Here are the names for each compound:

1. P₄O₁₀: Tetraphosphorus decoxide (also known as tetraphosphorus dodecoxide)
2. CO: Carbon monoxide
3. NCl₃: Nitrogen trichloride

Here are the chemical formulas for the compounds:

1. Strontium nitrate: Sr(NO₃)₂
2. Lithium bicarbonate: LiHCO₃

Here is the ranking of the minerals in order of increasing number of oxygen atoms in one formula unit:

1. MnO(OH): 2 oxygen atoms
2. Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂: 3 oxygen atoms
3. Fe₃O₄: 4 oxygen atoms
4. Fe₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄: 7 oxygen atoms
5. Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂: 10 oxygen atoms

An atom of gold-197 has:

• Protons: 79
• Neutrons: 118 (197 - 79)
• Electrons: 79

So, the answer is 79,118,79.

The statement that best describes the experimental discovery leading Rutherford to abandon Thomson's model and propose a new one is:

D. Some alpha particles were deflected at large angles as if they had struck regions of high positive charge and large mass.

This discovery came from Rutherford's gold foil experiment, which showed that the atom has a small, dense nucleus with a positive charge, leading to the rejection of Thomson's "plum pudding" model.

Here are the cations and anions for each compound:

Part 1: Mg(ClO₄)₂

• The cation is Mg²⁺.
• The anion is ClO₄⁻.

So, the correct choice is C. Mg²⁺ and ClO₄⁻.

Part 2: NH₄NO₃

• The cation is NH₄⁺.
• The anion is NO₃⁻.

So, the correct choice is D. NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻.

Here are the systematic names for the ionic compounds:

Part 1: K₃PO₄

• Systematic name: Potassium phosphate

Part 2: Ca(NO₃)₂

• Systematic name: Calcium nitrate

Part 3: Cr₃(PO₄)₂

• Systematic name: Chromium(II) phosphate

Part 1: Compounds that consist of molecules:

• HNO₃ (Nitric acid)
• CH₃(CH₂)₃OH (1-Butanol)

Part 2: Compounds that consist of ions:

• Ba(NO₃)₂ (Barium nitrate)
• LiOH (Lithium hydroxide)