜旁，将镜上词详加解释，伊始了然。后伊归国，告其邦人，罗氏基金团且派员来校摄影，寄回美国，刊诸
In view of the decadence of the national spirit and the bad personal habits, Ling wants to rectify this evil, but hangs the ban on drinking, gambling, swimming, smoking, early marriage, etc., and the offender will drop out of school and will not be forgiven. On the side of the school gate, a big mirror is hung, and there is a mirror engraved next to the mirror, so that students can go out and know what to do. The words are: "The face must be clean, the hair must be straightened, the clothes must be neat, and the buttons must be knotted; The head is straight, the shoulders are flat, the chest is wide, and the back is straight; Weather: Don't be arrogant, don't be violent, don't be lazy, color: Yihe, Yijing, Yizhuang. This is in line with the advocates of the current New Life Movement. I still remember that Dr. Ilio, President of Harvard University in the United States, came to visit the school and saw that the demeanor of the students in Nankai was different from that of those seen in other schools, so I made special inquiries. Ling Nai led Yi to the mirror, explained the words on the mirror in detail, and the beginning was clear. Later, when he returned to China, he told his countrymen that the Roche Foundation sent staff to the school to take pictures, sent them back to the United States, and published them

第二章旧中国，新南开|69
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|69

报端，加以词。盖以当时国人对于国民体魄、身体姿势，甚少注意矫正之故也。
Newspapers, add words. At that time, the Chinese people paid little attention to correcting the national physique and body posture.

五日培养救国力量。南开学校系受外侮刺激而产生，故教育目的，旨在雪耻图存，训练方法，重在读书救国。关于国际形势、世界大事，及中国积弱之由，与夫所以救济之方，时对学生切训话，借以灌输民族意识，及增强国家观念。但爱国可以出乎热情，救国必须依靠力量。学生在求学时代，必须充分准备救国能力，在服务时期，必须真切实行救国志愿，有爱国之心，兼有救国之力，然后始可实现救国之宏愿。在平津陷落以前，华北学生之爱国运动，大半由我南开学生所领导，因此深遭日人之嫉恨。后此我南开津校之惨遭炸毁，此殆其一因。
Five days to cultivate the power of national salvation. Nankai School was stimulated by foreign insults, so the purpose of education is to save shame and training methods, focusing on reading to save the country. Regarding the international situation, world events, and the reasons for China's weakness, and the way to provide relief to the husband, he gave lectures to the students from time to time, so as to instill national consciousness and strengthen the sense of the country. But patriotism can be driven out of enthusiasm, and national salvation must rely on strength. During the period of service, students must be fully prepared to save the country, and during the service period, they must truly carry out their desire to save the country, have a patriotic heart, and have the power to save the country, and then they can realize the grand wish of saving the country. Before the fall of Pingjin, most of the patriotic movement of students in North China was led by our Nankai students, so they were deeply hated by the Japanese. Later, the tragic bombing of my Nankaijin School was one of the reasons.

上述五项训练，一以“公”“能”二字为依归，目的在培养学生爱国爱群之公德，与夫服务社会之能力。故本校成立之初，即揭“公”“能”二义，作为校训。唯“公”故能化私，化散，爱护团体，有为公牺牲之精神；唯“能”故能去愚，去弱，团结合作，有为公服务之能力。此五项基本训练，以“公”“能”校训为指导原则，而“公”“能”校训，必赖此基本训练，方得实现。分之为五项训练，合之则“公”“能”二义，允公允能，足以治民族之大病，造建国之人才。四十年来，我南开学校之训练，目标一贯，方法一致，根据教育理想，制订训练方案，彻底实施，认真推行，深信必能实现预期之效果，收到良好之成绩也。
The above five trainings, based on the words "public" and "ability", aim to cultivate students' public morality of patriotism and love for the community, and their ability to serve the society with their husbands. Therefore, at the beginning of the establishment of the school, the two meanings of "public" and "can" were revealed as the school motto. Only the "public" can turn into private, disperse, love the group, and have the spirit of sacrifice for the public; Only "can" can be foolish, weak, united and cooperative, and have the ability to serve the public. These five basic trainings are guided by the school motto of "Gong" and "Ability", and the school motto of "Gong" and "Ability" must rely on this basic training to be realized. It is divided into five trainings, and when combined, the two meanings of "public" and "can" are fair, fair, and fair, which are enough to cure the serious diseases of the nation and create talents for the construction of the country. Over the past 40 years, the training of our Nankai School has been consistent in goal and method, and according to the educational ideals, the training program has been formulated, thoroughly implemented, and conscientiously implemented, and I am convinced that it will be able to achieve the expected results and receive good results.

四、学校略史
4. A brief history of the school

南开学校成立于光绪三十年，但在学校成立以前，尚有六年之胚胎时期，即严、王两馆是也。此六年之胚胎时期若与南开四十年之历史合并计算，则南开学校已有四十六年之历史矣！此四十六年之历史可以分为四大时期，即（一）胚胎时期；（二）创业时期；（三）发展时期；及（四）继兴时期。兹分述如次。
Nankai School was established in the 30th year of Guangxu, but before the establishment of the school, there were still six years of embryonic period, that is, Yan and Wang. If the embryonic period of six years is combined with the history of Nankai for 40 years, then Nankai School has a history of 46 years! The 46-year period can be divided into four major periods, namely: (1) the embryonic period; (2) The period of entrepreneurship; (3) the period of development; and (4) the Jixing period. They are described as follows.

70|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
70|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

（一）胚胎时期（清光绪二十四年一光绪三十年）
(1) Embryonic period (24th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty and 30th year of Guangxu)

严、王二馆之成立。
The establishment of the second hall of Yan and Wang.

光绪二十四年，严范孙先生设立家垫，聘苓主讲，以英、算、理、化诸科，时号称“两学”，教其子侄，有学生五人。其后三年，邑绅王奎章亦聘苓教其子弟，有学生六人，取名“王馆”，盖所以别于“严馆”也。苓每日上午课严馆，下午课王馆，如是六年，迄于南开学校之成立。本期由严馆（光绪二十四年）而中学（光绪三十年），为期较短，发展亦少，是为南开之胚胎时期。
In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu, Mr. Yan Fansun set up a family mat, hired Ling to lecture, and was known as the "two learnings" in English, arithmetic, physics, and chemistry, teaching his sons and nephews, and there were five students. In the following three years, Wang Kuizhang, a gentry of Yi, also hired Ling to teach his children, and there were six students, named "Wang Pavilion", which was different from "Yan Pavilion". Ling has a strict hall in the morning and a king hall in the afternoon, and it has been six years until the establishment of Nankai School. This period, from Yanguan (24th year of Guangxu) to middle school (30th year of Guangxu), is shorter and less developed, which is the embryonic period of Nankai.

（二）创业时期（清光绪三十年一民国八年）
(2) Entrepreneurial period (30 years of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty and 8 years of the Republic of China)

中学之成立及其发展。
Establishment and development of secondary schools.

光绪三十年，苓与严范孙先生，东渡日本，考察教育，知彼邦富强，实由于教育之振兴，益信欲救中国，须从教育着手，而中学居小学与大学之间，为培养救国干部人才之重要阶段，决定先行创办中学，徐图扩充。归国后，即将严、王两馆合并，并招收新生，正式成立中学。校舍在严宅偏院，教室仅有小室数橡，学生七十余人，教员三四人，实一规模狭小、设备未完之南开维形也。当时校名，初称“私立中学堂”，后易名“敬业中学堂”，旋复改称私立“第一中学堂”，因私人设立之中学，尚有数处也。中学成立后之四年，学生人数大增，以校舍逼仄，不能容纳，得邑绅郑菊如先生捐城西南名“南开”地十亩，为校址，遂筹募经费，起建校舍。是年秋，乃由严宅迁人新校舍，校名改称“南开中学”，盖以地名也。
In the 30th year of Guangxu, Ling and Mr. Yan Fansun, traveled to Japan, inspected education, and knew that the country was rich and strong, because of the revitalization of education, Yixin wanted to save China, and the middle school was between the primary school and the university, and it was decided to establish a middle school first, and Xu Tu expanded. After returning to China, the two museums of Yan and Wang were merged, and new students were recruited to officially establish a middle school. The school building is in the courtyard of the Yan Mansion, the classroom is only a small room, more than 70 students, three or four teachers, and the Nankaiwei shape is really small in scale and the equipment is not finished. At that time, the name of the school was originally called "Private Middle School", and later renamed "Jingye Middle School", and it was renamed as the private "First Middle School". In the four years after the establishment of the middle school, the number of students increased greatly, and the school building was cramped and could not be accommodated, so Mr. Zheng Juru, a gentleman of Deyi, donated ten acres of land named "Nankai" in the southwest of the city as the school site, so he raised funds to build the school building. In the autumn of that year, the new school building was moved from the Yan house, and the name of the school was changed to "Nankai Middle School", and the name of the place was also covered.

宣统三年，天津客籍学堂与长芦中学堂并人本校，学生人数增至五百人。民国三年，直隶工业专门与法政学校两附属中学，亦归并本校，于是学
In the third year of Xuantong, Tianjin Hakka School and Changlu Middle School merged into the school, and the number of students increased to 500. In the third year of the Republic of China, the two affiliated middle schools of Zhili Industrial College and Fazheng School were also merged into this school, so they learned

生益多。四年，中学毕业生之请求，增设英语专门科。翌年，复设专门部及高等师范科各一班。卒因经费困难，人才缺乏，致先后停办。六年，中学日形发达，学生满千人，苓以办理高等教育，两次失败，深感办学之困难，乃于是年秋，第二次渡美，人哥伦比亚大学师范学院研究教育，并考察其国内私立大学教育之组织及其发展，为将来重办大学之借镜。七年冬，与严范
Earn a lot. In four years, at the request of secondary school graduates, a specialized English subject will be added. In the following year, a special department and a higher normal department were reinstated. Due to financial difficulties and lack of talents, the school was suspended one after another. In the autumn of that year, he went to the United States for the second time to study education at Teachers College of Columbia University, and to inspect the organization and development of private university education in China, so as to serve as a reference for the future re-establishment of the university. Seven years of winter, with Yan Fan

第二章旧中国，新南开|71
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|71

孙、范静生、孙子文诸先生偕同归国，一方竭力充实中学，一方开始筹办大学。南开历史，从此乃进人于大学发展时期矣。
Mr. Sun, Mr. Fan Jingsheng, and Mr. Sun Tzu Wenzhu returned to China together, one side tried their best to enrich the middle school, and the other side began to prepare for the establishment of a university. The history of Nankai has been in the development period of the university since then.

中学在此时期中，年年有新发展。如购置新地，建筑新舍，几无年无之。虽经费时感拮据，多承徐前大总统菊人、陈前直隶总督小石、朱前巡按使经白、与刘前民政长仲鲁诸先生，或则拨助常年经费，或则补助建筑费用，倡导教育，殊深感激！严范孙、王奎章二先生之捐助常年经费，郑菊如先生之捐助南开地亩，以及袁慰亭、严子均二先生等捐资起建校舍，均于南开学校基础之奠定，有莫大之助力也。
During this period, secondary schools have developed new developments every year. If you buy new land and build a new house, there will be no one for a year. Although the funds are scarce, many of them are the former President of Xu Juren, the former Governor of Chen Zhili, Xiao Shi, the former Governor of Zhu Qian, Jingbai, and Mr. Zhong Luzhu, the former civil governor of Liu, who either allocated perennial funds or subsidized construction costs, advocating education, and I am very grateful! The donations of Mr. Yan Fansun and Mr. Wang Kuizhang, the donation of Mr. Zheng Juru to Nankai land, and the donations of Mr. Yuan Weiting and Mr. Yan Zijuner to build the school building have all contributed greatly to the laying of the foundation of Nankai School.

此期自中学创始（光绪三十年）至大学成立（民国八年），共十有五年。中心工作在发展中学，筹办大学，中间虽历经艰难挫折，仍能日在发展长进之中，可称为南开发时期，亦可称为南开之创业时期。
This period lasted from the founding of the middle school (the 30th year of Guangxu) to the establishment of the university (the 8th year of the Republic of China), a total of five out of ten. The center works in the development of middle schools, preparing for the establishment of universities, although the middle of the difficult setbacks, can still be in the development of the growth of the day, can be called the development of the south, can also be called the entrepreneurial period of Nankai.

（三）发展时期（民国八年一民国二十六年）
(3) Development period (8th year of the Republic of China and 26th year of the Republic of China)

大学部之成立及其发展，
Establishment and development of the Faculty of Universities,

中学部之继续扩充，重庆南渝中学之创立。
The secondary school continued to expand, and Chongqing Nanyu Middle School was established.

TK13a 874519

民国七年冬，苓自美归国，壹志创办大学，得前大总统徐公、黎公，及李秀山先生之赞助，遂于八年春，建大学讲室于中学之南端隙地。是年秋，校舍落成，招生百余人，设文理商三科，于是大学部正式成立。九年，李秀山先生捐助遗产五十万为大学基金。十年，李组绅先生捐助矿科经费，于是大学又增设矿科。十一年，在八里台得地七百余亩，起建新校舍。翌年，迁人。至是南开学校，分为两部一一中学部、大学部。全校学生合计一千八百人。十二年秋，因天津各小学毕业生之请求，添设女中部。招收学生八十余人，租用民房开学。于是南开学校扩充为三部一一中学部、大学部、女中部，学生又多增百余人。
In the winter of the 7th year of the Republic of China, Ling returned from the United States and founded the university, with the sponsorship of the former presidents Xu Gong, Li Gong, and Mr. Li Xiushan, and in the spring of the eighth year, the university lecture room was built at the southern end of the middle school. In the autumn of that year, the school building was completed, with an enrollment of more than 100 students and three departments of arts, science and commerce, so the university department was officially established. In nine years, Mr. Li Xiushan donated an inheritance of 500,000 yuan to the university fund. Ten years later, Mr. Li donated funds for the Mining Department, and the University added the Department of Mining. In 11 years, more than 700 acres of land were acquired in Balitai and a new school building was built. The following year, he moved. As for Nankai School, it is divided into two departments: a middle school and a university department. The total number of students in the school is 1,800. In the autumn of the twelfth year, at the request of the graduates of various primary schools in Tianjin, a women's middle school was added. More than 80 students were enrolled, and private houses were rented to open the school. As a result, Nankai School expanded into three middle schools, university departments, and girls' middle schools, and the number of students increased by more than 100.

十六年，苓以日寇凯东北甚急，特赴东北四省视察。归校后组织东北研究会，并派员前往实地调查，搜集资料，借资研究，于是南开学校，深受日人之嫉视。
In the sixteenth year, Ling was very anxious in the northeast and went to the four northeastern provinces to inspect. After returning to school, he organized the Northeast Research Association, and sent staff to field investigations, collect information, and borrow funds for research.

72|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
72|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

十七年，增设小学部，聘请美人阮芝仪博士为实验导师，从事设计教学法之实验。
In the 17th year, the primary school was added, and Dr. Yuen Chi Yee was hired as the experimental tutor to engage in the experiment of design pedagogy.

大学成立既数年，基础渐固，设备亦渐臻充实，为提高学术研究，并造就人才计。二十年，添设经济研究所。二十一年，设立化学研究所。二者除调查研究外，并着重于专门技术之训练。至是南开学校扩充为五部一—中学
Over the past few years, the University has been established with a solid foundation and facilities to enhance academic research and nurture talents. In 20 years, the Economic Research Institute was added. In the twenty-first year, the Institute of Chemistry was established. In addition to research and research, they also focus on the training of specialized skills. As a result, Nankai School was expanded into five departments and one middle school

0288

部、大学部、女中部、小学部、研究所，学生总数乃达三千人矣。
The total number of students in the ministry, the university department, the women's middle school, the elementary school, and the research institute is 3,000.

二十四年冬，苓赴四川考察教育，深感津校事业，仅能维持现状，而川地教育，尚可积极发展。且华北局势，危急万状，一旦有变，学校必不保。为谋南开事业推广计，并为谋教育工作不因时局变化而中断计，决意在川设立分校，于二十五年秋，招生开学。于是南开学校在重庆复增设一部。
In the winter of the 24th year, Ling went to Sichuan to inspect education, and deeply felt that the cause of Tianjin schools could only maintain the status quo, while Sichuan education could still develop positively. Moreover, the situation in North China is critical, and once there is a change, the school will not be protected. In order to promote the cause of Nankai and to seek education work not to be interrupted due to changes in the current situation, it was decided to set up a branch in Sichuan, and in the autumn of 25 years, the enrollment was opened. So Nankai School added a new one in Chongqing.

此期学校各部颇多进展，经费之需要甚巨，各方面人士热烈赞助，慷慨解囊者亦至多。在大学部，有李秀山、袁述之、卢木斋、陈芝琴、李组绅、傅宜生、李典臣、吴达诠诸先生，以及美国罗氏基金团等，或慨捐基金，或资助常费，或出资建筑校舍，或解囊充实图书；尤以吴达诠先生所发起之“南大学生奖助金”运动，每生年得奖助金三百元，名额三四十人，于清寒学生嘉惠尤多！在中学部，则有中华教育文化基金委员会之奖助经费，章瑞庭先生之独捐巨款建筑大礼堂，蔚为中学部最庄严最宏丽之建筑，而校友总会发起募捐运动，建筑科学馆，及奖助学生基金，成绩尤为圆满。至捐助女中及小学建筑经费者，此期有张仲平、王心容二先生，补助大学经济研究所常年经费者，则有美国罗氏基金团。
During this period, the various departments of the school have made a lot of progress, and the need for funds is huge, and people from all walks of life have enthusiastically sponsored and donated generously. In the university department, there are Mr. Li Xiushan, Yuan Shuzhi, Lu Muzhai, Chen Zhiqin, Li Gushen, Fu Yisheng, Li Dianchen, Wu Daquanzhu, as well as the Roche Foundation of the United States, etc., who either donate to the fund, or subsidize the regular expenses, or fund the construction of school buildings, or donate money to enrich the books; In particular, the "NTU Student Scholarship" campaign initiated by Mr. Wu Daquan has won a scholarship of 300 yuan per year, with a quota of 30 or 40 people, which has benefited many poor students! In the Senior School, there is a scholarship fund from the Chinese Education and Culture Fund Committee, Mr. Zhang Ruiting's sole donation to build the auditorium, which is the most solemn and magnificent building in the Secondary School, and the Alumni Association has launched a fundraising campaign, the Building Science Museum, and the Student Scholarship Fund, which has achieved particularly successful results. As for the donation of construction funds for girls' middle schools and primary schools, Mr. Zhang Zhongping and Mr. Wang Xinrong are in this period, and the perennial funds of the Institute of Economic Research of the University are the Roche Foundation of the United States.

重庆南渝中学捐助开办费者，主席蒋公为第一人。其后有刘甫澄、吴受彤、康心如、陈芝琴与范旭东诸先生，捐助建筑费及仪器图书等。凡上所举，皆荤大者，其他热心捐助者为数尚多，不及备举，皆于南开学校各部之发展，赞助至多。此期工作，实可谓尽力大，收效亦至宏也。
Chongqing Nanyu Middle School donated the start-up fee, and the chairman Jiang Gong was the first person. Subsequently, Mr. Liu Fucheng, Mr. Wu Shoutong, Mr. Kang Xinru, Mr. Chen Zhiqin and Mr. Fan Xudong donated construction expenses and equipment and books. All of the above are all large, and there are still many other enthusiastic donors, and they are not ready to be raised, all of which are in the development of various departments of Nankai School, and they are sponsored at most. This period of work can be described as a great effort, and the results are also magnificent.

（四）继兴时期（民国二十五年一民国三十三年）
(4) Jixing period (25th year of the Republic of China, 33rd year of the Republic of China)

津校之毁灭，渝校之继兴，
The destruction of Tianjin School, the succession of Chongqing School,

第二章旧中国，新南开|73
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|73

复校之准备。
Preparations for the resumption of school.

本期自民国二十五年以迄于今，凡八年。在此期中，津校惨遭暴日炸毁已不存在，重庆南开逐年发展，继续南开生命。
This issue has been since the 25th year of the Republic of China to the present, and it has been eight years. In this period, the Tianjin School was destroyed by the violent Japanese bombing and no longer exists, and Chongqing Nankai has developed year by year, continuing the life of Nankai.

继旧兴新，此期可称为南开之“继”“兴”时期，亦即南开再造之准备时期也。
Following the old and rejuvenating the new, this period can be called the "succession" and "rejuvenation" period of Nankai, that is, the preparatory period for the rebuilding of Nankai.

民国二十六年，“七七”变起，平津沦陷，南开于七月二十九日及三十日，大部校舍惨被敌机轮番轰炸焚毁，是为国内教育文化机关之首遭牺牲者，时苓因公在京，以数十年惨淡经营之学校，毁于一时，闻耗大！时主席蒋公慰苓日：“南开为中国而牺牲，有中国即有南开。”语至明断而诚恳。蒋公对南开之爱护备至，即此可见。苓深受感动，自当益加奋勉，为南开前途而努力也。
In the 26th year of the Republic of China, the "77" change, the fall of Pingjin, Nankai on July 29 and 30, most of the school buildings were bombed and burned down by enemy planes in turn, and it was the first victim of the domestic educational and cultural institutions. Chairman Jiang Gongli condoled Lingri: "Nankai sacrificed for China, and if there is China, there will be Nankai." The words are clear and sincere. Jiang Gong's love for Nankai is very protective, which can be seen. Ling was deeply moved, and she worked hard for the future of Nankai.

当津校被毁之日，我重庆南渝中学，成立已一周年矣！民国二十四年冬，苓游川，即决定设一中学，乃于翌年春，派员来渝，选购校址，督造校舍，首蒙今国府主席蒋公慨捐巨款，补助开办费用，于是第一期校舍建筑，乃按预定计划完成。是年秋，招收新生二百余人，正式开学，命名为南渝中学，盖取南开在渝设校之意。二十五年秋，苓第二次人川，为学校筹募经费，组织董事会，聘请吴达诠、张岳军、吴受彤、刘航琛、康心如、何北衡、胡仲实、胡子昂、卢作孚诸先生为董事，又完成第二期校舍建筑计划。及后华北事变，津校被毁，而我南开学校，犹能屹立西南后方，弦诵弗辍，工作未断者，皆当年准备较早之故。社会一部人士，以为重庆南开学校，系于津变后而迁川者，实误矣！唯因有南渝，津校一部员生于平、津战役序幕初展时，即相率南下，辗转来川，得照常工作，继续求学，而南开团体，得以维持不散，是则可谓不幸中之大幸也。
On the day of the destruction of Dangjin School, it has been one year since the establishment of Chongqing Nanyu Middle School! In the winter of the 24th year of the Republic of China, Ling Youchuan decided to set up a middle school, and in the spring of the following year, he sent staff to Chongqing to purchase the school site and supervise the construction of the school building. In the autumn of that year, more than 200 new students were enrolled, and the school officially opened and was named Nanyu Middle School, which took the meaning of Nankai setting up a school in Chongqing. In the autumn of 25 years, Ling raised funds for the school, organized a board of directors, and hired Mr. Wu Daquan, Zhang Yuejun, Wu Shoutong, Liu Hangchen, Kang Xinru, He Beiheng, Hu Zhongshi, Hu Ziang, and Lu Zuofu as directors, and completed the second phase of the school building plan. Later, the North China Incident and the Tianjin School were destroyed, but my Nankai School was still able to stand in the rear of the southwest. People in the society think that Chongqing Nankai School is a person who moved to Sichuan after the Tianjin Change, which is really wrong! Only because of Nanyu, a member of the Tianjin School was born at the beginning of the prologue of the Ping-Tianjin Campaign, and immediately led the way to the south, came to Sichuan, had to work as usual, and continued to study, and the Nankai group was able to maintain it, which can be described as a great luck in misfortune.

嗣后京、沪沦陷，各校仓促迁川，痛苦万状。金以南开学校于战前早有准备，树立基础，深为称羡！一致誉苓眼光远大，有先见之明。其实华北之岌发可危，暴日之必然蠢动，举国皆知。不过苓认识日本较切，而南开校址又接近日本兵营。倘有变，津校之必不能保，自在意中，故乃早事准备，及
Later, Beijing and Shanghai fell, and the schools moved to Sichuan in a hurry, which caused great suffering. Jin Yi Nankai School was prepared and laid the foundation before the war, which is deeply admired! Unanimously known as Ling's far-sighted and prescient. In fact, the precariousness of North China and the inevitable stupidity of the violent sun are known to the whole country. However, Ling knows Japan better, and the Nankai campus is close to the Japanese barracks. If there is a change, the school will not be able to protect, in mind, so it is early preparation, and

74|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
74|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

时行动耳！（略）
Move your ears at the right time! (omitted)

南开大学被毁后，教育部命与北京大学及清华大学合并迁往长沙，称临时大学，后复迁至昆明，改称西南联大。苓与蒋梦麟及梅贻琦二校长共任常委，彼此通力合作，和衷共济，今西南联大已成为国内最负盛誉之学府矣！
After the destruction of Nankai University, the Ministry of Education ordered it to merge with Peking University and Tsinghua University and move to Changsha as a temporary university, and later relocated to Kunming and renamed Southwest Associated University. Ling, Jiang Menglin and Mei Yiqi jointly serve as members of the Standing Committee, and they work together to help each other, and now Southwest Associated University has become the most prestigious university in China!

二十七年，校友总会建议南渝更名南开，以示南开学校之生命并未中断，乃将南渝中学更名为重庆南开中学。是年因战区学生来川者纷请人校，学生人数增至一千五百余人。
In the 27th year, the Alumni Association suggested that Nanyu be renamed Nankai to show that the life of Nankai School had not been interrupted, and Nanyu Middle School was renamed Chongqing Nankai Middle School. In that year, the number of students increased to more than 1,500 due to the fact that students from the war zone came to Sichuan to ask for the school.

二十八年，南开大学经济研究所在重庆复课，招收研究生十人，正式开始工作。
In 28 years, the Institute of Economic Research of Nankai University resumed classes in Chongqing, recruited 10 graduate students, and officially began to work.

二十九年，重庆南开临时小学成立，学生百余人。
In 29 years, Chongqing Nankai Temporary Primary School was established with more than 100 students.

自二十八年至三十年，首都受敌机威胁，惨遭轰炸，即教育机关亦难幸免。本校三次被敌机投弹，而以三十年八月为最烈。敌机以南开为目标，投落巨弹三十余枚，一部校舍或直接中弹，或震动被毁，损失颇巨，但事后即行修复，敌机威胁虽重，学校工作初（终）不因之停顿。
From 28 to 30 years, the capital was threatened by enemy planes and bombed, even the educational institutions. The school was bombed by enemy planes three times, and August 30 was the most violent. The enemy planes took Nankai as their target and dropped more than 30 huge bombs, and one school building was either directly hit or destroyed by shock, causing considerable losses, but it was repaired immediately afterwards, and although the threat posed by the enemy planes was heavy, the school's work did not stop at the beginning (end) because of this.

三十三年，校友总会发起募集“伯苓四七奖助基金”运动，成绩美满，募得六百余万元。是年特设清寒优秀学生免费学额多名，青年学子受惠至大。
In the past 33 years, the Alumni Association has launched a campaign to raise the "Boling 47 Scholarship Fund", and the results have been satisfactory, raising more than 6 million yuan. This year, there are many free places for outstanding students in the cold and poor, and young students have benefited greatly.

现在国运好转，胜利在望，建国治国，需才孔多。将来全国复员时，苓誓为南开复校，地点仍在天津，大学必设八里台，科系须增加；中学仍在旧址，力求设备充实，在北平及长春两地，并拟各设中学一所，至重庆南开，则仍继续办理。将来各地中学学生，经过严格基本训练后，再择优选送大学再求深造，定可为国家培养真正有用之人才。至于复校详细计划，尚在缜密研讨之中，唯念南开得有“元首”之奖掖、邦人之提携，将来复校工作，前途绝对乐观，可断言也。
Now that the fortunes of the country are improving, victory is in sight, and the country is built and governed, and there is a lot of talent. In the future, when the whole country is demobilized, Ling vows to resume the school in Nankai, the location is still in Tianjin, the university must set up Balitai, and the number of departments must be increased; The middle school is still on the old site, striving to be fully equipped, in Beiping and Changchun, and plans to set up a middle school each, to Chongqing Nankai, it will continue to be handled. In the future, after undergoing rigorous basic training, middle school students from all over the country will be selected to be sent to universities for further study, and they will certainly be able to cultivate truly useful talents for the country. As for the detailed plan for the resumption of the school, it is still under careful discussion, but it can be said that Nankai has the reward of the "head of state" and the support of the people of the state, and the future of the resumption of the school is absolutely optimistic.

总上所述，南开学校四十年来，由私垫而中学而大学；由全盛而毁灭，而继兴，中间经过多少困难，经过多少挫折，但复校之志愿未偿，南开之前途正远，兴念及此，不禁感慨系之！
To sum up, in the past 40 years, Nankai School has gone from a private school to a university; From the heyday to the destruction, and the succession, after how many difficulties, after many setbacks, but the resumption of the school is not repaid, the future of Nankai is far, Xing thought of this, I can't help but sigh about it!

第二章旧中国，新南开|75
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|75

五、检讨工作
5. Review the work

南开四十年，不敢自翊成功，但征诸各方对南开之反应，实予苓以莫大
In the past 40 years, Nankai has not dared to succeed on its own, but the response of all parties to Nankai has been greatly appreciated

之鼓励。兹分述之。 1（一）学生成绩
of encouragement. It is described here. 1 (1) Student grades

南开创立，历史较久，学生亦众，且多优秀青年，任选任拔，以教以育，此实为我南开学校特具之优越条件，因此教学易而收效宏，费时少而成就多。出校校友，现在政府各部门、社会各阶层中服务者，为数亦至众。举凡党政外交、陆空部队、交通电信，以及教育、新闻、戏剧、电影各界，无不有我校友厕身其间。其服务能力、负责精神，有足多者，以故社会人士时予好评，而政府长官亦深加器重。以学生成绩论，南开教育似已稍著成效，并已得社会之承认也。
Nankai was founded, with a long history, many students, and many outstanding young people, who can be selected and selected to teach and educate, which is actually the superior conditions of my Nankai school, so the teaching is easy and effective, and it takes less time and achieves more. The alumni of the school are now serving in various government departments and all social strata. All the party, government, and diplomacy, army and air forces, transportation and telecommunications, as well as education, journalism, drama, and film are all among our alumni. His service ability and responsible spirit have been praised by the community from time to time, and the chief executive of the government has also paid great attention to it. In terms of student achievement, Nankai education seems to have achieved some results and has been recognized by the society.

（二）社会信仰
(2) Social beliefs

南开学校，历年来深得社会之信任与重视。家长每欲送其子女来南开，谓：“得人南开，便可放心。”以是每次招考，报名者四五千人，而取录有限，欲入者众，学校每苦无以应付。学校每有所求，又深得学生家长与社会各方之赞助。在津有“三六”“三七”两次募款，成绩均至佳。而今春校友总会发起之“伯苓四七奖助基金”运动，原定目标，为四十加七十，即一百一十万，取庆祝南开四十周年与苓七十生辰之意。继增至二百八十万元，后改为四百七十万元，最后结束时，总数竟超过六百万元，此实完全出乎吾人之意料，创造了国内教育捐款之最高新纪录。此一事实，实足以验证社会人士对我南开有良好之反响与热烈之爱护。其所以能如此者，当由于吾人之工作，已深得社会人士之信任与重视耳！今后吾人更应如何加紧努力，加倍奋斗，以期无负社会之厚望也！
Nankai School has won the trust and attention of the society over the years. Whenever parents want to send their children to Nankai, they say: "If you win people to Nankai, you can rest assured." "For each recruitment, there are four or five thousand applicants, and the admission is limited, and there are many people who want to enter, and the school is unable to cope with every hardship. The school has won the sponsorship of students' parents and all sectors of the community in every way they want. In Tianjin, there are two fundraisers, "36" and "37", and the results are good. This spring, the Alumni Association launched the "Boling 47 Scholarship Fund" campaign, with the original goal of 40 plus 70, that is, 1.1 million, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Nankai and Ling's 70th birthday. It was increased to $2.8 million, then to $4.7 million, and at the end of the year, the total was over $6 million, which was completely unexpected and set a new record for education donations in China. This fact is enough to verify that the people in the society have a good response and warm love for my Nankai. Therefore, because of our work, we have won the trust and attention of the community! In the future, how should we step up our efforts and redouble our efforts in order to live up to the high hopes of society?

（三）政府奖励
(3) Government awards

南开系私立学校，各部经费历年受政府之奖励，补助至多。“七七”变后，南开被毁，承政府重视，命与北大、清华合并，为西南联大之一部。重
Nankai is a private school, and the funds of each ministry have been rewarded by the government over the years, and the subsidy is at most. After the "77" change, Nankai was destroyed, and the government attached great importance to it and ordered it to merge with Peking University and Tsinghua University to become one of the departments of the Southwest Associated University. heavy

76|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
76|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

庆南开，历年来参加毕业会考、大学升学考试、学生作业竞赛，均以成绩优美，屡受政府之褒奖与嘉勉。国际友人有来渝参观战时教育时，政府当局必令南开妥为招待，隐然认南开为中国战时中等教育之代表，实予学校以莫大之光荣。今年元旦国民政府以苓终身从事教育、为国造士，特颁一等景星勋章，深觉奖逾其分！然由此亦可证明，政府对我南开教育之成就，寄以莫大之激励也。
Over the years, Kyonnam Kai has participated in the graduation examination, university entrance examination, and student homework competition, and has been repeatedly praised and commended by the government for its beautiful results. When international friends came to Chongqing to visit wartime education, the government authorities would make Nankai properly entertain them, implicitly recognizing Nankai as the representative of China's wartime secondary education, which was a great honor to the school. On New Year's Day this year, the National Government awarded the Order of the Star of the First Class to Ling for his lifelong engagement in education and the creation of a scholar for the country. However, this can also prove that the government has placed great encouragement on the achievements of my Nankai education.

六、发展原因
Sixth, the reasons for development

南开学校系私人经营之事业，经过四十年之奋斗，得有今日之发展，推厥原因，实有多端。例如吾人救国目标之正确、“公能”训练之适当，与夫学生之来源优秀、校风之纯良朴实，皆为我校发展之重大因素，而尤觉重要者，约有三点。
Nankai School is a privately run business, after 40 years of struggle, it has today's development, and there are many reasons for this. For example, the correctness of our goal of saving the country, the appropriateness of the "public energy" training, the excellent source of our husband and students, and the purity and simplicity of the school spirit are all major factors in the development of our school.

（一）个人对教育之信心
(1) Personal confidence in education

苓于教育事业，极感兴趣，深具信心，故自誓终身为教育而努力。今服务南开，忽忽已四十年矣！忆昔北洋政府时代，武人专权，内战时起，学校遭遇之困难与挫折至多，深感政治不良，影响教育之苦。但苓艰苦奋斗，从不气。当十五六年之交，政府谬采虚声，拟界苓以教育总长，及天津市市长等职，因志在教育不在政治，均力辞不就，仍一心办理南开。因是个人事业赖此得以保全，而南开校务，亦因此而得发展。及今思之，犹有余欢！追后北伐告成，国内统一，全国国民在一个政府一个领袖之下，振奋团结，同心力强，实为我国五千年来未有之大团结。国运不新，气象焕发，益信国家教育必能配合政治之进步，再以教育之力量推动政治，改进政治：更信南开教育事业，适应国家之要求，必能人才辈出，扶助国家，以数十年来孜孜，锲而不舍，卒有今日之小小成就，因个人对教育之信心，遂以促进南开教育事业之发展，此其一。
Ling is very interested in education and has deep confidence, so she vows to work hard for education all her life. Today's service to Nankai has been 40 years! Recalling the Beiyang government in the past, the dictatorship of the military people, and the civil war, the school encountered many difficulties and setbacks, and deeply felt the suffering of political malaise and education. But Ling worked hard and never got angry. At the turn of the fifteenth or sixteenth century, the government made false statements and proposed to serve as the chief of education and the mayor of Tianjin. Because it is a personal career that can be preserved, Nankai school affairs have also developed because of this. And now thinking about it, there is still more joy! After the completion of the Northern Expedition, the country was reunified, and the people of the whole country were united and united under one government and one leader, and the unity was strong, which was really a great unity unprecedented in our country in 5,000 years. The national fortune is not new, the atmosphere is glowing, Yixin national education will be able to cooperate with the progress of politics, and then use the power of education to promote politics and improve politics: more believe in Nankai education, to meet the requirements of the country, will be able to produce talents, help the country, with decades of diligent, perseverance, died today's small achievements, because of personal confidence in education, so as to promote the development of Nankai education, this one.

（二）同人之负责合作
(2) Responsible cooperation with others

窃以筹办学校，厘定计划，其事易，至计划之如何求其全部实现，训练
Stealing to set up a school, to make a plan, it is easy, to how to achieve the plan, training

第二章旧中国，新南开|77
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai|77

之如何求其发生效力，其事难。要非赖全体同人之负责合作、努力推动不为功。我南开同人，皆工作重，职务忙，待遇低薄，生活清苦；但念青年为民族之生命、教育为立国之大计，率能热心负责，通力合作。因此学校人事之更动少，计划之推行易，青年学生日处于此安定秩序、优美环境中，自必潜心默修，敦品励学，养成一种笃实好学之良好校风，因以增高学校教育之效果。此同人之负责合作，实有助于南开之发展者，此其二。
How to make it effective is difficult. It is not necessary to rely on the responsibility and cooperation of all colleagues and the efforts to promote it without success. I am a fellow in Nankai, all of whom have heavy work, busy positions, low salary, and a hard life; However, we should remember that young people are the life of the nation and education is the great plan for the country, so they can be enthusiastic and responsible, and work together. Therefore, there are few changes in school personnel and the implementation of the plan is easy, so that young students will devote themselves to meditation and encourage learning in this stable and orderly environment, so as to develop a good school spirit of being down-to-earth and studious, so as to increase the effect of school education. This is the responsibility and cooperation of the same people, which is really helpful to the development of Nankai, and this is the second.

（三）社会之提携与赞助
(3) Social support and sponsorship

私人经营之教育事业，必得社会人士之赞助与提携，方能发育滋长，而南开学校自成立以至于今，得社会赞助之力尤独多。回忆四十年来，我南开津渝两校之发展，例如校地之捐助、校舍之建筑、校费之补助，以及图书仪器之扩充、奖助金额之设置等，无一非社会人士之赐，社会实可谓为南开之保姆，而南开实乃社会之产儿。过去南开发展，全赖社会之力，今后复校工作，更非赖社会人士之热烈赞助、加倍提携，绝难望其顺利进行，圆满成功。一部南开发展史，实乃社会赞助之记录册也。此社会之提携赞助，有助于南开之发展者，此其三。
Privately run education must be sponsored and supported by the community in order to develop and grow, and Nankai School has been particularly unique in its social sponsorship since its establishment. Looking back on the past 40 years, the development of Nankai, Tianjin and Chongqing schools, such as the donation of school land, the construction of school buildings, the subsidy of school fees, the expansion of books and equipment, and the setting of scholarships, etc., are all due to the people of the society, and the society can be said to be the nanny of Nankai, and Nankai is actually the child of the society. In the past, the development of Nankai was due to the power of the society, and in the future, the resumption of the school will not depend on the enthusiastic sponsorship and redoubling of the support of the community, and it is absolutely difficult to hope that it will proceed smoothly and be a complete success. A history of Nankai's development is actually a record book of social sponsorship. The sponsorship of this society is conducive to the development of Nankai, and this is the third.

七、结论
VII. Conclusions

南开学校四十年奋斗之史迹，略具于斯。当年创立，系受国难之刺戟，而办学目的，全在育才以救国。至于训练方针，在实施“公”“能”二义，借以治民族大病。回忆严馆成立之初，学生仅五人，中学成立时，亦仅七十三人。经过四十年之惨淡经营，教职员同人齐心协力，学生逐年增加，设备逐年扩充，至抗战前，大学、中学、女中、小学、研究所学生，超过三千人，而规模之宏大、设备之充实，在国人自办之私立学校中，尚不多靶。至重庆南开，创始于军兴之前，成长于抗战之中，规模设备在后方各中学中，亦属仅见。盖南开过去，无时不在奋斗中，亦无时不在发展中，日新月异，自强不息，为我南开师生特有之精神。南开学校在过去，如何认为对
The historical relics of Nankai School's 40 years of struggle are slightly in place. Founded that year, it was a stab in the national disaster, and the purpose of running the school was all to educate talents to save the country. As for the training policy, we are implementing the two meanings of "public" and "capable" in order to cure the nation's serious diseases. It is recalled that at the beginning of the establishment of the Yan Pavilion, there were only five students, and when the middle school was established, there were only 73 students. After 40 years of dismal operation, the faculty and staff worked together, the number of students increased year by year, and the equipment was expanded year by year, until before the Anti-Japanese War, there were more than 3,000 students in universities, middle schools, girls' middle schools, primary schools, and graduate schools. To Nankai, Chongqing, it was founded before the military rejuvenation, grew up in the Anti-Japanese War, and the scale of equipment is only seen in the middle schools in the rear. Gai Nankai in the past, always in the struggle, but also always in the development, with each passing day, self-improvement, for my Nankai teachers and students unique spirit. Nankai School in the past, how to think right

于救国事业，稍著微绩；则在将来，对于建国工作，定可多有贡献也。 78|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
In the cause of national salvation, he has made a slight achievement; In the future, we will certainly be able to make more contributions to the work of nation-building. 78|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

苓行年七十矣！但体力尚健，精神尚佳，不敢言老。今后为南开、为国家，当更尽其余年，致力于教育及建国工作。南开一日不复兴，建国一日不完成，苓誓一日不退休，此可为我全体校友明白昭告者也。
Ling Xing is 70 years old! But his physical strength is still healthy, his spirit is still good, and he does not dare to talk about old age. In the future, for Nankai and the country, we should devote the rest of the year to education and nation-building. Nankai will not be revived for a day, the founding of the country will not be completed for a day, and Ling will not retire for a day, which can be clearly announced for all my alumni.

兹值南开四十周年校庆之辰，回顾既往奋斗之史绩，展望未来复校之大业，前途远大，光明满目。南开之事业无止境，南开之发展无穷期，所望我同人同学，今后更当精诚团结、淬厉奋发，抱百折不回之精神，怀勇往直前之气概，齐心协力，携手并进，务使我南开学校，能与英国之牛津、剑桥，美国之哈佛、雅礼并驾齐驱，东西称盛。是岂我南开一校一人之荣幸，实亦我华夏国家无疆之光辉也。
On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Nankai, we look back on the historical achievements of the past struggles and look forward to the great cause of resuming the school in the future. The cause of Nankai is endless, the development of Nankai is endless, and I hope that my classmates will be more sincere and united, work hard, hold the spirit of never turning back, and have the courage to move forward, work together and go hand in hand, so that my Nankai School can go hand in hand with Oxford and Cambridge in the United Kingdom, Harvard and Yale-China in the United States, and the East and West will be prosperous. It is the honor of one person in Nankai University, and it is also the boundless glory of my Chinese country.

复校大业，千头万绪，工作至繁，需款尤多，届时苓拟另行发起募集“南开复校基金”运动，深望政府长官、社会人士，以及国际友人，仍本以往爱护之热忱，多予积极之援助，斯则苓于回顾南开四十年发展史迹之余，所馨香祈祷、虔诚期待者也。
At that time, Ling intends to launch a separate campaign to raise the "Nankai Resumption Fund", and hopes that the government officials, social figures, and international friends will still be enthusiastic about the past and give more active assistance.

（原载于《南开四十周年纪念校庆特刊》，1944年10月出版）
(Originally published in the Special Issue of the 40th Anniversary of Nankai, published in October 1944).

第二章旧中国，新南开丨79
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨79

世界、中国、南开
World, China, Nankai

本人最近第四次由美返国，各方友好及南开同学，每以世界形势、中国前途及南开复兴三事见询，兹简述所感如下。
I have recently returned from the United States for the fourth time, and I have been friends from all walks of life and my classmates in Nankai have asked about the world situation, China's future, and Nankai's rejuvenation.

本人自认是一个乐观者，南开同学又替我起过一个名，叫“不可救药的乐观者”。但我的乐观是有根据、有理由的。
I consider myself an optimist, and my classmate Nankai once named me "Incorrigible Optimist". But my optimism is well-founded and justified.

古人说，“鉴往知来”，历史是未来的一面镜子。我们从人类的经济生活上看，撇开原始的社会形态不谈，封建制度是给资本主义制度清算了的，现在又有社会主义制度出来清算资本主义制度了。从人类的政治生活上看，与封建制度相配合的，是专制的政体；自从资本主义制度兴起，有些国家实行君主立宪，有些国家改为共和政体。尽管像德国、日本和意大利，这些国家实行法西斯蒂独裁政治，想把前进的历史拉回几十年，然而事实俱在，暴力是扭不转历史发展的法则的。
The ancients said, "learn from the past and know the future", and history is a mirror of the future. From the perspective of human economic life, putting aside the primitive social form, the feudal system was liquidated by the capitalist system, and now the socialist system has come out to liquidate the capitalist system. From the point of view of human political life, the feudal system is matched by an autocratic form of government; Since the rise of capitalism, some countries have adopted constitutional monarchies and others have changed to republicans. Although countries like Germany, Japan, and Italy have fascist dictatorships that want to turn back decades of history, the fact is that violence cannot reverse the laws of history.

历史发展的路线，尽管迁回曲折，但终结的方向是自由、平等与幸福。第二次世界大战结束迄今，已有一年又十个月，反法西斯蒂阵营中的反动分子，竟师承法西斯蒂的故，或向弱小民族施虐，或在制造三次大战。然而，这股逆流在全世界爱好和平与民主的人士之前，也就在浩浩荡荡主潮之前，已经渐渐低头了。
Although the course of historical development has moved back to twists and turns, the direction of the end is freedom, equality and happiness. One year and 10 months have passed since the end of the Second World War, and the reactionary elements in the anti-fascist camp have gone so far as to follow the example of the fascists, either by inflicting abuse on the weak and small nationalities, or by creating three world wars. However, this countercurrent has gradually bowed before the peace-loving and democracy-loving people of the world, and before the mighty main tide.

80张伯苓：一人一校一国家
80 Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

第一次世界大战的结束，产生新的苏联，第二次世界大战的结束，应该产生新的中国。中国的政治哲学，根据《大学》上一句话是“修身，齐家，治国，平天下”。现在，世界向寻求永久和平的路上走，天下可望日臻太平，正是我们治国的大好机会，千载难逢，不可再矣！
The end of the First World War gave rise to the new Soviet Union, and the end of the Second World War should give rise to the new China. China's political philosophy, according to the last sentence of the "University", is "self-cultivation, unity of family, governance of the country, and peace in the world". Now, the world is on the road to eternal peace, and the world is expected to become more and more peaceful, which is a great opportunity for us to govern the country.

最后一言南开。南开大学现改为国立，限期十年，期满仍改私立。本人办学，为的就是国家。南开在津校舍于七七事变后为敌机全部轰毁，当时本人在京，面谒蒋先生报告学校遭难情形，蒋先生说：“南开为国而牺牲，有中国即有南开。”现在抗战胜利，南开暂时改为国立，正表示国家对南开负责。南开中学还是私立的，一、二两分校设成都与昆明，最近计划在上海添办南开第三中学。至于第四中学，拟设在东北。在敌人实施奴化教育达十四年之久的地方办学，意义特别深长。
The last word is Nankai. Nankai University is now changed to a national university for a period of 10 years, and it will still be changed to a private institution after the expiration of the term. I run a school for the sake of the country. Nankai's school building in Tianjin was completely destroyed by enemy planes after the July 7 Incident, and I was in Beijing at the time, and I met Mr. Jiang to report the disaster of the school, and Mr. Jiang said: "Nankai sacrificed for the country, and if there is China, there will be Nankai." "Now that the Anti-Japanese War has been won, Nankai has been temporarily changed to a state, which means that the country is responsible for Nankai. Nankai Middle School is still private, with the first and second branches in Chengdu and Kunming, and recently plans to add Nankai No. 3 Middle School in Shanghai. As for the No. 4 Middle School, it is proposed to be located in the Northeast. It is of particular significance to run schools in places where the enemy has been enslaving education for 14 years.

南开同学及各方友好最近问我，究竟要办几个南开中学，我的答复是简简单单六个大字，“一直办到我死”。四十多年以来，我好像一块石头，在崎岖不平的路上向前滚，不敢作片刻停留。南开在最困难的时候，八里台笼罩在愁云惨雾中，甚至每个小树好像在向我哭，我也还咬紧牙关，未停一步。一块石头只需不断地滚，至少沾不上苔霉，我深信石头愈滚愈圆，路也愈走愈宽的。
Nankai classmates and friends from all walks of life recently asked me how many Nankai middle schools I want to run, and my reply was simply six big characters, "Until I die." For more than 40 years, I have been like a rock, rolling forward on a rough road, not daring to stop for a moment. At the most difficult time in Nankai, Balitai was shrouded in gloomy clouds and mist, and even every little tree seemed to be crying to me, and I still gritted my teeth and did not stop a step. A stone just needs to keep rolling, at least not moss, and I am convinced that the more the stone rolls, the more round it becomes, the wider the road becomes.

（原载于《南开周刊》复刊第5号，1947年7月24日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly No. 5, July 24, 1947).

[1]见《大学》第一章，原文是：“物格而后知之，知之而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后自修，
[1] See the first chapter of the University, the original text is: "The character of the object is then known, the knowledge is followed by sincerity, the sincerity is followed by the heart, and the heart is right, and then self-cultivation."

自修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后平天下。”
Self-cultivation followed by family Qi, family Qi followed by national governance, and national governance followed by peace in the world. ”

第二章旧中国，新南开丨81
Chapter 2 Old China, New Nankai丨81

第三章
Chapter III

欲强中国，端赖少年
If you want to strengthen China, you rely on your youth

德智体三育并进而不偏废
Moral, intellectual, physical and physical education, and then do not be wasted

余今所欲言者，为最要事。诸生其注意近日屡感触于社会之恶习，益觉中国前途之可惧。夫中国当此千钧一发之秋，所恃者果何？在恃教育青年耳。教育一事非独使学生读书习字而已，尤要在造成完全人格，三育并进而不偏废。
What you want to say today is the most important thing. Recently, they have repeatedly felt the vices of society, and they have become aware of the fear of China's future. Husband, when China is in this critical autumn, what is the result? In the ears of educating young people. Education is not only about enabling students to read and learn words, but also about creating a complete personality and not neglecting it.

故凡为教育家者，皆希望世界改良、人类进步，抱不足之心，求美满之效。我国当教育青年之任者，诚能实行若此，则中国或可补救于万一。兴思及此，不禁深喜，及社会之现状，虽一则以喜，又不禁一则以惧。先以为教育兴，青年立，必能将社会渐渐改良，转危为安，故喜。更观社会腐败之现状，每况愈下，流连忘返者，比比皆是，又不禁肃然为之惧。此种现象不独中下社会为然，即上等社会，甚至做教育界之领袖者，亦陷于恶习之旋涡中，随波逐流。此等社会何时始能望其改良！如谓长此以往，不求进步，终日悠悠，忽有一日人皆醒日，当改良国家，进步社会。考已往，测将来，吾知其梦也。更观政府以命令禁止恶习，虽有长篇大论，严词苛法，亦言者淳淳，而听者藐藐，于事乎何济？自鼎革而后，所改者有用无用之名词。实事之增加者，社会中之赌是也。即以赌言，打牌者，昔时南方仅有之，渐至
Therefore, all educators hope for the improvement of the world and the progress of mankind. If China is responsible for educating young people, if this can be done, then China may be able to remedy it. Thinking about this, I can't help but be deeply happy, and the current situation of society, although one is happy, and the other can't help but be afraid. First of all, I thought that education is prosperous and young people will be able to gradually improve the society and turn the crisis into safety, so I am happy. Looking at the current situation of social corruption, the situation is getting worse and worse, and people who forget to return abound, and they can't help but be afraid. This phenomenon is not only found in the middle and lower societies, that is, the upper classes, and even those who are leaders in the field of education, are caught in the whirlpool of vices and drift with the tide. When will such a society be able to hope for improvement? If it is said that in the long run, do not seek progress, all day long, suddenly one day everyone wakes up, when the country is improved, the society is progressive. The test has passed, and the future is measured, and I know its dreams. Furthermore, the government prohibits bad habits by order, although there are long speeches and strict words, but those who speak are pure, and those who listen to them despise it. Since the Ding Revolution, the changes have been useful and useless terms. The increase in facts is also the gambling in society. That is, in terms of gambling, those who play cards, the only ones in the south in the past, are gradually coming

*本文是1914年4月29日张伯苓在南开学校修身班上的演说词，由孤竹野人笔录。 84|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
*This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the self-cultivation class of Nankai School on April 29, 1914, and was recorded by Guzhu Savage. 84|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

北方，今则全国上下不谋而合。中人以上之家，无不备之，而更妓馆花酒所在皆是。使青年目夺神迷不为颠倒者，百不见一焉！吾常闻人日，南开学生多自美，吾诚不解。若以我为南开学生即可自美，此等学生为学校之败类，校中去之，如日人皆赌，我独特立为自美，吾欲此等人愈多愈好。亡国者何亡其魂也，奚必列强之分裂割据而后，然中国人现时大多数丧其魂矣。淫佚放荡日趋日下，有今日无明日。青年处此，不大可危乎？故美国学校多令年长生友年幼生，扶之助之，使自立，愿诸生履行之。此谓汝等自为可谓为南开学校所为，亦可即谓之救国救世，亦莫不可。青年有事占其身则快乐，暇时则将受外界引诱之，苦矣！故余每救人借以自救，吾国居上等者皆赌，下等反无之，以道德论上等较逊矣。然而国家所恃者非下等，上等又腐败而欲国之不亡乎？更观中国之留学生回国后，亦与恶习随波逐流，非但不知羞恶，反饰之日：“中国不若外国之有音乐队、俱乐部等足资消遣，则赌未为不可也。”鸣呼！国家所以派留学生果何为者？社会腐败当改革之，公众利益当提倡之，如亦随波逐流，国家又焉用断送金钱以造人才哉！
In the north, now the whole country coincides. The homes above the middle-aged are all prepared, and there are more brothels and wine. The one who makes the young people dazzled and not turned upside down will not be seen! I often hear that Nankai students are more beautiful, and I am sincerely puzzled. If I am a student of Nankai, I can be self-beautiful, these students are the scum of the school, and I go to the school, such as everyone gambles on the day, I am unique and self-beautiful, and I want more such people to be better. After the division and division of the great powers, most of the Chinese have lost their souls. Lewdness and debauchery are declining day by day, and there is no tomorrow today. Is it not dangerous for young people to be in this situation? Therefore, American schools often make older students friends younger students, help them, make them self-reliant, and wish all students to fulfill them. This can be said to be done by Nankai School, and it can also be said to save the country and save the world. Young people will be happy when they have something to do, but they will be tempted by the outside world when they are tempted, and they will suffer! Therefore, every time I save someone to save myself, those who are superior in our country are gambling, and the inferior ones are not, and the superior ones are inferior in morality. However, the people who are intimidated by the state are not inferior, and the superior are corrupt and want the country not to perish? Looking at the day when Chinese students return to China, they also go with the bad habits, not only do they not know the shame, but they also embellish: "If China does not have music teams and clubs in foreign countries for entertainment, then gambling is not indispensable." "Whoop! Why does the state send students to study abroad? Social corruption should be reformed, and the public interest should be promoted.

吾常云：三人相聚，而不能乐者，非愚则死。如必赌乃可为乐，其必无心肝，直死人之不若耳！汝等青年自少时练习正当快乐，则一生受其益。今而后遇罪恶排斥之，宁使彼说我美，勿令众笑我弱。际此国家未亡时，大声疾呼，或可补救于万一耳。
I Changyun: Three people get together, and those who can't be happy will die if they are not stupid. If you must gamble, it can be fun, but it will have no heart and liver, and it will be worse than the ears of the dead! If you and other young people practice righteous happiness when they are young, they will benefit from it for the rest of their lives. Now and then when I am rejected by sin, I would rather let him say that I am beautiful than let everyone laugh at me for being weak. When the country is not dead, it may be remedy to speak out.

（原载于《敬业》第1期，1914年10月）
(Originally published in Dedication, No. 1, October 1914).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|85
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|85

舞台、学校和世界
The stage, the school, and the world

寒假中，本校演《华娥传》新剧时，余向来宾演说，谓我校师生于演该剧时，固活泼泼地各尽其态，及开学后则各事其事，放纵毫无。盖一演舞台之戏剧，一演学校之戏剧，各求其妙，而不相淆也云云。余今日就此数语申言之。
During the winter vacation, when the school performed the new drama "The Legend of Hua'e", Yu gave a speech to the guests, saying that the teachers and students of our school did their best when performing the play, and after the start of school, they did their own things and indulged nothing. Cover a stage play, a school play, each seeking its own subtlety, without confusion and clouds. Yu said a few words about this today.

昔英国文豪莎士比亚（Shakespeare）有言日：Theworldlikesstage（意即世界一舞台也）。余谓学校亦一舞台也。故就舞台、学校、世界，依次论之。
The former English writer Shakespeare once said: Theworldlikesstage (meaning the world's first stage). Yu is also a stage for the school. Therefore, in terms of the stage, the school, and the world, they are discussed in turn.

一剧中角色有工拙之殊。工者类能于出场前静坐默思，揣摩完善，追出场时胸有成竹，故言语姿态唯妙唯肖，受人欢迎。否则，临场草草从事，何能中肯，何能制胜哉！然此犹剧之小者也，大之则为一校之剧是。
The characters in the play are clumsy. Workers can meditate before the appearance, figure it out, and be confident when chasing the field, so their speech and posture are beautiful and popular. Otherwise, if you do it hastily on the spot, how can you be pertinent, how can you win! However, the small one of this drama is also, and the big one is the drama of one school.

夫一校犹一剧场，师生即其角色。actors其竭虑尽思，以求导人之道及自励之方。佳者，亦犹扮角之多为预备也。学生在校，不过数年，将来更至极大且久之舞台，则世界之剧是。
The husband is a school and a theater, and teachers and students are its roles. actors, they think hard to find the way to guide people and self-motivation. The best ones are also as many as they are prepared. Students are in school, but for a few years, and in the future even bigger and longer stage, then the world drama is.

世界者，舞台之大者也。其间之君子、小人，与夫庸愚、英杰，即其剧
The world is the big one, and the stage is also big. The gentleman and villain in the meantime, and the husband and the foolish and heroic, that is, its drama

中之角色也。欲为其优者、良者，须有预备。学校者，其预备场也。 86|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
The role of the middle also. If you want to be good and good, you must be prepared. The school is also a preparatory ground. 86|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

以上三者，事殊而理一。其理甚浅，诸生想亦易辨。吾今不欲于此多费唇舌，唯愿诸生各自为谋、日求上进。则诸生可为新剧中之角色，且可为学校中、世界中之角色矣。
The above three are different things. The reason is very shallow, and it is easy for all beings to discern what they think. I don't want to spend more time on this, but I hope that all living beings will seek their own work and progress every day. Then the students can be the characters in the new drama, and they can be the characters in the school and the world.

（原载于《校风》第20期，1916年3月6日）
(Originally published in School Ethos No. 20, March 6, 1916).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年87
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth 87

改正过错
Correction of mistakes

我校向章，学生犯规，则予悬牌记过。前以其太苛，故自去秋起，记过者不复宣牌，唯宣布其姓名于预备室，用以养其廉耻。然学生有过则记之，而不予以自新之路，容其改悔，按诸教育原理，使学生改过之道殊为不合。故今特变其旧规，不用记过法，而用改过法。
Our school will be a badge, and if a student fouls, he will be given a hanging demerit. The former was too harsh, so since last autumn, the demerit does not re-announce the card, but announces his name in the preparatory room to support his integrity. However, if a student has made a mistake, he will remember it, and instead of giving him the path of rehabilitation, he will be allowed to repent, and according to the principles of education, it is very inconsistent with the way for students to change their ways. Therefore, the old rules are changed now, and the method of change is not used instead of demerit.

嗣后凡遇学生犯过，先由管理员招往诘问，如能自认其过，且立志痛改，则予以竹签一，书其事于上，名日“立志改过签”，使随身携带，坐卧不离，以资警励。俟迁善后将签取消，复为无过。此法纯以使学生改过为主，当较记过之法为优也。今引关于改过之名言数则如下。孔子日：“过而不改，是为过矣。”以此按名学推说，则过而改者必不为过矣！又日：“过则勿惮改。”夫改过而日勿惮，可见过亦非容易改者。改过之法，当于下论之：“子路人告之以有过则喜。”闻过则喜者，岂喜其有过也，喜其得自知其过，而可以改之耳！
After that, where the student has committed a crime, first recruited by the administrator for questioning, if you can admit that you have made a mistake, and are determined to change, you will be given a bamboo sign, and the book will be on it, and the name day will be "determined to change the sign", so that you can carry it with you, sit and lie down, and encourage you to be encouraged. After the relocation, the signature will be cancelled and reverted to no fault. This method is purely to make students reform, and it is better to have a demerit than the method of demerit. The number of famous quotes about correction quoted here is as follows. Confucius Day: "If you pass without changing, you are excessive." "According to the name theory, it will not be too much to change it! Another day: "Don't be afraid to change it." "Don't be afraid if you change your husband, and you can see that it is not easy to change. The method of reform should be discussed as follows: "Zi passers-by tell them that they are happy." "Those who have heard it are happy, how can they be happy, they are happy that they know their faults, and they can change their ears!

某心理学家之说日，习惯之在人脑中，犹道路然。凡人行一事，则留一道路于脑中，愈久而习愈深。如华人着西服，始则结纽也，着袖也，须处处留意。因脑中先无此路故也，继则着之不费力矣。脑中已有道路也。久则且着之于谈笑之顷矣。驾轻就熟，脑中道路已惯时也。又如弹琴、读书莫不皆
A psychologist said that habits are still in the human brain. When a person does something, he leaves a path in his mind, and the longer he goes, the deeper he learns. If the Chinese wear a suit, they should be knotted at the beginning and wear sleeves, so they must pay attention everywhere. Because there is no such way in the mind, it is effortless to follow. There is a road in the mind. For a long time, it is easy to talk and laugh. I am familiar with it, and I am used to the road in my head. It is also like playing the piano and reading

然。故人之犯过，脑中亦留一路，改过云者，即求去此路耳。其法如下： 88|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
Correct. The sins of the deceased also leave a road in their minds, and those who change the clouds seek to go to this way. Here's how it works: 88|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

（一）勤辟新路。欲舍旧路，须辟新路。对于与其过恶相反之事而勤为之，则善愈固，恶愈远。此长彼消，理之常也。
(1) Diligent to open up new roads. If you want to abandon the old road, you must open up a new road. If we are diligent in doing the opposite of what is wrong, the better will be more solid, and the more evil will be farther away. This is a long time and a matter of course.

（二）当众宣言，誓行改悔。已改过而使人知，则其过乃有不得不改之势。知者愈多，其效亦愈大。
(2) Make a public declaration and vow to repent. If it has been corrected and made known, then its mistake has a tendency to be changed. The more people who know, the greater the effect.

（三）不许有例外。过须痛改，不可稍自容让。如戒鸦片，而偶因天气寒暖不和，或已身稍有不快，而复为一吸者，其瘾必不能断。盖改过自新，如缠线球，愈缠愈固，然偶或不慎坠地，则其球必散，数周皆开，前功弃矣！
(3) No exceptions are allowed. If you have to change it, you can't let it go. If you quit opium, but occasionally because the weather is cold and warm, or you are already a little unhappy, and you become a smoker, your addiction will not be broken. Cover reform, such as the winding ball, the more tangled the more solid, but occasionally or accidentally fall to the ground, the ball will be scattered, several weeks are opened, the previous work is abandoned!

（四）改过须自第一机会始。知己有过，即须立改，不可稍延。
(4) Correction must begin at the first opportunity. If you know that you have made mistakes, you must make changes immediately, and you can't delay them for a while.

学校对于犯过之学生，犹医生之于病者耳，非如警察之于盗贼也。医生对于病者，宜用最新之疗法。今我校“立志改过签”，本诸上引诸说，疗病之最新法也，且为诸生试之。诸生今日身边固未有竹签在也，然果皆无过乎？语云：“人非圣贤，敦能无过？”然此犹谓唯圣贤为能无过耳。中国之大圣为谁？非孔子乎？孔子亦每自谓为有过矣，然则诸生岂真能无过乎？身边虽无竹签，愿各置一竹签于脑中，力改前过。儒家之说云，天良与人欲战；宗教家之说曰，圣灵与魔鬼战，心理学者日，二气相争，皆改过之意。愿与诸生共勉之。
The school is to the student who has committed a crime what a doctor is to the sick what a police officer is to a thief. Doctors should use the latest therapies for patients. Today, our school is "determined to change the signature", and the latest method of curing the disease is also the test for all students. There are no bamboo sticks around you today, but none of them are too much? Yu Yun: "People are not sages, can they be without fault? However, this is still saying that only the sages are capable of hearing nothing. Who is the Great Sage of China? Non-Confucius? Confucius also claimed to be faulty, but how could all beings really be without faults? Although there is no bamboo stick around, I wish to put a bamboo stick in my mind and strive to change my past. Confucianism says that conscience and people want to fight; Religious scholars say that the Holy Spirit fights with the devil, and the psychologists fight each other, all of which mean to change. May I encourage all living beings.

（原载于《校风》第25期，1916年4月10日）
(Originally published in School Ethos No. 25, April 10, 1916).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年丨89
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth丨89

诚，一切道德事业之本源—南开学校中学部第八次毕业式训词
Sincerity, the origin of all moral undertakings - the eighth graduation ceremony of the secondary school of Nankai School

二年前，由他校并入本校生徒共四班。四班中以此次毕业诸君结果为最良善。今兹言别，不禁黯然。每星期三与诸君谈，然则余所奉劝于诸君者，诸君闻之熟矣。但此次为最后致词于诸君之日，斯不能不举其较大而易识者，为诸君将来出校做事的基本。我所望于诸君牢记而守之终身焉者无它，“诚”之一字而已。即现在座而非毕业生之诸位来宾与在校学生，亦甚望有以共体吾言也。
Two years ago, it was merged into this school by another school, with a total of four classes. Among the four classes, the results of this graduation are the most benign. Now I say goodbye, I can't help but be gloomy. Talk to the monarchs every Wednesday, and then the rest of the advice to the monarchs, the monarchs are familiar with it. However, this is the day of the final speech to the princes, and Si cannot but cite his larger and easy-to-know people to do things for the princes in the future. I hope that all of you will keep it in mind and keep it for life is not there, and there is only one word "sincerity". Even the guests and students who are here now, not the graduates, are also very hopeful that they will have a common voice.

就现在时局而言，袁前总统办事富于魄力，因应机警，即外人亦喷喷称道，然而一败涂地。其终也，纵极相亲相善之僚友亦皆不能相信，不诚焉耳。以袁一世之雄，不诚且不能善其后，况不如袁者。此吾少年最宜猛省者也。黎今总统才略不如袁，而即位旬日，全国有统一之势，恃诚焉耳！一以诚成，一以不诚败，而事实昭然。皆诸君所共闻共见，当不以所言为太迁远。盖权术可以欺一时一世，而不能欺世界至万世。不诚者，未有能久而不败也。用权而偶济，用诚岂不所济更大更远！中国近来最大患，即事事好用手段，用手段为行权术也。权术遍大地而中原人格堕。一种人而无人格与无此种人同。然则不诚之弊极足以灭种亡国。如此言，富强岂非缘木求鱼之道乎，可不戒哉！是故“诚”之一字，为一切道德事业之本源。吾人前途进取应一以是为标准。事出于诚，即无不成，偶败，亦必有恢复之一日。聪明人
As far as the current situation is concerned, former President Yuan is full of courage and vigilance, even outsiders are also puffing out, but he has failed completely. In the end, even the wingmen who are kind to each other can't believe it, and they are not sincere. With the hero of Yuan I, he is insincere and cannot be good afterward, and he is not as good as Yuan. This is the most suitable young man to save money. President Li Jin is slightly inferior to Yuan, and on the tenth day of his accession to the throne, the whole country has a tendency to be unified, and he is sincere! One succeeds with sincerity, the other fails with insincerity, and the facts are clear. All the kings have heard and seen together, and they should not be too far away from what they say. The art of covering power can deceive a lifetime, but it cannot deceive the world for eternity. Those who are insincere will not be able to survive for a long time. Use power and occasional help, and use sincerity to help bigger and farther! China's biggest problem recently is that it is easy to use means in everything, and it is also a trick to use means to exercise power. Power is all over the land, and the Central Plains has fallen. A human being without personality is the same as having no such person. However, the disadvantages of insincerity are extremely enough to destroy the species and destroy the country. In this way, isn't it the way to seek fish because of the wood, but you can't quit! Therefore, the word "sincerity" is the origin of all moral undertakings. Our future should be based on what we are looking forward to. If everything is done in good faith, even if it fails, there will be a day of recovery. Wise man

90|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
90|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

每好取巧，取巧而得巧，则处处思取巧，终至弄巧成拙，聪明反被聪明误，事后悔恨已无及矣！望诸君明征学理，细味不诚无物之言。近按时人详察一成一败之故，既深知之，即力行之。然则此后与诸君天涯海角，貌则离矣；意气相投，神则合也。言尽于此，奋尔鹏程。
Every time you take a good trick, you will think about it everywhere, and it will be self-defeating, and you will be smart and mistaken, and you will regret it! I hope that all the gentlemen will learn and reason, and savor the words of insincerity and nothingness. Recently, people have carefully observed the reasons for success and failure, and they know it well, that is, they will do it. However, since then, he has been separated from the ends of the world with the kings, and the appearance is separated; If you are like-minded, God is united. That's all there is to say, Fener Pengcheng.

（原载于《校风》第36期，1916年9月4日。本文由孔繁需笔录，标题为编者加)
(Originally published in School Spirit, No. 36, September 4, 1916.) This article is written by Kong Fan, and the title is editor's plus).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|91
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|91

中国人所最缺者为体育
What the Chinese lack most is sports

我校运动会今已毕矣。余今日即借此题讲演，因此事近且亲切，当较讲数千年前之经传为有意味也。
Our school sports day has now come to an end. Yu today will use this topic to give a speech, so the matter is close and cordial, and it is more meaningful to talk about the scriptures of thousands of years ago.

德智体三育之中，我中国人所最缺者为体育。欧美之道德多高尚，公德与私德并重。我国人素重私德而于公德则多疏忽，近则于公德亦渐知讲求矣。欧美人之知识发达，学术皆按科学之理得来。我国人固望尘莫及，然其学术发达之年代尚不为久，我国人竭力追之，犹可及也。至体魄，则勿论欧美，与日本人较，已相差远矣！
Among the three moral, intellectual, and physical education, the most lacking thing in our Chinese is sports. The morality of Europe and the United States is noble, and public morality and private morality are equally important. Chinese people have always valued private morality and are more negligent in public morality, and they have gradually learned to pay attention to public morality. The knowledge of Europeans and Americans is developed, and the academic knowledge is based on scientific principles. Our people are beyond their reach, but the era of their academic development is not long, and our people are trying their best to pursue it. As for the physique, not to mention Europe and the United States, compared with the Japanese, it is far behind!

去岁，袁观澜先生观天津联合运动会，甚以为善。在教育部中竭力提倡课外运动，良以中国人之身体软弱以读书人为甚，往昔之宽袍大袖者皆读书人也。今日学校生徒，若非提倡运动，其软弱亦犹昔耳。
Last year, Mr. Yuan Guanlan watched the Tianjin United Games and thought it was very good. In the Ministry of Education, extracurricular sports were vigorously promoted, and the physical weakness of the Chinese was especially regarded as a reader, and those with wide robes and big sleeves in the past were also readers. Today's school students, if they are not advocating sports, are as weak as they used to be.

我校运动会取普及主义。近两年来改计分法，上场人甚多，而成绩亦美。今年有数门之成绩尚较去岁华北运动会为优者，可见竞争之效也。
Our school sports meet is popular. In the past two years, the scoring method has been changed, and there are many people on the field, and the results are also beautiful. This year, there are several achievements that are still better than last year's North China Games, which shows the effect of competition.

此次运动会，有新学生数人进步甚速，而旧学生反有失败者，此因其自满与不自满之故耳。凡人做事切忌自满。自满者，做事不成功之兆也。汝等不可自满，生存一日，即应求一日之进步。
In this sports meeting, several new students made rapid progress, while the old students had losers, which was due to their complacency and displacement. Mortals must not be complacent. Those who are complacent are also a sign of unsuccessful work. Thou shalt not be complacent, and if you survive for a day, you will seek progress for a day.

竞争时，或因好胜之心过大，而不免有不正当之举动，此最宜切戒者也。即使用不正当之法，幸能胜人，而于道德已有碍矣。大凡有真才能者， 92|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
When competing, or because of the competitive spirit, it is inevitable that there will be improper behavior, and this is the most appropriate person to abstain from. Even if you use improper methods, you can fortunately win over others, but morality is already in the way. Whoever has true talent, 92|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

必不肯用不正当之法以求胜人，如郭毓彬赛跑，纯恃其双足之力制胜。唐人咏国夫人诗云：“却嫌脂粉污颜色，淡扫娥眉朝至尊。”貌美者，不借修饰也。某女校禁止学生修饰，某生不从，修饰甚力，问之则日：“吾貌陋，非修饰不足以掩丑也。”然不自知愈修饰愈见其丑也。运动者而求以不正当之法胜人，必其自无才能，亦彼女生之类也。
He will not use improper methods to win people, such as Guo Yubin's race, relying purely on the strength of his feet to win. Mrs. Yongguo of the Tang Dynasty Shiyun: "But I don't think the fat powder stains the color, and I lightly sweep the eyebrows towards the supreme." "Those who are beautiful do not borrow embellishment. A girls' school prohibits students from grooming, and a student does not obey, and the grooming is very strong, and the question is the day: "I am ugly, and non-grooming is not enough to hide my ugliness." "However, I don't know that the more I embellish, the uglier I see. Athletes who seek to win over others with improper methods must have no talent, and they will also be girls.

有几班跃高，好择竿之弯者而用之，日以前某班即如此也。！是何言软？在校见他人用弯竿，已遂效之，而不问用弯竿之正当否也，则他日出学校人社会人皆用弯竿，尚能望其独用直竿也乎？日人用弯竿，而我用直竿我岂非傻哉？日：然。欲成事者，须带有三分傻气。人唯有所不为也，而后可以有为。不问事之当否，而人为亦为，滔滔者皆是也。汝等若亦知此得处之道，则可出校人今之社会矣。见他人用弯竿，而已遂效之，此种事所谓引诱也，当力绝之。且夫用弯竿之易于多得分数，不难明也。虽小儿亦皆知之。汝用弯竿，人岂遂谓汝智乎！亦缺三分傻气已耳。
There are a few classes that jump high, so that the bend of the rod is used by those who choose the bend, and a certain class was like this a few days ago.! What is soft? Seeing others using a curved rod at school, it has been effective, and without asking whether the use of a curved rod is justified or not, then he sunrises school people and people in society all use curved rods, and can he still expect him to use a straight rod alone? Am I not stupid that the Japanese use a curved rod and I use a straight rod? Day: Yes. Those who want to succeed must be stupid. People can only do what they don't do, and then they can do something. It doesn't matter whether things should be done or not, and people are also people, and those who talk are also. If you also know how to deal with this, you can go out of the school and the society of today. Seeing that others have used a bent rod and have succeeded in it, the so-called temptation of this kind of thing should be absolutely unsuccessful. And it is easy for the husband to use the bent rod to get more points, and it is not difficult to understand. Even children know it. Thou wilt use a bent rod, and thou shalt be wise! There is also a lack of three points of stupidity.

凡欺人者，即幸能欺其所欺之人，亦必失信于其旁观者，自损名誉，难逃人眼。若二人合谋欺一人者，其后必自相争，虽一时巧弄诈，使人莫我知，终亦未有不声闻于外者。林肯有云：“虚诈可欺少数人而不能欺全世界，可欺人于一时，而不能欺人于永久。”其言信然。虚诈之事，一旦发露，人将群起而攻之，可不惧哉！人思至此而犹不急退自返者，是在知识为不足，在道德为软弱也。
Whoever deceives others, even if he is fortunate enough to deceive those he deceives, will also lose faith in his bystanders, and will damage his own reputation, and will not escape the eyes of men. If two conspire to deceive the other, they will then fight against each other, and though they are cunning for a while, so that no one knows about them, and there is no one who is not heard of by the outside world. Lincoln once said: "Deception can deceive a few people but not the whole world, it can deceive people for a while, but it cannot deceive people for eternity." He was right. Once the deceit is revealed, people will rise up and attack it, but you are not afraid! Those who think so far and do not rush back are deficient in knowledge and weak in morality.

人人具好争心。教育家善导之，使趋于正，则所争无往而非善也。苟一不慎，而稍事放任，则所争易出规矩之外。本校开运动会时，各班皆力争第一，宜也。然二十余班，不能皆得第一，终必有失败者。失败之后，尤须加意练习，毋得因是沮丧也。西人有言：为赢易，为输难。输非难也，输而能不自，不尤人斯难耳。凡成事者，中途必受折磨，须胜过此种阻力，不因失败而灰心，而后始有成功之一日。此种精神，为中国少年人所最要者，汝等共勉之。
Everyone is contentious. If the educator is good at guiding it and tending to be right, then there is no way to fight for it but not to be good. If you are not careful, and let it go, it is easy to fight outside the rules. When the school holds a sports day, each class strives to be the first, and it is advisable to do so. However, in more than 20 classes, not all of them can get the first, and there will be losers in the end. After failure, it is especially necessary to practice more carefully, so as not to be frustrated. Westerners have a saying: it is easy to win, but it is difficult to lose. It's not difficult to lose, it's not difficult to lose, and it's not hard to hear. Whoever succeeds will be tormented in the middle of the way, and must overcome such resistance, and not be discouraged by failure, and then there will be a day of success. This kind of spirit is the most important thing for the young people of China, and you encourage it together.

此次运动会计分新章，不完全之处甚多，如各班分数，均以人数平均。
The exercise is divided into new chapters, and there are many incompleteness, such as the scores of each class, which are averaged by the number of people.

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|93
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|93

是于学生告假多之班，甚不利焉。后当重修定之。告假至若干日以上，则不计其分。
It is a class where students take a lot of leave, which is very disadvantageous. Later, it should be revised. If the leave is more than a certain number of days, no points will be counted.

（原载于《校风》第30、31期，1916年5月15、22日）
(Originally published in School Spirit, Nos. 30 and 31, May 15 and 22, 1916).

94|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
94|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

欲强中国，端赖新少年
If you want to strengthen China, you rely on new teenagers

此次“修身”，余拟用十数分钟之时间，对于时事稍言大略，以启诸生阅报之观念，庶不致一见报章茫无头绪，读而生厌。余对于时事不常为学生言之，何也？盖吾国每有对外之事，即患应付无方。每易受人欺侮，欲图富强几于无望，恐学生闻之徒生悲观。且少年心性每多好强或受激刺，生悲观则希望绝，受激刺则愤言起，二者皆非少年所宜，此余之所以不常言也。然如绝口不言，使学生对于世界大势、国家前途一无所知，又岂教育之良法？此余之所以必欲言也。此次中学会议，有某先生提议，值此修身时间关于“国耻”，当常为学生言之，以启发学生爱国之心，而激励学生忧国之感，斯言良是。唯言之必使学生闻之不致徒生悲观，过受激刺方可，亦颇难措辞矣。盖中国一线之望皆在学生之身，学生之责任可知矣。而小学知识太简，不如中学学生知识较深，中学学生之责任又可知矣。故此案决议后，遇有机会即当加入时事，盖激刺不可太过，然亦不可毫无也。
In this "self-cultivation", Yu plans to spend more than ten minutes to talk a little about current affairs, so as to enlighten all students to read the concept of reading newspapers, so that they will not be clueless when they see the newspaper, and they will be bored when they read it. Yu doesn't often talk about current affairs for students, why not? Whenever there is an external matter in the country, there is no way to deal with it. It is easy to be bullied by others, and it is almost hopeless to want to be rich and strong, and I am afraid that students will be pessimistic when they hear about it. And every time a teenager's heart is strong or stimulated, pessimistic is hopeless, and irritated is angry, both of which are not suitable for juveniles, and the reason why it is not often said. However, if students are ignorant of the general trend of the world and the future of the country, how can it be a good way to educate? The reason why I want to talk about this is also. At this middle school meeting, a certain gentleman proposed that the "national shame" should be said for students at this time of self-cultivation, so as to inspire students' patriotism and inspire students' feelings of worrying about the country. Only words must make students not pessimistic, and it is quite difficult to put words into words. The hope of building a frontline in China lies in the students, and the responsibilities of the students can be known. However, the knowledge of primary school is too simple, and the knowledge of secondary school students is not as deep as that of secondary school students, and the responsibilities of secondary school students can be known. Therefore, after the resolution of this case, it should be added to current affairs when there is an opportunity, and it should not be too much, but it should not be nothing.

今日所言之事为中俄协约。此事内容外间不得尽知，吾人可以往事征之。初日英协约表面为维持东亚和平，故日俄战争他国不加干涉，以有英监视也。其结果日吞朝鲜，此日之利用英也。英国海军皆在欧洲，亚东商业鞭长莫及，借日力得以保全，此英之利用日也。今则利尽交疏，故日又与俄协约，其意果何在乎？可思之而得也。我国适当其冲，来日大难未知税驾之所
What we are talking about today is the Sino-Russian Entente. The content of this matter is not known to the outside world, and we can ask for it in the past. At the beginning of the Sino-British Entente, ostensibly to maintain peace in East Asia, other countries did not interfere in the Russo-Japanese War, and the British watched. As a result, Japan swallowed Korea, and the use of Britain on this day was also. The British navy is all in Europe, and the commercial whip of Asia and the East is beyond its reach, so it can be preserved by Japanese power, and the British use of Japan is also. Now that the benefits are exhausted, so what does it matter if there is an agreement with Russia in the future? It's a matter of thought. Our country is suitable for the brunt, and it is difficult to know where to tax in the future

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|95
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|95

在于此，欲施补救之术果恃何人？旧官僚乎？新人物乎？官僚派吾无望矣！此次新登庸之人物乃竟有以烟土案而被嫌疑者，纵经百口解说，然径遥数千里，累累数千镑，岂竟一无闻知乎？岂竟毫无关涉乎？何不幸而冒此不之名也。一人之关系无足重轻。试就大势观之，吾中国或不至如朝鲜也。其首要原因日：版图辽阔。邻虽强恐独力不能吞也。而各国战事方烈，当亦无暇东顾。此正转弱为强之好现象也。譬之病人，如人皆日可愈，则精神为之一振；如自以为不救，则医药每至无效。我国今日，吾纵以为病虽危，尚不至诸医束手，决不至为朝鲜之续。明矣！今晨余至友朝鲜某君谈及亡国之惨，闻之不禁动颜。虽然，欲强中国责任谁归？日：端赖一班新少年。然则少年自处应如何乎？日：尽心为学，以备将来之用。语云：生于忧患，死于安乐。望诸生三复斯言。
In this case, who is the result of the remedy? The old bureaucracy? What's new? There is no hope for the bureaucracy! This time, the new Dengyong people are actually suspected of the tobacco case, and after hundreds of explanations, they are thousands of miles away and accumulate thousands of pounds, how can they not know anything? Does it have nothing to do with it? What an unfortunate reason to risk this name. The relationship between one person is insignificant. Looking at the general trend, China may not be like North Korea. The primary reason for this is the vastness of the territory. Although the neighbor is strong, he cannot swallow it alone. And the war in various countries is fierce, and there is no time to look eastward. This is a good phenomenon of turning from weak to strong. For example, if the patient can be cured in a day, the spirit will be lifted; If you think you can't save yourself, the medicine will be ineffective. Today, even though I think that although my illness is critical, I will not be restrained by the doctors, and I will never be the continuation of the DPRK. Clear! This morning, Yu Zhiyou, a certain gentleman of North Korea, talked about the tragedy of the death of the country, and he couldn't help but be moved when he heard it. Although, who is responsible for wanting to strengthen China? Day: A new class of teenagers. But what should teenagers do with themselves? Day: Dedication to learning for future use. Yuyun: Born in sorrow, died in peace. I hope that all beings will be repetitive.

关于训言者，余亦有数语，即上星期所言之预算，诸生已尽解之耶。盖天下事无论为全国、为各人，均非有计划不可也。中日之役而日胜，日俄之役而日又胜，皆计划之功也。此国与国之对待也。至以各人论，凡行一事，亦每至有阻力生乎其间，必须继以贞固之力，方不致徒托空谈。语云：言之非艰，行之维艰，是非具有一种能力以胜此阻力不可。余尝为汝等计划约有二法：一为先生之辅助，二为诸生之自治。夫然后先生之力渐减，学生之力日增，庶几人人皆具自治之精神而有做事之能力也。
There are also a few words about the speaker, that is, the budget mentioned last week, which has been fully understood by all beings. Whether it is for the whole country or for everyone, it must be planned. The battle between China and Japan and the victory of Japan, and the victory of the battle between Japan and Russia, are all the merits of the plan. This country is also treated from country to country. As for each person, every thing to do, and every time there is resistance in the process, it must be followed by the power of chastity, so as not to talk in vain. Yuyun: It is not difficult to say, but it is difficult to do, and it is necessary to have the ability to overcome this resistance. There are about two ways to plan for you: one is the assistance of the master, and the other is the autonomy of all beings. The power of the husband and then the husband is gradually decreasing, the power of the students is increasing, and everyone has the spirit of autonomy and the ability to do things.

关于体育者，复有一事，日：检查身体。本校学生约近千人，人数太多恐难遍检。兹由医士列一病单，可按症填之，万勿隐病不言。本校学生徐绍琨、张润身之死，皆吾辈之过。殷鉴不远，其戒之勿忽。
About athletes, there is one thing, day: physical examination. There are nearly 1,000 students in our school, and it is difficult to check them out if there are too many of them. The doctor hereby lists a list of diseases, which can be filled in according to the symptoms, and do not hide the disease. The deaths of Xu Shaokun and Zhang Runshen, students of this school, are all the fault of our generation. Yin Jian is not far away, and his precepts should not be ignored.

（原载于《校风》第37期，1916年9月11日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 37, 11 September 1916).

96|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
96|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

以社会之进步为教育之目的
The purpose of education is to make progress in society

开学之始，曾以活、动、长、进四字相勉。而今合起来论此四字，不过单就个人的长进而言。
At the beginning of the school year, I encouraged each other with the words "active", "active", "long" and "progressive". Now these four words are taken together, but in terms of personal growth alone.

夫教育目的，不能仅在个人。当日多在造成个人为圣为贤，而今教育之最要目的，在谋全社会的进步。
The purpose of education can not be only personal. At that time, many people were making individuals saints and sages, but now the most important purpose of education is to seek the progress of the whole society.

诸生当听过进化诸说。下等动物长为高等动物，高等动物进而为人。人再长，又分为二项：一为心理的长进（psychologically），一为社会的或合群的长进（sociologically）。
All beings should have heard the theory of evolution. Inferior animals grow into higher animals, and higher animals in turn become humans. No matter how long a person grows, it is divided into two items: one is psychologically, and the other is social or social growth (sociologically).

人同人组合起来，其效用能力之大，自非一人可比。现在世界何国最强？其原因何在？一至其国，便可了然。其最大的原因，就是比我们齐，亦如一家哥们兄弟均不相下。若一家只仗一人，则相差太多。社会国家同是一理。所以，近来教育家不仅注重个人长进，并注重社会的长进。Socialend 不仅在心理的长进，而在多数人的齐进。因为社会乃个人联合而成者，若社会不进，则居此间之个人，亦绝难长进。是以个人强，可以助社会长，社会长，亦可以助个人强。是二者当相提并论，不容偏重者。
When people are combined, their utility is so great that they are not comparable to one person. Who is the strongest country in the world right now? Why? Once you get to the country, you can see it. The biggest reason is that they are more than us, just like a family of buddies and brothers. If there is only one person in the family, there is too much difference. The social state is the same. Therefore, in recent years, educators have focused not only on personal growth, but also on social growth. Socialend is not only about the growth of the mind, but also about the progress of the majority. Because society is a union of individuals, if society does not advance, it will be difficult for the individuals living in it to grow. It is to be strong in the individual, which can help the society grow, and the society can also help the individual to be strong. It is the two that should be compared and should not be taken seriously.

现在西洋人对于教育青年，均使之有一种社会的自觉心（socialconsc-iousness），而吾国多数人尚未脱家族观念，遇公共事则淡然视之。
At present, Westerners have a kind of social consc-iousness in educating young people, while most people in our country have not yet gotten rid of the concept of family, and they are indifferent to public affairs.

予前去北京，于车中见有以免票私相售受者，何其不知公共心一至于是
When I went to Beijing, I saw a recipient of free tickets in the car, and I didn't know what the public heart was

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|97
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|97

耶？彼以铁路为公家者，但能自已得利，则虽损坏公共利益，亦无所顾忌，而旁坐诸人，亦以此非自已之事，故不过问，亦不关心，若此情形，实为社会流毒（socialevils）。细考京奉、津浦各路间，此类事殊不少见，似此流毒究竟责在谁人？吾以为虽有强政府、有能力之总统、严厉之法律、有组织之路局，亦不能铲除净尽也！唯有国民社会的自觉心可制此毒。舆论力攻，众目不容，以此对于公共事业之非理举动，即对吾等各个人之举动，有伤于吾各个之权利，则若斯流毒，无待总统法律，自然消灭于无形。国民社会自觉心，诚有不可及之效力。
Yes? He is a public owner of the railway, but he can benefit from it, although he damages the public interest, he has no scruples, and the people sitting next to him also do not take this as their own business, so they do not ask or care, if this is the case, it is really socialevils）。 Carefully examining the various roads in Jingfeng and Jinpu, this kind of thing is not uncommon, it seems that who is responsible for this poison? I thought that even if there was a strong government, a capable president, strict laws, and an organized road bureau, it would not be able to eradicate everything! Only the consciousness of the national society can control this poison. Public opinion is attacking and the public is not tolerated, so that the irrational actions of public undertakings, that is, the actions of each of us, will harm our rights, and if they are poisonous, they will be wiped out invisibly without waiting for the president's law. The self-consciousness of the national society has an unattainable effect.

在京见美国公使，谓国人近来能得钱者，发财后多退人租界，是诚可耻之事，而舆论亦不攻击，甚有争相仿效，以不及为可辱者，真是怪事。而予窃不以为怪，因其所以如是者无他，国民的社会自觉心，Social consciousness 未长起来耳。
It is a shameful thing to see the US minister in Beijing and say that those who have been able to get money recently have retired from the concession after making a fortune, and public opinion does not attack them, and some people are even vying to follow suit, and it is really a strange thing to regard those who are not as humiliated. And it is not strange to steal, because there is no other person who is like this, and the social consciousness of the people has not grown ears.

今者时间有限，姑不多论。即就所以长进社会自觉心，而能谋全社会进步的方法上着想，则须于改换普通道德标准上有所商。
Today, time is limited, so I won't talk about it. That is, in order to grow into social consciousness and to be able to seek the progress of the whole society, it is necessary to negotiate the change of ordinary moral standards.

若不骂人、不偷、不怒、不谎、不得罪于人等事，先时多谓此为道德很高，然而此为消极的，于今不能谓此为道德。盖彼者，不过无疵而已，于社会虽有若无。今因于社会进步上着想，吾等当另定道德标准，谓：“凡人能于社会公共事业，尽力愈大者，其道德愈高。否则，无道德可言。易言之，即凡于社会上有效劳之能力者，Socialefficiency则有道德。否则无道德。”若斯数语，包含无限道理。愿诸生用为量人量已之尺，相染成风，使渐渐社会上均用此尺度已，亦用此尺量人，则去所谓社会自觉心、社会进步者不远矣。
If you don't scold, don't steal, don't get angry, don't lie, don't offend others, and so on, you used to say that this was very moral, but if you are negative, you can't call it morality today. The one who covers the other is just flawless, although there is nothing in society. Now, for the sake of social progress, we should set another moral standard, saying: "The greater the effort that a person can do in the public cause of society, the higher his morality." Otherwise, there is no morality. In other words, those who have the ability to work effectively in society are moral. Otherwise there is no morality. "Ruoss counts words, containing infinite truths. I hope that all living beings will use this measure of people, and dye each other into a wind, so that gradually the society will use this scale, and also use this ruler to measure people, then the so-called social consciousness and social progress will not be far away.

然而徒知此理，于社会毫无所用。先时教育多尚空谈，殊觉无用，若无实习，恐且有害。美国某教育博士曾谈笑话，谓有函授学堂教人泳，学者毕业后投身水中，实行泳，竟至溺死。此喻仅知理论而无实验之害，诚足惊人。诸生欲按此尺而为道德高尚之人，幸勿仅求理论，更当于已身所在之社会，实在有所效用。于此先小做练习，至大社会时，自然游刃有余。所谓
However, this principle is of no use to society. In the early days, education was still empty talk, but it was useless, and if there was no internship, it was probably harmful. A doctor of education in the United States once told a joke that there was a correspondence school to teach people to swim, and after graduation, the scholar threw himself into the water and practiced swimming, until he drowned. This metaphor only knows the theory and does not harm the experiment, which is really amazing. If you want to be a person of high morals according to this ruler, you should not only seek theory, but also the society in which you live, which is really useful. Start with small exercises, and when you reach the big society, you will naturally be able to do it easily. so-called

98丨张伯苓：一人一校一国家
98丨Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

已身所在之社会，对诸生言，如班、如会、如校，如各种组织均是。予此二次所言者，即教育着重个人的长进，更须着重社会的进步。
The society in which you are already living is to speak to all students, such as classes, meetings, schools, and organizations. In this second case, education focuses on the growth of the individual and, more importantly, on the progress of society.

（原载于《校风》第117期，1919年3月18日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 117, March 18, 1919).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年丨99
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth丨99

做事之方法
The way to do things

日前我们开展览会及乐贤会，会前大家说要教它成功。泊今回想，诸位师生及来宾均极满意。我们本校的人借此亦可看看本校的真相，知道自己的短长。予初由外边回来，更可借此振作精神。若论此会的效果，除经济的社会的以外，对于我们个人做事的经验，实在长了不少。
A few days ago, we held an exhibition and a Lexian Club, and before the meeting, everyone said that they would teach it to succeed. In retrospect, all the teachers, students and guests were extremely satisfied. In this way, we people in our school can also see the truth about our school and know our own shortcomings. Yu Chu came back from outside, and he could use it to lift his spirits. In addition to the economic and social effects, the effect of this meeting is really much longer for our personal experience.

上次吾说了两个题目。一个是教育对于个人的长进；一个是教育对于团体的进步。如今正在开会之后，回想这次做事的手续，颇可论论。个人可以由此得经验，团体可以因此有长进，故今日题目为做事之方法，盖此亦教育目的之一。
Last time I talked about two topics. One is the growth of education for the individual; One is the progress of education for the community. Now that we are in the middle of the meeting, it is quite discussable to think back on the procedures for doing things this time. Individuals can gain experience from this, and groups can grow from it, so today's topic is the way to do things, and covering this is also one of the purposes of education.

人必得做事，然后才有用。即无用之人，亦需做事，如同普通人必行的吃饭、如厕，种种琐事，均需自已去做。所以既为生人，便须做事。不过做事的法好，则效力大；做事的法坏，则效力小。吾们比别的国人相差的点就在此。
People have to do things before they can be useful. That is, useless people also need to do things, just like ordinary people need to eat, go to the toilet, and all kinds of trivial things, they need to do themselves. Therefore, since you are a living man, you must do things. However, if the method of doing things is good, it will be effective; If the method of doing things is bad, the effect is small. This is where we are different from other people.

譬如将做某项事，事前想想如何做法才好。这时候所念过的书，所得过的经验，都要拿来放在心里，作为参考。到底是怎样做法才好，这就是做事的第一步；顶到想出各方面的情形来，然后再想从哪儿去做，这就是第二层：然后第三层就是实地去做。做后反复思维，以见这个事的效果何如，便是第四层。是以做事当有四层手续，虽不必层层去分，或者并未想
For example, if you are going to do something, think about how to do it beforehand. At this time, the books you have read and the experiences you have gained should be kept in your heart and used as a reference. What is the best way to do it, this is the first step in doing things; The top is to figure out all the aspects of the situation, and then to think of where to do it, that's the second level: and then the third level is to do it on the ground. Thinking repeatedly after doing it to see what the effect of this thing is, is the fourth layer. There are four layers of procedures for doing things, although there is no need to divide them layer by layer, or I don't think about it

100|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
100|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

过这四层的道理，然而无形中这四层，总须有的。不然这事便不易有好效果。这四层：一研究，二计划，三执行，四评论。英文名词为Study、Plan、 Execute、Judge。末后评论一层亦实在要紧，因为这就是专制与共和的分别。专制则只有遵命；共和则必按理去行，后复加以评论。此次所言为如何去做，下文当言如何去想。
There are four layers of truth, but there are always four layers of invisibility. Otherwise, it will not be easy to have a good effect. There are four layers: one research, two plans, three executions, and four reviews. The English nouns are Study, Plan, Execute, Judge. The last comment is also really important, because this is the difference between autocracy and republicanism. Despotism is only obedience; The republic will do what is right, and then comment on it. What we said this time is how to do it, and how to think about it below.

（原载于《校风》第118期，1919年3月25日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 118, March 25, 1919).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|101
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|101

教育者当注重人格感化
Educators should pay attention to personality reform

吾人平日所任之职务虽不同，但吾人之目的则一。目的维何？就是要造就新人才，去改造旧中国，创造新中国。因为吾人抱同一之目的，无论吾人所任者为各课之职务，或各科之功课，随时随地都宜往同一方向走。力合则效力大，力散则效果微。望同人其共体斯意。
Although the positions we hold on weekdays are different, our purpose is the same. What is the purpose? It is to create new talents, to transform the old China, and to create a new China. Because we have the same goal, no matter what we are doing in each subject or in each subject, we should go in the same direction anytime and anywhere. The force combination is effective, and the force is scattered, and the effect is small. I hope that the same people will be the same as their community.

任教育者当注重人格感化。人格感化之功效，较课堂讲授之力，相去不可以道里计。
Educators should pay attention to personality reform. The effect of personality probation is not comparable to the power of classroom teaching.

（原载于《南开周刊》第69期，1923年9月11日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 69, September 11, 1923).

102|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
102|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

青年的择业、婚姻和信仰
Young people's choice of career, marriage and faith

日来，余征求诸生建议修身班之讲题，所收殊不甚多，望诸生多多建议。综观所收建议，偏于知识方面者为多，若金佛郎问题、承认苏俄问题等，而关于诸生自身之问题则殊不多见。以吾观之，二十岁上下之青年，问题实最多。唯以其经验甚少，常不肯使人知之。今试略举一二种：若择业问题，岂非现在个个少年之重要问题，且须立时解决者？此问题在甚乱之中国社会中尤不易解决。盖在中国社会中，稍有知识者做事机会甚多，少年人每不易为适当之执择，此其一。其次婚姻问题，亦为现在中国青年之一最重要问题。现在青年，有未定婚者，自宜缓定，为是。至其已定者，或即将定者，果当以何法处之？即退一步言，婚姻已可自由果应如何审慎，始不致有以后之翻悔乎？此其二。再次如信仰问题，吾人生活于世，苟无确定之信仰，确定之人生观，则一切经营造诣必皆毫无根据，挫折一来，初志即可变易。故青年人对于自己之信仰，亦殊为一宜解决之问题，此其三。青年人之问题固不只此三种，而此三种，实可为每个青年人之问题。诸生此后务要将自已问题完全不加隐匿，余他日尚拟请若干学者专为诸生讲演此种问题，则诸生对于自己问题之解决或可获若干参考资料也。
In the past few days, Yu has asked all students to suggest the topics of the self-cultivation class, and he has received a lot of suggestions, and I hope that all students will give more suggestions. Looking at the suggestions received, there are many people who are biased towards knowledge, such as the question of the Golden Franc and the question of the recognition of Soviet Russia, but the question of the beings themselves is very rare. In my opinion, young people in their twenties have the most problems. However, because of his little experience, he often refuses to let others know about it. Let's try to give you one or two examples: If the problem of choosing a career is not an important problem for every teenager now, and it must be solved immediately? This is a problem that is particularly difficult to solve in a chaotic Chinese society. In Chinese society, there are many opportunities for those with a little knowledge to do things, and it is not easy for young people to make appropriate choices. Secondly, the issue of marriage is also one of the most important issues for young people in China today. Nowadays, young people, there are unmarried people, and it is advisable to slow down. As for those who have been ordained, or are about to be determined, what shall be done? That is, to take a step back, how prudent should we be when the marriage is free, so that there will be no regrets in the future? This is the second one. Again, if we live in the world and have no definite belief or outlook on life, all business attainments will be groundless, and once a setback comes, the original ambition can change. Therefore, young people's belief in their own beliefs is also a problem that should be solved. There are not only three problems for young people, but these three can be problems for every young person. After that, all sentient beings should not hide their own problems at all, and in the rest of the day, they will invite some scholars to give lectures on such problems specifically for sentient beings, so that sentient beings may be able to obtain some reference materials for the solution of their own problems.

（原载于《南开周刊》第88期，1924年3月29日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 88, March 29, 1924).

*本文是1924年3月28日张伯苓在南开中学高级修身班上的演说。
*This article is a speech given by Zhang Boling on March 28, 1924 at the senior self-cultivation class of Nankai Middle School.

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年丨103
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth丨103

交友之道提有中
The way to make friends is in the middle

照现在大、中两部统计，知本校之大学部学生，凡由中学部升人者，虽资质各不相同，而预备财多甚充足。至于由他校毕业直接考入预科者，程度或不能不稍差，而进步实甚速。盖因考人之学生天才生甚多也。照预拟计划，本系于今岁将大学部预科停办。但日前会商之结果，为收容他校程度稍差之天才生起见，预科暂仍继续办理。
According to the current statistics of the two departments, it is known that the students of the university department of the university, all of whom are promoted from the secondary department, although their qualifications are different, but they have a lot of money to prepare. As for those who graduated from other schools and were directly admitted to the preparatory department, the level may not be slightly worse, but the progress is very fast. There are many talented students in the Gaine exam. According to the plan, the Department will close the pre-university department this year. However, as a result of the recent consultation, for the sake of the talents who are slightly worse at accommodating other schools, the preparatory department will continue to handle it for the time being.

次乃讲演择交问题。吾曾得诸生若干对于修身班讲题之建议，系择交问题。以吾观之，此问题虽亦颇重要，但较之余上次所讲之择业问题、婚姻问题及信仰问题，则相去甚多。今试为诸生略一述择交之道。
The second is the issue of speech selection. I have received some suggestions from all the beings on the topics of the self-cultivation class, which are questions of choice. In my opinion, although this issue is also quite important, it is very different from the other issues of choosing a job, marital and believing in the previous discussion. Today, I will try to describe the way to choose friends for all beings.

照现在眼光视之，今日择交与古之择交略异。古之择交之道甚严，而所友甚寡，友寡故过从甚密。至于今之择友则范围略广。即以诸生现在情形论之，凡属同学即皆谓之友亦无不可。古代低多友为朋党，而今日交友范围虽广，然亦反对以小团体而影响于社会之福利。从此可见，择友之道古今实无根本之差异。中国古代之善友者，若三国时刘（备）、关（羽）、张（飞）；战国时之管（仲）、鲍及俞（伯牙）、钟（子期），皆极为人所悉知者也。孔子谓友有三种：若者直，若者谅，若者多闻。此实一交友之准绳也。
From the current point of view, today's choice is slightly different from the choice of the ancients. The ancient way of choosing friends was very strict, and the friends were very few, and the friends and widows were too close. As for today's friends, the range is slightly wider. That is, in terms of the current situation of all beings, it is okay for all classmates to be called friends. In ancient times, many friends were friends and friends, but today, although the range of friends is wide, they also oppose the use of small groups to affect the welfare of society. It can be seen from this that there is no fundamental difference between ancient and modern ways to choose friends. The good friends of ancient China, such as Liu (Bei), Guan (Yu), and Zhang (Fei) during the Three Kingdoms; During the Warring States Period, Guan (Zhong), Bao and Yu (Boya), and Zhong (Zi Period) are all very well known. There are three kinds of friends in Confucius: if the one is straight, if the one forgives, and if the one hears more. This is actually a criterion for making friends.

*本文是1924年4月3日张伯苓在南开中学高级修身班上的讲演。 104|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
*This article is a speech given by Zhang Boling on April 3, 1924 at the senior self-cultivation class of Nankai Middle School. 104|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

今人每谓友之极密者，日知己。所谓知己，即所以望友之赞已之长，慰已之苦。然若深一层思之，则人各有长短，苟只望人之称赞，而不欲人之规诫。且人皆欲人之赞、人之慰。然则赞人慰人者，果何人者。明乎此，则交友之道思过半矣。
Today, everyone is a friend of the very close, and a confidant of the day. The so-called confidant, that is, the praise of friends has been long, and the pain has been comforted. However, if you think about it deeply, then people have their own strengths and weaknesses, and they only hope for the praise of others, and do not want the admonition of others. And everyone wants people's praise and comfort. However, those who praise and comfort people, and those who are the fruits. Knowing this, the way of making friends is too much thought.

（原载于《南开周刊》第89期，1924年4月12日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 89, April 12, 1924).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|105
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|105

奋斗即是生活的方法
Struggle is the way to live

近几个月以来，我对于公众聚会，可以辞脱的总辞脱。因为我连月来都在解决零星片段的问题，心思也就不能联络一贯，说出话来恐怕也没甚意义，所以我不愿参加聚会演说。但有几次不能辞脱，不可不去说几句话的。如同在津的出校同学上次在国民饭店春宴，到的人数很多，主席马千里先生要我演讲，我就用了十分钟的工夫，谈了一会话，春假的时候，北京的南开同学会在京会宴，主席也叫我做了十五分钟的谈话。这两次的谈话，意旨都是一样的，不过字句间有不同。这两次谈话时间都很短，不能畅所欲言。我本想用几天的工夫，将那番谈话的意旨演绎出来，和你们谈谈，但这几天我仍然在解决着片段的问题，直到今天早晨，才抽暇想了一想，现在就和你们说。
In recent months, I have been able to dismiss public gatherings. Because I have been solving the problem of sporadic fragments for months, my mind cannot be consistent, and it may not make much sense to speak, so I am reluctant to participate in the party speech. But there are a few times when I can't quit and I can't help but say a few words. Just like the last time the students in Tianjin had a spring banquet at the National Hotel, there were a lot of people, and the chairman, Mr. Ma Qianli, asked me to give a speech, so I spent 10 minutes talking about it, and during the spring break, the Nankai Alumni Association in Beijing had a banquet in Beijing, and the chairman also asked me to have a 15-minute conversation. The purpose of these two conversations is the same, but the words are different. Both conversations were short and could not speak freely. I would have liked to spend a few days working on the idea of that conversation and talking to you, but I was still working on the fragment for a few days, and it wasn't until this morning that I took the time to think about it and tell you now.

我谈话意旨的大概是奋斗即是快乐，或者说奋斗即是生活的方法。当时在座的出校同学，都是已经脱离学校，在社会上寻生活的。他们既然在各界任事，顺逆也有不同，但是，假若一遇到逆意困难的事就精神颓丧，不高兴，那么，做事的能力也就一天一天减少，生活还有什么趣味？所以我对他们说：“处世要有奋斗精神，要抱乐观态度。失败了，再继续着奋斗。我们并
The point of my conversation is probably that struggle is happiness, or that struggle is the way to live. At that time, all the students present at the school had left school and were looking for a life in society. Since they work in all walks of life, there are differences between obedience and disobedience, but if they are depressed and unhappy when they encounter adversity and difficulties, then their ability to do things will decrease day by day, and what is the fun of life? So I said to them, "Be hard-working, be optimistic. If you fail, you will continue to struggle. We don't

*本文是1925年5月4日张伯苓在南开中学高中集会上的演讲，由张志基记录。 106|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
*This article is a speech given by Zhang Boling at the Nankai Middle School High School rally on May 4, 1925, and was recorded by Zhang Zhiji. 106|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

不是决一死战，一次失败，就永远失败了，没有进取的机会。我们应当仍然向前干去，努力，奋斗。即使偶尔侥幸胜了，也不要以此自骄自满，仍然本着奋斗的精神，向前途努力。但是还有一样很紧要的，就是抱乐观态度，不要对于生活和环境发生厌倦。比如你家庭中天天见面的陈设，年年如此，丝毫不改，久后就怕生厌了，那么你何不将陈设的地位改换一下，或者加些油漆，不也就焕然一新了么？讲个笑话吧，诸位结婚都已多年了，假如对于诸位的夫人感着太熟悉、太平凡了，那么，何不给她做件新的衣服穿穿，不也就换了个样儿么？人的生活能够永新，他的精神也就永新，而他对于奋斗，也就自然感着兴趣了。”
It's not a decisive battle, once you fail, you will lose forever, and there is no chance to forge ahead. We should continue to move forward, work hard, struggle. Even if you win by luck occasionally, don't be complacent, and still work hard for the future in the spirit of struggle. But it is also important to be optimistic and not to get bored with life and circumstances. For example, the furnishings that you see every day in your family are like this every year, and they don't change at all, and you are afraid of getting tired of them after a long time, so why don't you change the status of the furnishings, or add some paint, and it will look new? Let's tell you a joke, you have been married for many years, if you feel too familiar and ordinary to your wife, then why not make her a new dress to wear, and don't you just change your look? If a person's life can be forever new, his spirit will always be new, and he will naturally be interested in struggle. ”

我这番话，你们也许不懂，这因为你们还年轻，还没有经验。在京的出校同学，大多都是四十岁内外了，他们踏进社会已有十几二十年，并且现在都有职业，也经过些艰难困苦，我看他们都能了解我的意旨。他们在校的时候，我也曾和你们现在谈话一样和他们谈话，这次不过是在他们在人生的旅程的中途，我再提醒他们一句罢了。你们将来也是要走向人生的大道上去的，那么我何不现在就告诉你们，保持着你们的生活，使它永新；保持着你们的精神，使它永新，本着这个永新的精神，来应付这人生一切的问题呢。
You may not understand what I say, because you are still young and have no experience. Most of the students in Beijing are in their 40s, they have been in the society for more than 10 or 20 years, and now they all have careers, and they have also gone through some hardships, and I think they can understand my intentions. When they were in school, I talked to them the same way you talk to them now, but this time it's just in the middle of their journey in life, and I just remind them one more thing. You will also go to the road of life in the future, so why don't I tell you now, keep your life alive, and make it new forever; Keep your spirit alive and make it new, and in this spirit of eternal renewal, deal with all the problems of life.

我总以为，世界上的一切是人创造的。我们的生活是创造的生活。我们应该本着奋斗的精神，创造一切，解决一切。能够如此，你才能对于生活发生兴味。否则虽然你年龄幼稚，而你的精神却已衰老了。我们更不应该对于现在感着满足，因为我们生活的目的是奋斗，不是成功，是长进，不是满足。我们能说，我们只要长进到某一地位、奋斗到某一步骤就行吗？我小时候曾见一富家子弟，那时他已二十多岁了，染了吸鸦片的嗜好，每天睡到下午五时才起身，冬天披了重裘还嫌冷。这种生活岂不是受罪吗？哪来的快乐？我那时批评他是没福享受。现在看来，原是他自已不能奋斗。而考察他不能奋斗的原因，却是他家富有，他对于当时的生活已感着满足，不想再上进。如此看来，多财的确是消磨青年人志气的大原因。青年志气一消磨，对于生活觉不出兴趣，事事都觉着呆板、单调，对于年年的花发、旦夕的风雨，都怀
I always thought that everything in the world was created by man. Our lives are created lives. We should create everything and solve everything in the spirit of struggle. In this way, you can be interested in life. Otherwise, though you are young, your spirit is old. We should not be satisfied with the present, because the purpose of our life is to struggle, not to succeed, to grow, not to be satisfied. Can we say that we just need to grow to a certain position and struggle to a certain step? When I was a child, I met a rich boy who was in his twenties, addicted to opium, and slept until 5 p.m. every day before getting up. Isn't this a life of sin? Where does the happiness come from? I criticized him at the time for not being blessed. Now it seems that he could not fight on his own. The reason why he couldn't struggle was that his family was wealthy, and he was satisfied with his life at that time and didn't want to go up again. In this way, it is true that wealth is a major cause of demoralization among young people. As soon as the ambition of young people is consumed, they are not interested in life, they feel dull and monotonous in everything, and they are all nostalgic for the flowers and the wind and rain every year

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|107
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|107

着厌倦，那生活着又有什么意义呢？倒不如自杀了。其实，生活是那么无意义吗？是那么困难而枯燥吗？那却不然，只是他自已没有志气，精神颓丧罢了。
What's the point of living? It's better to kill yourself. Actually, is life so meaningless? Is it so difficult and boring? That's not the case, it's just that he has no ambition and is depressed.

那么，怎么可以使我们感着生活的兴趣呢？唯一的答案，就是奋斗！我们须放大眼光，勿对于一已的利害患得患失。我们应做有益于群众的事业。侥幸胜了，不足为喜，因为我们的目的只在一辈子的奋斗，而不在一时的胜利。假如败了，也不要失望，因为失望能使你精神颓丧，减少你奋进的勇气。有人批评我是苦命的牛，要拖一辈子的车。不错，让我拖一辈子的车，这就是我的希望，这就是我生活的目的。
How, then, can we feel interest in life? The only answer is struggle! We need to take a broad view and not lose sight of the gains and losses of our own interests. We should do something that is beneficial to the masses. It is not good to be happy if we win by luck, because our goal is only in a lifetime of struggle, not in a momentary victory. If you fail, don't be disappointed, because disappointment can make you depressed and reduce your courage to forge ahead. Some people criticize me for being a hard-working cow who has to drag a car for the rest of my life. Yes, let me tow the car for the rest of my life, this is my hope, this is what I live for.

近百年来，科学发达，知道人类是逐渐演进的。那么，我们的生活，当然要永远向前进步。我们应该认定：不断地长进，是我们生活的目的，永远地奋斗，是我们生活的方法。我们绝对不能故步自封，安于现状。我们须本着奋斗的精神，采取乐观的态度，从事于我们的创造的生活。
In the past 100 years, science has developed and it is known that human beings are gradually evolving. Then, of course, our lives must always move forward. We should believe that continuous growth is the purpose of our life, and eternal struggle is the method of our life. We must not rest on our laurels. We must be in a spirit of struggle, with an optimistic attitude, and engage in our creative life.

（原载于《南开周刊》第121期，1925年5月4日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 121, May 4, 1925).

108|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
108|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

熏陶人格是根本”
Nurturing personality is fundamental."

刚才主席说：“二年前，曾经有过商学会组织。这次不过中兴罢了。”大概那时时机未熟，所以未能顺利进行，现在时机看来成熟了，希望你们立下稳固的根基。
Just now, the chairman said, "Two years ago, there was a business society organization. This time it's just ZTE. "It was probably not the right time to proceed, but now it seems that the time is ripe, and I hope you will lay a solid foundation.

我们学校里，现有文、理、商、矿四科。文、理、商先立，矿科是后添的。但论起精神，矿科最好。它的原因是什么？据我想，矿科每个暑假有练习，同学得在一块儿玩要或讨论，所以其乐融融，感情甚好。矿学会的组织，虽然也有教授帮助他们，却是个自动的组织，成绩最好。它的原因，也是我前面所说过的暑假有练习。你们商科这次组织商学会，联络校内外同学感情，为将来做事之备。我希望你们的成绩，不落矿科之后。
In our school, there are four subjects: arts, science, business, and mining. Arts, science, and business were established first, and mining was added later. But when it comes to spirit, mining is the best. What is the reason for it? According to my opinion, the mining department has exercises every summer, and the students have to play or discuss together, so they have a good time and have a good relationship. The organization of the Mining Society, although there are professors to help them, is an automatic organization with the best results. The reason for it is also that there are exercises in the summer vacation as I mentioned earlier. This time, your business department organized a business society to connect with students inside and outside the school to prepare for future work. I hope that your results will not fall behind the mining department.

南开大学教育目的，简单地说，是在研究学问和练习做事。做事本就是应用学理，将平日所得来的公律、原则、经验应用出来到实事上去。
The purpose of education at Nankai University is, simply put, to study knowledge and practice doing things. To do things is to apply academic theories, and to apply the laws, principles, and experiences gained in daily life to practical matters.

研究学问，固然要紧；而熏陶人格，尤其是根本。“君子不重则不威，学则不固”，个人人格是很要紧的。人格要与人合作，才能表现，假使你孤居远处，隐居鸣高，那么就是你有高尚人格，也无由表现了。我希望你们同心协力地去合作，表现你们的人格，而达到你们的目的。
It is important to study knowledge; And edifying the personality, especially the fundamental. "If a gentleman is not important, he will not be powerful, and if he learns, he will not be solid", personal personality is very important. Personality has to cooperate with others in order to manifest, if you live alone far away and live in seclusion, then you have a noble personality, and there is no reason to show it. I want you to work together to express your personality and achieve your goals.

本文是1925年11月25日张伯苓在南开大学商学会成立会上的讲演，由尹慎记录。
This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the inaugural meeting of the Nankai University Business Society on November 25, 1925, and was recorded by Yin Shen.

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年丨109
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth丨109

人不必怕穷，更不必自私，我不信自私有济于人，我却信社会上各种事能对公私皆有利者，始有济于人。拿着公众利益的目的去做事，决不至于失败。假使真为公而失败，也不算失败。我几十年信此甚深，一意力行，始终未渝。假使有人要在那一界，乘着机会发点财，先为自已谋温饱，这种发财的人，人家对于他，固然不满意，就是他自已以财多受累，也不见得就痛快！
People don't have to be afraid of poverty, let alone selfishness, I don't believe that selfishness helps others, but I believe that all kinds of things in society can be beneficial to both public and private, and then help others. Doing things in the public interest will never fail. If it is true that it is for the public and fails, it is not a failure. I have believed in this for decades, and I have never been able to do it. If someone wants to take advantage of the opportunity to make a fortune in that realm, and first seek food and clothing for himself, this kind of person who makes a fortune will certainly not be satisfied with him, even if he suffers a lot with his own wealth, he will not necessarily be happy!

现代科学昌明，工、商、农界都有新的发明和新的组织。我希望南开大学能造出一班有组织能力之人，以发达中国的实业，而谋国家的富强。
Modern science has prospered, and there have been new inventions and new organizations in industry, commerce, and agriculture. I hope that Nankai University can create a group of people with organizational ability to develop China's industry and seek the prosperity and strength of the country.

现在风行一时的，不就是共产主义吗？它的发生的原因，就是分配不均。一个社会里，有几个资本家拥有大量的财产，群众对于他不满意，因而有罢工等事。但是这些事，是在西洋常见的。中国的现状，说不上有产，有的是些做工工具及机器，这些东西能帮助着人生产快，并且也不能为一个或几个人所独有。所以现在的中国，不是产业的不平，是政治上的不平、政治上的糜乱。我理想中想造出一班人来，发达中国实业，为公的，而非为私的。
Isn't communism all the rage now? The reason for this is the uneven distribution. In a society, there are several capitalists who own a large amount of property, and the masses are not satisfied with him, so there are strikes and so on. But these things are common in the West. The current situation in China is not about production, but about tools and machines, which can help people produce quickly, and they are not exclusive to one or a few people. Therefore, the current China is not an industrial injustice, but a political injustice and political chaos. My ideal is to create a group of people who will develop China's industry, for the public, not for the private.

我的理想，如何实现，在办教育。所恃靠的人，即你们商科的学生。你们今天开完成立大会后，起首去做，希望着达到你们章程上的目的，至于能否达到，要看你们做得如何。不过在现在的中国，为中国历来未有之时机，到处皆机会，不致有“英雄无用武之地”之憾，顶着头去干，快乐极了。
My ideals, how to realize, in education. The people you rely on are your business students. After you have completed your assemblies today, you will start to do it, hoping to achieve the goals set out in your constitution, and whether you can achieve it depends on how well you do it. However, in today's China, there is never an opportunity for China, and there are opportunities everywhere, so there will be no regret of "heroes are useless", and it is very happy to do it with your head.

你们的智力、体力及家资都很够用，又有一个很安静的地方来读书；读书疲了，还有我这个“做梦家”替你们吹气，环境还不算好吗？现在时局扰乱到如此，一般醉心权力者失败必矣，恢复及最后成功的责任，端在你们预备中的青年。
You have sufficient intellect, physical strength, and household resources, and you have a very quiet place to study; I'm tired of studying, and I, a "dreamer", blow for you, isn't the environment good? Now that the situation is so troubled that the general obsessed with power will fail, the responsibility for recovery and ultimate success rests with the young people you are preparing.

有人说我厌谈政治，其实何尝如此。实在地讲，今日之政治，无所谓政治。中国现在之政治，一官僚之政治，政客之政治耳！政客把身卖与军阀，是为饥寒所迫，不得不然，假使不出卖，就没有饭吃。我并不是不谈政治，是谈政治的机会没有到。我认为要人人有业后，始可谈到政治。现在一般在政界混饭吃之人，皆家无常产，没有饭吃，机会一到，乱喊乱咬，我尚忍心劝人去入此陷阱乎？所以我的方针，是先办实业，后谈政治。从实业中拿些
Some people say that I hate politics, but that's not true. Truth be told, today's politics doesn't matter about politics. China's current politics is the politics of bureaucrats and the political ears of politicians! Politicians sell themselves to warlords because they are forced by hunger and cold, and if they don't sell, they won't have anything to eat. It's not that I don't talk about politics, it's that I haven't had the opportunity to talk about politics. I believe that politics can only be talked about when everyone has a job. Nowadays, people who eat in the political circles are generally impermanent, and they have no food to eat, and when the opportunity comes, they shout and bite indiscriminately, and I can still bear to persuade people to fall into this trap? Therefore, my policy is to run business first, and then talk about politics. Take some from the industry

110|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
110|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

钱出来，去办政治，不是从政治中拿些钱出来，去买议员，这种先实业而后政治，就是我的政治梦。少年人做事，要有眼光，要有合作的精神。有了合作的精神，才有同心一志的意向。一个人上去，不要总去骂人家出风头，中国人真正应当出的风头不去出，所以才闹得中国到这个地步。有人上去了，我们应该去帮助他，不要拆台。少年人固然有些是尖头，只想占便宜，不管闲事，只晓得找人家的错处，而自已又不去做：但是这种尖头的事，小的时候，固然觉不着什么，到了长大成人，出去做事，就不行了。假使有一个同学在某处有点建设，要用一个人，一提到尖头的印象，他就会拒绝引用，这种事确不是小的。眼光要远，有了远的眼光，才有发展的机会，中国现在到处是未开辟，此时不去做，何时去做？
Money comes out, to run politics, not to take some money out of politics, to buy parliamentarians, this kind of industry first and then politics, is my political dream. Young people should have a vision and a spirit of cooperation in doing things. With the spirit of cooperation, there is the intention of one heart and one mind. When a person goes up, don't always scold others for being in the limelight, and the Chinese really should not be in the limelight, which is why China has come to this point. Someone has gone up, we should go and help him, not tear down the stage. Of course, some young people are pointy, and they just want to take advantage of them, and they only know how to find other people's faults, and they don't do it themselves: but this kind of pointy things, when they are young, they don't feel anything, but when they grow up, they go out to do things, and they can't do it. If there is a classmate who has a bit of construction somewhere, and wants to use a person, when he mentions the impression of a pointed head, he will refuse to quote it, this kind of thing is not small. To have a far-sighted vision, with a long-term vision, there is a chance for development, China is now everywhere unexplored, do not do it at this time, when to do it?

我希望你们，第一联络在校同学的感情，如同矿科一样，再联络出校同学及实业界各人，按部就班地往前去做，到后来就觉着快乐了。我的做事的秘诀，就在快乐，你们如能保持这种乐观的态度，成功如操左券。我在这个成立大会里，因未有预备，随便地说了些闲话，但是我很热烈地希望着你们努力合作，达到你们的高尚目的。
I hope that you will first contact the feelings of the students in school, just like the mining department, and then contact the students and everyone in the business industry, and move forward step by step, and then feel happy. The secret of my work is to be happy, and if you can maintain this optimistic attitude, you will be successful. I have gossiped casually at this inaugural meeting because I was not prepared, but I warmly hope that you will work together to achieve your noble ends.

（原载于《南大周刊》第24期，1925年12月7日）
(Originally published in NTU Weekly No. 24, December 7, 1925).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|111
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|111

学行合一
Learning and doing are one

上期周刊登了陶行知先生为本校教职员演讲的一篇稿子，题目是《教学合一》，大家想都看过了。陶先生的意思，说教学应当合一。他的理由是：一、先生的责任在教学，在教学生学，二、教的法子必须根据于学的法子；三、先生不只是教学生学，并且同时自已也要学。我对于他第一个理由，还有些意见，陈先生已约略地写了几句登在周刊上。现在，用这几十分钟，我再和大家讲讲。
Last week, Mr. Tao Xingzhi published a draft of a speech for the faculty and staff of the school, entitled "The Integration of Teaching", which everyone has already read. Mr. Tao meant that teaching should be unified. His reasons are: first, the responsibility of the gentleman is to teach, to teach the students to learn, and second, the method of teaching must be based on the method of learning; 3. Mr. not only teaches students to learn, but also learns himself. I still have some opinions about his first reason, and Mr. Chen has written a few sentences and published them in the weekly magazine. Now, in these dozens of minutes, I will talk to you again.

我的意思，以为以前的“教书”“教学生”，固然是不对；但是“教学生学”就能说是已经尽了教之能事了吗？这个，据我看，还是不够，应该再进一步，教学生行。中国古代的教育的特点，教学生行也可算是一个。我现在可以举几个例，来证明孔子的“教学生行”。
What I mean is that the previous "teaching" and "teaching students" are certainly wrong; But can "teaching students to learn" be said to have done their best? This, in my opinion, is still not enough, and it should be further and teach students to do it. The characteristics of education in ancient China can also be regarded as one of the characteristics of teaching students to practice. I can now cite a few examples to prove Confucius's "teaching students to act".

《论语·学而》章有几句话：
There are a few sentences in the chapter "The Analects of Learning":

子日：弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁；行有余力，则以学文。
Ziri: The disciple is filial piety when he enters, and the younger brother when he goes out, he is cautious and faithful, and he loves the public, and he is kind; If you have spare energy, you will learn the text.

本文是1925年12月17日张伯苓在南开中学高中周会上的演讲，由蔡昭明、张志基记录。
This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the weekly meeting of Nankai Middle School on December 17, 1925, and was recorded by Cai Zhaoming and Zhang Zhiji.

112|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
112|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

这里所谓的“孝”“弟”“谨”“信”“爱众”“亲仁”，不都是关于“行” 的方面的吗？你看他底下接一句说：“行有余力，则以学文。”他对于“行”，是何等的重视！反观现在的知识阶级里的人，多半是学有余力，则以求行；只顾求学求文，反把“行”一方面视为次要，甚且毫不注意。这是什么道理呢？难道说古人须讲“行”，而今人可以不顾吗？
Isn't the so-called "filial piety", "brother", "sincerity", "faith", "love for all" and "kindness" all about "action"? You see, he said one after another: "If you have the ability to do it, you can learn the literature." "How much he attaches importance to "doing"! On the other hand, most of the people in the intellectual class today have the ability to learn, so they want to do it; He only cares about studying and writing, but regards "action" as secondary on the one hand, and even pays no attention to it. What is the rationale for this? Could it be that the ancients had to talk about "doing", but now people can ignore it?

再看《中庸》上的一段话：
Let's look at a passage from "The Mean":

博学之；审问之；慎思之；明辨之；笃行之。
erudite; interrogation; Think about it; discernment; Do it.

这几句话将我们求学的步骤指点得清清楚楚。我们要博学，但是仅仅听受得很多，而不加以讨虑，他人怎样说，我们怎样听，没有丝毫怀疑、思索和辨明的功夫，那又有什么益处？所以那“审问”“慎思”“明辨”三步是必需的了。这几步功夫都有了之后，可以说声“知道了”就算完事吗？仅仅“知道了”有多大好处？所以“明辨之”之后，接着就是“笃行之”。着重还是在一个“行”字。
These few sentences clearly point out the steps of our study. What good is it for us to be learned, but to listen to a great deal without consideration, and to hear what others say, how we listen, without the slightest effort of doubt, reflection, and discernment? Therefore, the three steps of "interrogation", "careful thinking" and "discernment" are necessary. After all these steps have been done, can you say "I know" and be done? How good is it to just "get it"? Therefore, after "discernment", it is followed by "practice". The emphasis is still on the word "line".

再举一个例来说吧，《论语·雍也》篇说：
Let's take another example, the chapter "The Analects of Yongye" says:

哀公问：“弟子敦为好学？”
Wai Gong asked: "The disciple is eager to learn?" ”

孔子对曰：“有颜回者好学；不迁怒，不贰过…···”
Confucius said: "Those who have a good face are studious; Don't get angry, don't offend..."

哀公问的是谁好学，孔子答了颜回好学，似乎就可接说“不幸短命死矣”。可是他却插人“不迁怒，不贰过”两句，这是论他的“行”的。由此可见孔子心目中的好学，乃学行并重，而不是死捧书本的。
Mourning Gong asked who was studious, and Confucius replied that Yan Hui was studious, and it seemed that he could answer the question of "unfortunately short-lived and died". However, he interjected two sentences, "Do not be angry, do not offend", which is about his "deeds". It can be seen that Confucius's eagerness to learn is to pay equal attention to learning and doing, rather than holding books to death.

有些人以为“教学生行”很困难，在现在这个时代，无从着手。譬如你教代数，教他行X呢？还是行Y呢？并且，现在学科这么繁多，顾功课还来不及呢。诚然，现在的社会，比从前的复杂得多。一个人的知识，也应当比前人的多，才能处在社会里头。所以“知”的方面的科学等，应当多多教
Some people think that "teaching students to do it" is difficult, and in this day and age, there is no way to start. For example, if you teach algebra and teach him to do X? Or line Y? Moreover, there are so many disciplines now, it's too late to take care of your homework. It is true that today's society is much more complex than before. A person should also have more knowledge than his predecessors in order to be in society. Therefore, the science of "knowledge" should be taught more

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|113
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|113

授。但是，仅仅得了许多的知识就能满足了吗？“学”的一方面即使十全十备，而“行”的一方面丝毫不注意，这样能算是个完人吗？这当然不对。所以，我以为最低限度，即使“行”不比“学”更重要，也应当“学”“行” 并重，不可偏废。
Confer. But is it enough to just gain a lot of knowledge? Even if the aspect of "learning" is perfect, and the aspect of "doing" is not paid attention to at all, can this be regarded as a perfect person? This is certainly not true. Therefore, I think that at the very least, even if "doing" is not more important than "learning", we should pay equal attention to "learning" and "doing", and should not be neglected.

学行并重，我们知道是应该的了。但是，怎么“行”呢？是否教工程学的除了课本上的知识而外，还教学生实地练习就叫作“行”？这个，并不是我所谓的“行”，也不是古人所谓的“行”。我所谓的“行”，是行为道德。提起道德，我又有些意见。近来一般人以为人类是动物的一种，他能够生存，他当然不免有欲望；可是一人能力有限，要合多少人，才能使生活的欲望满足，在这共同的努力的关系上，发生出公共的道德信条。这种说法，是从利害上着眼的，而不是从是非上着眼的。现在的人，可以说他们是智者，因为“仁者安仁，智者利仁”，他们都是从利害方面去观察的。这个，固然也是一时的潮流所趋，不易避免。但是我们既然觉出他的错误，就应该力自拯拔。像《论语》里曾子所说：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？”那么自己监督着自己。对于学的一方面，也同样的重视努力，使学行两方，平均发展。世界上的人全能如此，那么，现在的那些奇形怪状的事情，早就不致发现，而我们的生活也早就安宁而美满了。
We know it's time to pay equal attention to learning and doing. But how? Is it called "doing" to teach students field exercises in addition to the knowledge in textbooks? This is not what I call "line", nor is it what the ancients called "line". What I call "action" is the morality of behavior. When it comes to morality, I have some opinions. Recently, people generally think that human beings are a kind of animals, and that they can survive, and of course they inevitably have desires; However, the ability of one person is limited, and how many people must be combined in order to satisfy the desire for life, and in this relationship of common effort, a public moral creed can be produced. This statement is based on interests and interests, not from right and wrong. Nowadays, people can be said to be wise, because "the benevolent are benevolent, and the wise are benevolent", they all observe from the aspect of interests. This, of course, is also a temporary trend and is not easy to avoid. But since we realize his mistake, we should do our best to save ourselves. As Zeng Zi said in the "Analects": "I have three days and three provinces of my body: seeking for others and not being loyal? Making friends and not believing them? Are you used to it? "Then supervise yourself. For the one side of learning, we also attach equal importance to hard work, so that both sides of learning and practice can develop equally. If the people of the world are omnipotent, then the strange things of the present time will not be discovered a long time ago, and our lives will be peaceful and happy long ago.

时间匆促，不能多说。现在，让我把我的意思总结起来说吧：现在社会上的变迁很大，而多流于偏废，只重物质，不重道德。尽管“学富五车”，而行为可以私毫不顾。这种错误，我们既已觉察出来，就应极力矫正，学行并重，才可免畸形发展的弊病。所以，现在的教育者，不但是不能以“教书”“教学生”为满足，即使他能“教学生学”，还没有尽他的教之能事。他应该更进一步，“教学生行”。“行”些什么？简言之，就是行做人之道。这样，才能算是好的教育。
Time is in a hurry, I can't say much. Now, let me summarize what I mean: there are great changes in society now, and most of them are wasteful, focusing only on material things and not on morality. Although "learning to be rich in five cars", and behavior can be selfish. Now that we have been aware of this kind of mistake, we should do our utmost to correct it and pay equal attention to learning and doing, so as to avoid the malpractice of deformity. Therefore, today's educators are not only not satisfied with "teaching" and "teaching students", but even if they can "teach students to learn", they have not done what they can teach. He should go one step further and "teach the students to do". What do you "do"? In short, it is to live the way of life. In this way, it can be considered a good education.

（原载于《南开周刊》第1卷第16号，1925年12月28日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, Vol. 1, No. 16, December 28, 1925).

114张伯苓：一人一校一国家
114 Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

学生的自立基础
The foundation for students' self-reliance

远方学生不惮跋涉，来此求学，非专为师长良好，设备较优，实以南开的教育宗旨在使学生“自动”“自觉”，自负责任以求上进；于是造成一种良好校风，而全校学生于不觉不知中随之亦好。所要者诸生在校能自立，到社会里去更须不为环境所动移。值此求学时期，诸生当以道德、身体、知识三事为自立基础。
Students from afar are not afraid to trek and come here to study, not only for teachers with good teachers and better equipment, but also for Nankai's educational purpose to make students "automatic" and "conscious", self-responsible and self-motivated; As a result, a good school spirit is created, and the whole school is unconsciously and unknowingly good. The most important thing is that all students can be self-reliant in school, and they must not be moved by the environment when they go to society. During this period of study, all beings should be self-reliant on the basis of morality, body, and knowledge.

青年在预备时期如知识之增进、身体之锻炼、道德之修养，三者须同时并进。深望诸生勿以等闲视之。
In the preparatory period, young people must improve their knowledge, exercise their bodies, and cultivate their morals at the same time. Deeply look at all living beings, and don't take them lightly.

（原载于《南开双周》第6卷第2期，1930年10月17日）
(Originally published in Nankai Fortnightly, Vol. 6, No. 2, October 17, 1930).

本文是1930年9月23日张伯苓在南开礼堂初二年级集会上的讲演。标题为编者所加。
This article is a speech given by Zhang Boling at the assembly of the second grade of junior high school in the Nankai Auditorium on September 23, 1930. The title was added by the editor.

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年丨115
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth丨115

提倡课外学术观摩会
Advocate extracurricular academic observation meetings

吾校当此遍地天灾人祸、交通阻隔之际，而国内各处来校投考之学生，犹如此踊跃，今与诸生——中国有为之青年——相聚一堂，实觉前途光明、愉快万分。吾人在南开服务或求学，应本着“拾起头来观察世界大势，低下头去脚踏实地工作”之目标，勇往前进。至本学年之工作可报告者甚多，兹举其大者，则为筹办学术观摩会，以谋增加诸生之课外生活之兴趣。
At a time when our school is full of natural and man-made disasters and traffic blockages, students from all over the country who come to the school to apply for the examination are still enthusiastic, and now they are gathered together with all students, China's promising young people, and they feel that the future is bright and happy. When I serve or study in Nankai, we should move forward bravely with the goal of "picking up and observing the general trend of the world, lowering my head and working in a down-to-earth manner". There are many reports on the work of the current academic year, and the most important of them is to organize academic observation meetings to increase the interest of students in extracurricular life.

（原载于《南开双周》第6卷第1期，1930年10月6日）
(Originally published in Nankai Fortnightly, Vol. 6, No. 1, October 6, 1930).

本文是1930年9月1日张伯苓在南开中学第53次开学式上的演说。 116|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the 53rd opening ceremony of Nankai Middle School on September 1, 1930. 116|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

对于南开校友的展望
Prospects for Nankai alumni

燃起了复兴民族之火
The fire of national rejuvenation was ignited

这次“三六”募款运动，赖诸位校友的共同努力，不但没有失败，结果还能超过原定募款数字三分之一以上，足证诸位校友的热心劝募，社会人士对于南开的爱护与赞助，我们实在觉得很可庆幸。
The "36" fundraising campaign, thanks to the joint efforts of all alumni, not only did not fail, but the result was more than one-third of the original fundraising figure, which proves the enthusiastic fundraising of the alumni, and we really feel very fortunate that the people of the society love and sponsor Nankai.

“三六”的用途，当初议定的总数三分之一作为南开大学的奖学金；三分之一，作为南开中学的奖学金；其余的三分之一，作为南开校友会的发展及社会教育事业的推广。募款的用途既经规定，此后利用该款的效率如何，就在乎我们支配的方法是否得当。
One-third of the total amount originally agreed upon for the purpose of "36" was used as a scholarship for Nankai University; one-third, as a scholarship at Nankai Middle School; The remaining one-third is used for the development of the Nankai Alumni Association and the promotion of social education. Once the purpose of the funds is prescribed, the efficiency of the use of the funds thereafter depends on the proper means at our disposal.

我对于校友会这宗款项究应如何利用，曾同校友会阎子亨主席谈过。我们的用款目的，不只求有益于校友自身，应当将范围扩大，还求有利于国家。我国自遭“九一八”的严重困难，暴露了国家的弱点、民族的颓唐，几乎国将不国。在这国势危的时候，凡我国民，均应奋发精神，为民族争生存，尤其是我们知识分子，更应“先天下之忧而忧”。我个人是主张教育救国的。南开学校，永远是随着时代进展的，以后对于学生之如何训练、课程之如何切实，当然更要与时俱进。可是我们南开的校友，也不能为时代之落伍者。诸位校友或在中学毕业，或在大学毕业。在学校的时候，固然都能努力求学，但是出了学校置身社会，因职业与环境的关系，恐怕对于求学的志趣没有像在学校时那样浓厚，所以想引起校友的读书兴趣，比在校的学生困
I have talked to Chairman Yan Ziheng of the Alumni Association about how to use the funds of the Alumni Association. The purpose of our use of funds is not only to benefit the alumni themselves, but also to expand the scope and benefit the country. The serious difficulties that China suffered from the "918" have exposed the weakness of the country and the decadence of the nation, and almost the country will not be a country. At this time when the country is in danger, all our citizens should work hard to fight for the survival of the nation, and we, the intellectuals, in particular, should "worry about the worries of the world first." Personally, I advocate education to save the country. Nankai School will always progress with the times, and in the future, it will keep pace with the times for how to train students and how practical the curriculum is. However, our alumni of Nankai cannot be the laggards of the times. Alumni have either graduated from high school or university. When I was in school, I was able to study hard, but because of the relationship between my career and the environment, I am afraid that my interest in studying was not as strong as when I was in school, so I wanted to arouse the alumni's interest in reading, and I was more sleepy than the students in school

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|117
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|117

难。好在我们南开的校友，都有一种所谓“南开精神”，并且诸位在社会上，也全有相当地位，只要不甘安逸，做起来也很容易。
Difficult. Fortunately, our Nankai alumni have a so-called "Nankai spirit", and you all have a considerable status in society, as long as you are not willing to be comfortable, it is easy to do.

近来新文化运动，提倡读书，注重充实人民的知识，这确是一个很好办法。孔子与子路论六言六蔽说：“好仁，不好学，其蔽也愚。好智，不好学，其蔽也荡。好信，不好学，其蔽也贼。好直，不好学，其蔽也绞。好勇，不好学，其蔽也乱。好刚，不好学，其蔽也狂。”可见人生于世，要想成个有知识的完人，非求学不能做到。所以我盼望南开的校友，都能随时求学，“日新月异”。古时的事理简单，如果读了书经，就可博通历史，学了易经，就算研究哲学。今世则不然，中外历史浩如烟海，哲学的玄奥，有“天演”“相对”等论。诸位校友，或服务于教育界，或任职于海关、邮政、银行究竟应求某种学问，充实哪样知识，现在据我看，在诸位校友的进程中，应有下列的认识：
The recent New Culture Movement, which advocates reading and focuses on enriching people's knowledge, is indeed a very good way. Confucius and Zilu talked about the six words and six covers: "Good benevolence, not easy to learn, and its cover is also foolish." Good wisdom, not easy to learn, and its concealment is also swinging. Good faith, not easy to learn, and its concealment is also a thief. It's straight, it's hard to learn, and it's also twisted. It's brave, it's not easy to learn, and it's chaotic. It's just right, it's hard to learn, and it's crazy. It can be seen that if you want to become a perfect person with knowledge, you can't do it without studying. Therefore, I hope that Nankai alumni can study at any time and "change with each passing day". In ancient times, things were simple, and if you read the Book of Books, you could learn about history and learn the Book of Changes, even if you studied philosophy. This is not the case in this world, where Chinese and foreign histories are vast, and the mysteries of philosophy are "natural performance" and "relative". As far as I can see, alumni should have the following understanding in the course of their careers, whether they are serving in the field of education, or working in customs, postal services, or banks, and what kind of knowledge they should be enriched:

（一）求怎样做人的知识。诸位校友一方面做事，一方面需不堕落、不颓唐，能够“束身自好”，在社会上才能有进取的展望。孔子说：“不学诗，无以言；不学礼，无以立”所以诸位校友，要多读关于身心修养的书！
(1) Seek knowledge of how to behave. On the one hand, alumni need to be not degenerate, not decadent, and able to "bind themselves" to have an enterprising outlook in society. Confucius said, "If you don't learn poetry, you can't speak; If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand" So alumni, read more books about physical and mental cultivation!

（二）要有团体组织。诸位校友如果每人能以余暇的工夫，十分之一或二十分之一联合起来，成为一整个健全的单位，共同努力于有益团体及国家的事业，一定能有充分的力量与显著的成效。近来多“结党营私”，我们南开校友要“结党营公”。
(2) There should be a group organization. If each of you can unite as a whole and work together to contribute to the cause of the organization and the country, you will surely have sufficient strength and remarkable results if each of you can unite as a whole and work together for the benefit of the organization and the country. Recently, there have been many "parties and private interests", and we Nankai alumni should "form parties and run public affairs".

（三）求知识的方式。就个人说，每日必看日报。在北方有价值的报章，如《大公报》《北平晨报》《益世报》等，每位至少须订阅一份。关于杂志类，如《独立评论》《国闻周报》内容都颇丰富。以团体言应有组织，如“演说会”，聘请专家演讲；“座谈会”，彼此讨论问题，及创设小规模“图书室”，俾校友们便于参考和探讨。
(3) The way of seeking knowledge. Personally, I must read the daily newspaper every day. Newspapers that are valuable in the north, such as Ta Kung Pao, Peking Morning Post, Yishi Bao, etc., must be subscribed to at least one copy each. As for magazines, such as "Independent Review" and "Guowen Weekly", they are quite rich in content. Organize the group language, such as "speaking conferences", and hire experts to speak; "Symposiums" to discuss issues with each other and create a small-scale "library" for alumni to refer to and discuss.

（四）努力于有益国家的事业。求知识，不仅限于个人方面，应当扩而大之。凡对于国家有益的事业，我们校友们就要通力合作，多做贡献。因为我们是知识阶级的领导者，应自负是复兴国家一支最强劲的生力军。本南开
(4) Strive for causes that benefit the country. The quest for knowledge is not limited to the personal aspect, but should be expanded. Whatever is beneficial to the country, our alumni should work together and make more contributions. Because we are the leaders of the intellectual class, we should be conceited that we are the strongest force in the revival of the country. Ben Nankai

118|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
118|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

的“硬干精神”先由天津总会做起，再逐渐推及于全国各分会。固然是“言之非艰，行之维难”，如果诸位校友能以“三六”募款那样的热心，不断地努力工作，对于现社会的“愚”与现社会的“穷”，一定能有相当的补救。现在就燃烧的煤球作比喻，如将煤球密集一处，则火光熊熊，燃烧力大。若将煤球散放，则光焰微弱，燃烧力小。我盼望诸位校友要将“三六”募款的热力，仍继续着燃烧，并且要与煤球一般的密集，使燃烧力更为强大永久。若只募款三万六千元，那不是我们唯一目的。我们希望“三六”募款燃烧力，蔓延到各处，它的热量散布到全国！我们南开学校，这三十年来，永远是燃烧着。现在各处都起了火光，南开的火光能否冲天，而烛照万里，就看我们南开，今后供给燃物的质量如何！
The "hard-working spirit" started from the Tianjin General Association, and then gradually extended to all branches across the country. If you can continue to work hard with the enthusiasm of "36" fundraising, you will definitely be able to remedy the "stupidity" and "poverty" of the current society. Now let's take the burning briquettes as an analogy, if the briquettes are concentrated in one place, the fire will be blazing and the burning power will be great. If the briquettes are scattered, the light flame is weak and the combustion force is small. I hope that all alumni will continue to burn the heat of the "36" fundraising, and it will be as dense as briquettes, so that the burning power will be stronger and permanent. If we only raise $36,000, that's not our only purpose. We hope that the "36" fundraising burning power will spread everywhere, and its heat will spread to the whole country! Our Nankai School, in the past 30 years, has always been burning. Now there are fires everywhere, whether the fire of Nankai can reach the sky, and the candle shines for thousands of miles, it depends on the quality of our Nankai supply of fuel in the future!

中国的民族，能否复兴，就在最近这几年内判断。试看东邻的日本，无论工业、武备，没有一样不现代化，真令人佩服！我们中国的民气，消沉、颓唐，这真是朽老民族的特征。我希望我们南开的校友一齐燃烧起来，做事“不自私”“肯为公”“持之以诚”“继之以勇”，个人成功，社会蒙床！同时我更希望能将校友楼扩大利用，方不辜负阎子亨主席设计建筑校友楼的一番苦心！
Whether or not the Chinese nation can be rejuvenated will be judged in the next few years. Looking at Japan, which is adjacent to the east, no matter whether it is industry or armament, there is nothing that is not modern, which is really admirable! The morale of our Chinese people is depressed and decadent, which is really the characteristic of the old nation. I hope that our Nankai alumni will burn together, do things "not selfishly", "willing to serve the public", "persevere" and "continue to be brave", personal success, and social covering! At the same time, I hope to expand the use of the alumni building, so as to live up to the painstaking efforts of Chairman Yan Ziheng in designing and building the alumni building!

（原载于《南开校友》第6期，1935年5月）
(Originally published in Nankai Alumni, No. 6, May 1935).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年丨119
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth丨119

认识环境，努力干去
Recognize the environment and work hard

开学那几天，因为学校的事到南京去，所以没得和大家谈话。今天借这个机会，和新旧学生稍微谈谈现在的情形，看看本学期咱们应当怎样做法。
In the first few days of school, I went to Nanjing because of school matters, so I didn't have to talk to everyone. Today, I would like to take this opportunity to talk a little bit about the current situation with new and old students, and see what we should do this semester.

这一次始业式是许多次始业式的一次，可是环境有了许多的变化。我们先要认识环境，再说怎么样应付环境。不能应付环境，要被淘汰。教育是帮助人应付环境的。既然要认识环境，今天就把个人所认识的所感想的说一说。最近几年，特别是最近几个月，有个很不安全的感觉。我们自以为是一个国，而这个国可是没有门，没有墙，这怎么好！以前我们住在什么环境里呢？以前的环境，四面的墙一齐倒，彼此互相支持住，没有倒下，我们就在这个环境下住了多少年，觉得很安全。大家在底下还要乱打乱闹，你看该死不该死！现在几面墙都塌了，有一面墙要整个地倒下来，自己又没有柱子支着，让它倒又受不了。早也不知干什么去了，拾头睁眼一看，各方面的势力都跑了，只有一个大势力来啦，如“冰山之释”，这是多么不安全！中国人真有这不安全感觉了吗？不完全都有。我希望我们南开的人，都有这个感觉。以前的事，不能说，也不必说了，在墙下胡闹的机会，再没有啦。以前的事情，人人都应该负责，我也是应该负责的。
This is one of many times, but the environment has changed a lot. We need to understand the environment first, and then how to deal with it. If you can't cope with the environment, you have to be eliminated. Education is about helping people cope with their environment. Since we want to understand the environment, today I will talk about what I know and feel. In recent years, and especially in recent months, there has been a very insecure feeling. We think we are a country, but this country has no doors, no walls, how good is that! What kind of environment did we live in before? In the previous environment, the four walls fell together, supported each other, and did not fall, and we lived in this environment for many years, and we felt very safe. Everyone is messing around at the bottom, you see damn it or not! Now several walls have collapsed, and one wall is about to fall down entirely, and it has no pillars to support it, so it can't stand it. I didn't know what to do for a long time, but when I opened my eyes, all the forces in all sides had run away, and only one big force came, such as the "release of the iceberg", how unsafe it was! Do the Chinese really feel insecure? Not exactly. I hope that all of us in Nankai feel this way. I can't say anything about the past, and I don't need to say it, and there is no chance to mess around under the wall anymore. In the past, everyone should be responsible, and I should also be responsible.

*本文是1933年张伯苓在南开大学礼堂的演说词。 120|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
*This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling in the auditorium of Nankai University in 1933. 120|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

有这不安全的感觉，应该怎么样呢？第一，不要像从前说孩子话，什么痛快说什么。回想前几年，小孩子气到万分。学生固然如此，甚至执政者也这样。现在这种举动万万不要有。快快想法子盖墙、盖门（要是懂得这个话，就是国防）。院子太大，不能都盖，哪怕盖一个角呢，也比不盖好。记住啦，在这个不安全的情形之下，第一，不要随便说话，第二，快快盖自己的墙，挡住那猛扑而来的势力。墙倒下来，大家一同都要死的。以前闹私的感情，闹意见，现在不要这样了。
What should I do if I feel insecure? First, don't talk like a child in the past, say whatever you want. Looking back on the past few years, the child was very angry. This is true of the students, even of those in power. This kind of behavior must not be done now. Quickly think of building walls and doors (if you understand this, it is national defense). The yard is too big to be built, even if it is a corner, it is better than not to cover it. Remember, in this unsafe situation, first, don't talk casually, and second, quickly build your own walls to block the onslaught of forces. The wall fell, and everyone died. In the past, I had personal feelings and opinions, but now I don't want to do that.

这几个月以来，我的第二个感想就是以前做的事情，满不彻底。我觉得我自已做的事情，也不彻底。这并不是谦虚。我盼望南开的人，此刻都大彻大悟，万不要因为小小的成功和进步而得意。我常想我们提倡体育，已有三十多年，体育比以前进步得多了。以前，长指甲，走路都走不稳。以前跳高跳四尺多就了不得啦，现在差不多到了六尺了。跑啦，篮球啦，都比以前进步多了。我们在国里觉得自已的进步，到了一开远东运动会、世界运动会一比，就不成了。我们进步，人家进步得更快。你要知道，自己进步是没有用的，有一点不如人，全局输了，自已的一切进步都没用了。所以彻底还要彻底，紧还要紧。自已认为小的进步不算，非彻底不行。说是比从前好得多了，等于白说，试看看别人的进步怎么样。现在情形这么险，我们应当怎么样做。上一次我对中学说话，提出了三个要点，我现在也给你们说。
In the past few months, my second impression is that what I have done in the past is not complete. I don't think what I'm doing is thorough. This is not modesty. I hope that the people of Nankai will be fully enlightened at this moment, and they will not be complacent because of small successes and progress. I often think that we have been advocating sports for more than 30 years, and sports have improved a lot more than before. In the past, I had long nails and couldn't walk steadily. It used to be a great jump of more than four feet, but now it's almost six. Running, basketball, it's all better than before. We feel that our own progress in the country will not be achieved when we compare the Far Eastern Games and the World Games. We progress, and others progress faster. You must know that it is useless to make progress on your own, if you are not as good as others, you will lose the overall situation, and all your own progress will be useless. So thoroughness and thoroughness are still more important. I think that small progress is not counted, and it is not possible to do it completely. To say that it is much better than before is to say in vain, try to see how others are progressing. Now that the situation is so dangerous, what should we do? The last time I spoke to the middle school, I made three main points, and I will tell you now.

第一，中国人太自私，不能合作。无论什么时候，什么事情，都可以看到自私的现象。我常坐在一旁，自已不说话，听人谈论，很少有人说到为公为国。例如做买卖吧，买卖是大家的，人人都要人股才行，人人都要提款，那岂不是坏了，岂不是糊涂么？又例如一个航海的船，全船要沉了，还有些人只管坐在舱里守着自已的财宝，看得太小太近。我们这些人不有总名称么？分开说罢，你姓这个，他姓那个，你是这省人，他是那省人，你是南开，我是北洋，但是这些人有总名儿，就是“中华民国”。总的东西要叫他存在，自己才能存在。要想叫他存在，看为他努力的人有多少。想着，真险呀，向公家添煤添油的人太少，楷油的人太多，这如何能好。
First, the Chinese are too selfish to cooperate. No matter when and what happens, you can see the phenomenon of selfishness. I often sit on the sidelines, I don't speak, I listen to people talk, and few people talk about serving the public and the country. For example, if you buy and sell, everyone buys and sells, everyone needs shares to do it, and everyone has to withdraw money, isn't that bad, isn't it confused? Another example is a seafaring ship, the whole ship is about to sink, and there are others who just sit in the cabin and guard their treasures, looking too small and too close. Don't we have a general name? Let's talk separately, your surname is this, his surname is that, you are from this province, he is from that province, you are Nankai, I am Beiyang, but these people have a general name, which is the "Republic of China". The general thing must be called for it to exist, so that it can exist for itself. If you want him to exist, look at how many people are working for him. Thinking, it's really dangerous, there are too few people who add coal and oil to the public, and too many people who make oil, how can this be good.

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年丨121
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth丨121

年长的人快死了，不要管他们，希望都在青年人身上。我在中学礼堂讲演，看着男女中学学生一千七八百人，真精神，我高兴。我今天看见你们，我也高兴。青年人要顾公，不要净顾自己，从自己起，每天想三回——
The older ones are dying, leave them alone, hope is in the youth. I gave a lecture in the middle school auditorium, and I was happy to see the 17,800 male and female high school students. I am glad to see you today. Young people should take care of the public, not themselves, starting from themselves, thinking three times a day—

我真爱国么？我自己对公家有好处吗？我自己对公家有害处吗？
Am I really patriotic? Am I doing it good for the public? Am I doing harm to the public?

你自已这样问你自己，你们都这么大的人，也用不着我给你们说什么是好处，什么是坏处。
You ask yourself this to yourself, you are all such big people, and you don't need me to tell you what is good and what is bad.

中国人的自私心比各国人都大。就知道为子孙为家族，可是不知道为国。中山先生说知难行易。做着容易！就是这个“知”真难。中国人几时才知道为国，知道无私就是公？我有一个比喻，旧学生听过多次了，新学生还未听过。我到各处学校演讲，用拉绳来比划。绳子一共是六根。一个气力大的人拉一头，那五个人要向一处拉，就拉过来了；五个人分向各处拉，就拉不过来了。这样浅的理，何以不懂呢？懂，为嘛不做呢？就是太私。要下修养功夫，练习公。这次在南京给遗族学校讲演，学生都是七八岁的小孩子。我问他们，你是哪一国人？他们说是中国人。有没有没人的国？他们说没有。中国人多不多？他们说多。中国强不强？他们说不强。为什么不强呢？小孩子说，不能团结。小孩子都懂。我痛快极啦。可惜的不是真知，不能做。拉绳懂了，别的事还是不懂。中国的事很简单，只要懂得这个道理，就易如反掌。中国人多，又不傻，地又大，何以不好？由于不能团结，太自
The selfishness of the Chinese is greater than that of other countries. I know that I am a family for my descendants, but I don't know how to be a country. Mr. Nakayama said that it is easy to know what is difficult to do. It's easy to do! It's just that this "knowing" is really difficult. When did the Chinese know that for the country and that selflessness is public? I have an analogy that old students have heard many times, but new students have not heard of it. I went to schools everywhere to give speeches and used rope drawstrings to make gestures. There are six ropes in total. When a man with great strength pulls one head, the five men want to pull it in one place, and they pull it over; The five of them were divided into different places, but they couldn't pull it up. Why don't you understand such a shallow reason? You know, why don't you do it? It's just too selfish. It is necessary to work self-cultivation and practice gong. This time, when he gave a lecture to the school for the bereaved families in Nanjing, the students were all seven or eight years old. I asked them, "What nationality are you?" They say it's Chinese. Is there a country where no one is there? They said no. Are there many Chinese? They say a lot. Is China strong? They say it's not strong. Why not be strong? The little ones say that there can be no unity. Children know it. I'm so happy. It's a pity that it's not true knowledge and can't do it. I understand the drawstring, but I still don't understand anything else. China's business is very simple, as long as you understand this truth, it is as easy as a finger. There are many Chinese, they are not stupid, and the land is big, why is it bad? Because of the inability to unite, too self-sufficient

4

私。公由哪里起？由一班、一个学校起下功夫，练习为公。
Private. Where does the public start? Work hard from one class and one school, and practice for the public.

中国人还有一种特性。小孩大人一样，总不愿别人好。大家在一块谈，谈到别人的坏处，大家精神百倍；说人好处，就不高兴了。好像不愿中国有好人，这就是亡国的根源。我在南京，提议组织一个会，专写匿名信。匿名信本是骂人的，我们以为一骂他，他就可以做点好事，其实，他更不做好事。所以要写捧人的匿名信，叫他今天接一封，明天接一封，日子长了，他高起兴来，尽力做好事。我常听人家说别人坏，大家都来了，再加点东西，这如何能好。我头一句话，总是想为他辩护。孟子说：“纣之不善，不如是之甚也……天下之恶皆归焉。”中国人愿意国家好，可是不愿意有好人，这都
The Chinese also have a characteristic. Children and adults are the same, they don't want others to be good. Everyone is talking together, talking about the disadvantages of others, everyone is full of energy; If you say that people are good, you will not be happy. It seems that I don't want China to have good people, and this is the root cause of the country's demise. I was in Nanjing, and I proposed to organize a meeting to write anonymous letters. The anonymous letter was originally scolding, we thought that if we scolded him, he could do something good, but in fact, he did not do good deeds. Therefore, write anonymous letters to praise people, tell him to pick one today, one letter tomorrow, and when the days are long, he will be happy and try his best to do good. I often hear people say that others are bad, everyone comes, add something, how can this be good. My first sentence was always trying to defend him. Mencius said, "It is better to be bad than to be bad...... All the evils of the world are gone. "Chinese want the country to be good, but they don't want to have good people, that's all."

122|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
122|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

是自私，度量不大。现在，我给你们想几句话：
It's selfish, and it's not measured. Now, let me give you a few words:

你是中国人吗？是。你爱中国吗？爱。
Are you Chinese? Be. Do you love China? Love.

你愿意中国好吗？愿意。
Would you like China to be good? Willing.

那么你就要得愿意中国人全都是好人。
Then you have to be willing that all the Chinese are good people.

不要太狭隘，彼此要往上长，不要往下长。总是批评人，那是往下长。譬如开一个运动会，有人代表南开跳高，你愿意他折坏腿吗？愿意人好，还是愿意人坏，你们可以拿这个试验自己，试验别人。现在倒霉时候，不愿别人好吗？要改，非改不成。
Don't be too narrow-minded, grow up to each other, don't grow down. Always criticizing people, that's going down. For example, in a sports meeting, someone jumps high on behalf of Nankai, do you want him to break his leg? Whether you want people to be good or people who are willing to be bad, you can test yourself and others with this. Now when you're unlucky, don't you want others to be good? If you want to change, you can't change it.

第二个要点，论个人聪明，中国人比日本人高。这是浮聪明。凡是有打算盘的事，中国都有小聪明。聪明是生来的好处，不是自己的，努力才是真正自己的。个人聪明，中国人高，可是团体的聪明，就不如日本了。中国人没有至诚，不恳挚。做事没至诚，不恳挚，是不成的。有的先生告诉我说，有些学生很聪明，就是不用功。我说，有这样的学生，你告诉我是谁，我把他找来，我打他。因为他暴天物，辜负老天的好意。
The second point, in terms of personal intelligence, is that the Chinese are taller than the Japanese. It's floating. Wherever there is a plan, China has a little cleverness. Being smart is a natural benefit, not your own, and hard work is truly your own. The individual is smart, the Chinese are high, but the group is not as smart as Japan. The Chinese are not sincere and sincere. If you don't do things sincerely, if you don't do it sincerely, you can't do it. Some gentlemen told me that some students are very smart, but they don't need to work. I said, there is such a student, you tell me who it is, I bring him in, I beat him. Because he was violent and lived up to God's good intentions.

你看人家外国人，都那么诚诚恳恳的，中国人总是那么飘飘摇摇的，我想给中国人加上点重量，中国人要傻不唧唧地干。中国人一事无成，要傻干。中国人没有分量，一吹就跑了。我给你们每人加上三十磅，各个人都加分量，沉住了气，不要说风凉话。说嘛就是嘛，要实做。中国人不如人的，不能合作，不能诚诚恳恳地干一下子，知难而退，浅尝止。应当“继续努力，以求贯彻”。你不是学过力学吗？力学上一个物体，加上一个力量，力量不断地加在物体上才怎么样？才有加速度，越加越快。假如浅尝辄止，就不能有成就。中国人不能咬牙干。要诚，要皮肉厚，脑筋迟钝。不成功，就要死。现在要改造国家社会，非有傻干的人不行。如有人露小聪明，我不爱；假如有傻不唧唧的，我说这孩子好，结果一定好，将来能为国家做事。中国人好像个个是大少爷，穿得漂亮，说话漂亮，一遇到难处，就担不住了。也不能受冻，不能挨饿，都是大少爷、大小姐，少爷国是站不住的。你
You see that foreigners are so sincere, Chinese are always so fluttering, I want to add some weight to the Chinese, and the Chinese have to do it stupidly. The Chinese have achieved nothing, and they have to do it stupidly. The Chinese have no weight and run away as soon as they blow. I'll add thirty pounds to each of you, and each of you will add weight, and calm down, and don't say cool things. Just say it, do it. Chinese people are inferior to others, cannot cooperate, cannot work sincerely and sincerely, retreat in the face of difficulties, and stop at a shallow taste. "Continued efforts should be made for follow-up". Didn't you study mechanics? In mechanics, an object is added with a force, and the force is constantly added to the object. There is acceleration, and it is faster and faster. If you stop at the beginning, you can't achieve anything. Chinese can't grit their teeth. Be sincere, have thick skin and flesh, and have a dull brain. If you don't succeed, you die. If we want to transform the country and society now, we can't do it unless there are stupid people. If someone shows his cleverness, I don't love it; If there is a stupid person who does not chirp, I say that this child is good, the result must be good, and he can do things for the country in the future. Chinese people seem to be big young masters, dressed beautifully, speak beautifully, and when they encounter difficulties, they can't bear it. can't be cold, can't starve, they are all the eldest young masters, eldest misses, and the young master's country is untenable. you

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|123
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|123

们人人都这么嘱咐自己：“别看我傻，我干，干出个样子来看。”国难到这个地步，你们都是大学生，你们要不成，这个国就没有希望了。所以要恳切、诚挚。
Everyone told themselves: "Don't look at me stupid, I'll do it, just look at it." "The national crisis has reached this point, you are all college students, if you don't succeed, there will be no hope for this country. So be sincere and sincere.

第三个要点，就是努力。要自个儿上弦。要拿住劲儿，不要上着上着又脱脱地松。又像打气，打着打着，噗！了。中国人到时候就拿不住了。长江流域的人清秀有余，而敦厚不足。我以为长江流域的学生，应该到北方来上学，十一二月北风刮得顶厉害的时候，顶着北风走，这样顶下来，才能做大事。谈到努力，我真佩服日本人。中国人为什么不行，中国人皮松肉厚。你们都要咬定牙根，紧张又紧张向前努力。
The third point is hard work. You have to wind it yourself. You have to hold on to it, don't go up and loose. It's like cheering up, snorting, poof! Finish. The Chinese will not be able to hold it then. The people in the Yangtze River basin are more than beautiful, but not generous. I thought that students in the Yangtze River basin should go to school in the north, and when the north wind blows strongly in November and February, they should walk against the north wind, so that they can do great things. When it comes to hard work, I really admire the Japanese. Why can't the Chinese, the Chinese have loose skin and thick meat. You all have to grit your teeth and work forward with nervousness and tension.

以上所说的三样，就是公、诚、努力。同学里有这样的人，你们要鼓励他，互相鼓励做这样的人。要恳切，要诚，不要净说笑话松话。“瞧这小样儿干吗，有什么用处！”南开不要这种说缺德话俏皮话的人。南开要的是傻子，不要聪明的。学厚，学傻，要钝。譬如刀吧，磨得很快的，锋刃太尖，这时候不要用。得把他那个虚尖儿磨去了，再用就行了。锋利的容易挫，傻的长，可以做事。中国人不如西洋人、日本人的，就是傻和诚不够，太轻飘。弦要自己上，自已打气。现在局面这样，不用先生们讲，你们还不懂吗？还用我说吗？你们认识了环境，努力干。
The three things mentioned above are fairness, sincerity, and hard work. If there is such a person in your classmates, you should encourage him and encourage each other to be such a person. Be sincere, be sincere, don't tell jokes and loose words. "Look at what this little thing is doing, what's the use!" Nankai doesn't want this kind of person who says things that lack morality and witticisms. Nankai wants fools, not smart ones. Learn to be thick, learn to be stupid, and be dull. For example, if a knife is sharpened quickly, the blade is too sharp, so don't use it at this time. I've got to grind his false tip away, and then use it again. The sharp ones are easy to frustrate, the stupid ones are long, and they can do things. The Chinese are not as good as Westerners and Japanese, that is, they are not stupid and sincere enough, and they are too light. The strings should be on their own, and they should cheer themselves up. Now that the situation is like this, you don't need to talk about it, don't you understand? Do you still need me to say it? You know the environment, and you work hard.

（原载于《南开校友》第1卷第1期，1935年10月15日）
(Originally published in Nankai Alumni, Vol. 1, No. 1, October 15, 1935).

124丨张伯苓：一人一校一国家
124丨Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

诸位校友：
Dear Alumni,

南开校友与中国前途在昆明校友分会欢迎会上的讲话
Nankai alumni and China's future speech at the welcome meeting of the Kunming Alumni Chapter

此次为重庆校友会给大家带个好来。校友总会自从迁到重庆后，工作成绩很好。原因是有一位干事郭荣生。郭君对于到重庆的校友们，招待极热心，对于散布在各地校友的住址、职业调查得很清楚，他一个人就记得两千多校友的名字与职业。我说这些话，为的是使大家今后更来多多地帮助他，促进校友会的工作。第二样，是校友月刊。近来也由郭君主编，严仁颖君的帮忙，办得很好。最先印行五百本，现在已增加至一千八百多本，在这方面更希望大家帮助与利用。
This time, I will bring you a good idea for the Chongqing Alumni Association. Since the Alumni Association moved to Chongqing, it has achieved good results. The reason is that there is an officer, Guo Rongsheng. Guo Jun is very enthusiastic about the alumni who come to Chongqing, and he has a very clear investigation of the addresses and occupations of the alumni scattered all over the country, and he alone remembers the names and occupations of more than 2,000 alumni. I say this in order to help him more and promote the work of the alumni association in the future. The second is the alumni monthly magazine. Recently, it has also been edited by Guo Jun, and with the help of Yan Ren Yingjun, it has been done very well. The first 500 copies were printed, and now it has increased to more than 1,800 copies, and I hope that you will help and make use of it in this regard.

各学校校友会，抗战以来恢复最快的，怕是首推南开。有一次《时事新报》的经理崔唯吾先生说，中国组织最好的校友会，要算南开与黄埔军校的。不过黄埔军校是国立的军事团体，而南开是私立的学校，多赖大家的帮忙互助。出校、在校的校友同学，要时时联络，向一个高的目标去努力。把敌人打散后，我们的学校能很快地组织起来，校友会亦同时组织起来，效率且非常的大。这点表示出我们学校的精神，但要紧的还得大家帮助，常互通消息。总会在重庆，最大的分会在昆明，近来贵阳、桂林、西安、兰州各地的校友会三十六处也都逐渐成立了，证以离开学校的校友们都很努力，此后望大家对校友会多给一点帮忙，同时也可尽力利用校友会，大家有不知各地
The alumni associations of various schools, the fastest recovery since the Anti-Japanese War, I am afraid that Nankai is the first to be promoted. On one occasion, Mr. Cui Weiwu, the manager of the "Shishi Xinbao", said that the best alumni associations in China are those of Nankai and Huangpu Military Academies. However, the Whampoa Military Academy is a national military organization, while Nankai is a private school, thanks to everyone's help and mutual assistance. Alumni and students who are out of school and in school should always keep in touch and work towards a high goal. After the enemy is dispersed, our school can be organized very quickly, and the alumni association is also organized at the same time, which is very efficient and very large. This shows the spirit of our school, but it is important that we have everyone's help and exchange news frequently. The association is in Chongqing, the largest branch is in Kunming, and recently 36 alumni associations in Guiyang, Guilin, Xi'an, and Lanzhou have been gradually established

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|125
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|125

校友近况者，可写信向郭荣生干事探问。
Alumni can write to Mr. Kwok for inquiries.

个人最近九月来的情况，再稍为报告一下。
Personally, I will report a little bit on the situation of my recent September.

昆明，去年三月来过一回，九月底又来过一趟，这次是第三趟，按理说应常来，终因为南渝（现称南开）中学刚刚成立，募款筹备都需要办理；四川自流井的蜀光中学，承盐务管理局缪剑霜局长之托，自接办后由初级改为高级，一切也都需整理，因此到昆明时候较少。到去年六月，政府组织国民参政会，我也在内，最初在汉口，第二次、三次开会是在重庆。蒋先生并任议长，因他要公很多，每周常会需要个人担任主席，所以一年来多留在重庆，也是不能常来的一个原因。最近九个月来，政府各方面情形，知道的稍多一点，（略）财政、外交、军政、教育、内政各部及行政、考试、监察等各院负责者，每星期五都有周详的报告，因此内幕情形较前知道多一点。
Kunming, came once in March last year, and came again at the end of September, this time is the third trip, it stands to reason that it should come often, because Nanyu (now known as Nankai) Middle School has just been established, and fundraising preparations need to be handled; Shuguang Middle School in Sichuan Ziliujing, entrusted by Director Miao Jianshuang of the Salt Administration, has changed from junior to senior since it was taken over, and everything needs to be sorted out, so there is less time to Kunming. By June last year, the government had organized a national council, including me, initially in Hankow, and the second and third meetings were held in Chongqing. Mr. Jiang also served as the chairman of the parliament, because he had a lot of public affairs, and he needed to serve as the chairman of the weekly regular meeting, so he stayed in Chongqing for more than a year, which was also a reason why he could not come often. In the past nine months, the government has known a little more about the situation in various aspects, and the people in charge of the ministries of finance, foreign affairs, military administration, education, and the interior, as well as the administration, examination, and supervision, have made detailed reports every Friday, so that the inside situation is a little more known than before.

南开学校四十年来精神是一贯的。中日战争之后，严范孙先生看到我们不如人的原因，我当时在北洋水师学堂受到很大的刺激，所以决定了根本从教育方面着手计划，改造中国。我一向对于教育就非常重视，全国中学有科学仪器设置的，亦以南开为最早。改造中国的目的要复兴民族与国家。
The spirit of Nankai School has been consistent for 40 years. After the Sino-Japanese War, Mr. Yan Fansun saw the reason why we were inferior, and I was greatly stimulated by the Beiyang Naval Academy at that time, so I decided to start planning from the aspect of education to transform China. I have always attached great importance to education, and Nankai was the first to have scientific instruments in middle schools across the country. The purpose of transforming China is to rejuvenate the nation and the state.

南开的校训是“公”“能”两个字。“能”的意思，就是对于身体的锻炼与知识的培植。“公”的意思，就是为公众，摒除自私自利。中国人向来犯这两种病，近来全国人士对南开已渐渐认识了。
Nankai's school motto is "Gong" and "Can". The meaning of "ability" is the cultivation of physical training and knowledge. The meaning of "public" is to serve the public, to get rid of selfishness. Chinese people have always suffered from these two diseases, and recently people in the whole country have gradually come to know Nankai.

近年来国人从西洋贩来许多不消化的东西一自由、平等，但目前主要的是如何撇开私人一切，来共同抵抗外力这回事。三年前我到四川办中学，蒋先生就很赞助。五年前我同蒋梦麟先生在北平去见蒋先生，他就主张教育须文武不分。（略）
In recent years, the Chinese people have sold many indigestible things from the West, such as freedom and equality, but at present, the main thing is how to put aside everything private and resist external forces together. Three years ago, when I went to Sichuan to run a middle school, Mr. Jiang sponsored it. Five years ago, when I went to meet Mr. Jiang with Mr. Jiang Menglin in Beiping, he advocated that education should not distinguish between civil and military affairs. (omitted)

中国现在是在难与险中争生存。难者，国家如同船行上水，逆水行舟，大家如同拉船的人，非一齐用力拉不行，险者，如同船行下水，惊涛骇浪，只要大家群策群力，向着一个目标向前走，不见得马上就好，然而前途不见得不光明。
China is now struggling to survive in the midst of difficulties and dangers. The victims, the country is like a boat on the water, against the current, everyone is like a person pulling a boat, unless they pull hard together, the danger, like a boat going into the water, stormy waves, as long as everyone works together and moves forward towards a goal, it may not be good immediately, but the future is not necessarily bright.

愿南开校友，本着南开“公”“能”校训往前去，同时跟随最高领袖往 126张伯苓：一人一校一国家
May Nankai alumni go forward in line with Nankai's motto of "public" and "can", and at the same time follow the supreme leader to 126 Zhang Boling: one person, one school, one country

前走。在目前环境之下，国家对教育界不薄，教育界应当表示出一种精神来。南开精神更应加倍表示出来。目前是我民族几千年来的非常时期，是一个转时期，亦是一个千载难逢的好机会。（略）
Go ahead. Under the current circumstances, the state is not weak towards the education sector, and the education sector should show a spirit. The spirit of Nankai should be doubly expressed. At present, it is an extraordinary period for our nation for thousands of years, a turning period, and a good opportunity that is once in a lifetime. (omitted)

南开有许多人在社会上已经给大家开了一条路，为国家为个人都很好。这时候我们所遭逢的，虽苦虽难，只要大家努力，真可为几千年所遇不到的绝好机会。假如精神一颓唐，只有给人当奴隶，恐无复翻身的时候。当战马给人打仗，不如当战士为自已的国家奋斗。南开学校是长的，学校本身如此，出校校友亦如此。抗战后，日本人对我赶回二十年，我今年才四十几岁。大家正在奋发时期，希望振作起来努力，加强力量，帮助领袖抗战建国。
There are many people in Nankai who have opened a way for everyone in society, and it is very good for the country and individuals. At this time, although it is difficult for us to encounter, as long as we work hard, it is really a wonderful opportunity that we have not encountered in thousands of years. If the spirit is declining, there is only a time to be a slave to others, and I am afraid that there will be no time to turn over. It is better to be a warrior to fight for your own country than to be a war horse. Nankai School is long, the school itself, and so are the alumni. After the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese rushed me back for 20 years, and I am only in my forties this year. Everyone is in a period of hard work, hoping to cheer up and work hard, strengthen their strength, and help the leader to resist the war and build the country.

（原载于《南开校友》第4卷第6期，1939年4月15日）
(Originally published in Nankai Alumni, Vol. 4, No. 6, April 15, 1939).

第三章欲强中国，端赖少年|127
Chapter 3 If you want to strengthen China, you rely on the youth|127

第四章
Chapter IV

改造中国，睡狮方醒
Transform China, sleep the lion to wake up

吾之救国药
My national salvation medicine

此次对于时事，无许多要者可言，唯国内之中对于宪法起草案，关系似为较大，颇有可注意之价值。此事有数省督军欲加干涉，虽政府未必许可，然结果如何尚在不可知之数。诸生阅报其加之意焉。至中日交涉现尚延迟未办，以外交总长唐少川氏尚未到任视事故也。
There are not many important things to say about current affairs this time, but the draft of the constitution seems to be relatively relevant in China, and it is of considerable value. Several provincial overseers tried to intervene in this matter, and although the government did not necessarily allow it, it is unknown what the outcome would be. All beings read and report the meaning of it. The Sino-Japanese negotiations have not yet been postponed, and the Israeli Foreign Minister Tang Shaochuan has not yet arrived to see the accident.

对于训言者，与从前所言蝉联而下，故初言预备，次言国家前途，而此次所言为吾之救国药。顾在未言之先，尚有其他事之小者，欲为诸生言之。其为何事？即为禁止学生在球房打球及书馆听书。球房原非大不事，乃多有借此为狭邪游之厉阶，故亦在所应禁。盖此地素称繁华，学生之在本校为学者，其父兄恒言较他处为放心，以本校能监督其行动也。故吾辈职员等遇有学生之犯此者，必不稍假借，以不负其家长之初心。欲杜此恶风而除此病源，日有二法：一方面则教导之，以防其未然；一方面则调查之，以绝其再犯，则此弊习自然可绝矣！昨日有某先生获二人旧习未改，一为旧生，一为新生。该旧生当晚退学，新生令之停学思过。其必如此惩罚之者，不独以其有污一已之名誉道德，且恐其传染他人也。盖少年之中具有自治之力，而不为外魔所移者实鲜。类多自治之力薄弱，染于苍则苍，染于黄则黄。与善人相处，则不失为君子，与恶人相处，则流而人于小人。芜刘稗之所以助苗之长也。或日，他国人亦不能尽免无如此者。然此最不宜于吾国，具更不宜
For the speaker, it is in tandem with what was said before, so the first words are prepared, the second is the future of the country, and this time what I say is my national salvation medicine. Before the words are spoken, there are other small things that want to be spoken for all beings. What is it? That is, students are prohibited from playing in the ball room and listening to books in the library. The ball room is not a big deal, but there are many ways to use it as a narrow and evil game, so it should also be banned. This place is known as a prosperous place, and the students are scholars in this school, and their father and brother Hengyan are more at ease than elsewhere, so that the school can supervise their actions. Therefore, our staff and other students will not use this excuse to live up to the original intention of their parents. If you want to put an end to this evil wind and get rid of this disease, there are two ways to do it: on the one hand, you should teach it to prevent it from happening; On the one hand, it will be investigated to prevent it from repeating itself, and this bad habit will naturally be eliminated! Yesterday, a certain gentleman was awarded two old habits that have not changed, one is an old student, and the other is a new student. The old student dropped out of school that night, and the new student ordered him to suspend his studies. Those who must be punished in this way are not only for their reputation and morality, but also for fear of infecting others. Among the boys, there is the power of autonomy, and those who are not moved by external demons are really fresh. The power of many types of autonomy is weak, and if it is dyed in the blue, it will be blue, and if it is dyed in yellow, it will be yellow. If you get along with good people, you will be a gentleman, and if you get along with evil people, you will be like a villain. The reason why the barnyard helps the seedlings grow. In the future, no one in another country will be exempt from such a person. However, this is the most unsuitable for our country, and it is even more inappropriate

130|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
130|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

于吾国之少年，时势使然也。诸生其共勉。
For the young people of our country, the times are also dictated. All beings are encouraged together.

此事既已言毕，余且更欲言吾之救国药矣！余在言此第一部，为诸生引对待之名词二，日进取，日保守。吾人试思吾国人之心理，其进取者乎？保守者乎？其为保守不必讳言。二者相较果何派为优？何派为劣？何派胜？何派败乎？有持进取主义者，国在东亚，执东亚之牛耳，繁何国乎？即东邻日本是也。汝等或日：此国家情形问题太大，有吾辈不能尽解者，其有事近而理切者乎？日：有，即吾校与他校较也。各校中有进取者焉，有保守者焉。吾校进取者也。即以各校各项竞争而论，吾校所得之结果如何？汝等之所共知也。此即进取之效力也。推而至于国家亦何莫不然。故欲强中国，非打破保守，改持进取不可也！然进取与保守之分别安在？进取者如万物正盛，譬之一年春夏之时也，保守者如万物已衰，譬之一年秋冬之时也。故进取得一日之朝气，而保守得一日之暮气焉。有朝气者，凡事振作，有暮气者，凡事颓唐。以此种颓唐之暮气，而欲与如旭日初升、灏气发扬之强邻相争存于二千世纪，其失败者非不幸也，宜也。故国家相比，则吾国有暮气者也，日本有朝气者也。而学校相比，吾校之与他校为何如乎？有何气乎？虽然所谓进取而有朝气者，要知非常胜之谓也，乃不畏败之谓也。唯不畏目前之败，方有最后之胜，敢断言也。于以知欲强中国非建一新中国不可也。然则进取一说与古圣微言相吻合乎？则益视乎《易》？《易》日：“天行健，君子以自强不息。”彼之所谓天行健者，乃指昼夜相承，春秋代继，无时或已，长此不息而言也。吾人读此，则进取精神自然得矣！《圣经》亦云：人应时时警醒。中圣西圣其一也。前余之误在欲一劳永逸，今始觉之。以科学证之，当机器未昌明时，西国学者皆欲发明一种永动机，然卒无成。譬之食物，能一日之中，食数日之物乎？必不能也。故唯一日做一日之事，而日继一日，虽有时而休息而睡眠，然休息睡眠之后仍如前时，固无害也。如英国者，可谓得进取之精神矣。其所以与德战者，以德与之争也，非得已也，如吾国之保守，则必姑息从事、养痈成患矣！初拿破仑全欧，彼力抑之，今德国力排联军，彼又抑之；盖先发制人，后即为人所制矣！至于成败非所论也。
Now that this matter has been said, I want to talk about my national salvation medicine! Yu Zaiyan said that this first part is the second noun for all living beings, which is progressive and conservative. I try to think about the psychology of our people, who are enterprising? Conservatives? It is not to be ashamed of its conservatism. Which is better than the two? What's inferior? Ho Pai Sheng? What faction is defeated? There are enterprising people, the country is in East Asia, and the bull's ear of East Asia is the bull's ear, what is the multiplicity of the country? That is, the eastern neighbor of Japan is also. Thou shalt wait or day: The situation in this country is too big a problem, and there are people who cannot fully understand it, and there are those who are close to it and reasonable? Day: Yes, that is, our school is also compared with other schools. There are enterprising people and conservative people in each school. Our school is also an enterprising person. In other words, in terms of the competition among the schools, what are the results of our schools? Thou knowest what thou knows. This is the effectiveness of aggressiveness. As for the country, why not. Therefore, if you want to strengthen China, you must break the conservatism and change to forge ahead! But where is the difference between aggressive and conservative? The enterprising person is like the prosperity of all things, such as the spring and summer of a year, and the conservative person is like the decline of all things, such as the autumn and winter of a year. Therefore, the progress is to obtain the vitality of the day, and the preservation of the twilight of the day. Those who are energetic will cheer up everything, and those who will be in twilight will be depressed in everything. With this kind of decadent twilight, and want to compete with strong neighbors like the rising sun and the development of the spirit in the 2000th century, its loser is not unlucky, it is also appropriate. Therefore, compared with the country, there are those who have twilight in our country, and there are those who are vigorous in Japan. Compared with the school, why is our school the same as other schools? What's so angry? Although the so-called enterprising and energetic people must know that they are very victorious, and they are not afraid of defeat. Only if we are not afraid of the current defeat, we will have the final victory, and dare to assert it. Therefore, it is necessary to build a new China without knowing to strengthen China. However, the enterprising statement coincides with the ancient sage's subtle words? Does it depend on "Yi"? "Yi" day: "Tianxingjian, a gentleman is constantly striving for self-improvement." The so-called Tianxingjian refers to the succession of day and night, spring and autumn, no time or time, and it is also endless. When I read this, the enterprising spirit will naturally be achieved! The Bible also says: People should always be on the alert. One of the saints in the West. The mistake of the past is to be done once and for all, and now I am aware of it. It has been scientifically proved that when the machine was not developed, Western scholars wanted to invent a perpetual motion machine, but it failed. For example, can food be eaten for several days in a day? Not really. Therefore, the only thing to do is to do one day a day, and one day after another, although sometimes rest and sleep, but after resting and sleeping, it is still the same as before, and it is harmless. Like the British, it can be said that they have an enterprising spirit. Therefore, those who fight with Germany will fight with Germany as a last resort, and if our country is conservative, it will be tolerated and raised. At the beginning of Napoleon's whole Europe, he suppressed it, and now Germany is rejecting the coalition army; Cover the first strike, and then the people will make it! As for success or failure, it is not a matter of opinion.

第四章改造中国，睡狮方醒|131
Chapter 4 Transforming China, Sleeping Lion Wakes Up|131

保守者能如是乎？故必改持进取，方可致强。余之救国药如此。
Can a conservative do that? Therefore, we must change and forge ahead in order to become stronger. The rest of the national medicine is like this.

此学期离校之学生，有至日本留学者，有至江西新远中学做事者，致函母校，大意皆言愿常守南开之精神，几于众口一词。然细思精神何在？有堪为吾人想者。值此不禁回思十一年前焉！忆昔无逾尺之植物，而今则聚九百余青年。昔之学生与今之教员，其数几于相等。至于与他校竞争，初无不负时，负而仍角，直至今日。今昔相较，又为如何？可见有毅力，有信心，无不达其目的者也。南开精神，其在是乎？虽其中不无小挫，不过如浮云之蔽空耳！推而广之，无论何事，无精神亦必归失败。或日：吾为不争之事，如牧师教员等，所言者博爱，所言者道德，无精神似可矣！不知亦似是而非之论也。以此精神置之学校既发达，置之国家亦必能富强也。然此气有非一二人之所能为者，故端在群力以造成之耳！
The students who left the school this semester, including those who studied in Japan and those who went to Jiangxi Xinyuan Middle School, wrote to their alma mater, to the effect that they were willing to abide by the spirit of Nankai, which was more than the word of the crowd. But where is the spirit of contemplation? There are those who can think for me. On this occasion, I can't help but think back to eleven years ago! In the past, there were no more than a foot of plants, but now there are more than 900 young people. The number of students of the past is more than equal to that of the faculty of today. As for competing with other schools, there was no time to lose at the beginning, and there was still a corner until today. How does the past and the present compare? It can be seen that those who have perseverance and confidence can achieve their goals. Nankai spirit, what does it care about? Although there are not many small setbacks, they are like floating clouds! By extension, no matter what, no spirit will lead to failure. Or day: I am an indisputable thing, such as pastors and teachers, etc., those who speak are fraternal, those who speak are moral, and there is no spirit to do so! I don't know it's also a paradoxical argument. In this spirit, if the school is developed, the country will also be rich and strong. However, this qi is beyond the power of one or two people, so it is in the ears of the group!

（原载于《校风》第39期，1916年9月25日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 39, September 25, 1916).

132|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
132|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

救国在教育
Saving the country is in education

近日正计划筹巨款以建筑校舍等事，得临此会，不胜欣喜。然而回想前次之失败又不禁感慨。若非当日努力，为至有今日之盛况。我为何如此去做，经几许困难，我认定救国在教育，说到共和国尤以领袖人才为急务。故我梦想中，均以解决世界大难题，要在教育。而教育尤赖大众有团结之精神，努力奋斗。
Recently, we are planning to raise a huge amount of money for the construction of school buildings, etc., and I am very happy to be here. However, when I think back to my previous failures, I can't help but sigh. If it weren't for the efforts of the day, it would be the grand occasion of today. Why did I do this, after some difficulties, I decided that the salvation of the country lies in education, and when it comes to the republic, especially the leadership of talents, it is a matter of urgency. Therefore, my dream is to solve the world's big problems, in education. Education relies on the spirit of solidarity and hard work.

（原载于《南开周刊》第18期，1921年11月1日）
(Originally published in Nankai Weekly, No. 18, November 1, 1921).

本文是1921年10月25日张伯苓在南开学校欢迎新师长新同学大会上的讲演，标题为编者加。
This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the meeting of Nankai School to welcome new teachers and new classmates on October 25, 1921.

第四章改造中国，睡狮方醒|133
Chapter 4 Transforming China, Sleeping Lion Wakes Up|133

中国之第一要策，在于培养干才
China's first priority lies in cultivating talents

余离校约三星期，计共十九日。路线系由奉天至长春，再至吉林，返长春至哈尔滨，回奉天至安东，过鸭绿江至朝鲜之宜川，复由新义州至安东，而之奉天，宿于本溪湖，次日由奉旋津。共演说三十九次，所见者，除中人不计外，共六国之人，日英、美、丹、俄、日本、朝鲜。演说地点共十处，日奉天、吉林、哈尔滨、宜川、新义州、安东、本溪湖（等）。斯行也，有一事令人不能不注意者，即为国家观念。所搭之火车有为日资者，有为俄资者，有为中资者。在奉天有一车站甚为壮丽，为日人所造。其精神极佳，诚非虚誉。即司茶者做事，亦出以至诚。至俄路则不如日远甚，然犹胜于中人。总之，日人办事最为灵敏，组织便利，遇事争先；俄人身体长大，动作粗笨，朝鲜愤郁不平，卧薪尝胆，吾中国人既日俄之不如，而其松懈懒情之状，即较之韩人亦略有差。思想非不密也，脑筋非不灵也，唯遇事推，不善组织。私事尚肯为力，一遇公事，则非营私即舞弊，唯尔诈我虞，故冰消瓦解。此中国最可危险之事也。至于英、美、丹诸国，余以见者不多，不能以少数代表其全国，兹不细论。至若日本，人多地狭，故不得不变法以扩张其势力，而求生活，其生长之法，全体一致，联合以敌外人。中人则数千年来处专制淫威之下，时时防制，唯恐民智发达，又常自居为天朝，视他邦为夷狄，虽有一二人主中华者，然亦渐被同化。以故，人民毫无进取之心，久
Yu was absent from school for about three weeks, a total of 19 days. The route is from Mukden to Changchun, then to Jilin, back to Changchun to Harbin, back to Mukden to Andong, across the Yalu River to Yichuan in North Korea, and then from Sinuiju to Andong, and then to Mukden, staying at Benxi Lake, and the next day from Fengxuanjin. He gave a total of 39 speeches, and those who saw it, excluding the Chinese, were people from six countries: Japan, Britain, the United States, Denmark, Russia, Japan, and Korea. There are a total of 10 speech venues, including Ri Mukden, Jilin, Harbin, Yichuan, Sinuiju, Andong, Benxi Lake (etc.). There is one thing that people can't ignore but pay attention to, that is, the concept of the country. Some of the trains taken are Japanese-funded, some Russian-funded, and some Chinese-funded. There is a station in Mukden that is very magnificent and built by the Japanese. Its spirit is excellent, and it is not a false reputation. That is, the tea maker does things with sincerity. The Russian road is not as far as the sun, but it is still better than the Chinese. In short, the Japanese are the most sensitive, convenient to organize, and compete for the first place in case of trouble; The Russians are physically grown up and their movements are clumsy, the DPRK is indignant and lying on their back, and our Chinese are inferior to Japan and Russia, and their lax and lazy attitude is slightly worse than that of the Koreans. The mind is not secret, the brain is not ineffective, but it is not good at organizing. Private affairs are still willing to do their best, and when they encounter official affairs, they will either engage in fraud or fraud, and they will only deceive me, so the ice will disintegrate. This is also the most dangerous thing in China. As for the United Kingdom, the United States, and Denmark, there are not many people who have seen it, and they cannot represent their whole country as a minority. As for Japan, where there are many people and the land is narrow, it has to change the law to expand its power and seek to live, and the law of its growth is unanimous and united with the enemy and outsiders. The Chinese have been under the tyranny and obscenity for thousands of years, always on the defensive, fearing that the people are intellectually developed, and often call themselves the Celestial Empire, and regard other states as Yidi, although there are one or two people who dominate China, but they are gradually assimilated. Therefore, the people have no enterprising spirit for a long time

134|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
134|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

而养成懒情之性。人多谓中国人民不自由，吾谓中国人太自由，此吾比较数国人民之感触也。
And develop a lazy nature. Many people say that the Chinese people are not free, and I say that the Chinese are too free, and I compare the feelings of the people of several countries.

吾在吉、奉二省演说时，彼皆恐将来为日人所并。其痛切之语，有令人不忍闻者。吾语以此非一二省之问题，乃全国之问题。盖二省不同朝鲜，即不幸为日人所夺，然与中国同文同种，决无截而为二之理。苟其人心不死，则中国地大人多，日人必不能安然得之。然则国家前途抑谁是赖乎？唯应从自己做起，虽中国灭亡，亦必能复兴。一日奉省教育会长约吾演说，到场者五六百人。吾告以今日中国第一要策，即在教育培养有干才之领袖，以养成一强有力、公正无私之政府，方可以御外；不然仍如从前之松情，则非人之亡我，实我自亡矣！
When I gave speeches in Ji and Feng provinces, they were afraid that they would be annexed by the Japanese in the future. His painful words are unbearable. Our language is not a problem of one or two provinces, but a problem of the whole country. The two provinces are different from North Korea, that is, unfortunately they were taken by the Japanese, but they are of the same language and species as China, and there is absolutely no reason to divide them into two. If the hearts of the people do not die, then there are many people in China, and the Japanese people will not be able to get it safely. But who depends on the future of the country? We should only start with ourselves, and even if China perishes, it will be able to recover. One day, the chairman of the provincial education council, Yo Wu, gave a speech, and five or six hundred people were present. I would like to take the first priority of today's China, that is, to cultivate capable leaders through education, so as to cultivate a strong, just and impartial government, so that we can defend against foreign countries. Otherwise, if it is still as loose as before, it will not be the death of people, but the death of myself!

（原载于《校风》第48期，1916年11月29日）
(Originally published in School Spirit No. 48, November 29, 1916).

第四章改造中国，睡狮方醒|135
Chapter 4 Transforming China, Sleeping Lion Wakes Up|135

改造中国，须去旧材料用新方法
To transform China, we must remove old materials and use new methods

今日所言，继上次未竟之意。于未说之前，先取余近读二书示诸生。一为英人Wlliam所著。彼来中国时，未临我校，曾遣其秘书与余接洽。彼提倡援清华学校例，退还中国赔款，设立大学于汉口，后被国会否决。回国遂著ChangingChina，即此书也。一为美人洛司所著。此君为美国社会心理学家，研究社会一般人之心理，依治水法治之，盖水之为物，治之得当则有益，否则为灾害。治水然，治人何独不然？遂著此ChangingChinese及 SocialControl。以上二书所云，均谓中国形势虽变，而实未尝变也。其原因则在“复古”与“保守”。自西力东渐，外界压迫之始变，此语为大限所言。且压力之来，其变与否，论者之调亦异。盖时进派则以为未变；而守旧者观之，则以为变之已多。而变之为善、为恶，若以吾人之傲心观之，则可云向善。数千年之闭关自守无何所事，而谓彼欧洲文明之进化，则酿成今日之大战争。果何所益？以我保守之习气，数千年只出一班定远，实于今世不符；彼欧洲之大战，实已将本国难题解决。而反观吾国，则为农者，只求足食；为士者，则步方眉扬，庞然自大，一人政界，匪不自私自利，至贫民，遂亦流为盗贼。此等闭守之法，乌能与世界潮流相抵抗哉！彼大战之结果，乃国与国相争。不观夫非洲乎，其荒野为何如？而欧人不辞劳悴，深人而开通之，虽欲自守，势有不能。今吾国若图改变，将自何始乎？从政界乎？则
What I said today is the continuation of what I didn't do last time. Before speaking, I will take the rest and read the two books to show the living beings. One was written by the Englishman Wlliam. When he came to China, he did not come to our school, and sent his secretary to contact Yu. He advocated aiding Tsinghua University, returning the Chinese indemnity money, and establishing a university in Hankow, which was later rejected by the National Assembly. After returning to China, he wrote ChangingChina, which is also this book. One is written by the beauty Rose. This gentleman is an American social psychologist who studies the psychology of ordinary people in society, and according to the rule of law, covering water is a thing, and if it is properly treated, it is beneficial, otherwise it is a disaster. Governing the water, why not treat the people? Thus this is ChangingChinese and SocialControl。 The above two books all say that although the situation in China has changed, it has not changed. The reasons for this are "retro" and "conservative". Since the west, the external oppression has begun to change, and this is the limit of what is said. And when the pressure comes, whether it changes or not, the tone of the commentators is also different. Gai Shi Jin faction thought that it had not changed; The old-fashioned look at it and think that it has changed a lot. And if you look at it with the pride of our people, you can turn it into good. Thousands of years of seclusion and self-defense have done nothing, and the evolution of European civilization has led to today's great war. The result? With my conservative habits, there is only one class in thousands of years, which is really inconsistent with this world; The Great War in Europe has solved the problems of the country. On the other hand, in our country, we are farmers who only seek enough food; Those who are scholars are arrogant, and they are not selfish and selfish, and they become thieves even if they are poor. With such a closed method, Wu can resist the trend of the world! The result of his great war was a struggle between nations. If you don't look at Africa, why is its wilderness like this? And the Europeans are tireless, deep and open, although they want to defend themselves, they can't. If our kingdom tries to change now, where will it begin? From politics? then

136|张伯苓：一人一校一国家
136|Zhang Boling: One person, one school, one country

观今之政客、伟人可知矣！然则变之根本解决安在乎？日：“必去其不平而进于平。由一人之幸福变为多数人之幸福而已。”余尝对友人云，中国现处蝌蚪时代，未尝停息，既变矣，则须随其潮流以前进，而奈国人其不然也。如现教育界其前进者，以为自已有老资格，不与后进以机会，而又不肯议变，或变一半而复已。故吾谓改造中国须去旧材料用新方法，其希望即今之学生是也。学生有改造中国之机会，故数年后诸生出校，从事于社会，应知社会之情形。现在教育所要造者为新人种。所谓“做新民”有二种：一则被动，因外界之感动；一则因已身衣食问题，当其初未尝不变，而稍变辄止。故社会学务，只于清末时稍有进步，数十年来相沿不改，故现今之变，须自已身改变。虽其初亦由外界而起，然苟内部与之相应，则自发动起而不停矣！但此等人求之于现在中国，实寥寥若晨星。前十年丁君义华倡禁烟会。我国人亦有继起者，然逾年即止步矣！甲午败后，国中人未尝不励精图治，逾数年又止步矣！庚子乱后，又改革数年，未几又止步矣！如前数年直省长官，谓永定河宜修浚，询其为何？则日：京津路多外人出行。此次收回德界新置之巡警，精神非常，其故伊何，则因多外人观听也。此等事专为应酬外人而动，其故可深长思矣！
Politicians and great men can know what to see today! However, the fundamental solution of the change is that Ann cares? Day: "It will go to its unevenness and enter the peaceful." From the happiness of one to the happiness of the many. "Yu taste to friends, China is now in the tadpole era, has not stopped, even change, must follow its trend to move forward, and the people of Nai are not. For example, those who are advancing in the current education sector think that they have old qualifications, and do not take the opportunity to move forward, but they are unwilling to discuss change, or change half of it. Therefore, I say that the transformation of China requires the use of new methods to remove old materials, and its hope is that today's students are also. Students have the opportunity to transform China, so after a few years, students will leave the school and work in the society, and they should know the situation of the society. Now education is about creating a new race. There are two kinds of so-called "being a new people": one is passive, moved by the outside world; One is due to the problem of food and clothing, when it did not change at the beginning, it stopped slightly. Therefore, social studies only made slight progress at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and they have not changed for decades. Although it also started from the outside world at the beginning, it corresponds to it from the inside, and it starts from the beginning and does not stop! But there are very few people who seek it in China today. Ten years ago, Ding Junyihua advocated the anti-smoking association. There are also successors in our country, but they will stop after the year! After the defeat of the First Sino-Japanese War, the people of the country did not work hard, and they stopped for more than a few years! After the Gengzi rebellion, it was reformed for several years, and it didn't stop again! For example, a few years ago, the governor of the province said that the Yongding River should be repaired, and asked why? The day: There are many outsiders on Jingjin Road. The spirit of the new patrol police in the German realm is very good, and the reason for this is because many outsiders have watched and listened. These things are specially designed to entertain outsiders, so they can be thought about for a long time!

诸生当此改革时代，正值醒狮之时，幸也何如？且我南开学生，有知之机会，有做之机会，有听之机会，故应练习自动，勿只信教员，勿尽依学长。其造就之人才，须世界变化之能力，乃为真正之教育。
In this era of reform, when the lion is awakened, what is the luck? And I Nankai students, there is an opportunity to know, there is an opportunity to do, there is an opportunity to listen, so I should practice automatic, do not only believe in teachers, do not rely on seniors. The talents it cultivates must have the ability to change in the world, and it is true education.

上次所说，为外人评论中国有机会。此次则云中国当改革之际，睡狮方醒。诸生须作自动的，不作被动的，乃中国真正之砥柱也，有厚望焉！
As I said last time, there is an opportunity for outsiders to comment on China. This time, when China is reforming, the sleeping lion wakes up. All beings must be automatic, not passive, and they are the real pillars of China, and there are high hopes!

（原载于《校风》第63期，1917年5月2日）
(Originally published in School Ethos No. 63, May 2, 1917).

第四章改造中国，睡狮方醒|137
Chapter 4 Transforming China, Sleeping Lion Wakes Up|137

中国的富强之路
China's road to prosperity and strength

九个多月的工夫，诸位一定很想念我的，但我也很想念诸位。一个人离开了他的故乡，便有所谓“homesick”，我这次却犯了“schoolsick”。现在来到学校了，这病亦好了。
After more than nine months of work, you must have missed me a lot, but I miss you too. When a person leaves his hometown, there is a so-called "homesick", but this time I committed "schoolsick". Now that I'm at school, I'm cured.

所感谢大家的，第一便是今天诸位的到站欢迎。我在欧洲时即有函致学校，请大家不必太隆重，可是在上海有许多人欢迎，来到天津又是如此。第二便是同人们维持学校的进行。我离国九个多月的工夫，各事都照样地进行。在这种混乱时期，大家还能继续向前，的确是一件不容易的事。大家的力量真不小，无怪外人称我们为家庭学校了。中国人的家族观念未除，对于家庭总是有一种爱护的心理。
Thank you all for your welcome today. When I was in Europe, I wrote to the school that I would like not be too grand, but it was welcomed by many people in Shanghai, and even more so when I came to Tianjin. The second is to keep the school running with people. I have been away from China for more than nine months, and everything has been going on in the same way. In such a chaotic period, it is indeed not easy for everyone to continue to move forward. Everyone's strength is really not small, no wonder outsiders call us homeschool. The Chinese family concept has not been eliminated, and there is always a love and care psychology for the family.

余自前次出国至今已十年。在此时期中不得休息，大学、女中学、小学的成立，三个学校的向前发展，一切经济的筹措，都是我亲手经营。并且经费都是向人捐来的，私立学校的办理不像官立学校那么容易，我们须用款少而做事多。好在我们的运气还不错，总算过去了。经过了国内的几次政潮，我们不但要应付政潮，还得要力谋发展；当着现在北伐成功的一段落，政局
It has been 10 years since Yu last went abroad. During this period, there was no rest, and I personally managed the establishment of the university, the girls' middle school, and the elementary school, the development of the three schools, and all the economic financing. In addition, the funds are donated to others, and the management of private schools is not as easy as that of government schools, so we have to do more with less money. Fortunately, our luck was good, and it finally passed. After several political tides in China, we not only have to deal with political tides, but also strive for development; Now the Northern Expedition is a successful end, the political situation

*本文为张伯苓赴欧美考察后，于1929年9月23日在南开学校游艺委员会欢迎会上的演说，由马步英、王锡钧记录。
*This article is a speech delivered by Zhang Boling at the welcome meeting of the Nankai School Recreation Committee on September 23, 1929 after Zhang Boling's visit to Europe and the United States, recorded by Ma Buying and Wang Xijun.