The concepts outlined in this document, along with the Canadian Ski Technique document, define the Canadian Skiing and Teaching approach, the technical concepts define WHAT we teach, and the teaching concepts establish HOW we teach. While technical knowledge informs the content of a lesson, an instructor’s ability to connect and engage with learners is paramount. The goal of every ski lesson should be to give each student a safe and fun learning experience on the snow. 本文件中概述的概念，連同加拿大滑雪技術文件，共同定義了加拿大滑雪與教學方法，技術概念說明我們教什麼，教學概念則確立我們如何教。雖然技術知識決定課程內容，但教練與學員建立連結並引發學習興趣的能力更為重要。每堂滑雪課的目標應是讓每位學員在雪地上擁有安全且愉快的學習體驗。
Canadian Ski Technique
CSIA ‘Technique’ is based on the ‘Movement and Motion’ philosophy. Canadian ski technique is also centered on biomechanical principles and the use of modern equipment and outlines efficient and effective skiing. The Canadian approach can be used in all conditions for skiers of all levels and ages and is meant to be adapted to any desired outcome. CSIA「技術」是基於「動作與運動」的理念。加拿大滑雪技術同樣以生物力學原理和現代裝備的使用為核心，並概述了高效且有效的滑雪方式。加拿大的方法適用於各種條件，適合所有水平和年齡的滑雪者，並可根據任何期望的結果進行調整。
The Canadian skiing philosophy emphasizes ‘Movement and Motion.’ Central to this approach is the concept of the relationship between the Base of Support (BOS) and the Centre of Mass (COM). This foundational principle serves as the basis for evaluating and refining ski technique at all skill levels. With understanding of this concept, skiing can be distilled into its essential components, ensuring precise and accurate analysis from beginner to expert levels. Understanding fundamental movements in skiing enables instructors to assess their students effectively. 加拿大滑雪哲學強調「動作與運動」。此方法的核心是支撐基底（BOS）與質心（COM）之間關係的概念。這一基礎原則是評估和改進各種技能水平滑雪技術的依據。理解此概念後，滑雪可被簡化為其基本要素，確保從初學者到專家層級的精確分析。了解滑雪的基本動作使教練能有效評估學生。
PURPOSE目的
The CSIA teaching concepts provide a practical framework which ski teachers can apply in the real world of ski teaching. These principles ensure the delivery of a consistent message across the country and around the world. CSIA 的教學理念提供了一個實用的框架，滑雪教練可以在實際的滑雪教學中應用。這些原則確保在全國乃至全球傳遞一致的教學訊息。
Understanding the learner’s knowledge and skill level and their ability to identify areas for improvement, are key areas of focus for ski instructors. A common lesson structure, consistent assessment and development skills, and the ability to create a learning experience appropriate to the learner allows an instructor to provide an organized, valuable and memorable lesson. 了解學員的知識和技能水平，以及他們識別改進領域的能力，是滑雪教練的重點關注範圍。統一的課程結構、一致的評估與發展技能，以及創造適合學員的學習體驗的能力，使教練能夠提供有組織、有價值且令人難忘的課程。
Collaborative teaching (HOW we teach) provides the framework within which technical knowledge (WHAT we teach) can be shared with the learners, while recognizing that no two people and, therefore, no two lessons, are exactly the same. 協作教學（我們如何教）提供了一個框架，讓技術知識（我們教什麼）能夠與學員分享，同時認識到沒有兩個人是完全相同的，因此也沒有兩堂課是完全一樣的。
Application/Communication 應用程式／通訊
Knowledge of and adherence to these teaching concepts and use of the related vernacular facilitates consistent communication across the membership and between Course Conductors ski teaching ability can come through experience, trial and error but most importantly through reflection of one’s own effectiveness and outcomes. Canadian Ski Teaching: A Collaborative Approach is designed with a common teaching cycle in mind and recognizes the following skills and values of effective teachers: 了解並遵守這些教學理念，並使用相關的術語，有助於會員之間以及與課程主持人之間保持一致的溝通。滑雪教學能力可以通過經驗、反覆嘗試和錯誤來獲得，但最重要的是透過反思自身的教學成效和結果。《加拿大滑雪教學：協作式方法》是以共同的教學循環為設計理念，並認可有效教師具備以下技能與價值觀：
o
People Skills人際技巧
o
Quality Guest Experience 優質的賓客體驗
o
Safe Teaching安全教學
o
Enjoyment and inspiration 享受與啟發
o
Outcome based teaching成果導向教學
o
Skill Assessment and Development 技能評估與發展
o
Realistic teaching approach 實務教學方法
o
Active and Reflective Learning 主動與反思學習
o People Skills
o Quality Guest Experience
o Safe Teaching
o Enjoyment and inspiration
o Outcome based teaching
o Skill Assessment and Development
o Realistic teaching approach
o Active and Reflective Learning| o | People Skills |
| :--- | :--- |
| o | Quality Guest Experience |
| o | Safe Teaching |
| o | Enjoyment and inspiration |
| o | Outcome based teaching |
| o | Skill Assessment and Development |
| o | Realistic teaching approach |
| o | Active and Reflective Learning |
Canadian Ski Teaching: A Collaborative Approach 加拿大滑雪教學：協作式方法
Explore the Possibilities 探索各種可能性
Repeat or vary the Task based on: 根據以下情況重複或變化任務：
Learner學習者
Environment環境
Objective目標
Skills技能
Assess the Experience評估體驗
Assess or Debrief:評估或回顧：
Objective vs. Outcome目標與結果
Reflection vs. Observation 反思與觀察
Cause and Effect原因與結果
Create an Experience創造一個體驗
Design a Task based on: 根據以下設計任務：
Learner學習者
Environment環境
Objective目標
Skills技能
Know Your Learner了解你的學員
Getting to know your Learner and building a rapport is a vital step in creating a successful and enjoyable lesson; the Learner is the ‘hub’. This learner-centered approach guides all the decisions we make as ski instructors, from the terrain we choose and the movements we prescribe, to the communication style and manner of engagement we adopt. 了解您的學員並建立良好關係是創造成功且愉快課程的重要步驟；學員是「核心」。這種以學員為中心的方法指導我們作為滑雪教練所做的所有決策，從選擇地形和規劃動作，到採用的溝通風格和互動方式。
As humans, we change as we learn. Checking in with the Learner throughout the course of a lesson helps an instructor actively customize the experience for their benefit. Assessing the Learner based on the points below should be a constant, ongoing process throughout any lesson. Observation and direct inquiry provide important information, but active listening skills and a true desire to help are imperative for a ski instructor to deliver a great, memorable experience. 作為人類，我們在學習中不斷改變。在課程進行中持續與學員互動，有助於教練積極調整教學內容以符合學員需求。根據以下要點評估學員，應該是任何課程中持續進行的過程。觀察和直接詢問提供重要資訊，但積極傾聽技巧與真誠幫助的意願，對滑雪教練提供優質且難忘的體驗至關重要。
STUDENT CONSIDERATIONS學生考量
Psychological心理
Learning is closely connected to emotions. A person who is confident and excited about learning something new will have a much easier time than an individual who is nervous or apprehensive of the unknown. Learning can be invigorating but also challenging and frustrating so understanding and noticing emotional “ups and downs” is extremely important. Age, past experiences, trust, and rapport can all affect the psychological aspect and should always be considered. 學習與情緒密切相關。一個對學習新事物充滿自信和興奮的人，會比對未知感到緊張或擔憂的人更容易學習。學習可以令人振奮，但同時也充滿挑戰和挫折，因此理解並注意情緒的「起伏」非常重要。年齡、過去經驗、信任和關係都會影響心理層面，應該時刻加以考量。
Physical身體
Learning about physical strengths, limitations, concerns or past injuries of a person is important to keep them safe as they try new things. For an average skier, skiing can be physically demanding and quite different from their everyday activities. Weather and temperature can also influence the students’ movements, a person’s ability to move in their equipment directly affects what their skis do on the snow. 了解一個人的身體強度、限制、顧慮或過去受傷情況，對於他們嘗試新事物時的安全非常重要。對一般滑雪者來說，滑雪在體能上可能相當吃力，且與日常活動大不相同。天氣和溫度也會影響學員的動作，一個人在裝備中的活動能力直接影響滑雪板在雪地上的表現。
Aspirational抱負方面
Collaborating on goals and aspirations is a major part of building rapport and planning the direction for the lesson. Setting reasonable goals while considering safety and available time, along with the person’s past experience and current ability, results in mutually understood targets for the learner and the instructor. Targets make development measurable and can be a strong motivator when learning new things. Like the learner themselves, goals can evolve as new learning takes place. It is important to recognize that the goals for a Snow School guest may not always include a technical approach; they may simply want the benefit of a guide, to meet new people, or to have faster access to lifts. These factors are part of the experience the instructor helps to create. 共同協作設定目標與願景是建立關係和規劃課程方向的重要部分。在考量安全與可用時間，以及個人過去經驗和現有能力的前提下，設定合理的目標，能讓學員與教練雙方達成共識。目標使發展具備可衡量性，並且在學習新事物時能成為強大的動力。就像學員本身一樣，目標也會隨著新學習的進展而演變。重要的是要認識到，雪地學校的學員目標不一定總是包含技術層面；他們可能只是想享受有嚮導的好處、結識新朋友，或是更快速地搭乘纜車。這些因素都是教練協助創造的體驗一部分。
Performance/Skill
An awareness of the learner’s current skill set and ability and the terrain they most enjoy or find challenging determines the start of the lesson. This vital information can be gained through conversations about past ski experiences - discussing favorite runs, for example - and, of course, through assessing their skiing. Understanding the technical concepts is essential to both recognize what is happening in a learner’s skiing and to create experiences that enhance their ability, understanding and confidence. 了解學員目前的技能水平與能力，以及他們最喜歡或覺得具有挑戰性的地形，是課程開始的關鍵。這些重要資訊可以透過與學員討論過去的滑雪經驗來獲得——例如談論喜愛的滑道——當然，也可以透過評估他們的滑雪技巧來了解。理解技術概念對於辨識學員滑雪時的狀況，以及創造能提升他們能力、理解與信心的體驗，都是不可或缺的。
Create an Experience創造一個體驗
Understanding the many characteristics of a learner will help determine the experiences from which they will most benefit. Designing and implementing concrete tasks can help a learner understand both what they should try to do and the possible outcomes, making the tasks measurable for them and observable for the instructor. 了解學員的多種特性，有助於判斷他們最能受益的體驗。設計並執行具體任務，可以幫助學員理解他們應該嘗試做什麼以及可能的結果，讓任務對學員來說是可衡量的，對教練來說是可觀察的。
Awareness of the possible outcomes can help a learner recognize if they are successful or not when attempting a particular task (reflecting IN action). For some learners, describing what they might “feel” as they make certain movements can add clarity and specificity. A well-built task provides parameters for both the task itself and for subsequent reflection. 了解可能的結果可以幫助學習者在嘗試特定任務時判斷自己是否成功（行動中反思）。對某些學習者來說，描述他們在做出某些動作時可能「感覺」到的情況，可以增加清晰度和具體性。一個設計良好的任務會為任務本身及後續的反思提供參數。
The main considerations for a well-designed task are: 設計良好任務的主要考量因素有：
The Learner (WHO)學習者（WHO）
Tasks should account for the learner and their goals. Make learning easier by setting them up for success. Remember, they may be nervous, scared, or completely unsure of what to do. As an instructor, it is our job to tailor the approach for the learner. The points below should always be considered with the learner’s needs at the forefront. 任務應考慮學習者及其目標。透過為他們創造成功的條件，使學習變得更容易。請記得，他們可能會緊張、害怕，或完全不知道該怎麼做。作為指導者，我們的工作是為學習者量身打造教學方法。以下要點應始終以學習者的需求為首要考量。
Environment (WHERE)環境（地點）
Reducing the challenges presented by terrain, snow conditions, weather and traffic makes learning easier and faster. Making choices that create a safe learning environment keeps the primary focus on the learning task, resulting in earlier acquisition of new concepts. 減少地形、雪況、天氣和交通所帶來的挑戰，能讓學習變得更輕鬆且更快速。選擇創造安全的學習環境，能讓主要焦點保持在學習任務上，從而更早掌握新概念。
Opportunities to take advantage of terrain are everywhere. For example, use a side hill to aid direction change or a berm to help coordinate edge changes or pole plants. With safety always at the forefront, experimenting with terrain can offer an additional element of fun, exploration and challenge for any skier. 利用地形的機會無處不在。例如，利用側坡幫助改變方向，或利用路肩協助協調邊緣變換或使用滑雪杖。始終將安全放在首位，嘗試不同地形能為任何滑雪者帶來額外的樂趣、探索與挑戰。
Objective (WHY)目標（原因）
People take ski lessons with a goal in mind. Their goal could be to learn to ski, or to ski faster, or to manage difficult terrain such as a steep chute, a tough mogul run or a new feature in the park. The target is to determine an achievable, measurable, time-bound goal. Objectives serve as concrete steps toward the student’s goal. Understanding objectives helps to provide direction and focus to a lesson, guiding decisions and actions toward desired outcomes. They are often broken down into smaller, actionable tasks and are essential for lesson planning, performance assessment, development and accountability. 人們上滑雪課是帶著目標的。他們的目標可能是學會滑雪、滑得更快，或是應付困難地形，例如陡峭的雪道、艱難的波浪雪道或公園中的新設施。目標是要確定一個可達成、可衡量且有時間限制的目標。目標是朝向學生目標的具體步驟。了解目標有助於為課程提供方向和焦點，引導決策和行動朝向期望的結果。目標通常會被拆解成較小且可執行的任務，對於課程規劃、表現評估、發展及問責都非常重要。
THE SKIING OBJECTIVES:滑雪目標：
Mobility is the ability to move in the snow environment 流動性是指在雪地環境中移動的能力
Gliding is the ability to “let go” and allow the skis to slide 滑行是指能夠「放手」並讓滑雪板滑動的能力
Turning is the ability to control direction 轉彎是控制方向的能力
Speed is the ability to increase, decrease or maintain speed 速度是增加、減少或維持速度的能力
Mobility refers to the methods individuals navigate and move through terrain. This encompasses a variety of activities and techniques designed to address the unique challenges presented to a skier throughout their skiing lifetime. For a first-time skier, mobility can be as simple as becoming familiar with the equipment that will help them access the mountain, side-stepping uphill, and riding the lift for the first time. 機動性指的是個體在地形中導航和移動的方法。這涵蓋了各種活動和技巧，旨在應對滑雪者在其滑雪生涯中所面臨的獨特挑戰。對於初次滑雪者來說，機動性可能只是熟悉幫助他們進入山區的裝備、側向踏步上坡，以及第一次搭乘纜車。
As skiers develop and acquire new mountain accessibility, a new desire to access different types of terrain will demand new forms of mobility. From navigating increasingly difficult terrain to off-piste environments and adapting to different steepness, snow conditions and weather, all will affect how the skier will navigate the new situations. 隨著滑雪者的發展並獲得新的山區通行能力，對於進入不同類型地形的新渴望將需要新的機動方式。從導航越來越困難的地形到非滑雪道環境，並適應不同的坡度、雪況和天氣，這些都會影響滑雪者如何應對新的情況。
Gliding refers to the smooth, continuous flow of momentum. In skiing, the slope of the hill plus the force of gravity allows us to glide from one turn to the next. This movement is facilitated by the ski design, which reduces friction and allows for a fluid motion across the snow, as well as by movements made by the skier. When turning, the skier flattens the skis on the snow to allow them to glide; if the skis stay on edge too long, they will not carry their momentum into the next turn and will lose their glide. 滑行是指動量的平滑、連續流動。在滑雪中，山坡的斜度加上重力的作用，使我們能從一個轉彎滑行到下一個轉彎。這種動作得以實現，部分是因為滑雪板的設計減少了摩擦，讓滑雪板能在雪地上流暢移動，另一部分則是滑雪者的動作配合。轉彎時，滑雪者會將滑雪板壓平於雪面，讓滑雪板能滑行；如果滑雪板長時間保持刃邊接觸，將無法將動量帶入下一個轉彎，並失去滑行的流暢感。
Gliding on snow can occur anywhere on the hill if the skier maintains momentum and flow. Gliding can also occur both in a straight line and on an arc, forward or backward. 只要滑雪者保持動量和流暢度，滑行可以在山坡的任何地方發生。滑行既可以是直線，也可以是弧線，且可以向前或向後進行。
Turning refers to the technique and action of changing direction. This change of direction is essential for managing speed, navigating slopes, and avoiding obstacles. In skiing, there are a variety of turn types that we can use, such as snowplow turns, parallel turns, steered turns, and carved turns. Turning can occur either forwards or backwards and is facilitated by how the skier applies body movements to their equipment, causing the equipment to interact with the snow and/or features in a particular way. 轉彎是指改變方向的技巧與動作。這種方向的改變對於控制速度、應對坡度以及避開障礙物至關重要。在滑雪中，我們可以使用各種轉彎方式，例如犁式轉彎、平行轉彎、操控轉彎和刻滑轉彎。轉彎可以向前或向後進行，這取決於滑雪者如何運用身體動作來操控裝備，使裝備以特定方式與雪地及/或地形互動。
Speed refers to the techniques and strategies used to regulate the speed of the skier, ensuring safety and efficiency. The ability to slow down, stop, maintain speed, and increase speed is necessary to facilitate the desired outcomes and create an effortless, safe, enjoyable skiing experience. 速度是指用來調節滑雪者速度的技巧與策略，以確保安全與效率。能夠減速、停止、維持速度及加速，是達成預期效果並創造輕鬆、安全且愉快滑雪體驗的必要能力。
As speed, turn shape, turn size, and ski performance increase, more advanced concepts must be used to develop your student’s skiing. The next section will cover these concepts in detail. 隨著速度、轉彎形狀、轉彎大小及滑雪裝備性能的提升，必須運用更進階的概念來發展學生的滑雪技巧。下一節將詳細介紹這些概念。
HOW: The 5 skills 方法：五大技能
Balance平衡
Rotary旋轉
Edging邊緣控制
Pressure壓力
Coordinated協調
BALANCE平衡
Balance is the relationship between the base of support (BOS) and centre of mass (COM) and is a fundamental skill in skiing. This dynamic skill encompasses body position (e.g., stance) and continuous muscular activity to align with the forces when skiing. The desired result is maintaining a state of balance in a variety of situations. Teaching skiing often begins with helping students find a stable stance on their skis. A stable stance helps them stay in balance and control their equipment. Encouraging students to relax is also important. Being relaxed makes moving, reacting, and adjusting to terrain and snow conditions easier. 平衡是支撐基底（BOS）與質心（COM）之間的關係，是滑雪的基本技能。這項動態技能涵蓋身體姿勢（例如站姿）及持續的肌肉活動，以配合滑雪時的力量。理想的結果是在各種情況下維持平衡狀態。滑雪教學通常從幫助學生找到穩定的滑雪站姿開始。穩定的站姿有助於他們保持平衡並控制裝備。鼓勵學生放鬆也很重要。放鬆能讓移動、反應及適應地形和雪況變得更容易。
Stability comes from the feet supporting the body; the body segments are adjusted to maintain balance when skiing. For the greatest range of mobility, the skier should bend and extend the ankle, knee, hip and spine. Each joint should be utilized in direct relation to one another, considering each skier’s unique body type. For example, a skier with longer legs and a shorter torso will move and ski differently than a skier with shorter legs and longer torso. A stance that produces balance is easily identified and can be taught in all stages of development. The body must be aligned for the other skills (rotary, edging, pressure, and coordination) to affect the interaction between the skis and the snow. 穩定性來自於雙腳支撐身體；滑雪時，身體各部位會調整以維持平衡。為了達到最大的活動範圍，滑雪者應該彎曲並伸展腳踝、膝蓋、臀部和脊椎。每個關節應該相互配合使用，並考量每位滑雪者獨特的體型。例如，腿較長且軀幹較短的滑雪者，與腿較短且軀幹較長的滑雪者，其動作和滑雪方式會有所不同。能產生平衡的姿勢很容易辨識，且可在各個發展階段進行教學。身體必須保持對齊，才能讓其他技巧（旋轉、刃邊、壓力和協調）有效影響滑雪板與雪面的互動。
The act of balancing requires constant movement or adjustment. By maintaining an active state of continual movement (balancing), a skier can maintain the appropriate amount of stability for controlled, efficient skiing at any given moment. Stability is felt when forces acting on our COM pass through the center of our BOS. Dynamic balance is achieved when all forces on our COM are in a state of equilibrium. We need to move the BOS to balance the COM when in motion to achieve balance. 保持平衡的動作需要不斷的移動或調整。透過維持持續活動的狀態（平衡），滑雪者能在任何時刻保持適當的穩定性，以達到受控且有效率的滑行。當作用於我們重心（COM）的力量通過我們的支撐基底（BOS）中心時，就會感受到穩定性。當所有作用於重心的力量處於平衡狀態時，即達成動態平衡。當身體移動時，我們需要移動支撐基底以平衡重心，從而達成平衡。
The concept of Movement and Motion emphasizes that motion is the result of gravity, with movements being the ability to move the body and joints freely. 「運動與動作」的概念強調，動作是重力的結果，而運動則是能夠自由移動身體和關節的能力。
Base of Support (BOS) 支撐基底（BOS）
The Base of Support (BOS) is anything in contact with the snow including the skis as well as the poles if they are touching the snow. For simplicity we will refer to BOS as the feet. 支撐基底（BOS）是指與雪面接觸的任何物體，包括滑雪板以及如果滑雪杖接觸雪面時的滑雪杖。為簡化起見，我們將 BOS 稱為雙腳。
The COM is not an object itself. In a ball, the COM is in the space inside. In an irregularly shaped object, like a boomerang, it is just outside the object. 質心（COM）本身並不是一個物體。在球體中，質心位於內部空間。在不規則形狀的物體中，如迴力鏢，質心則位於物體外部附近。
The COM is not a fixed point, it will move if the object changes shape. 質心（COM）不是一個固定點，當物體形狀改變時，它會移動。
ROTARY旋轉
The leg’s Rotary movements are fundamental in skiing and can be seen in both carved and steered arcs. Turning is skiing is achieved through leg rotation, by twisting the upper leg in the hip socket and or by turning the feet, which both result in the lower body leading the turning effort and creating separation. Rotational movements can also relate to the body segments on the rotational axis, which is seen as upper and lower body separation. 腿部的旋轉動作是滑雪的基本動作，無論是在刻滑弧線還是操控弧線中都能看到。滑雪轉彎是透過腿部旋轉來達成的，方法是扭動髖關節中的大腿上部，或是轉動雙腳，這兩者都會使下半身主導轉彎動作並產生分離感。旋轉動作也可以與身體在旋轉軸上的分段有關，這表現為上半身與下半身的分離。
Leg rotation is a turning force generated from the feet and legs that changes the direction of the skis. Internal and external rotation of the legs in the hip socket (femoral rotation) can be further segmented into upper and lower leg rotational actions. These movements are controlled by the rotator muscles of the hip, the leg muscles, the lower leg and the feet. When the leg is extended, the rotator muscles of the hip play a larger role. As the leg flexes, the upper muscles become more accessible and provide greater strength in the rotational axis. 腿部旋轉是由腳和腿產生的轉向力量，改變滑雪板的方向。髖關節內外旋轉（股骨旋轉）可以進一步細分為大腿和小腿的旋轉動作。這些動作由髖關節的旋轉肌群、腿部肌肉、小腿和腳部肌肉控制。當腿部伸直時，髖關節的旋轉肌群扮演較重要的角色。當腿部屈曲時，上部肌肉更容易發揮作用，並在旋轉軸上提供更大的力量。
Leg rotation can be achieved by twisting the upper leg in the hip socket and/or by turning the feet, which both result in the lower body leading the turning effort and creating separation. Separation between the upper and lower body segments in the hip joint is effective for many reasons. The degree of upper and lower body separation varies based on the desired outcome. Establishing a proper stance with separation in the hip joint allows us to balance against the outside ski (BOS supporting the COM). Leg rotation is commonly confused with pelvis rotation (see Figure 1). 腿部旋轉可以透過在髖關節內扭轉大腿上部和／或轉動腳部來實現，這兩者都會使下半身主導轉向動作並產生分離感。髖關節中上下半身的分離在許多方面都非常有效。上下半身分離的程度會根據所需的結果而有所不同。建立一個在髖關節有分離感的正確站姿，能讓我們在外側滑雪板上保持平衡（BOS 支撐 COM）。腿部旋轉常被誤認為是骨盆旋轉（見圖 1）。
Key Points:重點：
Turning the skis is led by the lower body, the feet, and the legs in the hip socket. 滑雪板的轉向由下半身、腳部及髖關節內的腿部帶動。
A bent leg, when turned inward (rotating your femurs/knees toward the inside of the turn), can create lateral movement (this tips the skis onto the edge). 彎曲的腿向內轉動（旋轉股骨／膝蓋朝向轉彎內側）時，可以產生側向移動（這會使滑雪板傾斜到邊緣）。
A straighter leg, in a tall stance, when the leg is rotated inward, can turn the ski on the snow (aids in wedge turns and parallel steered arcs). 當腿部較直且站姿較高時，當腿部向內旋轉時，可以使滑雪板在雪面上轉動（有助於楔形轉彎和平行轉彎弧線的控制）。
Upper-body rotary movements can be used to create a spin. 上半身的旋轉動作可以用來產生旋轉。
The Pelvis is considered part of the upper body. 骨盆被視為上半身的一部分。
EDGING邊緣處理
For every change of direction when creating an arc, external forces affect the skier (via edge angle). To balance against the forces on an arc, the COM will be inside the BOS. When the paths of the BOS and COM diverge, this relationship is called inclination. Inclination is present throughout the turn and is necessary to balance against forces. 在創造弧線的每一次方向改變中，外力會透過邊緣角度影響滑雪者。為了平衡弧線上的力量，重心（COM）會位於支撐基底（BOS）內部。當 BOS 和 COM 的路徑分離時，這種關係稱為傾斜。傾斜存在於整個轉彎過程中，且是平衡外力所必需的。
Key points:重點：
Skiers use inclination to balance against the turning forces. 滑雪者利用傾斜來平衡轉彎力。
Edging purely through inclination is only achievable with a limited number of factors (snow conditions, speed, slope). 僅靠傾斜來壓邊，只能在有限的因素下實現（雪況、速度、坡度）。
As speed and performance increase, the amount of inclination also increases. 隨著速度和表現的提升，傾斜的程度也會增加。
There is a spectrum of edging, from a purely carved turn to a steered turn (blending rotary, edging, and pressure movements) to a side slip with very little edging and little to no direction change. 壓邊有一個光譜範圍，從純粹的刻滑轉彎，到結合旋轉、壓邊與壓力動作的操控轉彎，再到壓邊極少且幾乎不改變方向的側滑。
To change direction, the skier must decrease the edge angle by bending the outside leg to flatten the ski and decrease the amount of edge. 要改變方向，滑雪者必須透過彎曲外側腿來降低邊緣角度，使滑雪板變平，從而減少邊緣的接觸量。
Note that the degree of inclination, depicted in the image below, is quite large due to the speed of the skier. 請注意，下圖所示的傾斜角度相當大，這是由於滑雪者的速度所致。
For each change of direction, inclination is needed to remain balanced against the turning forces and to resist the forces associated with angular motion. With inclination only, the edge angle is equal to the amount of inclining (leaning). This technique of turning with inclination only allows the skier to use the ski design to turn, but this approach may not be successful if snow conditions are not ideal and or as the skier’s speed increases. When the skier blends both inclination and angulation, (see below) they will be better able to manage higher speeds (increased forces) and a variety of snow conditions. 每次改變方向時，都需要傾斜以保持平衡，抵抗轉彎力以及與角動作相關的力。僅靠傾斜時，邊緣角度等同於傾斜（傾身）的程度。僅用傾斜來轉彎的技巧，讓滑雪者能利用滑雪板的設計來轉彎，但如果雪況不理想或滑雪者速度增加，這種方法可能無法奏效。當滑雪者結合傾斜與角度調整（見下方）時，他們將能更好地應對較高速度（增加的力）及各種雪況。
Key points:重點：
Skiers use inclination to balance against the turning forces. 滑雪者利用傾斜來平衡轉彎力。
Edging purely through inclination is only achievable with a limited number of factors (snow conditions, speed, slope). 僅靠傾斜來壓邊，只能在有限的因素下實現（雪況、速度、坡度）。
As speed and performance increase, the amount of inclination increases as well. 隨著速度和表現的提升，傾斜的程度也會增加。
There is a spectrum of edging from a purely carved turn to a steered turn (blending rotary, edging, pressure movements) to a side slip with very little edging and little to no direction change. 壓邊有一個範圍，從純粹的刻滑轉彎，到結合旋轉、壓邊、壓力動作的操控轉彎，再到幾乎沒有壓邊且幾乎不改變方向的側滑。
To change direction the skier must decrease the edge angle by bending the outside leg to flatten the ski and decrease the amount of edge. 要改變方向，滑雪者必須透過彎曲外側腿來降低壓邊角度，使滑雪板變平，減少壓邊的程度。
Note that the degree of inclination, depicted in the image below, is quite large due to the speed of the skier. 請注意，下圖所示的傾斜角度相當大，這是由於滑雪者的速度所致。
ANGLULATION角度調整
To manage edge angle effectively the ankle, knee, hip, and spine move inward. The angles these joints create along the line of inclination are what we call angulation. Angulation is an effective way to increase or decrease edge angle as needed and help us balance against forces effectively. Angulation is also a component that helps the skier glide from one turn into the next with flow. 為了有效控制刃角，腳踝、膝蓋、臀部和脊椎會向內移動。這些關節沿傾斜線所形成的角度，我們稱之為角度調整。角度調整是一種有效的方法，可以根據需要增加或減少刃角，並幫助我們有效地平衡外力。角度調整也是幫助滑雪者從一個轉彎順暢過渡到下一個轉彎的要素之一。
Edging with angulation uses the ankle, knee, and hip joints to increase the edge angle while maintaining balance over a relatively small base of support (the edged skis). The COM stays closer to the center line of the skis (the BOS), increasing stability. Using inclination and angulation together, the skier can increase the edge angle beyond that obtained by inclination only. 利用角度調整進行刃邊控制時，會使用腳踝、膝蓋和臀部關節來增加刃角，同時在相對較小的支撐基底（刃邊滑雪板）上保持平衡。重心（COM）保持靠近滑雪板的中心線（支撐基底，BOS），從而增加穩定性。結合傾斜與角度調整，滑雪者可以將刃角提高到超過僅靠傾斜所能達到的程度。
Effective use of inclination and angulation requires constant adjustment, considering the “cues” from the terrain - steepness, snow conditions, speed travelled, desired outcome, etcetera. Edging may be applied progressively through the turn, using refined movements with the feet, ankles, and knees. 有效運用傾斜與角度需要不斷調整，並考量地形的「提示」——坡度、雪況、行進速度、期望結果等等。可以在轉彎過程中逐步施加刃邊，透過腳、腳踝和膝蓋的精細動作來完成。
Key points:重點摘要：
Angulation allows the skier to increase the edge angle without increasing the distance of the COM from the BOS, which is essential for stability. 角度調整讓滑雪者能增加刃邊角度，而不會增加重心（COM）與支撐基底（BOS）之間的距離，這對穩定性至關重要。
Angulation combined with inclination will provide the best results when it comes to reliable edge grip. 角度調整與傾斜結合，能在可靠的刃邊抓地力方面提供最佳效果。
When skis are on edge, they create friction (grip). Friction (grip) creates force, and these forces need to be controlled through movement patterns (skills), lateral, vertical, fore, and aft, all the while maintaining the relationship of BOS supporting the COM. 當滑雪板傾斜時，會產生摩擦力（抓地力）。摩擦力（抓地力）產生力量，而這些力量需要透過動作模式（技巧）來控制，包括側向、垂直、前後方向，同時保持基底支撐中心（BOS 支撐 COM）的關係。
More edging is not necessarily better edging. The goal should be to edge the right amount for the situation. The edge should help the skier deal with the pressure they create Inclination with angulation. 更多的傾斜不一定代表更好的傾斜。目標應該是在不同情況下使用適當的傾斜角度。傾斜應該幫助滑雪者透過角度調整來應對他們所產生的壓力。
INCLINATION WITH ANGULATION 傾斜與角度調整
PRESSURE壓力
Pressure is a sensory skill in which the skier moderates the pressure on the skis. In skiing, these pressures are fore and aft, along the length of the skis, side to side (lateral), up and down (vertical). 壓力是一種感覺技巧，滑雪者透過它來調節滑雪板上的壓力。在滑雪中，這些壓力包括前後方向（沿滑雪板長度）、左右方向（側向）以及上下方向（垂直）。
The skier can change the pressure by resisting the forces or by bending or extending the legs, changing the amount of edge angle, shifting from one ski to the other, or a combination of these movements 滑雪者可以透過抵抗力量或彎曲或伸展雙腿，改變邊緣角度的大小，從一隻滑雪板轉移到另一隻滑雪板，或這些動作的組合來改變壓力
Managing pressure is one of the most challenging skills to master and is required to demonstrate advanced levels of skiing and expert performance 控制壓力是最具挑戰性的技巧之一，必須掌握此技巧才能展現高階滑雪水平和專業表現
We often intentionally slip the skis in a turn, decreasing the pressure on the skis. The ability to slip and grip the ski within a turn provides the versatility to control the amount of pressure. The skier can then control the turn sizes, turn shapes, speed, and performance outcomes. To do this, the skier must blend all the skills to achieve the desired pressure. 我們經常故意在轉彎時讓滑雪板滑動，減少滑雪板上的壓力。在轉彎中能夠滑動和抓地的能力，提供了控制壓力大小的多樣性。滑雪者因此能控制轉彎的大小、轉彎的形狀、速度和表現結果。為了做到這一點，滑雪者必須融合所有技巧以達到所需的壓力。
The ability to dynamically adjust the edge angle to intentionally side slip and feather the edge is of great utility. Edging ability involves controlling the ski grip, applying it more, or using it less as required. Training the movements that reduce ski grip develops the versatility and adaptability needed to control many situations and turn outcomes. This aspect of edging is often overlooked. Competency is developed over time by understanding how pressure affects the skis and deliberately practicing movements that increase pressure in the turn. 能夠動態調整邊緣角度，有意識地側滑並輕觸邊緣，具有極大的實用價值。邊緣控制能力涉及掌握滑雪板的抓地力，根據需要增加或減少抓地力。訓練減少滑雪板抓地力的動作，有助於培養控制多種情況和轉彎結果所需的多功能性和適應性。這一邊緣控制的面向常被忽視。透過理解壓力如何影響滑雪板，並有意識地練習在轉彎中增加壓力的動作，能力會隨時間逐漸提升。
Pressure Movements壓力動作
Key points:重點：
Once skiers are comfortable controlling pressures, they will begin to move more dynamically with the goal of creating pressure for the desired outcome 一旦滑雪者能自在地控制壓力，他們將開始更具動態地移動，目標是為達成預期結果而創造壓力
Up, down, lateral and rotary movements can be employed to create pressure at various points in the arc or in the park 可運用上下、左右及旋轉動作，在弧線的不同點或公園中產生壓力
Allowing for a total pressure release will put the skier into the air to avoid terrain obstacles or to jump/generate lift 允許完全釋放壓力，將使滑雪者跳躍起來，以避開地形障礙或進行跳躍／產生升力
COORDINATION協調
Moving the body segments in the correct order creates efficiency. Efficient movements help direct the COM from arc to arc with little interruption of momentum (motion). This is the flow we notice when we see a good skier, and the seamless blend of the skills can be seen with a smooth glide between turns. 依正確順序移動身體各部位能提升效率。有效率的動作有助於將重心（COM）從一個弧線順暢引導到下一個弧線，且動量（運動）中斷極少。這種流暢感是我們看到優秀滑雪者時所注意到的，技能的無縫結合可從轉彎間的平滑滑行中看出。
Coordinated Movements refer to the skill of harmonizing movements so that the right things happen at the right time. In a sport such as skiing, where the very essence of the sport is balancing while moving over changing terrain, coordination is crucial to progressing beyond the beginner stage. 協調動作指的是將動作和諧統一，使正確的動作在正確的時間發生的能力。在滑雪這項運動中，平衡與在變化地形上移動是其核心，協調性對於超越初學者階段至關重要。
Initially, the student learns to do such things as edge the skis at the right time, extend or flex at the right time, and later, do several of these actions simultaneously (coordinate the movements). In expert skiing, coordination is a magical element that makes skiing appear effortless and fluid. More experienced skiers utilize sensory input by looking ahead to anticipate terrain changes and feeling variations in snow conditions, adjusting their technique well before the fall line or terrain feature. 初學者會先學習在正確的時機壓邊滑雪板、在正確的時機伸展或屈膝，之後再同時執行多項動作（協調動作）。在專業滑雪中，協調是一種神奇的元素，使滑雪看起來輕鬆流暢。經驗豐富的滑雪者會透過向前觀察來預判地形變化，並感受雪況的變化，提前在落線或地形特徵之前調整技巧。
Various combinations and proportional application of the skills give us incredible control over the performance outcome of our skiing. Timing and coordination are integral to achieving desired outcomes. Timing refers to when, for how long, and how intensely a movement is applied. Forces need to be managed smoothly to create effective skiing at all stages of learning. 各種技能的組合與比例運用，讓我們能對滑雪表現結果有驚人的控制力。時機與協調是達成理想結果的關鍵。時機指的是動作何時施展、持續多久以及強度如何。力量需要被平順地管理，才能在學習的各個階段創造有效的滑雪。
Key points:重點：
Successful timing relies on using the appropriate movement for the appropriate duration, given the desired outcome. 成功的時機掌握依賴於根據期望結果，使用適當的動作並維持適當的時間。
Starting and stopping a selected movement at the appropriate point in the turn or maneuver is also an important element of timing. 在轉彎或動作中於適當時機開始和停止所選動作，也是時機掌握的重要元素。
Advanced coordination skills will make many complex movements appear as one single effort. 高階的協調能力能讓許多複雜動作看起來像是一氣呵成。
Skiers can develop coordination skills by challenging themselves with the speed and combination/sequence of movements. 滑雪者可以透過挑戰速度及動作的組合／順序來培養協調能力。
Providing the following directions to a learner, along with a clear and accurate demonstration, makes a task simple and understandable: 向學習者提供以下指示，並搭配清晰且準確的示範，能使任務變得簡單且易於理解：
What skill to focus on (i.e., 5 skills) 要專注的技能（即五項技能）
What part of the body to move 要移動的身體部位
Where in the turn to make the move (e.g., Apex, Fall-line) 在轉彎的哪個位置進行動作（例如，頂點、落線）
Assess the Experience評估經驗
By observing learners as they try an assigned task, you see both the results of their efforts and the effectiveness of your approach. Encouraging a learner to reflect on their experience (reflecting ON action) is proven to facilitate longer term learning. It is important to keep this process positive. Recognizing negative or unintended results is valuable but should not become the focus. Just like checking a map to ensure you are on the right road, ongoing learner/ instructor debriefs can help calibrate the direction of the lesson throughout. Through this process, the instructor can reflect on their decisions and the guidance they have provided and adjust the approach if required. 透過觀察學習者嘗試指定任務的過程，你可以看到他們努力的成果以及你教學方法的成效。鼓勵學習者反思他們的經驗（反思行動）已被證明有助於長期學習。保持這個過程的正向性非常重要。認識到負面或非預期的結果是有價值的，但不應成為焦點。就像查看地圖以確保你走在正確的路上，持續的學習者與教練回顧能幫助在整個課程中校準教學方向。透過這個過程，教練可以反思自己的決策和所提供的指導，並在必要時調整教學方法。
WATCHING SKIERS觀察滑雪者
A simple method of assessing skiers is to start with the ‘skis on the snow’ and work your way up the body; this usually starts with turn shape (e.g., is it turn round or ‘Z’ like), next look at what the skis are doing (e.g., are the tips off the snow, are the tails washing out behind the skier, is the outside ski gripping the snow and when). 評估滑雪者的一個簡單方法是從「滑雪板接觸雪面」開始，然後往身體上方觀察；通常從轉彎形狀開始（例如，轉彎是圓形還是像「Z」字形），接著觀察滑雪板的動作（例如，滑雪板尖端是否離開雪面，滑雪板尾部是否在滑雪者身後滑動，外側滑雪板何時抓雪）。
Next, we can move up the body, looking at the ankle, knee and hip joints to see if each is working well; last, we can look at the Pelvis and upper body to see if either is starting the turn. Finally, the arms if they are relaxed or behind the body. This is one of many ways to assess skiers, but it provides a simple bottom-to-top assessment process that helps guide instructors’ decisions. 接著，我們可以從腳踝、膝蓋和臀部關節往上檢視身體，看看每個部位是否運作良好；最後，我們可以觀察骨盆和上半身，確認是否有任何一方開始轉動。最後，檢查手臂是否放鬆或位於身體後方。這是評估滑雪者的眾多方法之一，但它提供了一個簡單的由下而上的評估流程，有助於指導教練的判斷。
DEVELOPING SKIERS培養滑雪者
When providing our skiers with feedback, we should strive to give suggestions as soon as possible after their demonstration. One approach to keeping students focused is to give each student a part of the body, a part of the turn, and a skill that they can focus their attention towards. 在給予滑雪者回饋時，我們應該盡量在他們示範後盡快提出建議。一種讓學生保持專注的方法是，給每位學生一個身體部位、一個轉彎階段，以及一項他們可以專注的技巧。
Student feedback should be solution-oriented rather than problem-focused. By guiding students towards the correct actions, we can enhance their performance more effectively. For instance, instead of identifying a fault like excessive shoulder tipping at the start of the turn, we should instruct them to “turn your legs to start the turn.” This approach directs the student’s attention towards the desired movement, facilitating corrective action without them fixating on the error itself. 學生回饋應該以解決方案為導向，而非只聚焦問題。透過引導學生朝正確的動作前進，我們能更有效提升他們的表現。例如，不是指出像是轉彎開始時肩膀過度傾斜的錯誤，而是應該指導他們「用腿來開始轉彎」。這種方式將學生的注意力引導到期望的動作上，促進修正行為，而不會讓他們過度糾結於錯誤本身。
Comparing Objectives and Outcomes 比較目標與結果
Assess your learner as they try the task, picturing the objective and what you would expect to see. Is the outcome as expected? If not, what is “out of place”? Remember, the objective is what you told them would happen (priming), the outcome is what actually happened, good, bad or otherwise. Maintaining focus on the task at hand and the chosen objective is important for the continuity of the process. 在學習者嘗試任務時，評估他們，想像目標以及你預期會看到的情況。結果是否如預期？如果不是，哪裡「不對勁」？請記住，目標是你告訴他們會發生什麼（預備），結果是實際發生的情況，無論好壞。保持專注於手頭的任務和所選目標，對於過程的連續性非常重要。
Comparing Reflections and Observations 比較反思與觀察
Connecting actions (movements) with outcomes can take time and learners may not recognize success or exactly what they have done to achieve it. For this reason, a primed learner and an observant instructor make a great team. A learner’s account of their experience matching what the instructor observed indicates an understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship between the prescribed movement and the effect on the outcome. This important building block can set the stage for varying the task and exploring the possibilities of new skills. 將行動（動作）與結果連結可能需要時間，學習者可能無法立即辨識成功或確切知道他們做了什麼來達成成功。因此，預備充分的學習者與細心觀察的指導者是絕佳的組合。學習者對其經驗的描述與指導者的觀察相符，表示他們理解所規定動作與結果之間的因果關係。這個重要的基礎能為變化任務及探索新技能的可能性奠定基礎。
Explore the Possibilities 探索無限可能
Skiing is exciting and learning anything new can be thrilling at any level. A balance of skill development and practical application is important for a learner to understand what they have accomplished and how to apply it out on the slopes. The autonomy to explore the snow environment is invigorating and empowering. 滑雪令人興奮，學習任何新事物在任何階段都能帶來刺激感。技能發展與實際應用的平衡，對學習者理解自己所達成的成果以及如何在雪場上運用這些技能至關重要。自主探索雪地環境令人振奮且充滿力量感。
Repetition of a successful task can help to consolidate the correct movements and provides an opportunity to practice the new skill. 重複成功完成的任務有助於鞏固正確的動作，並提供練習新技能的機會。
Varying one aspect of a task at a time can help a learner deepen their understanding of a concept and learn how much and when to apply the movements in relation to their objectives. Task variations also allow the instructor to adjust the approach to be more effective, or in other words, they create a new experience that begins the “loop” again. 一次變化任務中的一個方面，有助於學習者深化對概念的理解，並學會在達成目標時該如何以及何時運用這些動作。任務變化也讓教練能調整教學方式以提高效果，換句話說，這創造了一個新的體驗，重新啟動「循環」。
Again, consider the Learner first. Are they engaged? Distracted? Tired? Ready for more? Are they understanding what you hoped? Varying a single aspect of a task will help the learner understand how the outcome is affected. Adjusting multiple factors at once makes understanding the effect of each change more difficult. 再次，首先考慮學習者。他們是否投入？分心了嗎？疲倦了嗎？準備好繼續了嗎？他們是否理解了你所期望的內容？變化任務中的單一面向，將有助於學習者理解結果如何受到影響。同時調整多個因素，會使理解每項變化的效果變得更加困難。
Environment: Choose steeper or flatter terrain or different snow conditions; look for terrain-assisted development opportunities 環境：選擇較陡或較平緩的地形，或不同的雪況；尋找利用地形輔助發展的機會
Objective: Vary turn shape, speed, level of performance 目標：變化轉彎形狀、速度、表現水準
It is important to note that the framework and “loop” may be repeated multiple times in a lesson. The time required for each portion may vary - a short interval or a season-long development program. Each learner in a group lesson will learn at a different pace, making for a rich and complex environment. 值得注意的是，這個架構和「循環」可能在一堂課中重複多次。每個階段所需的時間可能不同——可能是短暫的間隔，也可能是長達一季的發展計畫。團體課程中的每位學習者學習速度不同，造就了豐富且複雜的環境。
Active and Reflective Learning concepts are a key component of the collaborative approach described above. The prescriptive nature of the approach addresses the common ski school lesson challenge of utilizing a relatively short time frame to produce noticeable results. More experienced instructors may adopt a less structured approach or other learning strategies such as discovery-learning and team-based approach etc. based on the lesson situation. 主動與反思學習的概念是上述協作方法的關鍵組成部分。該方法的規範性特質解決了滑雪學校課程中常見的挑戰，即如何在相對短暫的時間內產生明顯的成效。經驗較豐富的教練則可能根據課程情況，採用較不具結構性的方式或其他學習策略，如探索式學習和團隊合作等方法。
WHERE: Precision in Time and Place 地點與時間的精確性
In skiing, every action, body movement, or adjustment should be executed at a specific time and place. To improve a student’s skiing, it is essential to identify where these actions need to occur. Establishing a reference point helps us determine the exact moment and location for each movement. 在滑雪中，每一個動作、身體移動或調整都應該在特定的時間和地點執行。為了提升學員的滑雪技巧，必須明確這些動作應該發生的位置。建立參考點有助於我們確定每個動作的精確時刻與地點。
Reference Points: Before, At, After 參考點：之前、當下、之後
A reference point serves as a guide for the execution of a necessary action. Before the fall line, at the fall line and after the fall line helps identify where and when to adjust. References include the fall line and the transition between turns. 參考點作為執行必要動作的指引。在落線前、落線上及落線後，有助於判斷何時何地進行調整。參考點包括落線及轉彎間的過渡區域。
Terrain Features: Specific Reference Points 地形特徵：特定參考點
Using terrain features helps to distinguish when and where a student executes a defined movement. Features like jumps and rolls, cat-track edges and moguls provide clear examples of where specific skills should be executed. For instance, the edging can occur on a mogul’s front side or the downside. In tree skiing, the reference might be the location relative to a tree, the snow condition, or changes in terrain incline. 利用地形特徵有助於區分學生何時何地執行特定動作。像是跳躍與翻滾、貓道邊緣及波浪地形，都是明確示範特定技巧應該執行的位置。例如，刃邊動作可以發生在波浪地形的前側或下坡側。在樹林滑雪中，參考點可能是相對於樹木的位置、雪況或地形坡度的變化。
Reference Areas: Breaking Down the Turn/execution of a desired outcome 參考區域：分解轉彎／執行期望結果
To facilitate student development, instructors should break down skiing into manageable sections. 為促進學生發展，教練應將滑雪分解為可管理的部分。
For the table found in Appendix B, the ‘Fall line’ is the line down a run or part of a run that is most directly down the hill. To see this in action, if we roll a ball down the hill we are skiing on, the ‘Fall line’ is the path the ball would roll down the slope when pulled from gravity alone. See Appendix A or the Snowpro.com/resourceshttps://csia-lesson-plan.com/ for sample lesson plans. 在附錄 B 的表格中，「落線」是指滑道或滑道某部分最直接向下坡的線。實際上，如果我們將一顆球從我們正在滑的坡上滾下，「落線」就是球在重力作用下沿坡面滾動的路徑。請參考附錄 A 或 Snowpro.com/resources https://csia-lesson-plan.com/ 以取得範例教案。
The decision-making tool is designed to be a flexible assessment tool enabling instructors to tailor their assessments and teaching methods to the unique needs of each skier, fostering autonomy and encouraging innovative problem-solving by answering the four questions within it. 此決策工具設計為一個靈活的評估工具，使教練能根據每位滑雪者的獨特需求調整評估和教學方法，透過回答其中的四個問題，促進自主性並鼓勵創新解決問題。
Repeat the process or wrap up the lesson by skiing with a focus on the area they improved. Assessing ski technique starts with setting an objective for the skier to achieve. This can be determined through conversation between the student and instructor; the instructor should start by asking questions to understand the student’s goals before setting their skiers’ task(s). This will help guide the ski instructors’ observations and satisfy students’ needs. 重複此過程，或以專注於學員進步的部分滑雪來結束課程。評估滑雪技巧的起點是為滑雪者設定一個目標。這可以透過學生與教練之間的對話來決定；教練應先透過提問了解學生的目標，然後再設定滑雪者的任務。這將有助於指導滑雪教練的觀察，並滿足學生的需求。
Conclusion結論
The Canadian Ski Technique and teaching concepts outlined here serve as a comprehensive foundation for delivering consistent, high-quality ski instruction. By integrating the movement and motion philosophy and the technical principles of biomechanics instructors can provide effective, personalized lessons. This combination ensures that each student, regardless of skill level, receives a safe, engaging, and tailored learning experience. Ultimately, the collaboration between technical knowledge and the teaching process is key to fostering growth and enjoyment for skiers of all ages and abilities. 此處所述的加拿大滑雪技巧與教學概念，作為提供一致且高品質滑雪教學的全面基礎。透過整合動作與運動哲學以及生物力學的技術原則，教練能提供有效且個人化的課程。這種結合確保每位學生，不論技能水平，都能獲得安全、有趣且量身打造的學習體驗。最終，技術知識與教學過程的合作，是促進各年齡與能力滑雪者成長與享受滑雪樂趣的關鍵。
One of the biggest challenges a ski instructor faces is assessing skiers. Making decisions during a lesson using the system found in the Appendix A, will make this easier. 滑雪教練面臨的最大挑戰之一是評估滑雪者。在課程中使用附錄 A 所示的系統來做決策，將使這件事變得更簡單。
APPENDIX A附錄 A
EXAMPLES範例
The following section includes examples of how instructors with different levels of skiers can use the decisionmaking tool. 以下章節包含不同程度滑雪者的教練如何使用決策工具的範例。
Basic Use of the Assessment Tool 評估工具的基本使用方法
What: I want you to make a wider snowplow (Mobility, Speed). 什麼：我希望你做出更寬的犁式滑行（移動性、速度）。
How: I will get you to turn your legs inwards more to create a wider and more pronounced triangle shape with your skis. 如何：我會讓你將雙腿向內轉動更多，讓你的滑雪板形成一個更寬且更明顯的三角形。
Where: Try to do this constantly as you glide down to the bottom of the magic carpet. 在哪裡：嘗試在滑行到魔毯底部的過程中持續這樣做。
Why: This will allow you to travel slower and give you more control over speed. 為什麼：這將讓你滑行得更慢，並且能更好地控制速度。
Intermediate Use of the Assessment Tool 評估工具的中階使用
What: I would like to improve your grip on the outside ski edge at the end of the turn (Turning, Speed). 什麼：我想要改善你在轉彎結束時對外側滑雪板邊緣的抓握力（轉彎、速度）。
How: Try to bend more at the hip and the knee to keep pressure on the outside ski. 如何：試著在臀部和膝蓋處多彎曲，以保持對外側滑雪板的壓力。
Where: I would like you to do this as you move out of the fall line at the end of the turn. 地點：我希望你在轉彎結束時離開落差線時做到這一點。
Why: This is going to allow you to stay in balance against the outside ski throughout the turn, improving your ability to steer and control the ski and not lose your balance to the inside. 原因：這將讓你在整個轉彎過程中保持對外側滑雪板的平衡，提升你操控滑雪板的能力，並避免向內側失去平衡。
Advanced Use of the Assessment Tool 評估工具的進階使用
What: I would like to get more grip above the fall line on steep terrain. 內容：我希望在陡峭地形的落差線上方獲得更多抓地力。
How: I would like you to rotate both legs (femurs) underneath your body using an internal twisting motion from your upper leg (adductor muscles). 如何做：我希望你用大腿內側的內旋動作，將雙腿（股骨）旋轉到身體下方。
Where: You should be doing this as soon as you have made the decision to move into the next turn. Continue to do this into the fall line. 何時做：當你決定進入下一個轉彎時，就應該開始這個動作，並持續進行直到落線。
Why: This is going to allow you to control the turn shape and pressure at the top of the turn while remaining in balance instead of moving your feet away from you and finding that your balance is on the inside ski with little control at the end of the turn. 為什麼做：這樣可以讓你在轉彎頂端控制轉彎形狀和壓力，同時保持平衡，而不是將雙腳往外移動，導致平衡落在內側滑雪板上，且在轉彎結束時控制力不足。
Expert Use of the Assessment Tool 專家級評估工具使用
What: I would like you to focus on maintaining contact with the snow as you go over the bump (Turning, Speed). 什麼：我希望你在越過雪包時，專注於保持與雪面的接觸（轉彎、速度）。
How: By turning your ski tips into the backside of the bump. 如何：將你的滑雪板尖端轉向雪包的背面。
Where: As your ski tips pass over the top of a bump, bend your knees and open your ankle to drive your ski tips down as you complete the turn. 在哪裡：當你的滑雪板尖端越過雪包頂端時，彎曲膝蓋並打開腳踝，將滑雪板尖端壓下，完成轉彎。
Why: So that you can maintain balance and control your speed and turn shape. 為什麼：這樣你才能保持平衡，並控制速度與轉彎形狀。
APPENDIX B附錄 B
Table 1. Sample ski lessons for beginners, intermediate and advanced skiers 表 1. 初學者、中級及高級滑雪者的示範滑雪課程
Skis in a wedge position (both legs turned inward). Hips, knees and ankles are bent. Turn both feet in the direction they want to go and balance against the outside ski by reducing the weight on the inside ski.
Skill focus -
Rotary
Skis in a wedge position (both legs turned inward). Hips, knees and ankles are bent. Turn both feet in the direction they want to go and balance against the outside ski by reducing the weight on the inside ski.
Skill focus -
Rotary| Skis in a wedge position (both legs turned inward). Hips, knees and ankles are bent. Turn both feet in the direction they want to go and balance against the outside ski by reducing the weight on the inside ski. |
| :--- |
| Skill focus - |
| Rotary |
Continue to turn both legs under the body and set up the outside ski to grip the snow, maintaining the wedge position.
Maintaining a relaxed stance.
Skill focus -
Balance
Continue to turn both legs under the body and set up the outside ski to grip the snow, maintaining the wedge position.
Maintaining a relaxed stance.
Skill focus -
Balance| Continue to turn both legs under the body and set up the outside ski to grip the snow, maintaining the wedge position. |
| :--- |
| Maintaining a relaxed stance. |
| Skill focus - |
| Balance |
Continue to balance against the outside ski. Increase the bend in ankles, knees and hips.
External forces will start to act on the skier, helping to facilitate ski edge grip through this part of the turn.
Skill focus -
Edging
Continue to balance against the outside ski. Increase the bend in ankles, knees and hips.
External forces will start to act on the skier, helping to facilitate ski edge grip through this part of the turn.
Skill focus -
Edging| Continue to balance against the outside ski. Increase the bend in ankles, knees and hips. |
| :--- |
| External forces will start to act on the skier, helping to facilitate ski edge grip through this part of the turn. |
| Skill focus - |
| Edging |
Release ski edge grip by bending the ankles, knees and hips.
Balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet in a neutral, athletic stance.
Skill focus -
Pressure
Release ski edge grip by bending the ankles, knees and hips.
Balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet in a neutral, athletic stance.
Skill focus -
Pressure| Release ski edge grip by bending the ankles, knees and hips. |
| :--- |
| Balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet in a neutral, athletic stance. |
| Skill focus - |
| Pressure |
Move skis into a wedge by turning (internally rotating) both legs. Balance on the outside ski while turning the outside leg. Bend both legs in a comfortable, athletic stance.
Skill focus -
Rotary
Move skis into a wedge by turning (internally rotating) both legs. Balance on the outside ski while turning the outside leg. Bend both legs in a comfortable, athletic stance.
Skill focus -
Rotary| Move skis into a wedge by turning (internally rotating) both legs. Balance on the outside ski while turning the outside leg. Bend both legs in a comfortable, athletic stance. |
| :--- |
| Skill focus - |
| Rotary |
Continue to turn both legs, maintaining the wedge position. Joints continue to bend, maintaining a comfortable, athletic stance with balance against the outside ski.
Skill focus-
Balance
Continue to turn both legs, maintaining the wedge position. Joints continue to bend, maintaining a comfortable, athletic stance with balance against the outside ski.
Skill focus-
Balance| Continue to turn both legs, maintaining the wedge position. Joints continue to bend, maintaining a comfortable, athletic stance with balance against the outside ski. |
| :--- |
| Skill focus- |
| Balance |
Maintain balance against the outside foot by further reducing the weight on the inside ski and overturn the inside ski until it becomes parallel with the outside ski. As the skier progresses, this can happen progressively earlier, at the fall- line, then before the fall line.
Skill focus - Edging, Rotary
Maintain balance against the outside foot by further reducing the weight on the inside ski and overturn the inside ski until it becomes parallel with the outside ski. As the skier progresses, this can happen progressively earlier, at the fall- line, then before the fall line.
Skill focus - Edging, Rotary| Maintain balance against the outside foot by further reducing the weight on the inside ski and overturn the inside ski until it becomes parallel with the outside ski. As the skier progresses, this can happen progressively earlier, at the fall- line, then before the fall line. |
| :--- |
| Skill focus - Edging, Rotary |
保持滑雪板平行，伸展腳踝、膝蓋和臀部，並將重量均勻分配在雙腳之間以保持平衡。技巧重點－壓力控制
Maintaining parallel skis, extend the ankle, knee and hip, and balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet.
Skill focus -
Pressure
Maintaining parallel skis, extend the ankle, knee and hip, and balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet.
Skill focus -
Pressure| Maintaining parallel skis, extend the ankle, knee and hip, and balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet. |
| :--- |
| Skill focus - |
| Pressure |
Before fall line At fall line After fall line Transition
Snowplow Turn "Skis in a wedge position (both legs turned inward). Hips, knees and ankles are bent. Turn both feet in the direction they want to go and balance against the outside ski by reducing the weight on the inside ski.
Skill focus -
Rotary" "Continue to turn both legs under the body and set up the outside ski to grip the snow, maintaining the wedge position.
Maintaining a relaxed stance.
Skill focus -
Balance" "Continue to balance against the outside ski. Increase the bend in ankles, knees and hips.
External forces will start to act on the skier, helping to facilitate ski edge grip through this part of the turn.
Skill focus -
Edging" "Release ski edge grip by bending the ankles, knees and hips.
Balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet in a neutral, athletic stance.
Skill focus -
Pressure"
Introduction to Parallel "Move skis into a wedge by turning (internally rotating) both legs. Balance on the outside ski while turning the outside leg. Bend both legs in a comfortable, athletic stance.
Skill focus -
Rotary" "Continue to turn both legs, maintaining the wedge position. Joints continue to bend, maintaining a comfortable, athletic stance with balance against the outside ski.
Skill focus-
Balance" "Maintain balance against the outside foot by further reducing the weight on the inside ski and overturn the inside ski until it becomes parallel with the outside ski. As the skier progresses, this can happen progressively earlier, at the fall- line, then before the fall line.
Skill focus - Edging, Rotary" "Maintaining parallel skis, extend the ankle, knee and hip, and balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet.
Skill focus -
Pressure"| | Before fall line | At fall line | After fall line | Transition |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Snowplow Turn | Skis in a wedge position (both legs turned inward). Hips, knees and ankles are bent. Turn both feet in the direction they want to go and balance against the outside ski by reducing the weight on the inside ski. <br> Skill focus - <br> Rotary | Continue to turn both legs under the body and set up the outside ski to grip the snow, maintaining the wedge position. <br> Maintaining a relaxed stance. <br> Skill focus - <br> Balance | Continue to balance against the outside ski. Increase the bend in ankles, knees and hips. <br> External forces will start to act on the skier, helping to facilitate ski edge grip through this part of the turn. <br> Skill focus - <br> Edging | Release ski edge grip by bending the ankles, knees and hips. <br> Balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet in a neutral, athletic stance. <br> Skill focus - <br> Pressure |
| Introduction to Parallel | Move skis into a wedge by turning (internally rotating) both legs. Balance on the outside ski while turning the outside leg. Bend both legs in a comfortable, athletic stance. <br> Skill focus - <br> Rotary | Continue to turn both legs, maintaining the wedge position. Joints continue to bend, maintaining a comfortable, athletic stance with balance against the outside ski. <br> Skill focus- <br> Balance | Maintain balance against the outside foot by further reducing the weight on the inside ski and overturn the inside ski until it becomes parallel with the outside ski. As the skier progresses, this can happen progressively earlier, at the fall- line, then before the fall line. <br> Skill focus - Edging, Rotary | Maintaining parallel skis, extend the ankle, knee and hip, and balance with weight evenly distributed between both feet. <br> Skill focus - <br> Pressure |
Simultaneously turn both legs in the direction of the turn. Balance against the outside ski by lightening the inside ski. Begin to tip the skis by tipping the feet to grip the snow. Lighten the inside ski to increase grip with the outside ski.
Skill focus -
Rotary
Simultaneously turn both legs in the direction of the turn. Balance against the outside ski by lightening the inside ski. Begin to tip the skis by tipping the feet to grip the snow. Lighten the inside ski to increase grip with the outside ski.
Skill focus -
Rotary| Simultaneously turn both legs in the direction of the turn. Balance against the outside ski by lightening the inside ski. Begin to tip the skis by tipping the feet to grip the snow. Lighten the inside ski to increase grip with the outside ski. |
| :--- |
| Skill focus - |
| Rotary |
Maintain balance against the outside ski and continue to turn both skis across the fall line via ankle, knee and hip angulation.
Continue to tip the feet to increase grip as needed. Ankles, knees and hips bend progressively.
Skill focus -
Edging
Maintain balance against the outside ski and continue to turn both skis across the fall line via ankle, knee and hip angulation.
Continue to tip the feet to increase grip as needed. Ankles, knees and hips bend progressively.
Skill focus -
Edging| Maintain balance against the outside ski and continue to turn both skis across the fall line via ankle, knee and hip angulation. |
| :--- |
| Continue to tip the feet to increase grip as needed. Ankles, knees and hips bend progressively. |
| Skill focus - |
| Edging |
持續彎曲所有關節以維持對外側滑雪板的平衡，當轉彎動作持續進行時。旋轉動作將使重心基底（BOS）引導回重心（COM）的路徑，當 COM 和 BOS 的路徑交叉進入新轉彎時。技巧重點－壓力控制
Continue to flex all joints to maintain balance against the outside ski as the turning effort continues. Rotary movements will allow BOS to steer back to the path of the COM as the paths of the COM and BOS cross into the new turn.
Skill focus -
Pressure
Continue to flex all joints to maintain balance against the outside ski as the turning effort continues. Rotary movements will allow BOS to steer back to the path of the COM as the paths of the COM and BOS cross into the new turn.
Skill focus -
Pressure| Continue to flex all joints to maintain balance against the outside ski as the turning effort continues. Rotary movements will allow BOS to steer back to the path of the COM as the paths of the COM and BOS cross into the new turn. |
| :--- |
| Skill focus - |
| Pressure |
Flatten feet to release the grip on the snow. Begin to transfer weight from the old outside ski to the new outside ski.
The paths COM/BOS cross over/ under one another.
Flatten feet to release the grip on the snow. Begin to transfer weight from the old outside ski to the new outside ski.
The paths COM/BOS cross over/ under one another.| Flatten feet to release the grip on the snow. Begin to transfer weight from the old outside ski to the new outside ski. |
| :--- |
| The paths COM/BOS cross over/ under one another. |
Strong movement to the outside ski, while skis are turned and edged simultaneously through lower body rotation and edging movements grip, provides a platform for balance.
Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging
Strong movement to the outside ski, while skis are turned and edged simultaneously through lower body rotation and edging movements grip, provides a platform for balance.
Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging| Strong movement to the outside ski, while skis are turned and edged simultaneously through lower body rotation and edging movements grip, provides a platform for balance. |
| :--- |
| Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging |
Progressive and continued steering via ankle, knee and hip angulation provides continued grip. Look ahead to determine the optimal path.
Skills - Balance, Rotational Movement, Edging
Progressive and continued steering via ankle, knee and hip angulation provides continued grip. Look ahead to determine the optimal path.
Skills - Balance, Rotational Movement, Edging| Progressive and continued steering via ankle, knee and hip angulation provides continued grip. Look ahead to determine the optimal path. |
| :--- |
| Skills - Balance, Rotational Movement, Edging |
Continue to flex joints, timing the turning action to progress to the next bump in a planned way. A firm pole plant will stabilize the upper body and provides a timing cue for the upcoming transition.
Continue to flex joints, timing the turning action to progress to the next bump in a planned way. A firm pole plant will stabilize the upper body and provides a timing cue for the upcoming transition.
Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging, Pressure, Coordinated Movements| Continue to flex joints, timing the turning action to progress to the next bump in a planned way. A firm pole plant will stabilize the upper body and provides a timing cue for the upcoming transition. |
| :--- |
| Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging, Pressure, Coordinated Movements |
A vertical movement may aid the transition into the new turn. Extend joints to recentre, allowing the COM to cross over the BOS.
Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging, Pressure, Coordinated movements| A vertical movement may aid the transition into the new turn. Extend joints to recentre, allowing the COM to cross over the BOS. |
| :--- |
| Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging, Pressure, Coordinated movements |
Before fall line At fall line After fall line Transition
Linked parallel turns "Simultaneously turn both legs in the direction of the turn. Balance against the outside ski by lightening the inside ski. Begin to tip the skis by tipping the feet to grip the snow. Lighten the inside ski to increase grip with the outside ski.
Skill focus -
Rotary" "Maintain balance against the outside ski and continue to turn both skis across the fall line via ankle, knee and hip angulation.
Continue to tip the feet to increase grip as needed. Ankles, knees and hips bend progressively.
Skill focus -
Edging" "Continue to flex all joints to maintain balance against the outside ski as the turning effort continues. Rotary movements will allow BOS to steer back to the path of the COM as the paths of the COM and BOS cross into the new turn.
Skill focus -
Pressure" "Flatten feet to release the grip on the snow. Begin to transfer weight from the old outside ski to the new outside ski.
The paths COM/BOS cross over/ under one another."
Bumps "Strong movement to the outside ski, while skis are turned and edged simultaneously through lower body rotation and edging movements grip, provides a platform for balance.
Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging" "Progressive and continued steering via ankle, knee and hip angulation provides continued grip. Look ahead to determine the optimal path.
Skills - Balance, Rotational Movement, Edging" "Continue to flex joints, timing the turning action to progress to the next bump in a planned way. A firm pole plant will stabilize the upper body and provides a timing cue for the upcoming transition.
Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging, Pressure, Coordinated Movements" "A vertical movement may aid the transition into the new turn. Extend joints to recentre, allowing the COM to cross over the BOS.
Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging, Pressure, Coordinated movements"
| | Before fall line | At fall line | After fall line | Transition |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Linked parallel turns | Simultaneously turn both legs in the direction of the turn. Balance against the outside ski by lightening the inside ski. Begin to tip the skis by tipping the feet to grip the snow. Lighten the inside ski to increase grip with the outside ski. <br> Skill focus - <br> Rotary | Maintain balance against the outside ski and continue to turn both skis across the fall line via ankle, knee and hip angulation. <br> Continue to tip the feet to increase grip as needed. Ankles, knees and hips bend progressively. <br> Skill focus - <br> Edging | Continue to flex all joints to maintain balance against the outside ski as the turning effort continues. Rotary movements will allow BOS to steer back to the path of the COM as the paths of the COM and BOS cross into the new turn. <br> Skill focus - <br> Pressure | Flatten feet to release the grip on the snow. Begin to transfer weight from the old outside ski to the new outside ski. <br> The paths COM/BOS cross over/ under one another. |
| Bumps | Strong movement to the outside ski, while skis are turned and edged simultaneously through lower body rotation and edging movements grip, provides a platform for balance. <br> Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging | Progressive and continued steering via ankle, knee and hip angulation provides continued grip. Look ahead to determine the optimal path. <br> Skills - Balance, Rotational Movement, Edging | Continue to flex joints, timing the turning action to progress to the next bump in a planned way. A firm pole plant will stabilize the upper body and provides a timing cue for the upcoming transition. <br> Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging, Pressure, Coordinated Movements | A vertical movement may aid the transition into the new turn. Extend joints to recentre, allowing the COM to cross over the BOS. <br> Skills - Balance, Rotary, Edging, Pressure, Coordinated movements |
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