沉浸式翻译Chapter 1
第 1 章
Velasquez Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which of the following is one of the advantages of ethical decision-making as a long-term business strategy?
以下哪项是道德决策作为长期商业战略的优势之一？
Ethical behavior will increase short-term profits
道德行为将增加短期利润.
Ethical behavior will provide positive press opportunities
道德行为将提供积极的新闻机会.
Ethical behavior can ensure positive employee relationships
道德行为可以确保积极的员工关系.
Ethical behavior can provide significant competitive advantage
道德行为可以提供显着的竞争优势.
Answer: D
Topic: The Nature of Business Ethics
主题：商业道德的本质
Learning Objective: 1.1: Analyze the basic nature of business ethics
学习目标： 1.1：分析商业道德的基本性质
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following is defined as standards of what a group or individual feels is right or wrong, or good or evil?
以下哪项被定义为一个群体或个人认为对或错、善或恶的标准？
Morality
Ethics
Standards
Values
Answer: A
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Difficult
难度级别：困难
Which of the following best describes the criteria by which we judge manners and rules of behavior?
以下哪项最能描述我们判断礼仪和行为规则的标准？
Ethical norms
道德规范
Moral norms
道德规范
Nonmoral standards
非道德标准
Standard values
Answer: C
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following can be described as an example of a moral standard?
以下哪项可以被描述为道德标准的例子？
Do not be late for a meeting
开会不要迟到.
Do not harm others
不要伤害他人.
Do not use a work computer for personal use
请勿将工作计算机用于个人用途.
Do not discuss pay issues with others
不要与他人讨论薪酬问题.
Answer: B
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Apply what you know
技能水平：应用你所知道的
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following best describes the basis for moral standards?
以下哪项最能描述道德标准的基础？
Moral standards are based on authority
道德标准是建立在权威之上的.
Moral standards deal with serious issues
道德标准处理严重问题.
Moral standards are based on personal experiences
道德标准是建立在个人经验的基础上的.
Moral standards are based on personal beliefs
道德标准基于个人信仰.
Answer: B
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following best describes ethical standards?
以下哪项最能描述道德标准？
Norms of behavior in a society
社会中的行为规范
Laws that govern acceptable behavior
管理可接受行为的法律
How reasonable moral standards are when applied to your life
当道德标准应用于你的生活时，道德标准是多么合理
Universal standards based on impartial rules
基于公正规则的通用标准
Answer: C
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Ethical issues about the economic, political, or legal aspects that a business operates under are referred to as _____ issues.
有关企业运营的经济、政治或法律方面的道德问题被称为_____问题。
corporate
individual
governmental
政府
systemic
系统的
Answer: D
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Apply what you know
技能水平：应用你所知道的
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Because companies intentionally engage in actions such as production and sales, some people believe they should be held morally responsible for their decisions and actions. This view considers companies as having to act as
由于公司故意从事生产和销售等行为，有些人认为他们应该对自己的决定和行为承担道德责任。这种观点认为公司必须作为
moral agents
道德代理人.
machines.
individuals.
regulators.
Answer: A
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Easy
难度级别：简单
There have been several arguments against business ethics. Which argument best supports the idea that when an organization makes money, it improves society, so business ethics are not needed?
有几种反对商业道德的论点。哪个论点最能支持这样一种观点，即当一个组织赚钱时，它改善了社会，因此不需要商业道德？
If it’s legal, it is ethical
如果它是合法的，那就是合乎道德的.
Profits benefit all.
The Loyal Agent states it.
忠诚特工说。
Conflict is not unusual.
Answer: B
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Easy
难度级别：简单
Which of the following best describes an organization’s obligations toward society?
以下哪项最能描述组织对社会的义务？
Ethics
Morals
Values
Corporate social responsibility
企业社会责任
Answer: D
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which theory of corporate social responsibility says that an organization should be run with the best interests of anyone who can benefit from the organization in mind?
哪种企业社会责任理论说，一个组织的运行应该考虑到任何可以从组织中受益的人的最大利益？
Shareholder theory
Normative theory
规范理论
Stakeholder theory
利益相关者理论
Law of Agency theory
代理法理论
Answer: C
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
With which area are many of the ethical issues related to information technology concerned?
与信息技术相关的许多伦理问题涉及哪些领域？
Privacy
Costs
成本
Accessibility
可及性
Biology
Answer: A
Topic: Ethical Issues in International Business
主题：国际商务中的道德问题
Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine ethical issues arising from globalization and international business connections and practices
学习目标： 1.3：研究全球化和国际商业联系和实践引起的伦理问题
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Technology now allows for the altering of cells in plants, humans, and animals in a process called
现在，技术允许在称为
genetic engineering.
nanotechnology.
biotechnology.
information engineering.
Answer: A
Topic: Ethical Issues in International Business
主题：国际商务中的道德问题
Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine ethical issues arising from globalization and international business connections and practices
学习目标： 1.3：研究全球化和国际商业联系和实践引起的伦理问题
Skill Level: Apply what you know
技能水平：应用你所知道的
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
The process of sharing goods, services, knowledge, and cultures across national borders is referred to as
跨越国界分享商品、服务、知识和文化的过程被称为
multinationalism.
relativism.
hypernorms
超规范
globalization.
Answer: D
Topic: Ethical Issues in International Business
主题：国际商务中的道德问题
Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine ethical issues arising from globalization and international business connections and practices
学习目标： 1.3：研究全球化和国际商业联系和实践引起的伦理问题
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
According to World Bank reports, which of the following is a disadvantage of globalization?
根据世界银行的报告，以下哪项是全球化的弊端？
Business operations can move to countries with lower labor costs.
业务运营可以转移到劳动力成本较低的国家/地区。
Inequalities increase between and within nations.
国家之间和国家内部的不平等现象加剧。
Consumers have access to lower priced goods.
消费者可以获得价格较低的商品。
Developed nations only grew at about 2 percent per capita
发达国家的人均增长率仅为2%左右.
Answer: B
Topic: Ethical Issues in International Business
主题：国际商务中的道德问题
Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine ethical issues arising from globalization and international business connections and practices
学习目标： 1.3：研究全球化和国际商业联系和实践引起的伦理问题
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following best describes the idea that ethical standards are true based on a particular culture or society, and will change based on the society in which we find ourselves working?
以下哪项最能描述这样一种观点，即道德标准基于特定的文化或社会是真实的，并且会根据我们所处的社会而改变？
Traditionalism
传统主义
Globalization
Relativism
Microsocial norms
Answer: C
Topic: Ethical Issues in International Business
主题：国际商务中的道德问题
Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine ethical issues arising from globalization and international business connections and practices
学习目标： 1.3：研究全球化和国际商业联系和实践引起的伦理问题
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following best describes hypernorms as moral standards?
以下哪项最能将超规范描述为道德标准？
Norms that differ from one community to the next
不同社区的规范
Norms that can only be applied if the community accepts those norms
只有当社区接受这些规范时才能应用的规范
Norms that a community accepts because it follows rules of microsocial norms
一个社区接受的规范，因为它遵循微观社会规范的规则
Moral standards that should be applied to all people in all societies
应该适用于所有社会中所有人的道德标准
Answer: D
Topic: Ethical Issues in International Business
主题：国际商务中的道德问题
Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine ethical issues arising from globalization and international business connections and practices
学习目标： 1.3：研究全球化和国际商业联系和实践引起的伦理问题
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
According to Kohlberg, during which stage of moral development will a child behave in a specific way in the hopes that others will behave the same way toward him or her?
根据科尔伯格的说法，在道德发展的哪个阶段，孩子会以特定的方式行事，希望其他人对他或她也有同样的行为方式？
Interpersonal concordance orientation
Social contract orientation
Instrumental and relative orientation
Punishment and obedience orientation
惩罚和服从取向
Answer: C
Topic: Foundations of Moral Reasoning
主题：道德推理的基础
Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the deep foundations and structure of moral reasoning
学习目标： 1.4：解释道德推理的深层基础和结构
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
According to Kohlberg, during which stage of moral development does one realize there are conflicting moral views and believes there is a fair way to reach consensus about them?
根据科尔伯格的说法，在道德发展的哪个阶段，人们意识到存在相互冲突的道德观点，并相信有一种公平的方式可以就它们达成共识？
Social contract orientation
Universal moral principles orientation
Law and order orientation
法律和秩序导向
Interpersonal concordance orientation
Answer: A
Topic: Foundations of Moral Reasoning
主题：道德推理的基础
Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the deep foundations and structure of moral reasoning
学习目标： 1.4：解释道德推理的深层基础和结构
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following component of moral reasoning is based on an individual’s conclusions about people, policies, institutions, or behaviors?
以下道德推理的哪个组成部分是基于个人对人、政策、制度或行为的结论？
Factual information
Facility for moral judgment
道德判断的设施
Ability for emotional reasoning
情感推理能力
Understanding of moral standards
Answer: B
Topic: Foundations of Moral Reasoning
主题：道德推理的基础
Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the deep foundations and structure of moral reasoning
学习目标： 1.4：解释道德推理的深层基础和结构
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Difficult
难度级别：困难
Which criteria are used to evaluate moral reasoning?
哪些标准用于评估道德推理？
Standards universal to all cultures
适用于所有文化的标准
Factual evidence limited only to that which supports the conclusion
事实证据仅限于支持结论的证据
Logic and evidence
逻辑和证据
Clearly defined choices
明确定义的选择
Answer: C
Topic: Foundations of Moral Reasoning
主题：道德推理的基础
Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the deep foundations and structure of moral reasoning
学习目标： 1.4：解释道德推理的深层基础和结构
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
What condition of moral responsibility has been met when a person fails to prevent an injury or wrong when he or she knew there was a potential for injury?
当一个人在知道有伤害的可能性时未能防止伤害或错误时，他或她满足了什么道德责任条件？
Causality
Duty
Obligation
Freedom
Answer: A
Topic: Moral Responsibility and Blame
主题：道德责任与责备
Learning Objective: 1.5: Assess the factors that define and refine the concept of moral responsibility
学习目标： 1.5： 评估定义和完善道德责任概念的因素
Skill Level: Understand the concepts
技能水平：理解概念
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following is used to reduce, but not eliminate, responsibility for a wrong?
以下哪项用于减少而不是消除对错误的责任？
Causality
Freedom of choice
Mitigating factors
Knowledge
Answer: C
Topic: Moral Responsibility and Blame
主题：道德责任与责备
Learning Objective: 1.5: Assess the factors that define and refine the concept of moral responsibility
学习目标： 1.5： 评估定义和完善道德责任概念的因素
Skill Level: Apply what you know
技能水平：应用你所知道的
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
A person might find it difficult to avoid a wrong because of coercion or a threat. What type of moral defense could be used to reduce responsibility?
一个人可能会发现很难避免因为胁迫或威胁而犯错。什么类型的道德辩护可以用来减轻责任？
Level of contribution
缴费水平
Ignorance
Differing moral standards
不同的道德标准
Mitigating factors
Answer: D
Topic: Moral Responsibility and Blame
主题：道德责任与责备
Learning Objective: 1.5: Assess the factors that define and refine the concept of moral responsibility
学习目标： 1.5： 评估定义和完善道德责任概念的因素
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
Which of the following describes the level of moral responsibility when there is an absence of causality, knowledge, or freedom?
以下哪项描述了缺乏因果关系、知识或自由时的道德责任水平？
The individual is morally responsible
个人在道德上负有责任.
Moral responsibility is mitigated
道德责任减轻.
The organization is morally responsible
该组织在道德上负有责任.
Moral responsibility is completely eliminated
道德责任被完全消除.
Answer: D
Topic: Moral Responsibility and Blame
主题：道德责任与责备
Learning Objective: 1.5: Assess the factors that define and refine the concept of moral responsibility
学习目标： 1.5： 评估定义和完善道德责任概念的因素
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
难度级别：中等
SHORT ANSWER
简答题
Discuss reasons why ethics are an important part of an organization.
讨论道德是组织重要组成部分的原因。
Sample Answer: Ethical behavior can be good for a business in that it can promote trust, provide safeguards, and improve profit. Business interactions with employees and customers are ongoing. Ethical behavior can encourage mutually beneficial interactions with others. Additionally, unethical behaviors tend to generate harmful reprisals instead of cooperative behavior. Second, ethical behaviors on the part of an organization can help the organization avoid reprisals, improve work relationships, and encourage people to reward the organization with loyalty and commitment. Third, ethical behaviors increase the chances of success for an organization. A majority of studies have found there is a positive relationship between socially responsible acts and profitability. Businesses cannot survive without ethics and ethics are consistent with profit seeking. This is because employees, customers, and people in general care about ethics.
示例答案： 道德行为对企业有好处，因为它可以促进信任、提供保障和提高利润。与员工和客户的业务互动正在进行中。道德行为可以鼓励与他人互惠互利的互动。此外，不道德的行为往往会产生有害的报复，而不是合作行为。其次，组织的道德行为可以帮助组织避免报复，改善工作关系，并鼓励人们以忠诚和承诺来奖励组织。第三，道德行为增加了组织成功的机会。大多数研究发现，对社会负责的行为与盈利能力之间存在正相关关系。没有道德，企业就无法生存，而道德与追求利润是一致的。这是因为员工、客户和一般人都关心道德规范。
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Discuss the concept of organizations acting as moral agents and being held responsible for moral decisions.
讨论组织作为道德代理人并对道德决策负责的概念。
Sample Answer: There are two views on the idea that organizations can be held responsible for moral decisions. One view is that when an organization acts intentionally, then it is a moral agent. The organization is an agent with moral rights and obligations, and it is responsible for its actions, just like humans. The other view is that companies act as machines and should not be considered to have moral duties. This argument claims businesses are like machines where members blindly conform to formal rules that may or may not have to do with morality. Just as a machine cannot be faulted for failing to act morally, neither can an organization when it is considered to be a machine.
示例答案：关于组织可以对道德决策负责的想法有两种观点。一种观点认为，当一个组织有意识地行事时，它就是一个道德代理人。组织是具有道德权利和义务的代理人，它对自己的行为负责，就像人类一样。另一种观点认为，公司是机器，不应被视为具有道德义务。这种观点认为，企业就像机器一样，成员盲目地遵守可能与道德有关也可能与道德无关的正式规则。正如一台机器不能因为没有道德行为而受到指责一样，当一个组织被认为是一台机器时，它也不能被指责。
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Compare the shareholder view of corporate social responsibility to the stakeholder view of corporate social responsibility.
将股东对企业社会责任的看法与利益相关者对企业社会责任的看法进行比较。
Sample Answer: According to Milton Friedman, shareholders own the company in which they have shares. These owners “hire” executives to run the organization in the best interest of the shareholders, with the goal of increasing profits and returns for the shareholders. Therefore, under the shareholder view of CSR, the company should not use resources to benefit society; those resources belong to the shareholders. However, by maximizing profits for stockholders, the companies will end up benefiting society.
示例答案：根据米尔顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）的说法，股东拥有他们拥有股份的公司。这些所有者“雇用”高管以股东的最佳利益经营组织，目的是增加股东的利润和回报。因此，在企业社会责任的股东观下，公司不应利用资源造福社会;这些资源属于股东。然而，通过为股东实现利润最大化，公司最终将造福社会。
According to Freeman and Reed, a stakeholder is any group or individual who can help the organization achieve its objectives or who are affected by the achievements of the organization. This means that a stakeholder can harm, benefit, or influence. Therefore, anyone can be a stakeholder in an organization. Under this theory, the organization should be run for the benefit of all stakeholders
根据 Freeman 和 Reed 的说法，利益相关者是可以帮助组织实现其目标或受组织成就影响的任何团体或个人。这意味着利益相关者可能会受到伤害、受益或影响。因此，任何人都可以成为组织中的利益相关者。根据这一理论，组织应该为所有利益相关者的利益而运行.
Topic: Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
Learning Objective: 1.2: Emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and moral decision-making in business ethics
学习目标： 1.2：强调道德推理和道德决策在商业伦理中的重要性
Discuss the ethical concerns that have surfaced regarding information technology and property rights.
讨论有关信息技术和财产权的道德问题。
Sample Answer: Property rights include information such as software, code, and digitized data such as a text, pictures, and sounds. Digitized information can be copied many times without changing the original. The issue or property rights of the original creator come into question along with comparing those rights to the person who owns one of the copies. Another issue is if it is wrong to make a copy without the permission of the original creator. Does it create harm to society or will individuals suffer because of these copies? Are there property rights for things created on the computer? The nature of technology is that we can gather, use, or generate information from a variety of sources very quickly and on a massive scale. Computers collect data on users, and they sort, analyze and retrieve this information rapidly. Some argue this is a violation of people’s right to privacy because other people may know things about us that are private.
示例答案：产权包括软件、代码等信息和文本、图片和声音等数字化数据。数字化信息可以多次复制，而无需更改原件。原始创作者的问题或财产权以及将这些权利与拥有其中一个副本的人进行比较时都会受到质疑。另一个问题是，未经原创作者许可而制作复制品是否错误，是否会对社会造成伤害，或者个人会因此而遭受损失？在计算机上创建的内容是否有产权？技术的本质是我们可以非常快速、大规模地从各种来源收集、使用或生成信息。计算机收集用户数据，并快速对这些信息进行分类、分析和检索。一些人认为这侵犯了人们的隐私权，因为其他人可能知道关于我们的私人事情。
Topic: Ethical Issues in International Business
主题：国际商务中的道德问题
Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine ethical issues arising from globalization and international business connections and practices
学习目标： 1.3：研究全球化和国际商业联系和实践引起的伦理问题
As a senior manager operating in another country, how should you enforce U.S. ethical standards in a culture that has different standards?
作为在另一个国家/地区运营的高级经理，您应该如何在具有不同标准的文化中执行美国的道德标准？
Sample Answer: Some scholars have suggested that senior managers who operate in a less well-developed country should follow the higher ethical standards that are typically used in their home country. However, those ethical standards must be used with care as they can sometimes create more harm than good in the host nation. Social norms and expectations must also be carefully considered. Therefore, each case must be judged individually, instead of attempting to apply one rule or level of standards to all issues. When determining how ethical a decision is in a host country, several things must be considered including the nature of the country’s laws, how corrupt a government is, the level of technological, social, and economic development, and cultural acceptance.
示例答案：一些学者建议，在欠发达国家运营的高级管理人员应遵循其本国通常使用的更高道德标准。然而，这些道德标准必须谨慎使用，因为它们有时在东道国弊大于利。还必须仔细考虑社会规范和期望。因此，必须对每个案件进行单独判断，而不是试图将一种规则或标准水平应用于所有问题。在确定东道国的决定是否合乎道德时，必须考虑几件事，包括该国法律的性质、政府的腐败程度、技术、社会和经济发展水平以及文化接受度。
Topic: Ethical Issues in International Business
主题：国际商务中的道德问题
Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine ethical issues arising from globalization and international business connections and practices
学习目标： 1.3：研究全球化和国际商业联系和实践引起的伦理问题
Discuss the ways emotions and moral reasoning work together.
讨论情绪和道德推理如何协同工作。
Sample Answer: Ethics include logic, reasoning, and cognition, and our emotions, and feelings play a central role in moral decision-making. Moral thinking is aided by emotions. The link between moral reasoning and emotions is supported by studies of the brain that show activity when we engage in moral reasoning. Emotions can make us realize that a situation raises ethical issues for us, and motivate us to try and understand and reason about what is happening. The emotional response can motivate us to act. Reasoning about ethics is important, but without emotions, we would be unable to become focused on and concerned about ethics, and no longer be moved to engage in moral reasoning.
示例答案： 伦理学包括逻辑、推理和认知，我们的情绪和感受在道德决策中起着核心作用。道德思考是靠情感辅助的。道德推理和情感之间的联系得到了大脑研究的支持，这些研究显示了我们进行道德推理时的活动。情绪可以使我们意识到一种情况会给我们带来道德问题，并激励我们尝试理解和推理正在发生的事情。情绪反应可以激励我们采取行动。关于道德的推理很重要，但如果没有情感，我们就无法关注和关注道德，也就无法被感动去从事道德推理。
Topic: Foundations of Moral Reasoning
主题：道德推理的基础
Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the deep foundations and structure of moral reasoning
学习目标： 1.4：解释道德推理的深层基础和结构
Identify and explain the three components of moral reasoning.
识别并解释道德推理的三个组成部分。
Sample Answer: One component of moral reasoning includes an understanding of our moral standards and what they require, prohibit, value, or condemn. The second component includes evidence or information about whether a person, policy, institution, or behavior has features that moral standards require, value, or condemn. The third component of moral reasoning is a conclusion or moral judgement about a person, policy, institution, or behavior that might be prohibited or required, right or wrong, or just or unjust.
示例答案： 道德推理的一个组成部分包括理解我们的道德标准以及它们要求、禁止、重视或谴责的内容。第二部分包括关于一个人、政策、机构或行为是否具有道德标准要求、重视或谴责的特征的证据或信息。道德推理的第三个组成部分是关于一个人、政策、机构或行为的结论或道德判断，这些结论或道德判断可能被禁止或被要求，对或错，或公正或不公正。
Topic: Foundations of Moral Reasoning
主题：道德推理的基础
Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the deep foundations and structure of moral reasoning
学习目标： 1.4：解释道德推理的深层基础和结构
Why is it important that companies have a good understanding of the relationship between blame and moral responsibility?
为什么公司对责备和道德责任之间的关系有很好的理解很重要？
Sample Answer: Moral reasoning is sometimes directed at determining whether a person is morally responsible for an injury or for a wrong. A judgement about a person’s moral responsibility for wrongdoing is a judgement as to whether that the person acted intentionally and should be blamed or punished, and pay restitution. Companies have the same moral responsibility as individuals, and they can be held accountable for decisions. Companies can be held morally responsible for a wrong and be required to correct the situation. It also helps ensure that we do not mistakenly punish, penalize, or blame innocent persons. Determining moral responsibility can alleviate shame or guilt when a person is not morally responsible. When an organization knows and practices moral responsibility, it may refrain from trying to rationalize conduct and accept responsibility for what was done. It helps the company avoid blaming an individual and using rationalization and self-deception for poor business actions.
示例答案： 道德推理有时旨在确定一个人是否对伤害或错误负有道德责任。对一个人对不法行为的道德责任的判断是关于该人是否故意行事，是否应该受到指责或惩罚，并支付赔偿金的判断。公司与个人负有相同的道德责任，他们可以对决策负责。公司可能对错误负有道德责任，并被要求纠正这种情况。它还有助于确保我们不会错误地惩罚、惩罚或责备无辜的人。当一个人没有道德责任时，确定道德责任可以减轻羞耻感或内疚感 当一个组织知道并实践道德责任时，它可能会避免试图将行为合理化并承担对所做的事情的责任。它有助于公司避免责怪个人，并避免对不良的商业行为进行合理化和自欺欺人。
Topic: Moral Responsibility and Blame
主题：道德责任与责备
Learning Objective: 1.5: Assess the factors that define and refine the concept of moral responsibility
学习目标： 1.5： 评估定义和完善道德责任概念的因素