Parental upbringingand itspredictive role:Chain mediating effects of psychological resilience and perceived social support

Abstract: This study aims to explore the relationship between parenting styles of middle school students' parents and their sense of meaning in life, as well as the mechanisms of psychological resilience and perceived social support in this context. A concise parenting style scale, psychological resilience scale, perceived social support scale, and sense of meaning in life scale were used to survey 2,121 middle school students from 24 schools in South China, with data analysis conducted using SPSS 26.0 and the PROCESS 4.2 plugin. The results indicate that an emotionally warm parenting style significantly positively predicts the sense of meaning in life, while a rejecting parenting style significantly negatively predicts it. Psychological resilience and perceived social support play a partial mediating role between parental emotional warmth and the sense of meaning in life, and exhibit a masking effect between parental rejection and the sense of meaning in life. Conclusion: Parenting styles significantly affect middle school students' sense of meaning in life. An emotionally warm parenting style helps cultivate a positive sense of meaning in life among middle school students; additionally, enhancing psychological resilience and perceived social support can improve the sense of meaning in life.

关键词：父母教养方式；初中生；生命意义感；心理弹性；领悟性社会支持  

Preface

Necessity for Research 

The sense of meaning in life refers to an individual's understanding of the essence and significance of their existence, as well as their perception of life goals or missions. The sense of meaning in life is an important influencing factor for people's physical and mental health%.^[1][2-3], the absence of a sense of meaning in life is one of the important factors leading to psychological disorders; when individuals cannot find the value and reason for their existence, they are more likely to have suicidal thoughts. Due to the imbalance in physiological and psychological development, adolescents are more susceptible to external and internal factors, leading to various mental health issues including anxiety, depression, insomnia, a sense of worthlessness, and even suicidal behavior.^[4-5].A systematic review in 2022 pointed out that the global incidence of depression among adolescents is as high as34^[6]. According to a recent meta-analysis, the detection rate of anxiety among Chinese middle school students is27%, the detection rate of depressive symptoms is24%, and the detection rate of self-harm and suicide is 26%^[7]

Adolescence is the second leap in the development of self-awareness，and the inner world of teenagers becomes richer as they begin to spend a lot of time reflecting on the meaning of life. The meaning of life comes from Frankl's theory of meaning therapy, which refers to people's understanding and pursuit of the purpose and goals of life.Callan found that family has a significant impact on the formation and development of an individual's sense of life's meaning^[4]，research both domestically and internationally shows that parenting styles of parents are closely related to their children's sense of life's meaning^[5-8]。Therefore, exploring the relationship and possible pathways between parenting styles and an individual's sense of life's meaning is of great significance。

Literature Review 

Parenting stylesand the sense of meaning in life

Parenting styles refer to the collection of behaviors, attitudes, and emotional expressions of parents during the process of raising children, which is an important factor influencing an individual's sense of meaning in life, leading to a diminished sense of meaning in life or even suicidal thoughts.^[9][10].Children in a warm and positive parenting environment generally have a higher sense of self-efficacy; they tend to believe they are valuable, life is beautiful, and their sense of meaning in life is also higher^[11].Parents with a rejecting parenting style may lack sensitivity to their children's feelings and fail to meet their emotional needs, leading children to feel unaccepted and misunderstood, resulting in negative emotions or falling into a cycle of negative emotions^[12][13]

This study proposes the first hypothesis: Parenting styles can significantly predict the sense of meaning in life.

Psychological resilience refers to the process by which individuals can quickly return to a normal state and successfully solve difficulties through dynamic interactions of various abilities and characteristics when faced with severe setbacks and crises. Psychological resilience is significantly positively correlated with an individual's sense of meaning in life, self-efficacy, and significantly negatively correlated with anxiety and depression. Children living in dysfunctional families exhibit better psychological resilience, higher life meaning, and lower feelings of loneliness, and democratic parenting styles have a positive impact on psychological resilience.^{[14][15][16-17][18][19]}.Family parenting styles are important external factors influencing adolescents' psychological resilience^[20][21-22].Compared to negative parenting styles, the proportion of high psychological resilience among middle school students under positive parenting styles is significantly higher^[17]

This study proposes a second hypothesis: Parenting styles can indirectly influence the sense of meaning in life through psychological resilience.

Understanding social supportas a mediator

Perceived social support refers to the strength and impact that individuals feel from the support and encouragement of the people and events around them, including the emotions of love, encouragement, and support they experience, as well as their sense of satisfaction. Perceived social support is an important source of meaning in life for individuals, and is significantly positively correlated with the sense of meaning in life, subjective well-being, and significantly negatively correlated with anxiety. In the context of negative parenting styles, perceived social support helps reduce the occurrence of depressive emotions. Conversely, the more emotional warmth and care parents provide, the higher the perceived support from others, leading to better mental health.^{[23][24][25][26][27]}。As an important growth environment for middle school students,poor parenting styles in the family can reduce students' utilization of social support^[28][29][30]

This study proposes a third hypothesis: Parenting styles can indirectly influence the sense of meaning in life through perceived social support.

The Chain Mediation of Psychological Resilience and Perceived Social Support

Different individuals experience subjective differences in their perceptions of social support in the environment。Psychological resilience, as the ability of individuals to adapt to adversity, allows them to view setbacks with a positive and rational attitude, manage negative emotions effectively, quickly overcome difficulties, continue to pursue their goals, and flexibly adjust their cognitive behaviors。Psychological resilience is significantly positively correlated with perceived social support，and patients with depression who have higher levels of psychological resilience have lower suicidal ideation, with perceived social support playing a mediating role between psychological resilience and suicidal ideation。In nursing students with good psychological resilience, there is less cognitive discrimination against the elderly, and perceived social support plays a mediating role。Additionally,psychological resilience can partially influence college students' sense of meaning in life through perceived social support。Therefore, individual psychological resilience may affect individuals' cognition, attitudes, and behaviors through perceived social support.^{[31][32][33-34][35][36][37]}

This study proposes the fourth hypothesis: psychological resilience and perceived social support play a chain mediating role between parenting styles and the sense of meaning in life. According to the hypothesisa research hypothesis model was constructed as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Research Hypothesis Model

Method

Research subject

SelectedSouth China24< span data-dl-uid="475">secondary schools were randomly sampled as a whole, and junior high schoolstudents were selected as the study population,valid questionnaires were 2121, among which there were 1141 (50.2%) boys and 1130 (49.7%) girls; 781 (34.3%) in the first year and 838 (36.9%), and 652 (28.7%) in the third year.

Research tools

Simplified Parenting Styles Scale (S-EMBU-C)

This study uses the Chinese version of the Brief Parental Styles Questionnaire compiled by Swiss scholars and revised by Jiang Jiang and others. This scale includes 21 items, divided into three dimensions: rejection, emotional warmth, and overprotection. The options are answered separately for "father" and "mother." A 4-point scoring system is used: 1 point represents "never," 2 points represent "occasionally," 3 points represent "often," and 4 points represent "always." The sum of all item scores is the total score, with higher scores indicating a greater degree of the parenting style used by the parent. This scale has good reliability and validity, meets psychometric standards, and is suitable for measuring parenting styles among Chinese parents.^[38][39]

Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)

The scale is based on the Connor-Davidson scale^[40] and was translated and revised into Chinese by Zhang Jianxin, Yu Xiaonan, and others (2007). This scale consists of 25 items, divided into 3 dimensions: strength, resilience, and optimism. The scale uses a five-point rating (0="Never", 4="Almost always"), with the total score being the sum of all items, and a higher score reflects stronger psychological resilience. This scale is a measurement tool worth promoting in our country.^[41].

Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS)

The scale uses the Chinese version of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire developed by Zimet et al. and translated and revised by Jiang Qianjin. This scale includes 12 self-assessment items, divided into three dimensions: friend support, family support, and other support. It uses a 7-point scoring method, with 1 point representing "strongly disagree" and 7 points representing "strongly agree." The sum of all item scores is the total score, with higher scores indicating higher perceived social support. The scale has good reliability and validity.^[42][43]

Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ)

This study used the Meaning of Life Questionnaire developed by Steger et al. and revised by Liu and Gan.^[44] The scale includes 9 items and uses a 7-point Likert scoring system. The scale consists of nine items divided into two dimensions: the presence of meaning in life and the search for meaning in life. The scale employs a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 represents "strongly disagree" and 7 represents "strongly agree." The total score is the sum of all item scores, with higher scores indicating a greater sense of meaning in life.^[45]

Data processing

After excluding 150 data with missing results or careless responses, 2121 data were used in this study for analysis. In this study, Harman one-way test, Pearson correlation analysis, mediation effect analysis were conducted using SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS 4.2 plug-in to test common method bias, correlation of each variable, and the significance of each path of the mediation model was analyzed by using gender and grade as control variables, and finally the hypotheses were tested. 

Result

Common method bias test

The Harman single-factor test found that the largest factor explaining variance in this study was 24.88%, which is less than the critical value of 40%. Therefore, common method bias in this study is not serious.

Correlation analysis of each variable

Table 1 presents the Pearson correlation coefficients and means of the research variables. The results show that parental rejection is significantly negatively correlated with the sense of meaning in life (r=-0.147, p<0.01), psychological resilience (r=-0.209, p<0.01), and perceived social support (r=-0.331, p<0.01); parental emotional warmth is significantly positively correlated with the sense of meaning in life (r=0.417, p<0.01), psychological resilience (r=0.435, p<0.01), and perceived social support (r=0.603, p<0.01); parental overprotection is not significantly correlated with the sense of meaning in life (r=0.007, p>0.05). According to Baron and Kenny's recommendations, the existence of a mediating effect requires a significant correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable，therefore only the mediating effects of parental rejection and parental emotional warmth dimensions are further analyzed here.^[46]

Table 1 Correlation Analysis of Variables

Note:** Significant correlation at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). * Significant correlation at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).

3.3 Mediation Effect Analysis

Table 2 shows the results of the mediation effect analysis, and Figure 2 represents Model 1. Model 1 indicates that parental emotional warmth can significantly positively predict the meaning of life (β=0.113, p<0.01), significantly positively predict psychological resilience (β=0.429, p<0.01), and significantly positively predict perceived social support (β=0.537, p<0.01); psychological resilience significantly positively predicts perceived social support (β=0.162, p<0.01) and significantly positively predicts the sense of meaning in life (β=0.124, p<0.01); perceived social support significantly positively predicts the sense of meaning in life (β=0.428, p<0.01). The indirect effects of psychological resilience and perceived social support between parental emotional warmth and the sense of meaning in life among middle school students are significant, with an effect value of 0.358 (95% CI [0.314, 0.404]). These results suggest that psychological resilience and perceived social support play a partial mediating role between parental emotional warmth and the sense of meaning in life.

Table 2 Testing the mediation effect (Model 1 emotional warmth from parents)

Path 1: FatherMotherEmotional Warmth -> Psychological Resilience -> Sense of Life Meaning

Path 2: FatherMotherEmotional Warmth -> Insightful Social Support -> Sense of Life Meaning

Path 3: FatherMotherEmotional Warmth -> Psychological Resilience -> Insightful Social Support -> Sense of Life Meaning

Figure 2: The chain mediation effect of psychological resilience and perceived social support between parental emotional warmth and sense of life meaning

Table 3 shows the results of the mediation effect analysis, and Figure 3 represents Model 3. Model 2 indicates that parental rejection significantly positively predicts meaning in life (β=0.052, p<0.01), significantly negatively predicts psychological resilience (β=-0.201, p<0.01), and significantly negatively predicts perceived social support (β=-0.26, p<0.01); psychological resilience significantly positively predicts perceived social support (β=0.339, p<0.01) and significantly positively predicts meaning in life (β=0.155, p<0.01); perceived social support significantly positively predicts meaning in life (β=0.501, p<0.01). The indirect effects of psychological resilience and perceived social support between parental rejection and high school students' meaning in life are significant, with an effect value of-0.399(95% CI［-0.455, -0.343］). Since the direct effect is positive and the indirect effect is negative, the signs of the effect values are opposite, indicating that the direct and indirect effects predict opposite directions, which suggests that psychological resilience and perceived social support play a masking role between parental rejection and meaning in life.^[47].

Table 3 Testing the mediation effect (Model 2< span data-dl-uid="299">pparents refuse)

Path 1: Parental rejection → Psychological resilience → Sense of meaning in life

Path 2: Parental rejection → Insightful social support → Sense of meaning in life

Path 3: Parental rejection → Psychological resilience → Perceived social support → Sense of meaning in life

Figure3The masking effect of psychological resilience and perceived social support between parental rejection and the sense of meaning in life

Discussion

This study aims toexplorethe predictive role of parenting styles on the sense of meaning in life among middle school students and further analyze the mechanisms of psychological resilience and perceived social support in the relationship between parenting styles and the sense of meaning in life. The results indicate, that psychological resilience and perceived social support are significantly positively correlated with the sense of meaning in life among middle school students, and they play a role in the influence between parenting styles and the sense of meaning in life. In this model, parental emotional warmth and parental rejection can positively predict the sense of meaning in life among middle school students.

The parenting styles of parents predict the sense of meaning in life for middle school students

The data shows that the warm parenting style of parents is significantly correlated with and positively predicts the sense of meaning in life for middle school students, indicating that the warm support provided by parents during the upbringing process can have a long-term positive effect on the sense of meaning in life for middle school students, which is similar to previous results^[48-51]. This validates the hypothesis 1 of this study, “parenting styles can significantly predict the sense of meaning in life”.

Similar to other studies, parental rejection is significantly negatively correlated with the sense of meaning in life, while also indicating that enhancing middle school students' psychological resilience and perceived social support can mitigate the negative effects brought about by poor parenting styles.^[52]However, after incorporating psychological resilience and perceived social support, parental rejection positively predicts the sense of meaning in life for middle school students.Since both psychological resilience and perceived social support are significantly positively correlated with the sense of meaning in life, they may obscure the negative impact of parental rejection on middle school students' sense of meaning in life.^{[23,37][53-54]}

However, some studies suggest that the impact of negative parenting styles on adolescents' sense of meaning in life does not follow a fixed pattern.Parental control predicts adolescents' sense of meaning in life in different ways, showing negative predictions in early and mid-adolescence, but positive predictions in late adolescence.^[55].Adolescents' perceptions of parenting mainly depend on theirparents' parenting style coping and views.^[55].Additionally, sociocultural factors may also influence adolescents' understanding of parenting. In Chinese culture, some adolescents believe that parental rejection or control is a sign of responsibility and care; when parental control is lacking, they may feel emotionally neglected.^[56-57].

The mediating role of psychological resilience

This study verified Hypothesis 2 “parenting styles can indirectly affect the sense of meaning in life through psychological resilience” that parenting styles have a direct impact on psychological resilience, and can indirectly influence the sense of meaning in life of middle school students through psychological resilience. Mediating analysis results indicate that parental rejection reduces the psychological resilience of middle school students, while parental emotional warmth can enhance their psychological resilience. Good psychological resilience can improve an individual's sense of meaning in life. These results are similar to the research by Rosenberg AR and Hongfei Du et al., which found that psychological resilience effectively enhances the sense of meaning in life for children from dysfunctional families.^[58-59].Family warmth^[60] and good parent-child relationships are beneficial for children to develop positive and stable emotions and attitudes, thereby forming high levels of psychological resilience and a good sense of meaning in life. Individuals with high levels of psychological resilience are more likely to seek external help when encountering sudden events, thus maintaining their balance and facing life with a positive mindset..^[55][61]

The mediating role of perceptual social support

This study supports Hypothesis 3 “parenting styles can indirectly influence the sense of meaning in life through perceived social support”. The perceived social support of middle school students is positively correlated with parental affection and negatively correlated with parental rejection, but significantly positively correlated with the sense of meaning in life. This result is similar to the research of Bao Xinzhe, Chen Jing, and others.^[25,62].

Brownell and Shumaker believe that the purpose of social support is to increaseindividualwell-being^[63]and that perceived social support isa belief that one may receive social support,which also includes the perception process of surrounding social support^[64], expected evaluationand emotional experience. High perceived social support among high school students allows them to better feel the positive impact of support from family, classmates, teachers, or friends, leading to a higher self-perceived value and meaning of life^[65][66][25].This pathway explains the indirect effect of parenting styles on the sense of meaning in life through perceived social support. Mediation analysis results also show that the effect size of this pathway (over 50%) is greater than that of direct effects and other indirect effect pathways, indicating its key role between parenting styles and the sense of meaning in life.

Psychological resilience and perceived social support have a chain mediation effect

Hypothesis 4 “Psychological resilience and perceived social support play a chain mediating role between parenting styles and sense of life meaning” is partially accepted. The results of this study indicate that psychological resilience and perceived social support have a partial mediating effect between parental emotional warmth and sense of life meaning, while they have a masking effect between parental rejection and sense of life meaning^[47,67]. In other words, parental rejection still has a negative impact on middle school students' sense of life meaning, but this is altered under the influence of psychological resilience and perceived social support.

Psychological resilience and perceived social support are both significantly positively correlated with the sense of meaning in life among middle school students. For negative stimuli, highly resilient individuals are more likely to detach from negative information^[68], can evaluate situations more positively, and require fewer psychological resources to cope with crisis events. Psychological resilience serves as a personality trait and a sense of self-worth.^[69].Functionally, in the brain, the anterior cingulate cortex and limbic areas, including the amygdala and ventral striatum, are closely related to individual psychological resilience^[70][71], which can influence their perception of social support. Children with strong psychological resilience are characterized by high confidence and optimism, which easily elicits supportive responses from others^[72], and establish positive relationships with others beyond their parents, such as teachers, classmates, and friends.^[73].This relationship is especially important for middle school students in their adolescence, during which they gradually detach from their parents, to some extentreducing the negative influences from their families; while frequent interactions with teachers and peers at school enhance their ability to solve various problems, further supporting the development of students' confidence and good psychological adaptability^[72][74]

This study brings certain insights, suggesting that different parenting styles may have multimodal effects on middle school students' sense of meaning in life. The interaction between parenting styles and individual developmental stages, environmental factors, and personal traits produces different effects. Therefore, future research could consider longitudinal studies on other individual factors, family, or cultural variables that influence an individual's sense of meaning in life, in order to explore the mechanisms of its formation over a longer time frame. This study also indicatesthe positive role of psychological resilience and perceived social support in the formation of an individual's sense of meaning in life. Improving individual psychological resilience and perceived social support can, to some extent, mitigate the negative impacts caused by adverse environmental factors, including unfavorable family conditions.

Conclusion

The parenting style significantly affects an individual's sense of meaning in life.

Different parenting styles affect the mechanisms of individuals' sense of meaning in life in various ways.

Parental emotional warmth positively predicts individual life meaning, with psychological resilience and perceptual support playingchainmediating roles.

Psychological resilience and perceived social support, as positive factors, can mitigate the negative impact of parental rejection on an individual's sense of life meaning.

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