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Invited Article Environmental justice at the heart of social work practice: Greening the profession
特邀文章 社會工作實務核心的環境正義：綠化專業

Abstract 摘要

Lena Dominelli. Environmental justice at the heart of social work practice: Greening the profession
Lena Dominelli.社會工作實務核心的環境正義：綠化專業

Social workers face many contemporary challenges. Alongside the difficulties of upholding human rights, social justice and active citizenship, are those of affirming environmental justice and care for planet earth in and through social work practice and addressing climate change and other disasters. I call for social workers to take action that addresses these issues as a strong, united profession that works alongside dispossessed and marginalised people who do not get their share of global resources, despite their limited ecological footprint. I suggest a new paradigm for practice rooted in environmental justice that enhances the well-being of people, the flora, fauna and the ecosystem that sustains and supports us all - green social work, for practitioners supporting life in one interdependent world.
社會工作者面臨許多當代挑戰。除了維護人權、社會公義和積極的公民意識等困難之外，還有在社會工作實踐中以及通過社會工作實踐來肯定環境公義和關懷地球，以及應對氣候變化和其他災難等困難。我呼籲社會工作者作為一個強大、團結的專業，採取行動來解決這些問題，與被剝奪和被邊緣化的人們一起工作，儘管他們的生態足跡有限，但卻沒有得到他們應得的全球資源。我建議一個植根於環境正義的新實務範式，以提升人類、動植物及維持和支持我們所有人的生態系統的福祉 - 綠色社會工作，為在一個相互依存的世界中支持生命的實踐者而設。

Lena DominelliSchool of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
英國達勒姆大學應用社會科學學院

Introduction 簡介

Environmental injustice, or the failure to share the earth’s resources equitably, is rooted in environmental degradation that is caused by the normal processes of industrialisation and disasters, whether natural or (hu)man made. Unsustainable models of development, unequal power dynamics and unequal distribution of resources, central to the current global socio-economic system of neo-liberalism, exacerbate structural inequalities and affect most poor and low-income people. They also undermine people’s capacity to mitigate risk and deter the enhancement of resilience among low-income people and their communities. Environmental justice relies on the equitable sharing of both benefits and the burdens involved in maintaining the healthy and sustainable environments that all living things can enjoy. Although everyone has a role to play in maintaining the earth’s environment for the use of current and future generations of people, flora and fauna, social workers have particular roles to play in assisting the mobilisation of people and resources when they wish to declare that environmental degradation is unacceptable and aim to formulate alternative models of socio-economic and environmental development rooted in the principles of environmental justice and a healthy, sustainable existence.
環境不公平，或未能公平分享地球資源，根源於工業化的正常進程及自然或人為（hu）災害所造成的環境退化。不可持續的發展模式、不平等的權力動力和不平等的資源分配，是當前全球新自由主義社會經濟體系的核心問題，這些問題加劇了結構性不平等，並影響到大多數貧困和低收入人群。它們也削弱了人們減緩風險的能力，並阻礙了低收入人群及其社區復原能力的提升。環境正義有賴於公平分擔維護所有生物都能享有的健康、永續環境所涉及的利益與負擔。雖然每個人都有責任維護地球環境，供今世後代的人們、動植物使用，但當人們希望宣示環境退化是不可接受的，並致力於制定植根於環境正義和健康、永續生存原則的替代性社會經濟和環境發展模式時，社會工作者在協助動員人們和資源方面可發揮特殊作用。
This article focuses on social workers’ roles in promoting environmental justice through a form of
這篇文章的重點在於社會工作者在促進環境正義方面所扮演的角色。
practice that I have called green social work. In making my case, I explore how disasters, including those generated by extreme weather events associated with climate change, aggravate vulnerabilities and undermine poor people’s capacity to build resilience. I also expose the contribution to environmental degradation made by a socio-economic system, namely the current global form of capitalist neo-liberalism that disregards the well-being of people, living creatures and the physical environment. Furthermore, I highlight the injustices and lack of sustainability that this model of growth perpetrates by highlighting the shortcomings of neo-liberalism.
我稱之為綠色社會工作的實踐。在提出我的論點時，我探討了災害（包括與氣候變化相關的極端天氣事件所造成的災害）如何加劇人們的弱點，並削弱窮人建立抗災能力的能力。我也揭露了社會經濟體系對環境惡化的貢獻，也就是當前全球形式的資本主義新自由主義，漠視人類、生物和自然環境的福祉。此外，我透過強調新自由主義的缺點，強調這種成長模式所造成的不公義和缺乏永續性。

Environmental degradation: A disaster that both complicates and is complicated by other disasters
環境退化：既使其他災害複雜化，又使其他災害複雜化的災害

Environmental degradation is proceeding apace as ocean acidity rises, sea levels become higher as glacier ice melts, soil erosion proceeds at an unprecedented pace and the exhaustion of the earth’s dwindling fertility reduces agricultural yields. Even setting aside land for agricultural purposes has failed to secure its future, and food insecurity is striding across the globe. Rising sea levels are increasingly likely to jeopardise the survival of small island states and threaten coastal cities, towns and villages. Coastal cities that are vulnerable to flooding have constantly growing populations as they absorb migrants from rural hinterlands and rising
隨著海洋酸度上升、海平面因冰川融化而變高、土壤侵蝕以前所未有的速度進行，以及地球肥力日漸枯竭導致農業產量減少，環境正急速惡化。即使預留農地也無法保障未來，糧食不安全的問題正肆虐全球。海平面上升越來越有可能危及小島國家的生存，並威脅到沿海城市、城鎮和村莊。易受洪水侵襲的沿海城市，由於吸納了來自農村腹地的移民，人口不斷增加，而上升的海平面也會對這些城市造成威脅。
numbers of births, thereby making already vulnerable ecosystems even more fragile, for example coastal Bangladesh which has had many initiatives aimed at controlling coastal erosion through the planting of mangrove plantations. Klinenberg (2002) suggested how countries prone to heat waves can reduce deaths, especially among older people, by learning from the 1995 heat wave in Chicago.
例如，孟加拉沿海已採取許多措施，透過種植紅樹林來控制海岸侵蝕。Klinenberg (2002) 建議容易發生熱浪的國家可如何從 1995 年芝加哥的熱浪中學習，以減少死亡人數，尤其是老年人。
Ill-health accompanies the destruction of healthy environments, especially as asthma and other respiratory diseases are triggered by air pollution inside and outside homes. For example, indoor pollution caused by the use of cardboard and dung has had 1.4-2 million deaths attributed to it annually. Additionally, outdoor air pollution kills 1 million people a year. Both are unacceptable from an environmental justice perspective because these features are found primarily among the world’s most vulnerable populations in the Global South. Transfers of clean energy technologies could eliminate much of these deaths, and social workers could advocate at all levels from the local to the global for this to occur. In the UK, 30,000 older people die yearly of preventable respiratory illness due to cold, damp houses. Better housing for all, regardless of income levels, could become part of public policy that is then implemented at community level to reduce such unnecessary loss of life. As people’s health is adversely affected by pollutants in the atmosphere, the water, the soil and in their houses, a holistic understanding of the issues and the possible repercussions is essential to reducing risk and asserting that environmental justice be included in planning housing, constructing commercial enterprises, building transportation, communication and sanitation infrastructures and in water supplies, and engaging in creating sustainable jobs. Environmental justice requires practitioners to tackle structural and individual forms of oppression that impact upon people and destroy the environment in the process of creating a privileged life for the few. The current unequal distribution of global wealth has produced 1,153 billionaires (i.e., people who have been recorded as having one or more billion dollars in 2010) while 3 billion people live on less than $ 2 $ 2 $2\$ 2 per day (Kroll & Fass, 2011) (Figure 1).
健康的環境受到破壞時，人們的健康也會受到影響，尤其是哮喘和其他呼吸道疾病都是由室內外的空氣污染所引起的。例如，因使用紙板和糞便而造成的室內污染每年導致 140-200 萬人死亡。此外，室外空氣污染每年導致 100 萬人死亡。從環境正義的角度來看，這兩種情況都是不可接受的，因為這些特徵主要出現在全球南部的世界最弱勢人口中。潔淨能源技術的轉移可以消除這些死亡，而社工可以在從地方到全球的各個層面進行倡議，以實現這一目標。在英國，每年有 30,000 名老年人因為寒冷、潮濕的房屋而死於可預防的呼吸道疾病。不論收入高低，為所有人提供更好的住房，可以成為公共政策的一部分，然後在社區層面實施，以減少這種不必要的生命損失。由於人們的健康受到大氣、水源、土壤與住家中污染物的負面影響，因此全面了解這些問題與可能造成的影響，對於降低風險與維護環境公義至關重要，包括規劃住家、興建商業企業、建置交通、通訊與衛生基礎建設、供水，以及創造永續工作機會。環境正義要求實踐者解決結構性和個人形式的壓迫，這些壓迫在為少數人創造優越生活的過程中影響人們並破壞環境。目前全球財富分配不均，已造成 1,153 位億萬富翁（即：1,153 位富豪）。在 2010 年，有記錄顯示擁有 10 億美元或以上的人口），而有 30 億人口每天的生活費不足 $ 2 $ 2 $2\$ 2 (Kroll & Fass, 2011)（圖 1）。
Moreover, the costs of environmental degradation are high. Environmental degradation is itself a disaster that causes people to lose their homes and livelihoods, whereas the habitats that shelter plants and animals are destroyed. This state of affairs is not limited to the Global South. Western countries such as Canada, USA and Australia regularly experience losses linked to environmental degradation, particularly those linked to the exploitation of primary commodities. Some disasters that destroy the environment’s capacity to renew itself are caused by people and give rise to painful consequences for those affected. Others are attributed
此外，環境退化的代價也很高。環境退化本身就是一場災難，使人們失去家園和生計，而容納植物和動物的棲息地也遭到破壞。這種狀況並不限於全球南部。加拿大、美國和澳大利亞等西方國家經常經歷與環境惡化相關的損失，尤其是那些與開採初级商品相關的損失。有些破壞環境自我更新能力的災害是由人類造成的，並為受影響的人帶來痛苦的後果。其他災害則歸咎於
Figure 1. Empowering environmentally just practice.
圖 1.賦予環境公正實踐的權力。
to ‘Mother’ Nature. Considered a ‘natural’ disaster, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami killed 300,000 people. As in Hurricane Katrina in southern USA, children and older people died in disproportionate numbers. Assessing vulnerability and making the necessary preparations to reduce risk for such eventualities is necessary to eliminate these deaths (Schmidtlein, Deutsch, Piegorsch, & Cutter, 2008; Wisner, Blaikie, Cannon, & Davis, 2004) and increase the resilience of people to respond to environmental catastrophes and reduce ‘an ecology of fear’ (Davis, 1998). Failing to do so is an environmental injustice that reduces people’s sense of having a right to be looked after by others as well as care for them (Laugier & Paperman, 2006).
大自然的「母親」。被視為「自然」災難的 2004 年印度洋海嘯造成 30 萬人死亡。與美國南部的卡特里娜颶風一樣，兒童和老年人的死亡人數不成比例。評估易受傷害性，並做必要的準備以降低此類偶發事件的風險，對於消除這些死亡是必要的 (Schmidtlein, Deutsch, Piegorsch, & Cutter, 2008; Wisner, Blaikie, Cannon, & Davis, 2004)，也能增加人們對環境災害的應變能力，減少「恐懼生態」(Davis, 1998)。如果做不到這一點，就是對環境的不公平，會降低人們對自己有權受到他人照顧以及關懷的感覺（Laugier & Paperman, 2006）。

Types of disasters 災害種類

Definitions of disasters are contested, and there are many different kinds of disasters that impact on the physical environment and living things: ‘Natural’ disasters are defined as those that lack human intervention and include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, landslides and floods. In contrast, (hu)man-made disasters include: poverty; armed conflict; industrial pollution; over-urbanisation in the form of mega-cities lacking adequate public health infrastructures and utilities; industrial accidents such as the one that occurred in Bhopal in India or Three Mile Island in the USA; environmental crises caused by deforestation of tropical and temperate rainforests; and climate change. Although a neat distinction between natural and (hu)man-made disasters is evident in the literature (see Evans & Manion, 2002), the lines between these types
災難的定義是有爭議的，有許多不同種類的災難會影響自然環境和生物：「自然」災難被定義為沒有人為干預的災難，包括地震、火山爆發、海嘯、山崩和洪水。相反，人為災害則包括：貧窮、武裝衝突、工業污染、過度城市化，即缺乏足夠的公共衛生基礎設施和公用事業的超大型城市；工業事故，例如發生在印度博帕爾（Bhopal）或美國三里島（Three Mile Island）的工業事故；熱帶和溫帶雨林砍伐造成的環境危機；以及氣候變化。儘管自然災害和（人為）災害之間的區別在文獻中很明顯（見 Evans & Manion, 2002），但這些類型的災害之間的界線是很清楚的。
of disasters are becoming increasingly blurred. Poverty, for example, aggravates the impact of all types of disasters, but the disaster literature seldom considers it a disaster in its own right (Dominelli, 2012a). Furthermore, some scientists claim that climate change will lead to an increase in volcanic activity and earthquakes, especially if the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets melt (Pearce, 2012). Climate change also has the potential to make existing natural disasters worse, as super-storm Sandy demonstrated when it hit the USA in November 2012. Additionally, regardless of the genesis of a disaster, its impact will be evident in the lives of living things and the physical environment. The degraded environment that disasters leave behind will intensify the experience of environmental injustice felt by poor people.
災害的概念變得越來越模糊。例如，貧窮會加重所有類型災害的影響，但災害文獻很少將其本身視為災害（Dominelli, 2012a）。此外，有些科學家宣稱氣候變遷會導致火山活動和地震增加，尤其是當北極和南極冰原融化時（Pearce, 2012）。氣候變遷也有可能使現有的自然災害惡化，正如超級風暴 Sandy 在 2012 年 11 月襲擊美國時所顯示的。此外，無論災難的起因為何，其影響都會顯現在生物的生活和自然環境上。災害留下的惡化環境將加深窮人對環境不公的感受。
‘Natural’ disasters can cause severe environmental degradation and initiate ‘(hu)man-made’ disasters, for example the earthquake that produced the tsunami that damaged the nuclear reactors at Fukushima Daiichi in Japan in March 2011. The utilities company, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), had been advised to refrain either from building that particular type of reactor in that spot or to strengthen its earthquake proof-ness. However, this advice had been ignored for years under the guise of commercial interests linked to profitability, leaving the plant vulnerable (Lovins, 2011). After the disaster, the Japanese government was compelled to step into the breach and provide resources when TEPCO found that it was unable to cover the costs and declared itself bankrupt (Sobie, 2011). In this case, as in others when other nuclear reactors have broken down, for example Chalk River in Canada, Three Mile Island in the USA and Chernobyl in the Ukraine, human error has exacerbated mechanical malfunctions and increased the damage caused to people and the environment, often irreparably.
自然災害」可造成嚴重的環境惡化，並引發「（人為）災害」，例如 2011 年 3 月日本福島第一核電廠的地震造成海嘯，導致核反應堆損壞。公用事業公司東京電力公司 (Tokyo Electric Power Company, TEPCO) 曾被建議不要在該處興建特定類型的反應堆，或是加強其防震能力。然而，在商業利益與獲利能力的幌子下，這些建議多年來一直被忽視，導致電廠岌岌可危 (Lovins, 2011)。災難發生後，當東電發現無法負擔成本並宣佈破產時，日本政府被迫介入並提供資源（Sobie, 2011）。在此案例中，如同其他核反應堆發生故障時，例如加拿大的 Chalk River、美國的 Three Mile Island 及烏克蘭的 Chernobyl，人為錯誤加重了機械故障，增加了對人類與環境造成的傷害，而且往往是無法彌補的。
Additionally, the solutions utilised in the case of the breakdown of nuclear reactors can store up other problems for the future, for example the pouring of kilometres of concrete to contain radioactive materials uses substances that deteriorate over time, thereby allowing radioactive materials and other heavy metals to seep into the water-table, causing further environmental damage and harm to living things (Zeller, 2012). Limited redress in such cases increases people’s frustrations about the lack of environmental justice for them as victims. For example, many survivors of Bhopal are still struggling for reparations.
此外，在核反應堆故障的情況下所使用的解決方案可能會為未來儲存其他問題，例如，澆灌長達數千公尺的混凝土以盛載放射性物質，所使用的物質會隨著時間退化，因而讓放射性物質和其他重金屬滲入水層，造成進一步的環境破壞和對生物的傷害（Zeller，2012）。在這種情況下，有限的補救措施增加了人們的挫折感，因為作為受害者，他們缺乏環境正義。例如，許多博帕爾事件的倖存者仍在爭取賠償。
The damage caused by disasters is embedded in everyday life practices or routines. Thus, they become part of the taken-for-granted fabric of peoples’ daily existence and are not questioned either in terms of their impact or in the formulation of measures that can mitigate risk. In such situations, social workers have an important role to play in raising consciousness of such
災害所造成的損害已深植於日常生活的習慣或慣例中。因此，災害已成為人們日常生活中理所当然的一部分，無論是在其影響方面，還是在制定可以減輕風險的措施方面，都不會受到質疑。在這種情況下，社會工作者在提高人們對這些問題的意識方面扮演著重要的角色。
issues and mobilising people to do something about reducing vulnerabilities, enhancing resilience and securing environmental justice before a disaster takes place and afterwards. Preventative planning and action is essential in mitigating such risks.
在災難發生之前和之後，我們都需要解決各種問題，並動員人們採取行動，以降低脆弱性、增強復原能力並確保環境正義。預防性規劃和行動對於減緩這些風險至關重要。

Differentiated experiences of disasters
不同的災難經驗

However, environmental degradation and disasters do not impact upon people equally. The differentiated outcomes of environmental degradation and disasters affect poor and marginalised people, poor regions and poor environments the most. Bullard (1990) coined the word ‘environmental racism’ to describe the actions of industrial firms that dumped toxic substances on poor African American neighbourhoods without their consent and destroyed their environments and health in the process. Moreover, countries in the Global South bear a disproportionate burden emanating from disasters, particularly so-called ‘natural’ disasters because: 76 per cent of the damages caused by disasters occur there; 92 per cent of people affected by disasters live in these countries; and 65 per cent of the economic losses caused by disasters are incurred there [IFRC (International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) 2009].
然而，環境退化和災害對人們的影響並不一樣。環境退化和災難的不同結果對貧窮和邊緣化人群、貧窮地區和貧窮環境的影響最大。Bullard (1990) 創造了「環境種族主義」一詞，以描述工業公司在未經非洲裔美國人同意的情況下，將有毒物質傾倒在他們貧困的社區，並在此過程中破壞他們的環境與健康。此外，全球南部國家因災害，尤其是所謂的「自然」災害，承受了不成比例的負擔：76%的災害損失發生在這些國家；92%的災民生活在這些國家；65%的災害經濟損失發生在這些國家[IFRC (International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) 2009]。
The damage caused to these localities is exacerbated by the poor state of the built infrastructure systems transportation networks, communication links, power and utilities supplies and buildings including houses, hospitals, medical clinics and schools. The lack of availability and/or resilience in these structures is compounded by: the absence of important resources such as social networks and money for their development; the presence of corruption in governance systems that permit the misuse of existing resources; and the failure of insurance companies to provide affordable cover in poor communities. Additionally, these factors make it difficult for communities in the Global South to recover easily from the impact of disasters that have occurred. Furthermore, these problems make prevention and preparedness even more important for these locales and the groups of people living in them.
運輸網路、通訊連線、電力和公用設施供應，以及房屋、醫院、診所和學校等建築物的惡劣狀態，使這些地區所遭受的破壞更為嚴重。這些結構缺乏可用性及/或彈性則因下列因素而更形複雜：缺乏重要的資源，如社會網路和發展所需的資金；管理系統中存在貪污汙敗，允許濫用現有資源；以及保險公司無法在貧困社區提供可負擔的保險。此外，這些因素使得全球南部的社區很難從已發生的災害影響中輕易恢復。而且，這些問題使得防災和備災對於這些地方和生活在這些地方的群體來說更加重要。
Other (hu)man-made disasters that damage the environment, injure people and destroy homes, which are rarely considered as perpetuating environmental injustices, involve aggravated violence, especially that perpetrated during armed conflicts. These contribute to environmental degradation through the ordinance that is fired and contribute to global warming as a result. Armed conflicts can also inhibit suffering people from receiving humanitarian aid or prevent them from reaching humanitarian aid camps, as occurred, for example, in the Sudan (Toole, 2006). Disputes in such situations may linger for years. The international community seems to be incapable of intervening to establish peace
其他破壞環境、傷害人民和摧毀家園的(人)為災害(很少被視為持續造成環境不公)涉及嚴重的暴力，尤其是在武裝衝突期間發生的暴力。這些都會透過砲彈造成環境惡化，並因此造成全球暖化。武裝衝突也會妨礙受苦的人們接受人道救援，或阻止他們到達人道救援營地，例如在蘇丹發生的事件（Toole, 2006）。在這種情況下，爭端可能會持續多年。國際社會似乎無法介入建立和平。
because the principle of national sovereignty overrides the state’s duty to protect its citizens/residents (Dominelli, 2012a). Syria’s current civil war denotes an instance in which the international community has failed to bring a halt to hostilities, whereas aid workers risk their lives to provide limited support for the people who are forced to leave their homes to save their lives. Once civilians have been evacuated, the destruction of homes and the physical environment proceeds rapidly. Another seemingly intractable illustration is the UN’s failure to resolve the long-standing dispute over land and territory between Israel and Palestine. The periodic armed conflict that flares up between these two nations has seriously degraded the daily life and environment of Palestinians living in the ‘Occupied Territories’. Social workers there are struggling both to establish the profession in extremely onerous circumstances and provide much needed services for victim-survivors, many of whom are children (Lavalette & Jones, 2011).
因為國家主權原則凌駕於國家保護其公民/居民的責任之上（Dominelli，2012a）。敘利亞目前的內戰就是國際社會未能停止敵對行動的例子，而援助工作者冒著生命危險，為被迫離開家園以拯救生命的人們提供有限的支援。平民一旦撤離，家園和實際環境的破壞就會迅速進行。另一個看似棘手的例子是，聯合國未能解決以色列和巴勒斯坦之間長期存在的土地和領土爭議。這兩個國家間不時爆發的武裝衝突，嚴重摧毀了居住在「被佔領地」的巴勒斯 坦人的日常生活與環境。當地的社會工作者既要在極度嚴苛的環境中建立專業，又要為受害者-倖存者（其中許多是兒童）提供急需的服務（Lavalette & Jones, 2011）。
Climate change itself, an important disaster, presages a type that blurs the boundaries between natural and (hu)man-made disasters because the cause of contemporary climate change is deemed to be human activity linked to the usage of fossil fuels (Dessler & Parsons, 2006), but its impact on the environment is likely to occur through the storms and other ‘natural events’ that follow in its wake. Moreover, scientists predict growth in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events including storms, heat waves, cold spells and the associated flooding and drought that produce higher levels of death especially among women, children and older people (Oven et al., 2011; Robine et al., 2007). Poor people suffer most when the built infrastructure fails in heat waves and cold spells, too (Dominelli, 2012b). The impact of climate change also impacts badly on the potential for the survival and recovery of poor people, for example African Americans in Hurricane Katrina (Pyles, 2007). Although climate change is considered by many as the most crucial contemporary social issue that requires attention, there are many ‘sceptics’ (Giddens, 2009).
氣候變遷本身是一種重要的災害，它模糊了自然災害與（人為）災害之間的界線，因為當代氣候變遷的原因被認為是與使用化石燃料有關的人類活動（Dessler & Parsons, 2006），但它對環境的影響很可能是透過隨之而來的風暴與其他「自然事件」而發生的。此外，科學家預測極端天氣事件的頻率和強度將會增加，包括暴風雨、熱浪、寒流以及相關的洪水和乾旱，這些天氣事件會造成更高的死亡人數，尤其是婦女、兒童和老年人（Oven et al.）當已建設的基礎設施在熱浪和寒流中失效時，窮人也會受害最深（Dominelli，2012b）。氣候變遷的衝擊也嚴重影響窮人生存與復原的潛力，例如在卡崔娜颶風（Hurricane Katrina）中的非裔美國人（Pyles, 2007）。雖然許多人認為氣候變遷是當代最重要的社會議題，必須加以關注，但也有許多「懷疑者」（Giddens, 2009）。
Some disasters have silver linings. For example, the spread of some diseases can be controlled through fires, some of which occur naturally through lighting strikes that encourage regrowth in forests afterwards, for example the eucalyptus trees in Australia, or huge swathes of evergreen forests devastated by pests like the pine beetle in British Columbia, Canada. However, many fires each year are caused by people’s behaviour - untended campfires, dropping litter, cigarette butts and arson. Wildfires caused by human negligence and natural events such as lightning strikes have caused millions of hectares of forests to burn in both temperate and tropical climes. Those started by people are all avoidable, whereas those caused by lighting are not. However, bringing both under control as quickly as
有些災難也有好的一面。舉例來說，有些疾病的傳播可以透過火災來控制，有些火災是自然發生的，透過燈光的照射，促使森林在火災之後重新生長，例如澳洲的桉樹，或是加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省被松樹甲蟲等害蟲摧毀的大片常綠森林。然而，每年都有許多火災是由人們的行為造成的 - 未經管理的營火、丟棄垃圾、煙頭和縱火。在溫帶和熱帶氣候中，由人為疏忽和自然事件（如雷擊）引起的野火已造成數百萬公頃的森林燒毀。由人類引起的野火都是可以避免的，而由燈光引起的野火則無法避免。然而，要盡快控制這兩種災害
possible is necessary to protect living things and the physical environment. Such considerations are included in the development of risk reduction strategies that aim to protect the environment and reduce the impact of environmental degradation on people.
可能是保護生物和自然環境的必要條件。這些考量都包含在風險降低策略的發展中，其目的在於保護環境並減少環境退化對人類的影響。
Although all of the earth’s residents experience the effects of climate change, their contribution to the problem and their experiences of it are differentiated. Unequal consumption patterns mean that rich people have contributed much more to greenhouse gases, but poor people experience their consequences more heavily: Currently, these disparities are indicated in the following realities, and except for the first item, impact most on people with low incomes:
雖然地球上所有居民都會受到氣候變遷的影響，但他們對氣候變遷的貢獻與感受卻各有不同。不平等的消費模式意味著富人對溫室氣體的貢獻要大得多，但窮人卻要承受更嚴重的後果：目前，這些差異顯示在下列現實中，除了第一項外，對低收入者的影響最大：
  • 1 billion people over-consume.
    10 億人過度消費。
  • 1 billion people are dying of hunger.
    十億人瀕臨饑餓。
  • 1 billion people are malnourished.
    十億人營養不良。
  • 1 billion people have no clean drinking water.
    十億人沒有乾淨的飲用水。
  • 2.6 billion people have no sanitation.
    26 億人沒有衛生設備。
  • 1.6 billion people have no access to electricity.
    16 億人無法使用電力。
  • 15 million people die of diseases annually because drugs that could cure them are not cheap and easily available.
    每年有 1,500 萬人死於疾病，因為可以治癒他們的藥物既不便宜又不容易買到。
  • Food prices are rising rapidly and in 2008 led to riots around the world (Newsweek, 2012).
    食品價格快速上漲，並在 2008 年導致全球暴動（Newsweek, 2012）。
These conditions exacerbate the impact of climate change on both the environment and people, especially during extreme weather events such as flooding, heat waves and cold snaps, and expose how poverty intensifies the damaging effects of environmental injustice.
這些情況加劇了氣候變遷對環境和人類的影響，尤其是在洪水、熱浪和寒流等極端天氣事件發生時，並暴露出貧窮如何強化環境不公的破壞性影響。
Children are particularly vulnerable during disasters. Unfortunately, some adults, for example paedophiles, prey on them for sexual exploitation. They often define children as orphans when they are not and pretend to offer them assistance and care when they are grooming them for exploitation as occurred in Sri Lanka during the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. Getting children back to the routines of school is useful in preventing children from being taken advantage of by predatory adults and also enhances their recovery.
兒童在災難中特別容易受到傷害。不幸的是，有些成年人，例如戀童癖者，會利用兒童進行性剝削。他們通常將兒童界定為孤兒，但實際上卻不是；他們佯裝向兒童提供協助和照顧，但實際上卻在引誘兒童進行性剝削，2004 年印度洋海嘯發生在斯里蘭卡，2010 年地震發生在海地。讓兒童回到正常的學校生活，有助於防止兒童被掠奪性成人利用，同時也能促進他們的復原。
Extreme weather events also create stresses on health and social care provisions if the built infrastructure fails, for example when the roads become impassable due to snow and ice and the lack of vehicles that are equipped to navigate slippery and icy terrain. This situation calls for egalitarian partnerships between the public and private sectors and informal carers living in the community and are essential in mitigating the effects of environmental injustice. However, the link between formal and informal carers can become exploitative primarily of the women who provide the caring that is needed because state agencies begin to include the availability of informal and unpaid carers in their calculations of how extreme weather events will
如果已建基礎設施發生故障，極端天氣事件也會對健康與社會照護服務造成壓力，例如，當道路因冰雪而無法通行，且缺乏可在濕滑和結冰地形上行駛的車輛時。這種情況需要公私部門與生活在社區中的非正式照護者之間建立平等的夥伴關係，這對於緩解環境不公的影響至關重要。然而，正式與非正式照護者之間的聯繫可能會變成主要剝削提供所需照護的婦女，因為國家機構開始在計算極端天氣事件將如何影響婦女時，將非正式與無償照護者的可用性納入考量。
be catered for (Dominelli, 2012b). Older people become particularly vulnerable in such situations - they lose formal services because providers are unable to reach them, and they become dependent on the goodwill of family that may live outside the area and neighbours. As a service provider, interviewed in the Built Infrastructures and Health and Social Care Provisions for Older People Under Conditions of Climate Change (BIOPICCC) study, claimed:
(Dominelli, 2012b)。在這種情況下，老年人變得特別脆弱 - 他們失去了正式的服務，因為服務提供者無法接觸到他們，他們變得依賴可能住在區外的家人和鄰居的善意。在「氣候變遷情況下的基礎建設與老年人健康與社會照護」(BIOPICCC) 研究中，一位受訪的服務提供者表示：「我們的服務提供者無法為老年人提供服務，因為他們無法接觸到他們，而且他們會依賴可能住在外地的家人和鄰居的善意：
when a person is being assessed we’ll be asking about whether it is a family member or whoever, about what support they are willing and able to actually provide to that person. There is no sort of judgement made that someone must provide something for their loved one, but we would ask them because we don’t want to take that care away either. But it is important from that kind of area that this is something we think about - it is part of the contingencies. (Dominelli, 2012b, p. 8)
當一個人接受評估時，我們會詢問他的家人或其他人，他們願意並有能力為他提供什麼樣的支援。我們不會判斷某人必須為其親人提供什麼，但我們會詢問他們，因為我們也不想剝奪他們的照顧。但重要的是，從那種領域來看，這是我們要考慮的事情 - 它是緊急情況的一部分。(Dominelli, 2012b, p. 8）。
Additionally, people’s expectations about receiving health care at the point of need are being revised as higher costs provide the reason that politicians use to justify demands for a greater financial contribution from the end user or the patient. These changes are becoming increasingly common in the West as they are being incorporated into policy planning processes during an age of austerity, as stipulated by policy makers and service providers in the quote given above. Moreover, policies of passing the costs onto marginalised groups can become exclusionary because poor people cannot afford to purchase medical care or other services normally provided through the welfare state. For example, people who cannot afford to buy medicines privately in Greece are protesting the impact of public expenditure cuts.
此外，人們對於在需要時獲得醫療照護的期望也在改變，因為較高的成本提供了政治人物用來證明要求最終使用者或病患提供較多經濟貢獻的理由。在西方，這些改變越來越普遍，因為在緊縮的時代，這些改變被納入政策規劃的過程中，就如上面引述的政策制定者和服務提供者所說的一樣。此外，將成本轉嫁給邊緣族群的政策可能會變成排斥性的，因為窮人無法負擔通常由福利國家提供的醫療照護或其他服務。舉例來說，在希臘，無法負擔私人購買藥物的人們正在抗議公共開支削減的影響。
A crucial difficulty about extreme weather events is that while their propensity to increase has been predicted, exactly when and where they will strike and who they will encompass is less predictable. This makes being aware of the consequences of preparing for them (or not) complicated. In such circumstances, some community residents indulge in what Dupuy (2005) called ‘enlightened catastrophism’ by focusing only on what must be done today. Preparedness, to them, makes sense largely if the predicted disaster is imminent, not one that might not occur for years or even decades into the future. Such responses emphasise the need for consciousness-raising and publicity that will alert people to the potential dangers and highlight what steps they need to take to mitigate the risks they might face, be prepared to take action and know who and where to go to for help if disaster strikes. Social workers can play a crucial role in exploring such scenarios with local people in their communities and contribute to the realisation of environmental justice in the process. As
極端天氣事件的一個關鍵難題是，雖然其增加的傾向已被預測，但其發生的確切時間和地點以及其覆蓋的人群卻難以預測。這使得意識到為其做準備（或不做準備）的後果變得複雜。在這種情況下，有些社區居民沉溺於 Dupuy (2005) 所謂的「開明災難主義」，只專注於今天必須做的事。對他們來說，如果預測的災難迫在眉睫，而不是未來幾年甚至幾十年後才會發生的災難，那麼防備工作才有意義。這些回應強調需要提高意識和宣傳，以提醒人們潛在的危險，並強調他們需要採取哪些步驟來降低可能面臨的風險、準備好採取行動，以及在災難發生時知道向誰和哪裡求助。社會工作者可以在與社區中的當地居民共同探討這些情況時發揮重要作用，並在此過程中為實現環境正義做出貢獻。如
practitioners, they can also highlight how destroying the environment through climate change creates winners and losers according to different scenarios that identify risk and mitigation strategies. Social workers can also act as translators who explain mathematical models to people in ordinary, non-jargonistic language that they can understand.
執業者也可以強調，根據不同的情境，找出風險與減緩策略，藉由氣候變遷破壞環境如何造成贏家與輸家。社會工作者也可以扮演翻譯的角色，以一般人可以理解的非專業術語，向人們解釋數學模型。
Investing in people through educational provisions is an important dimension in preparing for disasters. It also indicates points at which ensuring environmental justice coincides with securing social justice. Having an aware, well-educated populace is integral to achieving this outcome. However, this reality is far from being the case. Globally, more girls and women than boys and men are illiterate. This has implications for the extent to which women can exercise agency and engage in scientific discussions, especially if information is not made available to them via other means, for example through audio-visual means or photographs. Despite attempts to increase primary school education for girls and women as a key element in the Millennium Development Goals that aim to redress the literacy divide between and within countries, much remains to be done in this regard. Social workers have been involved in developing and promoting schemes that enable women to become educated but need to do more to promote environmental justice in situations where women carry the major portion of the burden of caring for their families in distressed physical environments. This point is vividly portrayed by a woman villager interviewed by Dominelli (2012c, p. 7) following the Indian Ocean Tsunami in Sri Lanka. She commented:
透過提供教育對人們進行投資是防災準備的一個重要層面。它還顯示了確保環境正義與確保社會正義的重合點。要實現這一目標，就必須讓人們瞭解並接受良好教育。然而，現實遠非如此。在全球範圍內，文盲女孩和婦女多於男孩和男人。這影響了婦女行使主動權和參與科學討論的程度，尤其是當資訊無法透過其他方式（例如視聽方式或照片）提供給她們時。儘管千禧年發展目標嘗試增加女孩和婦女的小學教育，並將其作為糾正各國之間和國內識字率差距的關鍵要素，但在這方面仍有許多工作要做。社會工作者已參與制定並推廣讓婦女接受教育的計劃，但在婦女在惡劣的自然環境中承擔照顧家庭的主要重擔的情況下，他們需要做更多的工作來促進環境正義。Dominelli (2012c, p. 7)在斯里蘭卡發生印度洋海嘯後，訪問了一位女性村民，她生動地描述了這一點。她表示：
If men’s economic activities were hampered [by the Tsunami], they are excused by society. . . . Women are not excused by the society. They are supposed to do whatever … deal with the problems. They … take care of the household and the children.
如果男性的經濟活動受到[海嘯]的妨礙，社會會為他們開脫。. . ..婦女不會得到社會的寬恕。她們應該做任何事情......處理問題。她們......照顧家庭和孩子。
Meeting development needs, particularly those linked to raising people out of poverty, can cause extensive environmental degradation if the development is not planned sustainably and if poor people are not involved in multi-stakeholder partnerships to find solutions alongside experts. Sustainable development according to the Brundtland (1987) Report refers to the ‘capacity to meet the needs of the present without destroying the potential of meeting the needs of future generations’. Regrettably, not all development follows sustainable principles. The issue of sustainability in the alleviation of poverty and in tackling climate change has become a highly disputed issue in the United Nations Framework for the Convention on Climate Change [Third World Network (TWN), 2012]. Although agreement in this forum has not been forthcoming, no one and nothing will escape the impact of climate change. Unfortunately, the impact is variable,
如果不以可持續的方式規劃發展，如果窮人不參與多方利害關係人夥伴關係，與專家一起尋找解決方案，那麼滿足發展需求，特別是那些與使人們脫離貧窮相關的需求，可能會造成廣泛的環境退化。根據布倫特蘭（Brundtland，1987 年）報告，永續發展是指「既能滿足現代人的需求，又不會破壞滿足後代人需求的潛力」。遺憾的是，並非所有的發展都遵循永續原則。在減緩貧困和應對氣候變化方面的可持續性問題，已成為聯合國氣候變化公約框架中極具爭議的議題[Third World Network (TWN), 2012]。儘管在這個論壇上還沒有達成協議，但沒有人、也沒有任何事物可以逃避氣候變遷的影響。不幸的是，這種影響是多變的、
Figure 2. Multi-stakeholder environmental partnerships.
圖 2.多方利益相關者環境合作夥伴關係。
and those most vulnerable are those who have contributed the least to this phenomenon, for example small island states in the Global South that are in danger of sinking as sea levels rise (TWN, 2012) (Figure 2).
而最脆弱的是那些對這一現象貢獻最小的國家，例如全球南部的小島國，它們有可能隨著海平面上升而下沉（TWN，2012 年）（圖 2）。
Additionally, multinational firms are not held accountable by national governments or local people. Consequently, development can occur at the expense of the environment, causing hardship to various communities and damaging the physical environment. Indigenous people have been particularly hard hit by unsustainable mining practices, particularly those involving the extraction of gold, diamonds and other precious gems and valuable minerals such as tungsten. Mineral extraction endeavours have also led to armed conflicts in parts of Africa such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (War Child, 2012). Resolving these conflicts often involves multi-stakeholder partnerships composed of internal and external actors working alongside each other.
此外，國家政府或當地人民不會追究跨國公司的責任。因此，發展可能會以犧牲環境為代價，造成各社區的困苦，並破壞自然環境。不可持續的採礦活動，尤其是涉及黃金、鑽石和其他珍貴寶石以及鎢等貴重礦物的採掘活動，對原住民的打擊尤為嚴重。礦產開採活動也導致了非洲部分地區的武裝衝突，例如剛果民主共和國（War Child, 2012）。要解決這些衝突，往往需要多方利益相關者的合作，包括內部和外部的合作夥伴。
Indigenous people are often caught in the cross-fires between development that is often unsustainable and against the long-term interests of indigenous people committed to preserving their environment for the future. Mining for coal, gems and minerals is unsafe for people and environmentally destructive work, especially when driven by the profit motive. For example, in Latin America, the expropriation of lands, especially those of indigenous peoples, for development purposes, often done without their having a say in what happens or receiving compensation for what is lost, leaves them in precarious situations (Carruthers & Rodriguez, 2009). On the bright side, although funding levels remain inadequate, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
土著人民經常陷入發展的夾縫中，而發展往往是不可持續的，並違背了土著人民致力於為未來保護環境的長遠利益。開採煤炭、寶石和礦物對人們來說是不安全的，也是破壞環境的工作，尤其是在利益驅使下。舉例來說，在拉丁美洲，為了發展目的而徵用土地，尤其是原住民的土地，通常他們對於所發生的事沒有發言權，也無法獲得賠償，這使得他們處於不穩定的狀況 (Carruthers & Rodriguez, 2009)。從好的一面來看，雖然資金水平仍然不足，但降低因森林砍伐所產生的排放
and Forest Degradation Plus contains provisions whereby indigenous people who forego current consumption for the greater good, for example by not cutting down Amazonian rainforests, are compensated. This is an approach that could be used to preserve lands in their current form, provided that indigenous people are compensated for not using them now (TWN, 2012).
《和森林退化附加方案》中包含一些条款，规定土著居民如果为了更大的利益而放弃当前的消费，例如不砍伐亚马逊雨林，就可以获得补偿。只要土著居民現在不使用這些土地，就能獲得補償，這種方法可用於保護目前形式的土地（TWN，2012 年）。

Defining green social work
定義綠色社會工作

Green social work as a form of practice rooted in enhancing the well-being of people and their environments becomes relevant to the realisation of environmental justice. Green social workers base their interventions on the idea that nation-states that are currently members of the UN are already committed to environmental justice because each member state is responsible for providing resources that mitigate risk for citizens endeavouring to procure the necessities of life because they have signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Under the UDHR’s Articles 22-27, states are committed to enabling their citizens to ensure their well-being as far as it is reliant upon food, clothing, shelter, education and health resources. Additionally, various other treaties and protocols have promoted the idea of environmental justice as the right to live in a healthy environment, for example the Stockholm Declaration and the Rio Declaration. The right to a healthy and sustainable environment as an integral part of environmental justice has been endorsed by environmental movements and is integral to green social work. However, some states claim that they are unable to comply with the demands for food, clothing, shelter, education and health services as envisaged through the UDHR, even though on their own these requirements stop short of the demand for environmental justice. State reluctance to guarantee the provision of even the basic human rights enshrined in the UDHR has been legitimated through contemporary fiscal crises. Under the guise of financial imperatives, politicians have condoned state abrogation of these responsibilities and their being shunted onto the shoulders of individuals and families. Moreover, this negation of people’s entitlements has not been limited to countries in the Global South. It is also evident in Western states in the form of the public expenditure cuts that have been incorporated into the policies that have ushered in the ‘age of austerity’. These cuts have decimated publicly funded welfare provisions and taken their toll on people’s well-being. The plight of people in Greece, Spain and Portugal has covered acres of newsprint and megabytes of prime-time television coverage. In contrast, the bankers whose inadequate governance of financial institutions initially created the financial crisis, are rarely penalised and carry on maintaining their high standards of living (Jordan & Drakeford, 2012).
綠色社會工作作為一種實踐形式，根植於提高人類及其環境的福祉，與環境正義的實現息息相 關。綠色社會工作者的介入是基於以下觀點：現在成為聯合國成員的國家已經承諾實現環境公義，因為每個成員國都簽署了《世界人權宣言》（UDHR），有責任為努力獲得生活必需品的公民提供減輕風險的資源。根據《世界人權宣言》第 22 至 27 條，各國承諾使其公民能夠確保他們的福祉，因為這有賴於食物、衣服、住所、教育和健康資源。此外，其他各種條約和議定書也提倡環境正義的觀念，即在健康環境中生活的權利，例如《斯德哥爾摩宣言》和《里約熱內盧宣言》。享有健康和可持續環境的權利作為環境正義的一個組成部分，已經得到環境運動的認可，並成為綠色社會工作的組成部分。然而，一些國家聲稱，他們無法滿足《世界人權宣言》中對食物、衣服、住所、教育和醫療服務的要求，儘管這些要求本身並未達到環境正義的要求。當代的財政危機使國家不願意保證《世界人權宣言》中所規定的基本人權得以合法化。在財政需要的幌子下，政治人物縱容國家拋棄這些責任，並將它們轉嫁到個人和家庭的肩上。 此外，這種對人民權利的否定並不限於全球南部的國家。在西方國家也很明顯，公共開支的削減被納入「緊縮時代」的政策中。這些削減已經摧毀了公共資助的福利，並對人們的福祉造成損害。希臘、西班牙和葡萄牙人民的處境已佔據了大量的新聞紙和數兆位元組的黃金時段電視報導。相比之下，那些因金融機構管理不善而導致金融危機的銀行家，卻很少受到懲罰，並繼續維持他們的高生活水準 (Jordan & Drakeford, 2012)。
Green social workers aim to promote environmental justice and resist environmental injustice by helping people mobilise and organise activities that protect their physical environment. Consequently, green social work practice affirms human rights and social justice to enhance the well-being of people and the environment for today and the future. Its concern to deal with forms of environmental degradation that undermine people’s well-being provides the rationale that justifies social workers’ involvement in environmental issues (Dominelli, 2011, 2012a). Green social work adopts a political stance in that it recognises that power relations shape human interactions and that these are rooted in an ethics of care whereby people care for one another and the environment in sustainable ways to ensure that all living things will survive now and for generations to come. Green social workers are critical of the unsustainable forms of development encapsulated in the contemporary neo-liberal capitalist mode of production, reproduction and consumption because these exploit the environment and people’s labour and perpetuate social and environmental injustice. Dominelli (2012a, p. 25) defined green social work as:
綠色社會工作者旨在透過幫助人們動員和組織保護自然環境的活動，促進環境正義並抵制環境不公。因此，綠色社會工作實踐肯定人權和社會公義，以提高人類和環境在今天和未來的福祉。其關注處理損害人類福祉的環境退化形式，為社會工作者參與環境議題提供了理據（Dominelli, 2011, 2012a）。綠色社會工作採取了一種政治立場，因為它認識到權力關係塑造了人與人之間的互動，而權力關係植根於一種關懷倫理，即人與人之間以及人與環境之間以可持續的方式互相關懷，以確保現在以及未來世世代代的所有生物都能生存下去。綠色社會工作者批判當代新自由資本主義的生產、再生產與消費模式中不可持續的發展形式，因為這些模式剝削環境與人們的勞動力，並使社會與環境的不公義永久化。Dominelli (2012a, p. 25) 將綠色社會工作定義為：
a form of holistic professional social work practice that focuses on the: interdependencies amongst people, the social organisation of relationships between people and the flora and fauna in their physical habitats; and the interactions between socio-economic and physical environmental crises and interpersonal behaviours that undermine the well-being of human beings and planet earth. It proposes to address these issues by arguing for a profound transformation in how people conceptualise the social basis of their society, their relationships with each other, living things and the inanimate world. It does so by: tackling structural inequalities including the unequal distribution of power and resources; eliminating poverty and various ‘isms’; promoting global interdependencies, solidarity and egalitarian social relations; utilising limited natural resources such as land, air, water, energy sources and minerals for the benefit of all rather than the privileged few; and protecting the earth’s flora and fauna. The aim of green social work is to work for the reform of the socio-political and economic forces that have a deleterious impact upon the quality of life of poor and marginalised populations, secure the policy changes and social transformations necessary for enhancing the well-being of people and the planet today and in the future and advance the duty to care for others and the right to be cared by others.
是一種整體性的專業社會工作實務，著重於人與人之間的相互依賴關係、人與人之間的社會組織關係、人與人之間的動植物關係、社會經濟與實體環境危機之間的互動關係，以及破壞人類與地球福祉的人際行為。為了解決這些問題，本書建議人們對於社會基礎、人與人之間的關係、生物與無生命世界的觀念進行深刻的轉變。其方法包括：解決結構性的不平等，包括權力和資源的不平等分配；消除貧窮和各種「原則」；促進全球相互依存、團結和平等的社會關係；利用有限的自然資源，如土地、空氣、水、能源和礦產，造福所有人而非少數特權者；以及保護地球上的動植物。綠色社會工作的目標是致力於改革對貧窮和邊緣人口的生活品質造成有害影響的社會政治和經濟力量，確保必要的政策變革和社會轉型，以提高當今和未來人類和地球的福祉，並推進關懷他人的責任和被他人關懷的權利。
Its interventions are holistic and tackle structural forms of oppression, environmental degradation and injustice to empower people (Figure 3).
它的干預是整體性的，針對結構性的壓迫、環境退化和不公義，以增強人們的能力（圖 3）。
Figure 3. Green social work interventions.
圖 3.綠色社會工作介入。
Green social workers are concerned about:
綠色社工關注：
  • human rights violations; 侵犯人權；
  • environmental degradation;
    環境退化；
  • an economic system that perpetuates inequalities and lacks corporate accountability;
    使不平等永久化且缺乏企業責任感的經濟體系；
  • the neglect of cultural diversity and the nonaffirmation of aboriginal and indigenous lifestyles;
    忽略文化多樣性，不肯定原住民和土著人的生活方式；
  • lack of people-friendly localities and supportive community relationships, especially those associated with unsustainable economic developments;
    缺乏親民的地方和支持性的社區關係，尤其是那些與不可持續的經濟發展相關的社區關係；
  • lack of provision for the health and social services that promote the well-being of people;
    缺乏促進人們福祉的健康和社會服務；
  • lack of care for the physical environment;
    缺乏對實際環境的關懷；
  • lack of recognition of the interdependency among people and between people and the geo/ecosystem; and
    缺乏對人與人、人與地理/生態系統之間相互依賴關係的認知；以及
  • lack of resilient-built infrastructures, resources and communities (Dominelli, 2012a).
    缺乏有彈性的基礎建設、資源和社區（Dominelli，2012a）。
These concerns are linked to struggles for environmental justice while practitioners undertake the following tasks (Dominelli, 2012a):
這些關注與環境正義的鬥爭有關，而實踐者則承擔以下任務（Dominelli，2012a）：
  • supporting people in affirming their human, social and environmental rights;
    支持人們肯定其人權、社會權和環境權；
  • supporting people in protecting the environment; enhancing the well-being of humans and the ecosphere; and obtaining environmental justice;
    支持人們保護環境；增進人類和生態圈的福祉；以及獲得環境正義；
  • mobilising people in various partnerships and alliances to promote residents’ and the earth’s wellbeing; and
    在各種夥伴關係和聯盟中動員人們，促進居民和地球的福祉；以及
  • empowering marginalised individuals, communities and groups, especially in influencing commercial and other institutional routines and policy/decision makers.
    賦予被邊緣化的個人、社區和團體權能，特別是在影響商業和其他機構常規及政策/決策者方面。
In conducting their work, green social workers uphold the duty to care for and be cared by others, including the duty to care for Planet Earth. Green social workers endorse a holistic approach that envisages a unity between people and their physical, social, political, economic and cultural environments. These are part of one whole and not separate from it.
在工作中，綠色社工堅持關懷他人和被他人關懷的責任，包括關懷地球的責任。綠色社工贊同一種整體性的方法，認為人與他們的自然、社會、政治、經濟和文化環境是一個整體。這些都是一個整體的一部分，而不是分開的。
Environmental degradation occurs in the course of meeting people’s needs. Much of it could be reduced by more careful planning that draws upon holistic environmental assessments that enhance existing forms of resilience. Involving local people in decision-making processes and disaster reduction initiatives that promote sustainable development can avoid poor decisions including those that undermine environmental integrity. Additionally, such practices underpin the co-production of knowledge and partnerships that cross disciplinary divides and facilitate contact between local people and experts.
環境退化是在滿足人們需求的過程中發生的。若能進行更謹慎的規劃，並利用可加強現有復原形式的整體環境評估，便可減少大部分的環境退化。讓當地居民參與決策過程以及促進可持續發展的減災倡議，可以避免錯誤的決策，包括那些破壞環境完整性的決策。此外，這種做法還能鞏固知識的共同創造以及跨越學科藩籬的夥伴關係，並促進當地居民與專家之間的聯繫。
Top-down decision making that ignores local knowledge can destroy environmental integrity, force the migration of large numbers of people and produce unforeseen social and environmental problems, for example the dead water and drought that has occurred following the construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China (Watts, 2011). Such projects also highlight tensions between governments engaging in grandiose status-raising projects and the smaller, life-sustaining ones preferred by local people who wish to remain in their communities of origins rather than migrate elsewhere.
忽略當地知識的自上而下決策會破壞環境的完整性，迫使大量人口遷移，並產生不可預見的社會與環境問題，例如中國建造三峽大壩後出現的死水與乾旱（Watts, 2011）。此類專案也突顯了政府與當地人民之間的緊張關係，前者從事宏大的提升地位專案，而後者則偏好小規模、可維持生活的專案，因為當地人民希望留在原住社區而非移居他處。
Social workers are active if invisible players in tackling social and environmental degradation associated with disasters and reconstructing damaged communities. A practitioner working in such situations assumes various roles that require understanding complex power dynamics and relationships in pursuing environmental justice. These include that of:
在解決與災難相關的社會和環境退化問題以及重建受損社區的過程中，社會工作者即使是隱形的，也是積極的參與者。在這種情況下工作的實務工作者會擔當各種角色，需要瞭解追求環境正義的複雜權力動力與關係。這些角色包括：
  • facilitator; 主持人：
  • coordinator; 協調員；
  • community mobiliser (of people and systems);
    社區動員者（人員和系統）；
  • mobiliser of resources; 資源的調動者；
  • negotiator or broker between communities and different levels of government;
    社區與各級政府之間的談判員或中介人；
  • mediator between conflicting interests and groups, including gendered relations;
    衝突的利益和團體之間的調解者，包括性別關係；
  • consultant to government and other agencies;
    政府及其他機構的顧問；
  • advocate for people’s rights and entitlements;
    維護人們的權利和權益；
  • educator, giving out information about how to access relief aid and avoid diseases that can erupt following a disaster;
    教育工作者，提供有關如何獲得救災援助和避免災後可能爆發的疾病的資訊；
  • trainer, particularly in how to respond effectively in mobilising local resources when disaster strikes;
    訓練員，尤其是在災害發生時如何有效地動員當地資源；
  • cultural interpreter; 文化口譯員；
  • interdisciplinary translator;
    跨學科翻譯；
  • therapist helping people deal with the emotional consequences of disaster; and
    治療師協助人們處理災難造成的情緒後果；以及
  • protector of the ecosystem/physical environment (Dominelli, 2009, 2012a).
    生態系統/物理環境的保護者 (Dominelli, 2009, 2012a)。
Intervening in disaster situations embedded in environmental degradation can be complicated and messy - physically, socially and emotionally. Clarity about cultural expectations and norms that can militate against fairness and clearing rubble when the physical environment and infrastructures are damaged become relationship-building skills. In helping people piece their lives together, green social workers in such disasters undertake the following tasks:
在環境惡化的災難情境中進行干預是複雜而混亂的，無論在實體上、社會上還是情感上都是如此。當實體環境和基礎設施受到破壞時，澄清可能不利於公平的文化期望和規範，以及清理瓦礫，都成為建立關係的技巧。在幫助人們重建生活的過程中，綠色社會工作者在這類災難中承擔了以下任務：
  • assessing need; 評估需求；
  • coordinating and delivering goods and services;
    協調和提供商品與服務；
  • assisting in family reunification;
    協助家庭團聚；
  • supporting individuals and communities to rebuild their lives, develop resilience and build capacity to minimise future risks; and
    支援個人和社區重建生活、發展復原力和建立能力，以盡量降低未來的風險；以及
  • advocating, lobbying and mobilising for changes that safeguard the environment and prevent future disasters.
    提倡、游說和動員改變，以保護環境和預防未來的災害。
For green practitioners, supporting physically and psychosocially injured people and repairing damaged environments become starting points for longer term transformative initiatives that develop environmentally just, sustainable, life-enhancing forms of being and doing.
對於綠色工作者而言，支援身心受傷的人以及修復受破壞的環境，將成為長期轉型計畫的起點，以發展環境公正、永續、提升生活品質的存在與行為方式。

Conclusions 結論

Green social work is essential for reducing the footprint that people leave on the environment, ensuring that all the Earth’s inhabitants have an equitable share of resources, protecting the Earth’s flora and fauna and promoting sustainable forms of development that will not cost the earth or forfeit the future. Green social work is based on the idea of a citizenry that transcends particular locales to acknowledge the interdependencies between peoples and the realisation of peoples’ human rights, social and environmental justice and citizenship entitlements. It encompasses a critique of consumerism, hyper-urbanisation, neo-liberalism and expert-led solutions to the social challenges that currently face humanity. It contains a commitment to facilitating local residents’ action (agency), valuing their knowledge and co-producing solutions alongside all other stakeholders with an interest in protecting people and the living environment from harm. In promoting and enhancing environmental justice, green social work practice is also good social work practice that draws on empowering values and skills. Hence, environmentally just, green social work practice lies at the heart of the profession.
綠色社會工作對於減少人類在環境中留下的足跡、確保地球上所有居民都能公平分享資源、保護地球上的動植物、推廣不以地球為代價、不放棄未來的永續發展形式，都是不可或缺的。綠色社會工作是以公民的理念為基礎，超越特定的地域，承認人與人之間的相互依存關係，實現人權、社會和環境公義以及公民應有的權利。它包含對消費主義、超級城市化、新自由主義的批判，以及專家主導的解決方案，以解決人類目前面臨的社會挑戰。它承諾促進當地居民的行動（機構），重視他們的知識，並與所有其他利益相關者共同創造解決方案，以保護人們和生活環境免受傷害。在促進和提高環境公義的過程中，綠色社會工作實踐也是良好的社會工作實踐，它汲取了賦權的 價值觀和技能。因此，環境公義、綠色社會工作實踐是社會工作專業的核心。

Acknowledgements 鳴謝

This article draws on a lecture I gave when I was awarded the 2012 Katherine A Kendall Award in Stockholm, Sweden. I acknowledge the contributions to the insights developed here through research projects funded by two research councils in the UK: the ESRC (Internationalising Institutional Practices, 2009-2012) and EPSRC (Built Infrastructures, Older People and Climate Change (BIOPICCC), 2009-2012).
本文參考了我在瑞典斯德哥爾摩獲得 2012 年 Katherine A Kendall 獎時所做的演講。我感謝英國兩個研究委員會所資助的研究專案，對本文所提出的見解有所貢獻：英國英國家研究委員會 (ESRC) (Internationalising Institutional Practices, 2009-2012) 和英國歐洲理工學院研究委員會 (EPSRC) (Built Infrastructures, Older People and Climate Change (BIOPICCC), 2009-2012)。

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  1. Key words: green social work, environmental justice, greening the profession, interdependent world, climate change, disasters
    關鍵字：綠色社會工作、環境正義、綠化專業、相互依存的世界、氣候變遷、災害
    Lena Dominelli, School of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3JT, UK
    Lena Dominelli，英國杜倫大學應用社會科學學院，杜倫 DH1 3JT
    E-mail: Lena.Dominelli@durham.ac.uk
    電子郵件Lena.Dominelli@durham.ac.uk
    Accepted for publication 1 January 2013
    已於 2013 年 1 月 1 日接受出版