MODULE 1
How to Use Geospatial Data with ArcGIS Pro
模块 1
如何将地理空间数据与 ArcGIS Pro 结合使用

Learning Outcomes  学习成果

• Demonstrate how to begin using ArcGIS Pro with a project template.
  演示如何开始将 ArcGIS Pro 与工程模板结合使用。
• Explain how a map is used in ArcGIS Pro.
  说明如何在 ArcGIS Pro 中使用地图。
• Explain how the Catalog pane can be used to connect to folders and move GIS data from one place to another.
  说明如何使用目录窗格连接到文件夹并将 GIS 数据从一个位置移动到另一个位置。
• Describe the three components of the vector data model.
  描述向量数据模型的三个组件。
• Describe what a datum is.
  描述什么是基准面。
• Explain the difference between a geographic coordinate system and a projected coordinate system.
  解释地理坐标系和投影坐标系之间的区别。
• Explain what is saved in an ArcGIS Pro project.
  说明 ArcGIS Pro 工程中保存的内容。
• Describe what a package is and what the advantage of using a project package is.
  描述什么是资源包以及使用项目资源包的优势是什么。
• Describe one scripting language used to customize ArcGIS Pro.
  描述一种用于自定义 ArcGIS Pro 的脚本语言。

ArcGIS Pro Skills  ArcGIS Pro 技能

• Create a project using a template.
  使用模板创建项目。
• Use the ribbon, tabs, and various panes.
  使用功能区、选项卡和各种窗格。
• Access the Catalog pane to examine available data.
  访问 Catalog 窗格以检查可用数据。
• Add point, line, and polygon GIS layers to a map.
  将点、线和面 GIS 图层添加到地图中。
• Change the appearance and symbology of GIS layers.
  更改 GIS 图层的外观和符号系统。
• Access the geospatial characteristics of data layers, including their coordinate system, datum, and projection information.
  访问数据图层的地理空间特征，包括其坐标系、基准面和投影信息。
• Change a data layer from one projected coordinate system to another.
  将数据图层从一个投影坐标系更改为另一个投影坐标系。
• Define a projection for data layers that are missing this information.
  为缺少此信息的数据图层定义投影。
• Export a map to PDF format.
  将地图导出为 PDF 格式。
• Save a project.  保存项目。

& Introduction  & 介绍

Here’s something to think about: When a wastewater treatment plant takes in raw sewage, its goal is to separate out water from the rest of the material. The treated water flows back to local streams or rivers, and the remainder is pressed into sludge. This sewage sludge is treated and then referred to as biosolids, which have the look and feel of dirt, or potting soil. Often, the final destination of biosolids is a landfill or an incinerator, but under certain conditions, landowners use this treated sludge as a fertilizer (Figure 1.1). Because biosolids sometimes contain pathogens, the Environmental Protection Agency regulates their application as fertilizer.
需要考虑以下几点：当污水处理厂接收未经处理的污水时，其目标是将水与其他材料分离出来。处理过的水流回当地的溪流或河流，其余的被压成污泥。这些污水污泥经过处理，然后被称为生物固体，其外观和感觉类似于泥土或盆栽土壤。通常，生物固体的最终目的地是垃圾填埋场或焚化炉，但在某些情况下，土地所有者将这种处理过的污泥用作肥料（图 1.1）。由于生物固体有时含有病原体，因此环境保护署对它们作为肥料的应用进行了监管。

• What are the present and past locations of the agricultural fields that have been fertilized with biosolids?
  用生物固体施肥的农田现在和过去的位置是什么？
• How close is your home to an agricultural field where application is taking place?
  您的家离正在进行应用的农田有多近？
• How close to these agricultural fields are the wells from which you get your water?
  您取水的井离这些农田有多近？
• If land application of biosolids took place in the past at a particular site, how is that land being used today?
  如果过去在特定地点进行生物固体的土地应用，那么今天该土地是如何利用的？

geographic information systems (GIS)

Hardware and software that allow for computer-based analysis, manipulation, visualization, and retrieval of location-

visualization of geospatial data.

Esri
Environmental Systems Research Institute-the market leader in GIS software and the developer of ArcGIS.

(2) Module Scenario and Applications
（2） 模块场景和应用

The following are examples of other real-world applications of this module’s theory and skills:
以下是本模块理论和技能的其他实际应用示例：

• An EMT operator has been assigned to give a presentation regarding the impact of current road closures on a county’s hospitals. She will use ArcGIS Pro to show the locations of home injuries, the locations of hospitals, the county’s road network, and the locations of road closures. She will then display these data for the presentation.
  已指派一名 EMT 操作员就当前道路封闭对县医院的影响进行介绍。她将使用 ArcGIS Pro 显示家庭受伤的位置、医院的位置、该县的道路网络以及道路封闭的位置。然后，她将显示这些数据以进行演示。
• To prepare for a presentation to the board of trustees, a manager of a local outdoor recreation area wants to examine the property boundaries between the
  为了准备向董事会提交报告，当地户外休闲区的经理想要检查
  lands he manages and the neighboring properties. He’ll use ArcGIS Pro to present the rec area’s property boundaries, the local road network, walking paths into and out of the area, and the locations of “No Trespassing” signs posted on the property.
  他管理的土地和邻近的财产。他将使用 ArcGIS Pro 来显示娱乐区的财产边界、当地道路网络、进出该地区的步行路径以及房产上张贴的“禁止擅自闯入”标志的位置。
• A local government planner needs to present information to a group of volunteers about the new routes the Labor Day parade will take. Using ArcGIS Pro, he’ll be able to show the route boundaries, roads, and locations of emergency facilities to the volunteers.
  地方政府规划者需要向一组志愿者提供有关劳动节游行将采取的新路线的信息。使用 ArcGIS Pro，他将能够向志愿者显示应急设施的路线边界、道路和位置。
• For this module, you will be working with data from Mahoning County, Ohio.
  在本模块中，您将使用来自俄亥俄州 Mahoning 县的数据。
  

  

(8) Data Sources and Localizing This Module
（8） 数据源和本地化此模块

Step 1.1 Getting Started with ArcGIS Pro
步骤 1.1 ArcGIS Pro 入门

• This “Getting Started” step of each module instructs you on which data you’ll be using and preliminary things you’ll do during the hands-on portion of the module. Because this is your first time through this step, this module provides more details than other modules.
  每个模块的“入门”步骤将指导您将使用哪些数据，以及在本模块的动手实践部分将执行的初步操作。由于这是您第一次完成此步骤，因此此模块提供了比其他模块更多的详细信息。
• This module’s hands-on applications use the data folder called Module1. Your instructor will be able to supply you with this data, or you can download it directly from this book’s website at https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/product/Discovering-GIS-and-ArcGIS-Pro/p/131923075X. The text in this module assumes that you have this Module1 folder in a computer location referenced as C:\GIS; if you have it somewhere else (for instance, in a flash drive referenced as G:\GISClass), substitute that location and path to the Module1 folder throughout this module.
  此模块的动手应用程序使用名为 Module1 的数据文件夹。您的讲师将能够为您提供这些数据，或者您可以直接从本书的网站 https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/product/Discovering-GIS-and-ArcGIS-Pro/p/131923075X 下载。本模块中的文本假定您在引用为 C：\GIS 的计算机位置中拥有此 Module1 文件夹;如果将其放在其他位置（例如，在引用为 G：\GISClass 的闪存驱动器中），请将该位置和路径替换为整个模块中的 Module1 文件夹。
• Before you can get started with ArcGIS Pro, you need to obtain an Esri account. For more about Esri accounts and their importance to ArcGIS Pro, see Smartbox 1.1.
  在开始使用 ArcGIS Pro 之前，您需要获取 Esri 帐户。有关 Esri 帐户及其对 ArcGIS Pro 的重要性的详细信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.1。

ㅇ) SMARTBOX 1.1
What is an Esri account, and why do I need one?
ᄋ） 智能盒 1.1
什么是 Esri 帐户，为什么需要一个帐户？

1. To get your account, point your web browser to https://accounts.esri.com and select the option Create a Public Account. Follow the onscreen steps to set up your Esri account.
   要获取您的帐户，请将 Web 浏览器指向 https://accounts.esri.com 并选择选项 创建公共帐户.按照屏幕上的步骤设置 Esri 帐户。
2. Next, submit your account information to your instructor or the administrator in charge of your organization’s ArcGIS Online setup. That individual will work with you to get your account established with your organization’s ArcGIS Online setup and then activate your license to use ArcGIS Pro. The good news is you’ll only have to do all this once. After the instructor or administrator has assigned a license to you, ArcGIS Pro will work just fine until the administrator chooses to take that license away from you. Note, however, that the license is tied to your Esri account.
   接下来，将您的帐户信息提交给您的教师或负责组织 ArcGIS Online 设置的管理员。该人员将与您合作，使用您组织的 ArcGIS Online 设置建立您的帐户，然后激活您的许可以使用 ArcGIS Pro。好消息是您只需执行所有这些操作一次。在教师或管理员为您分配许可后，ArcGIS Pro 将正常工作，直到管理员选择从您那里夺走该许可。但请注意，许可与您的 Esri 帐户相关联。

extension  外延

• Start ArcGIS Pro by clicking its icon, which is a blue-and-white version of the globe.
  通过单击其图标启动 ArcGIS Pro，该图标是地球的蓝白版本。
• When ArcGIS Pro prompts you to do so, enter your Esri account username and password. If ArcGIS Pro does not prompt you, click on the Sign In option on the upper-right side of the ArcGIS Pro screen and then enter your username and password.
  当 ArcGIS Pro 提示您执行此操作时，请输入您的 Esri 帐户用户名和密码。如果 ArcGIS Pro 没有提示您，请单击 ArcGIS Pro 屏幕右上角的登录选项，然后输入您的用户名和密码。
• Once you have logged in, ArcGIS Pro starts prompting you with options related to projects, such as asking you to open a recent project or to create a new project. If you are creating a new project, you’ll be using a project template. For more information about projects and templates, see Smartbox 1.2.
  登录后，ArcGIS Pro 将开始提示您使用与工程相关的选项，例如要求您打开最近的工程或创建新工程。如果要创建新工程，您将使用工程模板。有关项目和模板的更多信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.2。

© SMARTBOX 1.2
What are projects and templates in ArcGIS Pro?
© 智能盒 1.2
ArcGIS Pro 中的工程和模板是什么？

template  模板

• When prompted, select the Map option and click OK.
  出现提示时，选择 地图 选项，然后单击 OK.
• The Create a New Project dialog box opens. Under Name, type Module1 as the name for this project file. Under Location, tell ArcGIS Pro where you want to store this project file; in this case, click the yellow folder button and navigate to the C:\GIS\Module1 folder. Do not put a checkmark next to the Create a new folder for this project box. When all the settings are correct, click OK. ArcGIS Pro now creates a project file called Module1.aprx and saves it to the C:\GIS\Module1 folder. It also creates some other things in the C:\GIS\Module1 folder, such as a geodatabase called Module1 and a toolbox called Module1. (We’ll get to those items later.)
  此时将打开 Create a New Project 对话框。在 Name （名称） 下，键入 Module1 作为此项目文件的名称。在位置下，告知 ArcGIS Pro 要存储此工程文件的位置;在本例中，单击黄色文件夹按钮并导航至 C：\GIS\Module1 文件夹。请勿在 Create a new folder for this project （为此项目创建新文件夹） 框旁边打勾。当所有设置都正确后，单击确定。ArcGIS Pro 现在将创建一个名为 Module1.aprx 的工程文件，并将其保存到 C：\GIS\Module1 文件夹中。它还会在 C：\GIS\Module1 文件夹中创建一些其他内容，例如名为 Module1 的地理数据库和名为 Module1 的工具箱。（我们稍后会讨论这些项目。

• Finally, ArcGIS Pro opens (Figure 1.2).
  最后，ArcGIS Pro 打开（图 1.2）。
  

  

• The large area in the center of the screen is the view, which is where you can visualize your data and create map layouts; the view will be the central point of your work with ArcGIS Pro. When ArcGIS Pro opens, the default view is a map with a blue tab at the top of the view that says “Map.” The blue of this tab indicates that the Map tab is the active view. As you add more items to the view, you’ll be able to move back and forth between them by using the tabs.
  屏幕中央的大区域是视图，您可以在其中可视化数据并创建地图布局;视图将成为您使用 ArcGIS Pro 的中心点。当 ArcGIS Pro 打开时，默认视图是一张地图，视图顶部有一个蓝色选项卡，上面写着“地图”。此选项卡的蓝色表示 Map 选项卡是活动视图。当您向视图中添加更多项时，您将能够使用选项卡在它们之间来回移动。

view  视图

• The large rectangular box on the left side of ArcGIS Pro is the Contents pane. It lists all layers and content available for use in the active view. As the name indicates, this box is a pane, or a movable window that can be resized.
  ArcGIS Pro 左侧的大矩形框是内容窗格。它列出了可在活动视图中使用的所有图层和内容。顾名思义，此框是一个窗格，或可以调整大小的可移动窗口。

• The large rectangular box on the right side of ArcGIS Pro is the Catalog pane, which you use to manage your data, available folders, tasks, and other items. Like the other panes, it’s movable and can be resized as needed.
  ArcGIS Pro 右侧的大矩形框是目录窗格，可用于管理数据、可用文件夹、任务和其他项目。与其他窗格一样，它是可移动的，并且可以根据需要调整大小。

Catalog pane  目录窗格

• The ribbon contains numerous items that you will use in ArcGIS Pro. Each tab has different groups to organize similar items together, and each group features different buttons; some buttons activate items directly, and others allow you to access pull-down menus. (See Figure 1.3 for the organization of the ribbon.)
  功能区包含许多您将在 ArcGIS Pro 中使用的项目。每个选项卡都有不同的组来将相似的项目组织在一起，并且每个组都有不同的按钮;一些按钮直接激活项目，而另一些按钮允许您访问下拉菜单。（有关功能区的组织，请参见图 1.3。
  ribbon  丝带
  The section of ArcGIS Pro that contains tabs, groups, and buttons for various functions.
  ArcGIS Pro 的这一部分，包含用于各种功能的选项卡、组和按钮。
  

  

• Finally, the Quick Access Toolbar, available above the ribbon, provides several basic functions (Figure 1.4).
  最后，功能区上方的快速访问工具栏提供了几个基本功能（图 1.4）。

Quick Access Toolbar  快速访问工具栏

The section of ArcGIS Pro that is available to perform basic functions such as opening or saving projects.
ArcGIS Pro 中可用于执行基本功能（例如打开或保存工程）的部分。

• When you start to work with ArcGIS Pro, be sure to have the Catalog pane and the Contents pane available to use. See Troublebox 1.1 for information on accessing panes and views when they’re not already available.
  开始使用 ArcGIS Pro 时，请确保目录窗格和内容窗格可供使用。请参阅疑难解答 1.1，了解有关在窗格和视图不可用时访问它们的信息。
  (2)TROUBLEBOX 1.1What happened to the panes and views I was using in ArcGIS Pro?
  (2)TROUBLEBOX 1.1我在 ArcGIS Pro 中使用的窗格和视图发生了什么变化？
  If you close a pane or view in ArcGIS Pro, don’t panic: Getting them back again is easy. From the View tab, within the Windows group, click Catalog pane to reopen the Catalog pane or Contents to reopen the Contents pane. Other windows can be accessed and reopened from this menu as well, such as the Python window or the Tasks pane (see Module 9).
  如果您在 ArcGIS Pro 中关闭窗格或视图，请不要惊慌：再次恢复它们很容易。在视图选项卡的 Windows 组中，单击目录窗格以重新打开目录窗格，或单击内容以重新打开内容窗格。也可以从此菜单访问和重新打开其他窗口，例如 Python 窗口或 Tasks 窗格（请参阅模块 9）。
• To access the data you’ll be using in this module, in the Catalog pane, expand
  要访问您将在此模块中使用的数据，请在 Catalog 窗格中展开
  the Folders item, and you see that it contains a single folder called Module1, which is the folder of data you added on page 7. Expand the Module 1 folder, and you see that it contains several items:
  Folders 项，您会看到它包含一个名为 Module1 的文件夹，该文件夹是您在第 7 页上添加的数据文件夹。展开 Module 1 文件夹，您会看到它包含几个项目：
• A red box icon (called a toolbox) named Module1.tbx
  名为 Module1.tbx 的红框图标（称为工具箱）
• A gray barrel icon (called a file geodatabase) named Module1.gdb
  名为 Module1.gdb 的灰色桶形图标（称为文件地理数据库）
• Another file geodatabase named MahoningCounty.gdb, which you can expand to see the following GIS layers, each with its own gray icon:
  另一个名为 MahoningCounty.gdb 的文件地理数据库，您可以展开该数据库以查看以下 GIS 图层，每个图层都有自己的灰色图标：
• airports: the locations of airports in the county
  Airports：县内机场的位置
• areawater: the locations of lakes and rivers in the county
  areawater：县内湖泊和河流的位置
• boundary: the outline of Mahoning County
  边界：马霍宁县轮廓
• roads: the roads within the county
  roads：县内的道路
• structures: the locations of many different kinds of buildings (schools, colleges, fire stations, bridges, and so on) in the county
  结构：县中许多不同类型建筑物（学校、学院、消防站、桥梁等）的位置
  Catalog  目录
  

  

  
  D Toolboxes  D 工具箱
  D 自 Databases
  D Styles  D 样式
  4 Folders  4 文件夹
  4 Module1  4 模块1
  D ImportLog  D 导入日志
  $4\ominus$$4\ominus$4⊖4 \ominus MahoningCounty．gdb
  $4\ominus$$4\ominus$4⊖4 \ominus 马霍宁县.gdb
  $\because$$\because$:'\because airports   $\because$$\because$:'\because 机场
  （圆）areawater
  國 boundary  国家边界
  4 roads  4 条道路
  $\because$$\because$:'\because structures   $\because$$\because$:'\because 结构
  D $\mathrm{\Theta }$$\mathrm{\Theta }$Theta\Theta Module1．gdb  D $\mathrm{\Theta }$$\mathrm{\Theta }$Theta\Theta 模块1.gdb
  D 寝 Module1．tbx  D 寝 Module1.tbx
  1）Locators  1）定位器

- If you do not have access to the MahoningCounty.gdb file or the other items described here, see Troublebox 1.2 for help in getting things set up correctly before proceeding.
- 如果您无权访问 MahoningCounty.gdb 文件或此处描述的其他项目，请参阅 Troublebox 1.2 以获取有关在继续之前正确设置的帮助。

(2)TROUBLEBOX 1.2
Why don't I have access to my data in ArcGIS Pro?
(2)疑难解答 1.2
为什么我无法访问 ArcGIS Pro 中的数据？

In this book’s modules, you will begin with a folder full of data, such as Module1. On the computer’s hard drive, you’ll place this folder in its own dedicated location, such as $\mathrm{C}:\mathrm{\setminus }\mathrm{GIS}\mathrm{\setminus }$$\mathrm{C}:\mathrm{\setminus }\mathrm{GIS}\mathrm{\setminus }$C:\\GIS\\\mathrm{C}: \backslash \mathrm{GIS} \backslash. Then when you create a project, you’ll place it within that folder. Figure 1.5 shows an example in which a new project called Module1 is being created in the C:\GIS\Modulel folder. When the project is created, it will be in the same folder as the preexisting data being used in the project, and the project file and the datasets will all be in the same folder.
在本书的模块中，您将从一个充满数据的文件夹开始，例如 Module1。在计算机的硬盘驱动器上，您需要将此文件夹放在其自己的专用位置，例如 $\mathrm{C}:\mathrm{\setminus }\mathrm{GIS}\mathrm{\setminus }$$\mathrm{C}:\mathrm{\setminus }\mathrm{GIS}\mathrm{\setminus }$C:\\GIS\\\mathrm{C}: \backslash \mathrm{GIS} \backslash .然后，当您创建项目时，您需要将其放置在该文件夹中。图 1.5 显示了一个示例，其中正在 C：\GIS\Modulel 文件夹中创建名为 Module1 的新工程。创建工程后，它将与工程中使用的预先存在的数据位于同一文件夹中，并且工程文件和数据集都将位于同一文件夹中。

• When you created a new project, you chose the Module1 folder to place your project in. The Module1 folder already contained the MahoningCounty geodatabase (the data you’ll be working with), and creating the new project also created a new empty geodatabase called Module1 and a new empty toolbox called Module1 in which you can store any new data. Right now, this is the only data you have access to for your project. For more information about how to access other folders and data to use when working with ArcGIS Pro, see Smartbox 1.3 .
  创建新项目时，您选择了 Module1 文件夹来放置项目。Module1 文件夹已包含 MahoningCounty 地理数据库（您将使用的数据），创建新工程还会创建一个名为 Module1 的新空地理数据库和一个名为 Module1 的新空工具箱，您可以在其中存储任何新数据。目前，这是您项目唯一可以访问的数据。有关如何访问使用 ArcGIS Pro 时要使用的其他文件夹和数据的详细信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.3 。

SMARTBOX 1.3  智能盒 1.3

How can I access other folders and data through the Catalog pane?
如何通过目录窗格访问其他文件夹和数据？

• You probably saw each of your layers represented in the Catalog pane by an icon that either showed a set of dots, a set of lines, or two-dimensional shapes. These icons are a shorthand for how your data will be represented in GIS by using vector data. See Smartbox 1.4 for more about what GIS vector data
  您可能在目录窗格中看到每个图层都由一个图标表示，该图标显示一组点、一组线条或二维形状。这些图标是使用矢量数据在 GIS 中表示数据的简写形式。有关哪些 GIS 矢量数据的更多信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.4

SMARTBOX 1.4
What are the types of vector data, and how are they referenced in ArcGIS Pro?
智能盒 1.4
矢量数据类型有哪些，如何在 ArcGIS Pro 中引用它们？

discrete object view  离散对象视图

A conceptualization of the world in which all items can be represented by objects.
世界的概念化，其中所有项目都可以由对象表示。
Each object can be represented in ArcGIS Pro in one of three ways (Figure 1.6): as a point (such as an airport location), a line (such as a road), or a polygon (such as a lake). A point is a zero-dimensional object that represents just a simple set of coordinate locations. A line is a one-dimensional object created by connecting the starting and stopping points (and any points in between that give the line its shape). A polygon is a two-dimensional object that forms an area from a set of lines (or that defines an area from a line that creates a boundary).
在 ArcGIS Pro 中，每个对象都可以以三种方式之一表示（图 1.6）：点（例如机场位置）、线（例如道路）或面（例如湖泊）。点是一个零维对象，它只表示一组简单的坐标位置。线条是通过连接起点和终点（以及两者之间赋予线条形状的任何点）创建的一维对象。多边形是一个二维对象，它从一组线条形成一个区域（或者从一条创建边界的线条定义一个区域）。

point  点

vector objects  矢量对象

• A shapefile is a simple data structure composed of several computer files that can store points, lines (referred to as polylines), or polygons. A shapefile can hold only one type of data. Thus, a line shapefile would hold roads data, while a polygon shapefile would hold county boundary data.
  shapefile 是一种简单的数据结构，由多个计算机文件组成，可以存储点、线（称为折线）或面。一个 shapefile 只能包含一种类型的数据。因此，线 shapefile 将保存道路数据，而面 shapefile 将保存县边界数据。
• A file geodatabase is a single folder that can hold one or more feature classes, and each feature class can hold a different type of data. For instance, a line feature class could hold walking path data, while a point feature class could be used to mark a trailhead.
  文件地理数据库是一个文件夹，可以保存一个或多个要素类，每个要素类可以保存不同类型的数据。例如，线要素类可以保存步行路径数据，而点要素类可用于标记小径起点。
  shapefile  shapefile 文件
  A series of files that make up one vector data layer.
  构成一个矢量数据层的一系列文件。
  file geodatabase  文件地理数据库
  A single folder that can contain multiple datasets, each as its own feature class.
  一个文件夹，可以包含多个数据集，每个数据集都作为其自己的要素类。

Step 1.2 Working with Maps in a Project
步骤 1.2 在项目中使用地图

• It’s time to add data layers to ArcGIS Pro to start making a map and doing GIS analysis. In order to do so, you’ll have to use a map in the view to hold your data. When you began the Module1 project, you told ArcGIS Pro to start you with the Map template so you have one available.
  现在是时候向 ArcGIS Pro 添加数据图层以开始制作地图和进行 GIS 分析了。为此，您必须在视图中使用地图来保存数据。当您开始 Module1 工程时，您告诉 ArcGIS Pro 从 Map 模板开始，以便您有一个可用的模板。
• Note that if you hadn’t done this or if you wanted another map, you could easily access one; on the Insert tab, within the Project group, click the New Map button and choose New Map. For more information about what this map is in ArcGIS Pro terminology, see Smartbox 1.5.
  请注意，如果您尚未执行此操作，或者想要另一张地图，则可以轻松访问一张;在插入选项卡的工程组中，单击新建地图按钮，然后选择新建地图。有关 ArcGIS Pro 术语中此地图的详细信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.5。

SMARTBOX 1.5
What is a map, and how does it work in ArcGIS Pro?
智能盒 1.5
什么是地图，它在 ArcGIS Pro 中是如何工作的？

One advantage to working with ArcGIS Pro is that you can have multiple maps available in a project. If you inserted a second map, and then a third, you would have three different maps available to you that you could access by choosing a different tab in the view. For example, Figure 1.7 shows three maps: one called Mahoning County, a second just called Map, and a third called Map1. Only one of these maps can be active at a time; as mentioned earlier in this module, the active map’s tab is blue to distinguish it from the other map tabs. In Figure 1.7, the active map is the Mahoning County map. The Contents pane lists the layers that are part of the active map tab.
使用 ArcGIS Pro 的一个优点是，您可以在一个工程中使用多个地图。如果您先插入第二个映射，然后再插入第三个映射，则将为您提供三个不同的映射，您可以通过在视图中选择其他选项卡来访问这些映射。例如，图 1.7 显示了三个地图：一个称为 Mahoning County，第二个称为 Map，第三个称为 Map1。这些地图中一次只能有一个处于活动状态;如本模块前面所述，活动地图的选项卡为蓝色，以区别于其他地图选项卡。在图 1.7 中，活动地图是 Mahoning County 地图。内容窗格列出了属于活动地图选项卡的图层。

• By default the Map tab contains an image of a map of the United States. This image serves as a backdrop on which you can place your own GIS data layers. You’ll also see that the Contents pane shows what is in the map view. If you ever close the map (by clicking on the X in its tab) and want to get it back, see Troublebox 1.3.
  默认情况下，Map （地图） 选项卡包含美国地图的图像。此图像用作背景，您可以在其上放置自己的 GIS 数据图层。您还将看到 Contents 窗格显示了地图视图中的内容。如果您曾经关闭地图（通过单击其选项卡中的 X）并想将其取回，请参阅 Troublebox 1.3。

(2)TROUBLEBOX 1.3  (2)故障排除框 1.3

What happened to the map I was using in ArcGIS Pro?
我在 ArcGIS Pro 中使用的地图发生了什么变化？

• To examine the properties of the map, in the Contents pane, right-click Map and select Properties.
  要检查地图的属性，请在内容窗格中右键单击 Map，然后选择属性。
• In the Map Properties dialog box, click the General tab and type the new name Mahoning County for the map.
  在地图属性对话框中，单击常规选项卡，然后为地图输入新名称 Mahoning County。
• Also under the General tab, look at the information about the units of the map and the units of display. Map units are the units of measurement in which the data were created, such as decimal degrees, feet, meters, or miles. Display units represent how you are measuring things on the map. Answer Question 1.1.
  此外，在 General 选项卡下，查看有关地图单位和显示单位的信息。地图单位是创建数据时使用的测量单位，例如十进制度、英尺、米或英里。显示单位表示您在地图上测量事物的方式。回答问题 1.1。

Question 1.1  问题 1.1

• You can’t change the map units (how the map was originally made), but you can change the display units to measure things differently. Select US Feet for Display Units and click OK. Now when you make measurements on the map, you will receive distances in feet. Note that the only thing that has changed is the way ArcGIS Pro reports results to you. It does not change what units the data were created in.
  您无法更改地图单位（地图的原始制作方式），但可以更改显示单位以不同方式测量事物。为显示单位选择美制英尺，然后单击确定。现在，当您在地图上进行测量时，您将收到以英尺为单位的距离。请注意，唯一改变的是 ArcGIS Pro 向您报告结果的方式。它不会更改创建数据的单位。
• Return to the map and move the cursor around the screen. In the lower-right portion of the screen, you can see distances and coordinates reported in US Feet.
  返回到地图并在屏幕上移动光标。在屏幕的右下角，您可以看到以美尺为单位报告的距离和坐标。
• Go back to Map Properties and change Display Units back to Decimal Degrees. Now, in the map, you see measurements in decimal degrees.
  返回 地图属性 并将 显示单位 改回 十进制度 。现在，在地图中，您可以看到以十进制度为单位的测量值。

Step 1.3 Adding Data to a Map
步骤 1.3 向映射添加数据

• Now that you have your map set up, it’s time to add your GIS data to it. To begin, on the Map tab on the ribbon, within the Layer group, click the Add Data button and choose Data.
  现在您已经设置了地图，是时候将 GIS 数据添加到其中了。首先，在功能区的地图选项卡上的图层组中，单击添加数据按钮，然后选择数据。
  

  

• In the Add Data dialog box, navigate to the C:\GIS\Module1 $\mathrm{\setminus }$$\mathrm{\setminus }$\\\backslash folder and doubleclick the MahoningCounty.gdb geodatabase to access the feature classes it contains.
  在添加数据对话框中，导航到 C：\GIS\Module1 $\mathrm{\setminus }$$\mathrm{\setminus }$\\\backslash 文件夹，然后双击 MahoningCounty.gdb 地理数据库以访问其包含的要素类。
• Select the boundary feature class and click OK to place it on the map.
  选择边界要素类，然后单击确定将其放置在地图上。
  

  

• The layer corresponding to the boundary of Mahoning County, Ohio, appears in the Mahoning County map on top of its proper location on the map of the United States. Also, the layer appears in the Contents pane. Note that there is a checkmark in the box next to the layer’s name in the Contents pane. By clicking in this box, you can check and uncheck it. When the box has a check in it, the data layer is displayed. When there is no checkmark, the data are not displayed.
  与俄亥俄州马霍宁县边界相对应的图层显示在马霍宁县地图中其在美国地图上正确位置的顶部。此外，该图层将显示在内容窗格中。请注意，在内容窗格中图层名称旁边的框中有一个复选标记。通过单击此框，您可以选中和取消选中它。如果框中有复选标记，则会显示数据层。如果没有复选标记，则不会显示数据。
• Note that another way of adding data to the map is to drag and drop it from the Catalog pane into either the Contents pane or the map itself. Either by using this method or by clicking the Add Data button, add the other four feature classes (airports, areawater, roads, and structures) to the map. You then see the layers added to the Contents pane.
  请注意，向地图添加数据的另一种方法是将数据从目录窗格拖放到内容窗格或地图本身中。通过使用此方法或单击添加数据按钮，将其他四个要素类（airports、areawater、roads 和 structures）添加到地图中。然后，您将看到已添加到内容窗格的图层。
• Data layers are displayed in ArcGIS Pro by their placement in the Contents pane. (See Smartbox 1.6 for more information.)
  数据图层在 ArcGIS Pro 中按其在内容窗格中的位置显示。（有关更多信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.6。

O SMARTBOX 1.6  O 智能盒 1.6

How do I display data layers in the Contents pane in ArcGIS Pro?
如何在 ArcGIS Pro 的内容窗格中显示数据图层？
There are seven ways of presenting your data in the Contents pane (Figure 1.8):
在内容窗格中显示数据的方法有 7 种（图 1.8）：

• List by drawing order: This is the default setting. The layer at the top of the stack will be drawn on top of all other layers, then the layer underneath it is drawn, and so on. By using this option, you can drag layers from all sources to different positions in the Contents pane.
  按绘制顺序列出：这是默认设置。堆栈顶部的图层将绘制在所有其他图层的顶部，然后绘制其下方的图层，依此类推。通过使用此选项，您可以将图层从所有源拖动到内容窗格中的不同位置。
• List by source: Layers are listed according to their source. For instance, all the layers from one folder will be listed, then all of the layers from a second folder, and so on.
  List by source（按源列出）：根据层的源列出层。例如，将列出一个文件夹中的所有图层，然后列出第二个文件夹中的所有图层，依此类推。
• List by selection: Layers will be listed by how many objects are selected in each layer and which layers are unavailable for selection. (See Modules 2, $\underset{―}{8}$$\underset{\_}{8}$8_\underline{8}, and $\underset{―}{9}$$\underset{\_}{9}$9_\underline{9} for more about selection.)
  List by selection：图层将按每个图层中选择的对象数量以及哪些图层无法选择列出。（请参阅 模块 2 和 $\underset{―}{8}$$\underset{\_}{8}$8_\underline{8} $\underset{―}{9}$$\underset{\_}{9}$9_\underline{9} 有关选择的更多信息。
• List by editing: Layers will be listed by their editing status. (See Module 7 for more about editing.)
  List by editing：图层将按其编辑状态列出。（有关编辑的更多信息，请参阅模块 7。
• List by snapping: Layers will be listed based on their snapping status. (See Module 7 for more about snapping in relation to editing.)
  按对齐列出：图层将根据其对齐状态列出。（有关与编辑相关的对齐的更多信息，请参阅模块 7。
• List by labeling: Layers will be listed based on their labels.
  List by labeling（按标签列出）：图层将根据其标签列出。
• List by perspective imagery: Layers will be listed according to whether they contain oblique imagery. (See Module 13 for more about using imagery in ArcGIS Pro.)
  按透视影像列出：图层将根据其是否包含倾斜影像进行列出。（有关在 ArcGIS Pro 中使用影像的详细信息，请参阅模块 13。
• Select the List by Drawing Order option. The layer at the top of the Contents pane is displayed first. The layer displayed second from the top is displayed next, and so on. The top layer is displayed "on top of " the other layers. Thus, if you have two layers that cover the same area, the one at the top of the Contents pane list will be displayed on top of the others.
  选择 List by Drawing Order 选项。首先显示内容窗格顶部的图层。接下来显示从上倒数第二个显示的图层，依此类推。顶层显示在其他层的 “顶部”。因此，如果有两个图层覆盖同一区域，则位于内容窗格列表顶部的图层将显示在其他图层的顶部。
• You can move a layer by clicking on the name of the layer and dragging it to another place in the Contents pane.
  您可以通过单击图层名称并将其拖动到内容窗格中的其他位置来移动图层。
• Rearrange the layers on your map so that water bodies are displayed at the top, then the structures next, then the airports, then the roads, and finally the county boundary at the bottom.
  重新排列地图上的图层，以便水体显示在顶部，然后是建筑物，然后是机场，然后是道路，最后是底部的县边界。

Step 1.4 Examining GIS Data and Working with Coordinate Systems, Datums, and Projections
步骤 1.4 检查 GIS 数据并使用坐标系、基准面和投影

• When using geospatial data in ArcGIS Pro, it’s a good idea to keep all the data you are using in the same projection, coordinate system, and datum to avoid any computational or analysis problems. For more information about working with these topics, see Smartbox 1.7; for more in-depth technical details, see Appendix B.
  在 ArcGIS Pro 中使用地理空间数据时，最好将您正在使用的所有数据保留在同一投影、坐标系和基准面中，以避免任何计算或分析问题。有关使用这些主题的更多信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.7;有关更深入的技术详细信息，请参阅附录 B。

© SMARTBOX 1.7  © 智能盒 1.7

• NAD27: the North American Datum of 1927. This datum was used for large-scale mapping of the United States and North America. Its center is at Meades Ranch in Kansas.
  NAD27：1927 年的北美基准面。此基准面用于美国和北美的大规模制图。它的中心位于堪萨斯州的 Meades Ranch。
• NAD83: the North American Datum of 1983. This datum is used for much of the current data measured in the United States and across North America today. Measurements from NAD83 are very different from measurements from NAD27 (differing by up to a couple hundred meters).
  NAD83：1983 年的北美基准面。此基准面用于当今美国和整个北美测量的大部分当前数据。NAD83 的测量值与 NAD27 的测量值非常不同（相差几百米）。
• NATRF2022: the North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022. This new datum is being established to eventually replace the more common NAD83 data by the year 2022.
  NATRF2022：2022 年北美陆地参考框架。这个新基准面的建立最终是为了在 2022 年之前取代更常见的 NAD83 数据。
• WGS84: the World Geodetic System of 1984. The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses this datum for its measurements. Its coordinates are very similar, but not exactly the same, as those you’d get using NAD83.
  WGS84：1984 年世界大地测量系统。全球定位系统 （GPS） 使用此基准面进行测量。它的坐标与您使用 NAD83 获得的坐标非常相似，但不完全相同。

NAD27  NAD27的

NAD83  NAD83的

NATRF2022

• Geographic coordinate system (GCS): This is the system of measurements made in latitude and longitude and measured in degrees. In ArcGIS, this reference model is commonly listed as GCS with the datum that was used when the data were created.
  地理坐标系 （GCS）：这是以纬度和经度为单位并以度为单位的测量系统。在 ArcGIS 中，此参考模型通常列为 GCS，其中包含创建数据时使用的基准面。
• Projected coordinate system (PCS): Often, GCS data are transformed (or projected) into a flat twodimensional grid system that allows you to make measurements in units such as feet or meters (rather than degrees) with consistent angles or lengths. Because a PCS is a flat grid system, coordinates are measured as an $x$$x$xx (such as an east and west measurement) and $y$$y$yy (such as a north and south measurement). As is the case with datums, there are a multitude of different projections, and measurements of distance, area, or perimeter made in one projection will not necessarily match up with measurements made of the same locations in another projection.
  投影坐标系 （PCS）：通常，GCS 数据被转换（或投影）为平面二维网格系统，允许您以英尺或米（而不是度）等单位进行测量，并具有一致的角度或长度。由于 PCS 是平面网格系统，因此坐标以 $x$$x$xx （如东西测量） 和 $y$$y$yy （如南北测量） 的形式进行测量。与基准面一样，存在多种不同的投影，在一个投影中对距离、面积或周长进行的测量不一定与在另一个投影中对相同位置进行的测量相匹配。

geographic coordinate system (GCS)
地理坐标系 （GCS）

• UTM: the Universal Transverse Mercator. This system divides the world into 60 zones, with each zone being 6 degrees of longitude wide. It covers all of Earth except for the poles. Measurements made in each zone are independent of measurements in other zones, so (for example) coordinates for zone 17 cannot be compared with coordinates from zone 16. UTM uses meters for its units of measurement.
  UTM：通用横轴墨卡托。该系统将世界划分为 60 个区域，每个区域宽 6 度。它覆盖了除两极以外的整个地球。在每个区域中进行的测量独立于其他区域中的测量值，因此（例如）区域 17 的坐标无法与区域 16 的坐标进行比较。UTM 使用米作为其测量单位。
• SPCS: the State Plane Coordinate System. This system is used only for the United States. It divides a state into different zones that correspond to county boundaries or similar lines. For instance, Ohio is divided into a north zone and a south zone, while Arizona is divided into an east zone, a central zone, and a west zone. Measurements made in each zone are independent of those made in another (so Ohio north zone measurements won’t match up with Ohio south zone measurements). There are two types of SPCS coordinates - an old one based on NAD27 that uses feet and a modern one based on NAD83 that uses either feet or meters.
  SPCS：美国国家平面坐标系。此系统仅用于美国。它将一个州划分为与县边界或类似线相对应的不同区域。例如，俄亥俄州分为北部区域和南部区域，而亚利桑那州分为东部区域、中部区域和西部区域。在每个区域中进行的测量独立于在另一个区域中进行的测量（因此俄亥俄州北部区域的测量值与俄亥俄州南部区域的测量值不匹配）。SPCS 坐标有两种类型 - 一种基于 NAD27 的旧坐标使用英尺，另一种基于 NAD83 的现代坐标使用英尺或米。
• SPCS2022: the State Plane Coordinate System of 2022. This updated version of the SPCS 83 version of the State Plane Coordinate System is set to debut in 2022. It is currently being designed so that each state will consist of just a single zone for measurements.
  SPCS2022：2022 年美国国家平面坐标系。美国国家平面坐标系 SPCS 83 版本的更新版本将于 2022 年首次亮相。目前正在设计中，每个州将仅包含一个用于测量的区域。
• Transverse Mercator: This projection is commonly used for data with a north-south orientation, and UTM uses this projection as its basis. Units are usually measured in meters.
  横轴墨卡托投影：此投影通常用于南北方向的数据，UTM 使用此投影作为其基础。单位通常以米为单位。
• Lambert Conformal Conic: This projection is commonly used for data that have an east-west orientation at middle latitudes (such as the United States). It keeps the shapes of locations the same as they are in the real world, and its units are usually meters.
  兰勃特等角圆锥投影：此投影通常用于在中纬度地区（例如美国）具有东西方向的数据。它使位置的形状与现实世界中的位置形状相同，其单位通常为米。
• Albers Equal Area Conic: Like Lambert, this projection is used for east-west data at mid-latitudes, so it’s commonly used with U.S. data. It keeps the areas (sizes) of locations the same as they are in the real world, and its units are usually meters.
  亚尔伯斯等积圆锥投影：与兰伯特投影一样，此投影也用于中纬度地区的东西向数据，因此通常用于美国数据。它使位置的面积 （大小） 与现实世界中的面积 （大小） 相同，其单位通常为米。
• WGS84 Web Mercator: This projection is a standard projection used for web maps, and in particular it is the standard used for ArcGIS Online. Its units are meters.
  WGS84 Web 墨卡托投影：此投影是用于 Web 地图的标准投影，特别是它是用于 ArcGIS Online 的标准投影。其单位为米。

SPCS  SPCS 公司

• Each data layer you’re using in this module comes with information about the geographic coordinate system and the datum it was created in, as well as the projected coordinate system that each layer was projected to (and the units of measurement that this projected coordinate system uses). To examine this information about your data, do the following:
  本模块中使用的每个数据图层都附带有关地理坐标系及其创建基准面的信息，以及每个图层投影到的投影坐标系（以及此投影坐标系使用的测量单位）。要检查有关您数据的此信息，请执行以下操作：
• In the Contents pane, right-click on the layer and select Properties.
  在内容窗格中，右键单击图层，然后选择属性。
• Click on the Source tab and then scroll down and expand the Spatial Reference portion.
  单击 Source 选项卡，然后向下滚动并展开 Spatial Reference 部分。
• Look at the coordinate system information for each of your five feature classes and answer Question 1.2. (Hint: Think carefully about the information you’re getting about the datum and the coordinate system.)
  查看 5 个要素类中每个要素类的坐标系信息，然后回答问题 1.2。（提示：请仔细考虑您获得的有关基准面和坐标系的信息。

Question 1.2  问题 1.2

• As you go through the layers, you’ll find that one of them (airports) is in a different projected coordinate system than the rest of your data, and another
  当您浏览这些图层时，您会发现其中一个图层 （airports） 与其他数据位于不同的投影坐标系中，而另一个图层
  layer has no defined coordinate system at all.
  layer 根本没有定义的坐标系。
• To make sure all of your data properly align, you’ll want to make these two data layers match the rest of your data in terms of their datum and projected coordinate system. This involves two different tasks: changing the projection of the airports layer (in Step 1.5) to match the others and establishing a coordinate system for the layer that’s missing that information (in Step 1.6).
  要确保所有数据正确对齐，您需要使这两个数据图层在基准面和投影坐标系方面与其余数据相匹配。这涉及两个不同的任务：更改 airports 图层的投影（在步骤 1.5 中）以匹配其他图层，并为缺少该信息的图层建立坐标系（在步骤 1.6 中）。

Step 1.5 Changing a Data Layer to a Different Projection
步骤 1.5 将数据层更改为其他投影

• To get the airports data to match up with the other layers, you have to change its projection to match your other data sources. See Smartbox 1.8 for more information about changing projections.
  要使机场数据与其他图层匹配，您必须更改其投影以匹配其他数据源。有关更改投影的更多信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.8。

O SMARTBOX 1.8  O 智能盒 1.8

How do I change projections in ArcGIS Pro?
如何在 ArcGIS Pro 中更改投影？
When you project a layer, you’re creating a new layer that has a new datum, coordinate system, or projection. For instance, if you want to change a roads layer set up in GCS NAD83 measured in degrees and turn it into a UTM Zone 20 layer measured in meters, you have to project the data. Projection is a mathematical process that sets up your data in a new projected system (Figure 1.9). You would project your data to change them from their existing coordinate system (whether it’s a geographic coordinate system or a projected coordinate system) to a different one. When changing from one datum to another, ArcGIS Pro may ask you to specify or select a particular datum transformation method so that the newly projected layer is set up correctly.
投影图层时，将创建一个具有新基准面、坐标系或投影的新图层。例如，如果要更改在 GCS NAD83 中设置的以度为单位的道路图层，并将其转换为以米为单位的 UTM Zone 20 图层，则必须对数据进行投影。投影是一个数学过程，它将您的数据设置在新的投影系统中（图 1.9）。您可以投影数据以将其从现有坐标系（无论是地理坐标系还是投影坐标系）更改为其他坐标系。从一个基准面更改为另一个基准面时，ArcGIS Pro 可能会要求您指定或选择特定的基准面变换方法，以便正确设置新投影的图层。

projection  投影

- ArcGIS Pro contains numerous different functions called geoprocessing tools (also referred to simply as tools) that let you analyze and manipulate GIS data, including a tool to change projections. To access these tools, go to the Analysis tab, within the Geoprocessing group, and click the Tools button.
- ArcGIS Pro 包含许多不同的功能，称为地理处理工具（也称为工具），可用于分析和操作 GIS 数据，包括用于更改投影的工具。要访问这些工具，请转到地理处理组中的分析选项卡，然后单击工具按钮。

• A new Geoprocessing pane opens on the right-hand side of the screen; it is the pane in which tools are run. In the Geoprocessing pane you can type the name of a tool to have ArcGIS Pro search for it, and you can also go directly to a tool by clicking on Toolboxes in this pane.
  新的地理处理窗格将在屏幕右侧打开;它是运行工具的窗格。在地理处理窗格中，您可以输入工具的名称以让 ArcGIS Pro 搜索它，也可以通过单击此窗格中的工具箱直接转到工具。

Geoprocessing pane  地理处理窗格

• You see a new arrangement of red “box” icons called toolboxes. In ArcGIS Pro, toolboxes hold tools and also toolsets full of similar tools that are grouped together. Expand the Data Management Tools toolbox (the red icon that looks like a box) and select the Projections and Transformations toolset (the red and gray icon that looks like a hammer lying on top of the box). From there, select the Project tool (the hammer icon itself).
  您会看到一种新的红色 “box” 图标排列方式，称为 toolboxes。在 ArcGIS Pro 中，工具箱包含工具以及包含分组在一起的类似工具的工具集。展开 Data Management Tools 工具箱（看起来像盒子的红色图标），然后选择 Projections and Transformations 工具集（红色和灰色图标，看起来像位于框顶部的锤子）。从那里，选择 Project （项目） 工具 （锤子图标本身）。
• The Geoprocessing pane switches to become the Project tool’s dialog.
  地理处理窗格将切换为工程工具的对话框。

Geoprocessing  地理处理

Parameters Environments  参数 环境

• For Input Dataset or Feature Class, click the browse button in the dialog box to navigate to your C: \GIS\Module1 \folder and select airports from inside the MahoningCounty file geodatabase.
  对于输入数据集或要素类，单击对话框中的浏览按钮以导航至 C：\GIS\Module1 \文件夹，然后从 MahoningCounty 文件地理数据库中选择机场。
• For your output dataset, you will create a new feature class called airports_Project, which ArcGIS Pro will automatically name for you. By default this will be placed in your C:\GIS\Module1 folder and in the Module1 file geodatabase that was created for this project.
  对于输出数据集，您将创建一个名为 airports_Project 的新要素类，ArcGIS Pro 将自动为您命名该要素类。默认情况下，该地址将放置在 C：\GIS\Module1 文件夹和为此工程创建的 Module1 文件地理数据库中。
• You now have to select what coordinate system you want to reproject your data into so that it will match up with the NAD83 UTM Zone 17 coordinate system of the rest of your data. Click the button to the right of the Output Coordinate System option (its icon looks like a gray sphere) to select a coordinate system
  现在，您必须选择要将数据重新投影到的坐标系，以便它与其余数据的 NAD83 UTM Zone 17 坐标系匹配。单击 Output Coordinate System 选项右侧的按钮（其图标看起来像一个灰色球体）以选择坐标系
  from the Coordinate System dialog.
  从 Coordinate System 对话框。
  

  

• Under the XY Coordinate Systems Available heading, you see new options. From them, expand the following:
  在可用 XY 坐标系标题下，您会看到新选项。从中，展开以下内容：
• Projected Coordinate Systems
  投影坐标系
• UTM
• NAD 1983  NAD 1983 年
• Finally, choose NAD 1983 UTM Zone 17N. The Current XY box changes to reflect this newly chosen projected coordinate system. Click OK to return to the Project dialog.
  最后，选择 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 17N。Current XY 框将发生变化，以反映此新选择的投影坐标系。单击 OK 返回到 Project 对话框。

Geoprocessing  地理处理

Parameters Environments  参数 环境

Input Dataset or Feature Class
输入数据集或要素类

airports  机场

Output Coordinate System  输出坐标系

Geographic Transformation
地理变换

• When all options are properly set, at the bottom of the Geoprocessing pane click Run to run the tool. ArcGIS Pro reprojects your data and creates a new feature class called airports_Project in your Module1 file geodatabase. After a few seconds, you see scrolling text across the bottom of ArcGIS Pro indicating that the Project tool is in progress. A green pop-up box appears at the bottom of the screen to let you know when the tool has completed the process.
  正确设置所有选项后，在地理处理窗格的底部，单击运行以运行该工具。ArcGIS Pro 将重新投影数据，并在 Module1 文件地理数据库中创建名为 airports_Project 的新要素类。几秒钟后，您会在 ArcGIS Pro 底部看到滚动文本，指示工程工具正在进行中。屏幕底部会出现一个绿色的弹出框，让您知道该工具何时完成该过程。
• You can see that an airports_Project layer is added to the Contents pane. You can delete the old airports layer at this point by right-clicking it and choosing Remove.
  您可以看到airports_Project图层已添加到内容窗格中。此时，您可以通过右键单击旧 airports 图层并选择移除来删除该图层。

Step 1.6 Defining a Projection for a Layer That Is Missing This Information
步骤 1.6 为缺少此信息的图层定义投影

• The next step is to take care of the areawater feature class that has no coordinate system information attached to it. Unfortunately, you cannot simply project this layer as you did with the airports layer. Answer Question 1.3.
  下一步是处理未附加坐标系信息的 areawater 要素类。遗憾的是，您不能像对 airports 图层所做的那样简单地投影此图层。回答问题 1.3。

Question 1.3  问题 1.3

• Because the areawater layer is missing its coordinate system and projection information, you need to define a projection for it. See Smartbox 1.9 for more background information about defining projections.
  由于 areawater 图层缺少其坐标系和投影信息，因此需要为其定义投影。有关定义投影的更多背景信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.9。

SMARTBOX 1.9  智能盒 1.9

How do I define a projection in ArcGIS Pro?
如何在 ArcGIS Pro 中定义投影？

• In the Geoprocessing pane, use the Toolboxes option to see the full range of available tools and toolboxes and expand the Data Management Tools toolbox and select the Projections and Transformations toolset. From there, select the Define Projection tool.
  在地理处理窗格中，使用工具箱选项查看所有可用工具和工具箱，然后展开数据管理工具工具箱并选择投影和变换工具集。从那里，选择 Define Projection 工具。
  

  

• Select the areawater layer in Input Dataset or Feature Class.
  在输入数据集或要素类中选择 areawater 图层。
• Right now, the areawater layer has an unknown coordinate system assigned to it. To explicitly select a coordinate system to assign to this layer, click the gray sphere button next to the Coordinate System pull-down menu to open the
  现在，areawater 图层分配了一个未知的坐标系。要明确选择要分配给此图层的坐标系，请单击 Coordinate System 下拉菜单旁边的灰色球体按钮以打开

• Under the XY Coordinate Systems Available heading, you see new options. From these, expand the following:
  在可用 XY 坐标系标题下，您会看到新选项。从这些中，展开以下内容：
• Projected Coordinate Systems
  投影坐标系
• UTM
• NAD 1983  NAD 1983 年
• Finally, choose NAD 1983 UTM Zone 17N. The Current XY box changes to reflect this newly chosen projected coordinate system. Click OK to return to the Define Projection dialog.
  最后，选择 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 17N。Current XY 框将发生变化，以反映此新选择的投影坐标系。单击 OK 返回到 Define Projection 对话框。
• In the Geoprocessing pane, click Run again and wait as ArcGIS Pro defines the projection. The green pop-up box at the bottom of the Geoprocessing pane lets you know when it’s done.
  在地理处理窗格中，再次单击运行并等待 ArcGIS Pro 定义投影。地理处理窗格底部的绿色弹出框将告知您何时完成。
• From the Contents pane, bring up Properties for the areawater layer and look at the Source tab under the Spatial Reference heading. You should see the proper projection information in place.
  在内容窗格中，打开 areawater 图层的属性，然后查看空间参考标题下的源选项卡。您应该会看到正确的投影信息。
• Important Note: Luckily, the coordinate system that the areawater layer was missing happened to be the same as for one as the other layers. If it had been different (for instance, if areawater had been missing State Plane coordinate information), you would have had to use the Project tool to change it to match the coordinate and projection information of the other layers.
  重要提示：幸运的是，areawater 图层缺少的坐标系恰好与其他图层相同。如果它不同（例如，如果 areawater 缺少 State Plane 坐标信息），则必须使用投影工具对其进行更改，以匹配其他图层的坐标和投影信息。

Step 1.7 Changing the Appearance of a Layer
步骤 1.7 更改图层的外观

• Now that all your data are properly set with their spatial reference, it’s time to make them look good. Since you’re compiling these data for future presentations, the first thing you want to do is change the color and appearance of the data. When layers are added to ArcGIS Pro, they’re assigned a random color, so you could, for example, end up with orange lakes or green roads. To alter the appearance of a layer, you need to change its symbology through the Symbology pane. You can bring up this pane for a layer in two different ways in ArcGIS Pro:
  现在，所有数据都已使用其空间参考进行了正确设置，是时候使它们看起来不错了。由于您正在为将来的演示文稿编译这些数据，因此您要做的第一件事是更改数据的颜色和外观。将图层添加到 ArcGIS Pro 时，会为其分配随机颜色，因此，例如，您最终可能会得到橙色的湖泊或绿色的道路。要更改图层的外观，您需要通过符号系统窗格更改其符号系统。您可以在 ArcGIS Pro 中以两种不同的方式为图层显示此窗格：

1. Right-click layer and choose Symbology.
   右键单击 layer，然后选择 Symbolbology。
2. Click once on a layer in the Contents pane to choose it and then go to the Appearance tab, within the Drawing group, and click the Symbology button.
   在内容窗格中的图层上单击一次以将其选中，然后转到绘图组中的外观选项卡，然后单击符号系统按钮。

• Whichever method you choose, do this with the areawater layer.
  无论选择哪种方法，都可以对 areawater 图层执行此操作。
• The Symbology pane opens on the right side of the screen. For the areawater layer, you see that it is being shown as Single Symbol (which means that all the objects in this layer, no matter what they represent, will be drawn with the same color, outline, or symbol). To change this to a different color, click on the colored box next to the word Symbol.
  Symbology 窗格将在屏幕右侧打开。对于 areawater 图层，您会看到它显示为单一符号（这意味着此图层中的所有对象，无论它们代表什么，都将使用相同的颜色、轮廓或符号进行绘制）。要将其更改为其他颜色，请单击单词 Symbol 旁边的彩色框。
  

  

Primary symbology  主要符号系统

Single Symbol  单一符号

• In the Symbology pane, a new set of options appear. Under the Gallery option, you can choose from a predefined set of symbols; for instance, the predefined color for Building Footprint is a shade of tan, and Cemetery is a shade of light green. You can choose one of these presets as a color for your areawater later, but more options are available under the Properties option. There you can directly select from many different colors, choose a different outline color for the polygons, or change the width of the outline border around the polygons.
  在 Symbology 窗格中，将显示一组新选项。在 Gallery 选项下，您可以从一组预定义的符号中进行选择;例如，Building Footprint （建筑物覆盖区） 的预定义颜色为棕褐色，Cemetery （公墓） 为浅绿色。您可以稍后选择这些预设之一作为 areawater 的颜色，但 Properties 选项下提供了更多选项。在那里，您可以直接从许多不同的颜色中进行选择，为多边形选择不同的轮廓颜色，或更改多边形周围轮廓边界的宽度。
• Using these options, choose a new appropriate color and look for Mahoning County’s water bodies. If you chose one of the predefined choices under Gallery, the polygons automatically changes to that symbology, but if you made custom choices under the Properties option, you need to click Apply at the bottom of the Symbology pane for ArcGIS Pro to accept the changes.
  使用这些选项，选择新的适当颜色并查找 Mahoning County 的水体。如果您在图库下选择了预定义选项之一，则面将自动更改为该符号系统，但如果您在属性选项下进行了自定义选择，则需要单击符号系统窗格底部的应用，以便 ArcGIS Pro 接受更改。
• At the top of the Symbology pane, click on the left-pointing arrow to return to the main part of the Symbology pane. You again see that your areawater polygons are being displayed as a Single Symbol, but now with the color scheme you’ve assigned in the colored box.
  在 Symbology 窗格的顶部，单击向左箭头以返回到 Symbology 窗格的主要部分。您将再次看到 areawater 面显示为单一符号，但现在使用您在彩色框中分配的配色方案。
• Next, change the symbology of the roads layer to select a different color and appearance for the roads, using either the presets in the Gallery option of the Symbology pane or the Properties option. You might want to adjust the width of the roads as well as use a different type of symbol instead of the default thin line.
  接下来，使用 Symbolbology 窗格的 Gallery 选项或 Properties 选项中的预设，更改 roads 图层的符号系统，为道路选择不同的颜色和外观。您可能希望调整道路的宽度，并使用不同类型的符号而不是默认的细线。
• Note that the areawater and roads layers contain several different types of water bodies or road types. ArcGIS Pro allows you to display these layers according to these different types instead of displaying all objects with the same symbol-for instance, showing interstates with a different symbol than residential roads. The structures layer contains several different types of buildings, such as schools, bridges, and hospitals, and you can show the layer in ArcGIS Pro by giving each building type its own symbol. To do this, bring up the Symbology pane for the structures layer. In the Symbology pane, instead of working with Single Symbol, select Unique Values.
  请注意，areawater 和 roads 图层包含多种不同类型的水体或道路类型。ArcGIS Pro 允许您根据这些不同的类型显示这些图层，而不是显示具有相同符号的所有对象，例如，使用与住宅道路不同的符号显示州际公路。structures 图层包含多种不同类型的建筑物，例如学校、桥梁和医院，您可以通过为每种建筑物类型指定自己的符号来在 ArcGIS Pro 中显示图层。为此，请打开 structures 图层的 Symbology 窗格。在符号系统窗格中，选择唯一值，而不是使用单一符号。
• For the Value Field, choose FType. In the table at the bottom of the Symbology pane, you see each category with a different colored point. These points all represent different types of structures. By scrolling across the table, you see that the point associated with value 830 represents government structures, while the point associated with 730 represents education structures. You can choose a better symbol to visually represent your data than a randomly colored point. In the Symbology pane, click on one of the point symbols to change the Symbology pane to show the Format Point Symbol dialog, which has a variety of different symbols to use for points.
  对于 Value Field （值字段），选择 FType。在 Symbology 窗格底部的表中，您可以看到每个类别都有不同的颜色点。这些点都代表不同类型的结构。通过滚动表，您可以看到与值 830 关联的点表示政府结构，而与值 730 关联的点表示教育结构。您可以选择比随机着色的点更好的符号来直观地表示数据。在符号系统窗格中，单击其中一个点符号以更改符号系统窗格以显示格式化点符号对话框，该对话框具有各种可用于点的不同符号。
  Symbology - structures $-◻\times$$-◻\times$-◻xx-\square \times
  符号系统 - 结构 $-◻\times$$-◻\times$-◻xx-\square \times
  

  

  
  Primary symbology  主要符号系统
  Unique Values $$$$quad\quad  唯一值 $$$$quad\quad

4T至

Symbology - structures - $7\times$$7\times$7xx7 \times 符号系统 - 结构 - $7\times$$7\times$7xx7 \times
$\oplus$$\oplus$o+\oplus Format Point Symbol - Agriculture... 三 $\oplus$$\oplus$o+\oplus 设置点符号格式 - 农业...三
Gallery Properties  Gallery 属性
$◻$$◻$◻\square Enable scale-based sizing $◻$$◻$◻\square 启用基于比例的大小调整
$✓$$✓$✓\checkmark Appearance   $✓$$✓$✓\checkmark 外观
Color  颜色		-
Size  大小	4 pt  4 分	$\stackrel{\rightharpoonup }{\ast }$$\stackrel{\rightharpoonup }{\ast }$**^(⇀)\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{*}
Angle  角度	$0^{\circ }$$0^{\circ }$0^(@)0^{\circ}	$✓$$✓$✓\checkmark
Angle alignment  角度对齐	Display  显示	$✓$$✓$✓\checkmark
> Halo  > 光环

Symbology - structures - 7xx o+ Format Point Symbol - Agriculture... 三 Gallery Properties https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_01_15_dea7afa6ff6b18394357g-48.jpg?height=88&width=255&top_left_y=497&top_left_x=1123 ◻ Enable scale-based sizing ✓ Appearance Color - Size 4 pt **^(⇀) Angle 0^(@) ✓ Angle alignment Display ✓ > Halo | Symbology - structures - $7 \times$ | | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | $\oplus$ Format Point Symbol - Agriculture... 三 | | | | Gallery Properties | | | |  | | | | $\square$ Enable scale-based sizing | | | | $\checkmark$ Appearance | | | | Color | | - | | Size | 4 pt | $\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{*}$ | | Angle | $0^{\circ}$ | $\checkmark$ | | Angle alignment | Display | $\checkmark$ | | > Halo | | |

• Using these options, choose a new appropriate symbol for Mahoning County’s various structures. Not all of the classes of structures listed in the Contents pane are actually in the layer. The ones you want to change are Education (Ftype 730), Emergency Response (Ftype 740), Health and Medical (Ftype 800), Industry (Ftype 710), Information and Communication (Ftype 880), Transportation Facilities (Ftype 810), and Water Supply and Treatment (Ftype 850). If you chose one of the predefined choices under Gallery, the points automatically change to that symbol, but if you made custom choices under the Properties option (such as changing the size or outline), you need to click Apply at the bottom of the Symbology pane for ArcGIS Pro to accept these changes. (If you happen to close out of one of the symbol options, close all the preset choices in the Gallery, or have no options available in the Gallery, see Troublebox 1.4 for help getting your choices back.) When choosing your symbols, keep two things in mind:
  使用这些选项，为 Mahoning County 的各种结构选择合适的新符号。并非内容窗格中列出的所有结构类实际上都位于图层中。您要更改的是教育 （Ftype 730）、应急响应 （Ftype 740）、健康和医疗 （Ftype 800）、工业 （Ftype 710）、信息和通信 （Ftype 880）、交通设施 （Ftype 810） 以及供水和处理 （Ftype 850）。如果您在图库下选择了预定义选项之一，则点会自动更改为该符号，但如果您在属性选项下进行了自定义选择（例如更改大小或轮廓），则需要单击 ArcGIS Pro 符号系统窗格底部的应用才能接受这些更改。（如果您碰巧关闭了其中一个元件选项，关闭了 Gallery 中的所有预设选项，或者 Gallery 中没有可用的选项，请参阅 Troublebox 1.4 以帮助您恢复您的选择。选择符号时，请记住两件事：
• You can use the Search box under the Gallery option to find different symbols. For instance, you can type “hospitals” to select a variety of different hospital symbols from several of the different symbols available.
  您可以使用 搜索 框下 图片库 选项来查找不同的符号。例如，您可以键入 “hospitals” 以从几个不同的可用符号中选择各种不同的 hospital 符号。
• Additional symbol options can be added. From the Insert tab, in the Styles group, click the Add button and choose the option Add System Style. This allows you to add more symbol choices to the Symbology pane.
  可以添加其他元件选项。在 Insert 选项卡的 Styles 组中，单击 Add 按钮，然后选择选项 Add System Style。这允许您向符号系统窗格添加更多符号选择。

TROUBLEBOX 1.4
How can I retrieve the symbol options?
疑难解答 1.4
如何检索元件选项？

System Styles  系统样式

• Next, change the symbology of the airports the same way, using all of the Unique Values with the Ftype value in the airports layer, and display a new, more representative symbol for the airport types. As with the structures layer, not all of the airport types from The National Map are in this layer. You only need to change the symbols for airport complexes (Ftype 200) and airport runways (Ftype 201).
  接下来，以相同的方式更改机场的符号系统，使用 airports 图层中所有唯一值和 Ftype 值，并为机场类型显示一个更具代表性的新符号。与 structures 图层一样，并非 The National Map 中的所有机场类型都位于此图层中。您只需更改机场综合体 （Ftype 200） 和机场跑道 （Ftype 201） 的符号。
• Next, change the symbology of the boundary feature class to be transparent but still have a solid outline. You can do this either be choosing Black Outline from the Gallery on the Symbology pane or by choosing No Color under the Fill
  接下来，将边界要素类的符号系统更改为透明，但仍具有实线轮廓。您可以通过从符号系统窗格的库中选择黑色轮廓，或者在填充下选择无颜色来执行此操作

• Finally, just so there’s no confusion about what a layer represents, give the layers better names in the Contents pane than “areawater” or “airports_Project.” Bring up the Properties of the areawater layer and select the General tab. In the Name box, type a better, more descriptive name for this layer (such as County Water Bodies) and click OK. You see the name changed in the Contents pane. Give each of your other four layers better names than the defaults.
  最后，为了不混淆图层所表示的内容，请在内容窗格中为图层指定比“areawater”或“airports_Project更好的名称”。调出 areawater 图层的 Properties 并选择 General 选项卡。在 Name 框中，为此图层输入一个更好、更具描述性的名称（例如 County Water Bodies），然后单击 OK。您将在内容窗格中看到名称已更改。为其他四个图层中的每个图层指定比默认值更好的名称。
• When you have your new symbols changed, answer Question 1.4.
  更改新符号后，请回答问题 1.4。

Question 1.4  问题 1.4

Step 1.8 Saving Your Work
步骤 1.8 保存您的工作

• All the work that you’ve done in creating new projected layers and altering symbology is part of your project, and you’ll want to save your project. (Note that it will be saved as Module1.aprx, the name you gave it back on page 7 when you got started.) There are two ways to save your project in ArcGIS Pro: - On the Quick Access Toolbar, click on the Save icon.
  您在创建新投影图层和更改符号系统方面所做的所有工作都是工程的一部分，您需要保存工程。（请注意，它将保存为 Module1.aprx，这是您在开始时在第 7 页返回的名称。有两种方法可以在 ArcGIS Pro 中保存您的工程：- 在快速访问工具栏上，单击保存图标。
• Click on the Project tab and then click on Save (or, if you want to save the project under a different name, click Save As).
  单击 Project 选项卡，然后单击 Save （保存）（或者，如果要以其他名称保存项目，请单击 Save As）。
• As discussed in Smartbox 1.1, all you’ve saved in the project is a file that points to where your data layers are stored and how they should appear when this project is reopened. In order to place all your work, data layers, tools, scripts, and results in a single compact file that you can easily move around (to take home, take to a conference, or take to another computer lab to work on later), you would want to also create a package for your project. See Smartbox 1.10 for more details.
  如 Smartbox 1.1 中所述，您在项目中保存的只是一个文件，该文件指向数据图层的存储位置以及重新打开此工程时它们应如何显示。为了将所有工作、数据层、工具、脚本和结果放在一个紧凑的文件中，以便轻松移动（带回家、参加会议或带到另一个计算机实验室稍后处理），您还需要为项目创建一个包。有关更多详细信息，请参阅 Smartbox 1.10。

Package Project  打包项目

Share Module1 As A Project Package
将 Module1 作为项目包共享

Package Attachments  包附件

Start Packaging  开始打包

Upload package to Online account
将包上传到 Online 帐户
(-) Save package to file
(-)将包保存到文件
Item Details  商品详情
Name  名字
C:\GIS\Module1Package1.pplx
C：\GIS\Module1Package1.pplx

Summary  总结

Tags  标签

Mahoning $x$$x$xx GIS $\times$$\times$xx\times Add Tag(s)
Mahoning $x$$x$xx GIS $\times$$\times$xx\times 添加标签

$◻$$◻$◻\square Share outside of organization (1)Include Toolboxes (1)
$◻$$◻$◻\square 在组织外部共享 （1）包括工具箱 （1）
$✓$$✓$✓\checkmark Include History Items
$✓$$✓$✓\checkmark 包括历史记录项

• Geoprocessing Package: This option is used to package and share items such as models. (See Module 20 for more about creating geoprocessing packages.)
  地理处理包：此选项用于打包和共享模型等项目。（有关创建地理处理包的详细信息，请参阅模块 20。
• Layer Package: This option packages and shares a single layer (and its appearance). A layer package has the extension .lpkx.
  图层包：此选项打包并共享单个图层（及其外观）。图层包的扩展名为 .lpkx。
  layer package  图层包
  A single file that contains one data layer.
  包含一个数据层的单个文件。
• Map Package: This option produces a package and shares the layers and contents of a single map in ArcGIS Pro. A map package has the extension .mpkx.
  地图包：此选项将生成一个包，并在 ArcGIS Pro 中共享单个地图的图层和内容。地图包的扩展名为 .mpkx。
  map package  map 包
  A single file that contains the contents of one map in ArcGIS Pro.
  包含 ArcGIS Pro 中一个地图内容的单个文件。
• Mobile Map Package: This option packages and shares the layers and contents of a single map but in a format that can be used with ArcGIS mobile apps. (See Module 6 for more about using these apps.)
  移动地图包：此选项打包并共享单个地图的图层和内容，但格式可与 ArcGIS 移动应用程序一起使用。（有关使用这些应用程序的更多信息，请参阅模块 6。

Step 1.9 Finishing Up and Exporting Your Work
步骤 1.9 完成并导出您的工作

• When you’ve finished displaying the layers the way that you want them, your task is complete; you’ve compiled your set of data layers in ArcGIS Pro for your presentation, set them all up in the proper spatial reference, and set up their appearance to match your audience’s expectations. If you have zoomed in or out of any of your layers, you should restore the view to the dimensions of your layers. To do so, right-click on a layer (in this case, the boundary layer) and select Zoom to Layer. This resets the view to the extent of the chosen layer (in this case, the extent of the boundaries of Mahoning County).
  以所需方式显示图层后，您的任务即完成;您已在 ArcGIS Pro 中编译了用于演示的数据图层集，在适当的空间参考中对其进行了全部设置，并设置了它们的外观以符合受众的期望。如果放大或缩小了任何图层，则应将视图恢复为图层的尺寸。为此，请右键单击图层（在本例中为边界图层），然后选择 Zoom to Layer （缩放到图层）。这会将视图重置为所选图层的范围（在本例中为 Mahoning County 的边界范围）。
• In future modules, you will usually either create a professional-looking map layout to print (see Module 3) or digitally share your finished product with others via ArcGIS Online (see Module 4). For now, however, you can save your completed display as a PDF file that you can print or share with others. From the Share tab, in the Export group, click the Map button. Give it the filename Module1 and for Save as Type, select PDF. Place this PDF file in your C: \GIS\Module1 \folder. When you’re done, answer Question 1.5.
  在以后的模块中，您通常会创建具有专业外观的地图布局以进行打印（请参阅模块 3），或通过 ArcGIS Online 与他人以数字方式共享您的成品（请参阅模块 4）。但是，现在，您可以将完成的显示保存为 PDF 文件，以便打印或与他人共享。在 Share 选项卡的 Export 组中，单击 Map 按钮。为其指定文件名 Module1，对于 Save as Type，选择 PDF。将此 PDF 文件放在 C 语言：\GIS\Module1 \文件夹中。完成后，请回答问题 1.5。

Question 1.5  问题 1.5

© Closing Time  © 关闭时间

RELATED CONCEPTS FOR MODULE 1
模块 1 的相关概念

ArcGIS Pro, Python, and Arcade
ArcGIS Pro、Python 和 Arcade

script  脚本

Python  蟒

import arcpy  导入 arcpy

Arcade  拱廊

Key Terms  关键术语

geographic information systems (GIS)
地理信息系统 （GIS）

Catalog pane  目录窗格

package  包

project package  项目包

layer package  图层包

map package  map 包

ArcPy

Arcade  拱廊