The Basics of Sailing 帆船基础

Wind Is The Key
风是关键

The boats with the wind hitting their starboard (right) side are on starboard tack. The boats with the wind hitting their port (left) side are on port tack.
风吹打右舷（右侧）的船舶处于右舷航行。风吹打左舷（左侧）的船舶处于左舷航行。

Points Of Sail 航行点

Note: All angles given exclude the effects of apparent wind. The angles in the next section are valid only in light wind conditions. (See Apparent Wind section.)
注意：所有给出的角度均不包括表观风的影响。下一节中的角度仅在轻风条件下有效。（请参阅表观风部分。）

Pointing (sailing toward the wind)
指向（朝风航行）

Although it is impossible to sail directly into the wind, it is important to know how to sail as “close” to the wind as possible. The highest most catamarans can point into the wind and sail efficiently, is an angle between 35 and 50 degrees off the wind. When sailing on this point of sail, the wind will be coming across the bows of the boat and the telltales should be pointing straight back parallel with the water. To set your sail for best effectiveness, let it out until the inside (weather) telltale just begins to luff, then pull it back in just to the point when the telltale stops luffing. Look at the telltales to be sure that those on either side are aligned with each other. This tells you that air is flowing smoothly and uniformly over the sail. If the outside telltale begins to luff, just let the sail out a little. Keep both telltales streaming together.
虽然直接逆风航行是不可能的，但重要的是要知道如何尽可能“靠近”逆风航行。多数双体船能指向风并高效航行的最高角度在 35 至 50 度之间。在这种航行状态下，风会横穿船头，风向指示器应该指向水面平行。为了使帆具发挥最佳效果，将其放出直到内侧（风向）风向指示器开始飘动，然后将其拉回到风向指示器停止飘动的位置。查看风向指示器，确保两侧的指示器对齐。这告诉您空气在帆布上平稳均匀地流动。如果外侧风向指示器开始飘动，只需稍微放出帆。保持两个风向指示器一起飘动。

Close Reach 紧缩航程

The next point of sail is called the close reach and is one of three types of reaches. In this case, the wind is hitting the boat between the bows and the beam or middle, of the boat. In other words, a 45 degree angle. This is one of the most exciting points of sail. To get the most out of it, just follow the directions above for aligning telltales and adjusting the sail.
下一个航行点称为靠近航行，是三种航行方式之一。在这种情况下，风力作用于船只的船头和船体的中部或船体之间。换句话说，是 45 度角。这是最令人兴奋的航行点之一。要充分利用它，只需按照上述指示对齐风向标并调整帆。

Beam Reach 光束到达

A beam reach is when the wind is coming directly across the side of the boat at a 90 degree angle. Once again, align the telltales and adjust the sail by bringing it in until it just stops luffing. A beam reach is also known as a medium reach.
横风是指风直接横过船舷，与船舷成 90 度角。再次对齐风向指示器，并通过拉帆使其停止摆动。横风也被称为中等风。

Broad Reach 广泛影响

A broad reach is when the wind is coming between the stern and the side of the boat at approximately a 45 degree angle. Remember to adjust and align. This is the easiest point of sail. The boat will feel very stable and will move through the water quickly and easily. It is important to keep the boat properly balanced on this point of sail for the boat to move to the best of its ability. For example, when heavy winds are present, weight should be kept toward the back of the boat.
航行广泛是指风从船尾和船舷之间以大约 45 度角度吹来。记得调整和对齐。这是最容易的航行点。船会感觉非常稳定，水面上会快速而轻松地移动。在这个航行点上保持船的平衡非常重要，以使船发挥最佳能力。例如，在大风时，重量应保持在船的后部。

Run 运行

A run takes place when the boat is directly downwind and the breeze is pushing the boat from behind. In this Case, you will feel very little breeze since the wind is coming from behind the boat. The sail telltales will not be used on a run since alignment is not possible. On a run, the wind is not flowing over the sails but rather pushing the sails.
一次奔跑发生在船直接顺风行驶且微风从后方推动船只的情况下。在这种情况下，你会感觉到非常微弱的微风，因为风是从船后方吹来的。在奔跑时，由于无法对齐，帆的风向指示器不会被使用。在奔跑时，风不是顺着帆流过而是推动帆。

The Hobie 14 sails well on a run, but because the Hobie 16 and 18 carry jib sails, most skippers prefer to generate more speed by reaching and thus making use of apparent wind. (See Apparent Wind section for an explanation of this phenomenon.)
Hobie 14 在顺风航行时表现良好，但由于 Hobie 16 和 18 搭载独立前帆，大多数船长更喜欢通过抵达航行以获得更高速度，从而利用视风。 （有关此现象的解释，请参阅视风部分。）

There is a danger of gybing, that is turning away from the direction of the wind, when running downwind. If the boat hits a wave, the course may be altered enough so that the wind will be able to sneak around the side of the sail and force it to the other side, causing the boom to snap across. There are symptoms of an upcoming gybe. The boom will begin to waver and slowly rise. Be prepared for a gybe. If one should take place, make the necessary adjustments such as switching positions.
下风航行时存在抢风的危险，即船舶偏离风向。如果船撞到浪，航向可能会改变，使风能够绕过帆的一侧，迫使其移至另一侧，导致横桅突然移动。有抢风即将发生的症状。横桅将开始摇摆并缓慢上升。做好准备迎接抢风。如果发生抢风，做出必要的调整，如换位。

The Effects Of Wind Direction
风向的影响

The direction from which the wind is coming will dictate your course. Imagine that you are sailing on the face of a giant clock. The wind is coming from noon on the clock and you wish to sail to the area between 10 on one side and two on the other side. Unfortunately, this area is normally “dead area,” meaning that it is impossible to sail directly into it. Instead, you will have to zigzag across the face of the wind to arrive at your destination. This is known as “tacking”. Any other course on the clock face can be reached simply by sailing toward it. For example, if you wished to sail to “three” on the olock face, you would be sailing a beam reach directly for the goal. The same would be true if you were sailing to nine on the clock. Sailing to three would put you on a port tack. Sailing to nine would call for a starboard tack.
风的方向将决定你的航向。想象一下，你正在一只巨大时钟的表面航行。风从时钟的正午方向吹来，你希望航行到 10 点和 2 点之间的区域。不幸的是，这个区域通常是“死区”，意味着直接航行进入其中是不可能的。相反，你将不得不在风的表面上来回穿行，才能到达目的地。这就是所谓的“抢风”。时钟表面上的任何其他航向都可以通过直接航行到达。例如，如果你想航行到时钟面上的“三点”，你将直接朝着目标航行。如果你想航行到时钟上的九点，情况也是如此。航行到三点会让你处于左舷抢风状态。航行到九点则需要右舷抢风。

Whenever you change your course, remember to align and adjust the sail. If you forget, you will not be getting the best performance out of your cat. Watch those telltales and the sails. Align and adjust.
无论何时改变航向，记得调整和校准帆。如果你忘记了，你的猫将无法发挥最佳性能。留意那些风向指示器和帆。调整和校准。

To determine which direction the wind is Coming from, watchn flags or trees around the body of water on which you plan to sail. It’s also a good idea to ask fellow sailors about the “wind reputation” of a given area and to watch the weather report the night before. While you are still learning, it is a good idea not to venture out when strong winds are blowing. They may be a bit more than you are prepared to handle.
要确定风来自哪个方向，请观察您计划航行的水域周围的旗帜或树木。询问其他船员关于特定区域的“风声”也是个好主意，还要在前一晚查看天气预报。在您还在学习阶段时，最好不要在强风吹拂时冒险出海。它们可能超出您的应对范围。

Apparent Wind 明显风

Apparent wind is the term sailors use when talking about where the wind appears to be coming from. Because of the speed catamarans are capable of generating, the true wind (which can be determined by looking at a stationary object), is affected by the forward motion of the boat. Therefore, a pennant or telltale attached to the bridle fly or mast will show the wind coming from a different direction from the true wind. As a general rule, the faster the boat is going, the more forward the wind appears to be originating.
明显风是水手们谈论风似乎来自何处时使用的术语。由于双体船能够产生的速度，真实风（可以通过观察静止物体来确定）受到船只前进运动的影响。因此，连接到驾驶绳索或桅杆的小旗或风向标将显示风来自与真实风不同的方向。一般规则是，船只行驶得越快，风看起来来自前方的程度就越大。

When sailing, the sails should always be adjusted to the apparent wind rather than the true wind. This is so an airfoil can be maintained and the boat can generate lift.
当航行时，帆应始终调整到视风而非真风。这样可以保持翼型并使船只产生升力。

Launching 启动

Now that we’ve gone over all the points of sail, parts of the boat and some basic rules, let’s describe how to get started from a beach or dock. Remember, though, that it is necessary to read and understand all of the instructions in this manual before you attempt the maneuvers described.
既然我们已经讨论了所有的航行点、船舶部件和一些基本规则，让我们描述一下如何从海滩或码头开始。请记住，必须在尝试描述的操作之前阅读并理解本手册中的所有说明。

Launching From the Dock
从码头启动

If your boat is resting at a dock, the problem will be how to move the boat from a standstill at the dock and turn it away from its mooring. First, step aboard, keeping your weight on the trampoline. Be sure all sails are loose and unsheeted. Have someone untie the line connecting the boat with the dock, or, if nobody is present, untie the line before getting into the boat. Sit facing the sail and check to make sure that no other boats or obstacles are too close for you to be able to negotiate the boat away from the dock. Remember cardinal rule number four?
如果你的船停靠在码头上，问题将是如何将船从停靠处静止状态移开，并将其从系泊处转开。首先，登上船，保持重心在弹簧床上。确保所有帆都是松开的。让某人解开连接船与码头的绳索，或者如果没有人在场，那就在登上船之前解开绳索。坐在帆的对面，检查确保没有其他船只或障碍物太靠近，以至于你无法将船从码头开走。记得第四条基本规则吗？

When the wind is blowing away from the dock, launching is very easy. Just let the wind fill the sails and move you downwind using the tiller to navigate your way out.
当风从码头吹走时，启航非常容易。只需让风填满帆，使用舵杆将您引导到下风处。

If you are on the windward side of the dock, however, you face a problem. In this case, the wind will tend to hold you fixed against the dock. An easy way out is to walk the boat to the end of the dock, let the wind fill the sails and out you go. But, if this is impossible, trim your sails just the way you would if you were sailing under the same wind conditions out on the water. Then, shove off with one hand on the tiller to begin steering immediately. This is the joy of sailing small boats. They can gather enough speed to get away from docks and the like in just seconds.
如果你在码头的迎风一侧，你会面临一个问题。在这种情况下，风会倾向于将你固定在码头上。一个简单的方法是将船走到码头的尽头，让风填满帆，然后出发。但是，如果这是不可能的，调整帆的方式就像你在水上以相同的风况航行一样。然后，用一只手推动舵柄，立即开始操纵。这就是驾驶小船的乐趣。它们可以在短短几秒钟内获得足够的速度，远离码头等地方。

Launching From the Beach
从海滩发射

One of the great joys of Hobie Cat sailing is the ability to land and launch the boats directly from the beach. In fact, that was the inspiration behind their invention.
Hobie Cat 帆船的一大乐趣就是可以直接从海滩上登陆和发射船只。事实上，这正是他们发明的灵感来源。

When launching from the beach, be certain that the sheets are out so the wind won’t catch the boat, push the boat out into the water until you are standing about knee deep. Take note of the wind direction. It will tell you what your first move should be when you jump aboard. If the Wind is blowing toward the beach, decide ahead of time what tack you have to take to sail toward your target. Then, just slip aboard the boat, sheet in, and have fun.
当从海滩启航时，请确保帆已拉开，这样风就不会捕捉船只，将船推入水中，直到站在膝盖深处。注意风向。当你跳上船时，风向会告诉你应该采取的第一步。如果风朝着海滩吹，提前决定你必须采取的航行方向，然后轻松跳上船，拉紧帆，尽情享受。

Although launching through the surf can be intimidating, it is not terribly difficult if the proper steps are taken. Launching through the surf should only be done by experienced skippers, it requires some fast movements and beginning skippers may not be able to anticipate fast enough.
虽然在冲浪中启动可能令人望而生畏，但如果采取适当的步骤，这并不是非常困难的。在冲浪中启动应该只由经验丰富的船长来完成，这需要一些快速的动作，初学者可能无法及时预料到。

1. Check the wind. If the surf is of any size at all, be sure that the wind is blowing parallel to the beach, in other words, a 90 degree angle to your boat. It’s possible to launch through the surf if the wind is blowing from offshore, but it must be blowing fairly hard as enough boat speed to get you through the waves will be of prime importance.
   检查风向。如果海浪有一定大小，请确保风是平行于海滩吹的，换句话说，与你的船成 90 度角。如果风是从海面吹来的，也有可能穿过海浪启航，但必须吹得相当强劲，因为足够的船速以帮助你穿过波浪将至关重要。
2. Place your maìnsheet and the tiller extension on the correct side of the boat for sailing. Just act as if the boat is really in the water. Everything should be where it would be if you were sailing.
   将您的主帆和舵杆延长装置放在船的正确一侧以便航行。就像船真的在水中一样行动。一切都应该放在您航行时的位置。
3. Watch the surf. You’ll note that it comes in sets of waves and that there is a space of time between the sets.
   观看海浪。您会注意到海浪是成套出现的，并且每一套之间有一段时间间隔。
4. As soon as you see a lull, start pushhing the boat from the back crossbar out into the water. Be careful to keep the bows pointing directly into the surf. If they should turn sideways, the boat could flip over. If you see them starting to turn, run to the front of the boat and set them straight again.
   一旦你看到一个间隙，就从船的后横杆开始将船推入水中。要小心保持船头直指着浪涌。如果它们转向侧面，船可能会翻倒。如果你看到它们开始转向，就跑到船的前面把它们重新调整直。
5. As the water deepens, jump onto the boat and immediately lower the rudder closest to you and pull in the sail. Never let go of the tiller as the boat could head directly into the wind and stop. Pull in the sail enough to get some good speed going but not all the way.
   随着水深，跳上船，立即拉下最靠近你的舵，收起帆。切勿放开舵柄，因为船可能会直接迎风停下。收起帆以获得一定速度，但不要拉得太紧。
6. Once the boat is moving, it is acceptable to head the boat on a slight angle to the waves if this will yield more speed. As you move over a wave, keep your weight forward and then bear off slightly as the boat comes down the back of the Wave.
   一旦船只开始移动，如果这样可以获得更快的速度，可以将船只稍微偏向波浪。当你越过一波时，保持重心向前，然后在船只下滑到波浪背面时稍微转向。
7. If it appears that a wave is going to break right in front of you, get as much speed as possible, then, at the last moment, point the boat directly into the wave. Once the wave passes, bear of a little to get your speed built up again.
   如果看起来一波浪就要在你面前破裂，尽可能获得更多速度，然后在最后一刻将船头直指向波浪。一旦波浪过去，稍微转向一下，以便再次加速。

Turning Into the Wind
转向风向

Turning into the wind, or coming about, is the most common sailing maneuver. When coming about, the object is to pass the bows of the boat through the eye of wind and over to the other side. Let’s refer to the clock example. Suppose you are sailing to the ten o’clock position, but Wish to Change Course and sail to the two o’olook spot. You would first move the tiller toward the sail to move the bows through the wind coming from noon. Then you would straighten the tiller once the boat is heading on the desired course.
转向风，或改变方向，是最常见的航行操作。转向时，目标是让船头通过风眼并移到另一侧。让我们以时钟为例。假设你正在航行到十点钟的位置，但希望改变航向，航行到两点钟的位置。你首先会将舵向帆的方向移动，让船头通过从正午方向吹来的风。然后，一旦船头指向所需航向，你会将舵调直。

Here’s the procedure step by step.
这是逐步的程序。

1. Before coming about, ask yourself what you are trying to achieve by doing so. Where do you want the boat to be when you have completed your turn? It’s a good idea to pick a spot on land and aim the boat toward that spot for reference. Remember, you must turn the boat at least 90 degrees or you may stall in the wind (put yourself in irons).
   在转舵之前，问问自己你想通过这样做实现什么目标。完成转弯后，你希望船在哪里？最好选择陆地上的一个点，将船对准那个点作为参照。记住，你必须至少转动船 90 度，否则可能会在风中停滞（陷入停滞状态）。
2. Push the tiller smoothly but firmly about half the distance toward the sail while letting the mainsheet out about one foot.
   将舵柄平稳而坚定地向帆船的一半方向推动，同时放出主帆绳约一英尺。
3. As the boom swings over, duck and move to the other side, opposite the new sail position.
   当繁荣摇摆过去时，躲闪并移动到另一侧，与新的帆位相反。
4. Exchange the mainsheet and tiller extension in your hands. The mainsheet should always be in your forward hand, the tiller extension should always be in your aft hand.
   将手中的主帆索和舵柄延长杆交换。主帆索应始终在您的前手中，舵柄延长杆应始终在您的后手中。
5. Straighten the tiller after you have completed your turn and the boat is moving toward your reference point.
   完成转弯并且船只朝向参考点移动后，将舵柄拉直。

Notes: Move the tiller firmly, but avoid sudden, jerky moves. Try to carve a smooth arc in the water. Forcing the tiller all the way over will put on the brakes and put the boat in irons (or stall it). Let go of the tiller, or the boat will straighten out before you want it to. When tacking a catamaran with a jib sail, keep the jib sheet cleated until the bows are fully through the eye of the wind. Then release the jib sheet and pull it in on the other side. This is called “baokwinding.”
注意：牢固地移动舵柄，但避免突然、颠簸的移动。尝试在水中刻出一个平滑的弧线。将舵柄强行转到最大会使船刹车并使船进入停滞状态（或停滞）。松开舵柄，否则船会在您想要之前变直。在用帆船帆进行抢风航行时，保持帆绳固定，直到船头完全通过风眼。然后释放帆绳，并在另一侧拉紧。这被称为“保克绕风”。

Turning Away From the Wind
背对风

Turning away from the wind, or gybing (sometimes spelled jibing), is changing course while sailing downwind. Just think of gybing as the opposite of coming about. When coming about bows cross the wind. The sterns cross the wind when gybing. When gybing in light air, you will probably have to give the boom some help in swinging across to the other side of the boat.
背风转舵，或称为抛转（有时拼写为折转），是在顺风航行时改变航向。只需将抛转想象为抛转的相反。抛转时，船头横越风向。抛转时，船尾横越风向。在微风中抛转时，您可能需要帮助让船帆杠摆到船的另一侧。

To gybe, just pull the tilter extension toward your body with the same smooth motion as when coming about, grab the mainsheet just below the boom, and, when the sterns cross the wind, warn the crew and swing the boom across. As soon as the sail begins to fill with wind, move to the other side of the boat and off you go.
要进行抢风转舵，只需将倾斜杆向身体拉伸，动作要与抢风时一样平稳，抓住主帆下方的主帆索，当船尾横过风向时，提醒船员并将桅杆摆过去。帆开始迎风填满时，立即移动到船的另一侧，然后出发。

Gybing in heavy air can be more difficult since everything will have to be speeded up correspondingly in heavy air, the boom can snap across with a lot of force. For this reason, it’s best to come about in lighter winds until you have had a chance to practice gybing to the point where you feel confident that you can handle heavy air with dexterity. You should be especially aware of wind shifts in heavy air. If the wind should suddenly change direction as it blows across the stern of the boat, it could grab the sail and swing it far out to the other side very quickly. This is an unplanned gybe and could damage the boat if the wind is strong enough, or it could cause injury to unaware crew members.
在大风中转舵可能会更加困难，因为在大风中一切都必须相应加快，船桅可能会带着很大的力量突然转向。因此，最好在较轻的风中转舵，直到你有机会练习到足够自信，可以灵活处理大风。在大风中，你应该特别注意风向的变化。如果风突然改变方向，吹过船尾时，可能会抓住帆，迅速摆到另一侧。这是一次非计划的转舵，如果风力足够强，可能会损坏船只，或者可能会导致不注意的船员受伤。

Landing the Boats 登陆船只

Now that you’ve practiced sailing, what do you do when you are ready to come in? Landing your boat, whether at a dock or on a beach is not difficult if the proper procedures are followed for the various wind conditions you are likely to encounter.
既然你已经练习了帆船，当你准备靠岸时，你会怎么做？在码头或海滩上停靠你的船并不困难，只要按照你可能会遇到的各种风力条件采取适当的程序。

Leeward Landing 利沃德登陆

If a choice is available to you, it is always best to land at the dock from the leeward or downwind side with your bows heading into the wind or pointing. The trick is to be able to head into the dock with just enough speed to be able to turn at the proper moment without stalling yourself before you get there. To land, let the sail out slightly to reduce your speed; come about just before the bows hit the dock; let the sails out and grab on to the dock.
如果你有选择的机会，最好总是从背风或下风侧着陆在码头上，让船头对着风。诀窍在于能够以足够的速度驶向码头，以便在适当时刻转弯，而不会在到达之前停滞。要着陆，稍微放松帆以减慢速度；在船头触碰码头之前转向；放出帆并抓住码头。

If you are approaching the dock on a reach, follow the same basic procedure being sure to point the boat into the wind slightly before you reach your destination and let your sails luff so that you can simply glide into the position you want.
如果您正在接近码头，遵循相同的基本程序，确保在到达目的地之前稍微将船头对准风，并让帆松开，这样您就可以轻松地滑入您想要的位置。

Windward Landing

When landing on the windward side of the dock, approach at an angle at a reduced rate of speed. Then head up to point your bows into the wind and allow the sails to luff. The wind will then blow you back into the dock. Although this is the least desirable way to land a boat, it is certainly nothing to be afraid of and practice will cure any problems you may encounter during your first few tries.
当降落在码头的迎风侧时，以减速的角度靠近。然后抬头，让船头对准风向，让帆松弛。风会把你吹回码头。虽然这是最不理想的停船方式，但绝对不用害怕，练习会解决你在最初几次尝试中遇到的任何问题。

Beach Landing 海滩登陆

Two of the greatest joys of owning a Hobie Cat are the ability to land at your favorite beach without having to dock the boat and being able to take off again without any trouble. That’s why many people like to take their Hobies on picnics and camping trips. There is just no need for a dock so availability is never a problem.
拥有一艘 Hobie Cat 最大的乐趣之一是能够在您喜爱的海滩上着陆，而无需停靠船只，然后再次起飞而不会遇到任何麻烦。这就是为什么许多人喜欢带着他们的 Hobies 去野餐和露营。根本不需要码头，因此可用性永远不是问题。

Beware of sailing into isolated coves, bays and beaches, however. Power companies often string powerlines over these areas, so ask other sailors if they know of any powerlìnes and keep a sharp eye out for them yourself. If there is any doubt about the presence of powerlines, do not sail into the area. Also, be sure not to sail onto unknown beaches since hidden rocks and stones can damage the hulls.
小心驶入偏远的小海湾、海湾和海滩。然而，电力公司经常在这些地区架设电线，因此询问其他水手是否知道任何电线，并自己密切注意。如果对电线的存在有任何疑问，请不要驶入该区域。此外，确保不要驶入未知的海滩，因为隐藏的岩石和石头可能会损坏船体。