Grammar: Present Perfect Simple in Academic Writing
语法：在学术写作中呈现完美的简单

Task 1. Read part of a student’s essay and focus on the verb tenses which are used in the introduction and main body paragraphs.
任务 1.阅读学生文章的一部分，并专注于引言和正文段落中使用的动词时态。

Essay title: Outline some of the problems associated with the increasing use of computerisation in the home and workplace.
论文题目：概述与家庭和工作场所越来越多地使用计算机化相关的一些问题。

Technology causes problems as well as bringing benefits to society. Cars have provided people with a convenient means of transport for over a century. However, they have also brought air pollution and traffic jams. Each new technological development has its specific advantages and disadvantages. This essay will outline how the use of personal computers in businesses, homes and schools has presented humanity with specific problems.
技术不仅会带来问题，也会给社会带来好处。一个多世纪以来，汽车为人们提供了便捷的交通工具。然而，它们也带来了空气污染和交通拥堵。每一项新的技术发展都有其特定的优点和缺点。本文将概述个人电脑在企业、家庭和学校的使用如何给人类带来具体问题。

The majority of people first used home computers to send electronic messages to each other instead of posting letters. This is because it is possible to send messages more quickly and easily to others via computer. However, one can also receive large amounts of unwanted mail from unknown sources. This unwanted mail is referred to as junk mail or spam. Most computer users have received unsolicited mail at one time or another. Furthermore, the lack of censorship in cyberspace has meant that children who are computer literate have been able to access images and information which are unsuitable for their age group.
大多数人首先使用家用电脑相互发送电子信息，而不是邮寄信件。这是因为可以通过计算机更快、更轻松地向他人发送消息。但是，人们也可以收到来自未知来源的大量不需要的邮件。这种不需要的邮件称为垃圾邮件或垃圾邮件。大多数计算机用户都曾收到过不请自来的邮件。此外，网络空间缺乏审查制度，这意味着懂计算机的儿童能够访问不适合其年龄组的图像和信息。

Banking is increasingly done via computer rather than face-to-face meetings. On-line banking is very convenient, but it simply relies on an individual’s number and a password. Once criminals have obtained this information from a system or individual, they can access people’s credit card and banking details. Several computer “scams” have resulted in information and large sums of money being removed from both business and personal bank accounts.
银行业务越来越多地通过计算机而不是面对面的会议来完成。网上银行非常方便，但它仅依赖于个人的号码和密码。一旦犯罪分子从系统或个人那里获得这些信息，他们就可以访问人们的信用卡和银行详细信息。一些计算机“骗局”导致信息和大笔资金从企业和个人银行账户中被移除。

Task 2. Highlight all examples of Present Perfect Simple in the essay above.
任务 2.在上面的文章中突出显示 Present Perfect Simple 的所有示例。

Task 3. With a partner discuss which of these time expressions can be used with Present Perfect. – one of them cannot!
任务 3.与合作伙伴讨论哪些时间表达式可以与 Present Perfect 一起使用。– 其中一个不能！

never   ever ago for   just already  since  yet
从来就没有

Task 4. Now match these conversations and then practise saying them with a partner.
任务 4.现在匹配这些对话，然后练习与伴侣说这些对话。

Task 5. Look at the essay again and discuss how you would complete these sentences.
任务 5.再看一遍这篇文章，讨论你将如何完成这些句子。

The Present Perfect tense links the ___________ with the ____________. Which sentences in the introduction do this?
现在完成时将___________与____________联系起来。引言中的哪些句子是这样做的？

The final sentence demonstrates how the Present Perfect tense is used for _______________ actions in the ___________.
最后一句话演示了现在完成时态如何用于___________中的_______________动作。

In Present Perfect Tense, ________ describes duration while _______ focuses on when the action began.
在现在完成时，________描述持续时间，而_______则专注于动作开始的时间。

Task 6. Write some sentences to describe places or buildings that you know in your city or province. Examples:
任务 6.写一些句子来描述你所知道的城市或省份的地方或建筑物。例子：

Big Ben has been the most famous clock in London for over 150 years.
150多年来，大本钟一直是伦敦最著名的时钟。

The London Underground has been in operation since 1863.
伦敦地铁自 1863 年开始运营。