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PROFESSIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON RESILIENCE IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
專業人員對社會工作實踐中的韌性的看法

Alina COSTIN, Ph.D., 阿利娜·科斯丁,Ph.D.Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania
阿烏雷爾·弗拉西科大學,羅馬尼亞阿拉德
costintalina@gmail.com

Abstract 摘要

Social work is a profession that addresses social problems in society and aims to promote changes that facilitate optimal frameworks for the development of disadvantaged categories and equally promote the healthy development of human relationships. Exercising the profession constituted a permanent challenge due to the professional's daily contact with adversity, in various forms: abandonment, poverty, disabilities, losses, inequalities, etc. We aim to explore the perception of social workers in different social services at community level with consideration of the difficulties of the profession and resilience as a core feature in client practice. 4 in-depth interviews were conducted and 80 social workers from special and primary services responded to a questionnaire on resilience indicators. The results confirm other specialized studies that emphasize that resilience is a specific trait of the social worker (Wolin, 2004; Benard, 1991; Grant, & Kinman, 2012) and address the inherent nature of the profession. Study participants identified several manifestations of resilience, or compartments of it, that enable them to remain or perform better in an environment marked by suffering. A positive selfconcept and a strong sense of identity. openness to experience, sense of humor, etc. We conclude that social workers are consciously involved in this process of generating change for the better; however, signals could be observed indicating the need to care for and maintain a healthy organizational climate to prevent occupational risks such as burnout, compassion fatigue.
社會工作是一個專業,旨在解決社會問題,並促進有利於弱勢群體發展的最佳框架的變革,同時也促進人際關係的健康發展。由於社工每天都要面對各種形式的逆境,如遺棄、貧困、殘疾、損失、不平等等,因此從事這一職業是一個持續的挑戰。我們旨在探討不同社會服務機構的社工在處理客戶時對復韌力的感受,並考慮這一專業的困難。我們進行了 4 次深入訪談,並通過問卷調查收集了 80 名來自特殊和一般服務的社工對復韌力指標的反饋。研究結果證實了其他專門研究的結論,即復韌力是社工的一個特質(Wolin, 2004; Benard, 1991; Grant, & Kinman, 2012),並且這一特質是這一職業的固有屬性。研究參與者指出了使他們能夠在備受苦難的環境中保持或表現得更好的復韌力表現或元素,如積極的自我概念和強烈的身份認同、開放的態度、幽默感等。我們得出結論,社工有意識地參與到改善的變革過程中,但也觀察到一些訊號,表明需要關注和維持健康的組織氛圍,以預防諸如倦怠和同情疲勞等職業風險。

Key words: social work: profession; resilience; adversity.
關鍵詞:社會工作:專業;復原力;逆境。

The professional nature of social work and resilience
社會工作的專業性與適應能力

The topic of the resilience of social workers has been a subject of particular interest in the academic literature in recent decades; properly speaking, resilience was included as a profile subject in the education of social workers (Collins, 2017). Indeed, in the practice of social assistance, specialists meet daily with deficiency, losses, lacks or
社會工作者韌性的議題在近幾十年的學術文獻中一直是個特別感興趣的課題;確切地說,韌性被包含為社會工作者教育中的一個概況主題(Collins, 2017)。實際上,在社會協助的實踐中,專業人員每天都會面臨缺憾、損失、欠缺或

suffering; this fact definitely leads to stress and trains various resources, such as: resistance to stress, a robust psychic structure, a high level of optimism and a cheerful and open, to experience temperament. Much has been written about the burnout of social workers (Kinman and Grant, 2011; Gómez-García, AlonsoSangregorio, Llamazares-Sánchez, 2020; Barck-Holst, et al., 2021); including that this would be the reason why this professional category only stays in the profession for around 8 years in comparison with other professions that are practiced under conditions of adversity (Curtis, Moriarty and Netten, 2010). The constant contact with the victims of the abuse of abandoned children, with people who are alone or who are experiencing major losses, deaths, etc., gives the practice a reputation of being a difficult profession. Several professional risks have been identified, including burnout (Maslach, Leiter, Schaufeli, 2008; Williams, 2015), secondary traumatic stress (Wagaman et al., 2015), compassion fatigue (Adams, Boscarino, Figley, 2006), which seriously affects the state for the welfare of social workers.
痛苦;這一事實確實導致壓力,並訓練各種資源,例如:抵抗壓力的能力、強大的心理結構、高度的樂觀和愉快、開放的心靈。關於社工職業倦怠已有大量文獻(Kinman and Grant, 2011; Gómez-García, Alonso-Sangregorio, Llamazares-Sánchez, 2020; Barck-Holst, et al., 2021);包括社工在比其他在逆境中工作的職業的從業年限平均只有約 8 年。與遭受虐待的被遺棄兒童、獨居或經歷重大損失、死亡等人的持續接觸,使這個職業聲譽是一個艱難的職業。已確定了幾種職業風險,包括倦怠(Maslach, Leiter, Schaufeli, 2008; Williams, 2015)、二次創傷性壓力(Wagaman et al., 2015)、同情疲憊(Adams, Boscarino, Figley, 2006),這些嚴重影響了社工福祉的狀態。
As a result of this fact, Vîrgă, et al., (2020) draws attention to the need to care for and maintain a healthy organizational climate, especially in social assistance where the employees themselves provide care and protection. Despite all the adversities they come into contact with, it seems that social workers express significant satisfaction regarding the impact they have on people (Wendt, Tuckey and Prosser, 2011). In these conditions, the resilience of social workers appears as an extremely valuable trait, which makes it possible not only to survive but to exercise the profession with enthusiasm (Wendt et al., 2011). Resilience refers to an ability to return or recover after a period of difficulties, adversity or after stress-causing events, without affecting the mental health. Bonanno et al., (2004) catalogs it as the quality of rare and exceptionally healthy individuals; we can say that it is the key ingredient for the survival of the human species, especially if we consider the multiple pressures that we all experience every day. However, Collins (2017) criticizes the frequent association of resilience with social assistance, emphasizing in this way the intervention of the individual worker at the expense of forming a more extensive vision, such as that of the structural context of social assistance. Other authors are interested in understanding the nature of resilience; Grant, Kinman, (2012) believes that the predictors of this important quality consist of the high level of social trust and empathy and capacity for reflection. The table below contains a synthesis of the relevant academic literature on the nature or resources of resilience.
作為這一事實的結果,Vîrgă等人(2020)引起了對維護和保持健康的組織氣氛的需求,尤其是在社會援助領域,因為員工自己提供照顧和保護。儘管面臨重重困境,但社工似乎對自己對人產生的影響表示了顯著的滿意度(Wendt、Tuckey 和 Prosser,2011)。在這些條件下,社工的韌性似乎是一種極為寶貴的特質,不僅使他們能夠生存下來,而且能夠以熱情從事職業(Wendt 等人,2011)。韌性指的是在經歷一段困難、逆境或壓力事件後,能夠重新恢復或回復,而不會影響心理健康。Bonanno 等人(2004)將其列為罕見和極為健康個人的品質;我們可以說,這是人類物種生存的關鍵因素,尤其是當我們每天都面臨著多重壓力時。然而,Collins(2017)批評了將韌性與社會援助相關聯的做法,強調了個人工作者的介入,而忽略了更廣泛的視角,如社會援助的結構性背景。其他學者對理解韌性的本質感興趣;Grant 和 Kinman(2012)認為,這一重要品質的預測因素包括高水平的社會信任、同理心和反思能力。下表總結了關於韌性性質或資源的相關學術文獻。
Table no. 1. Synthesizing resilience resources from specialized literature
表一、從專門文獻合成抗逆力資源
Resilience indicators 抗逆指標 Specific behaviors 特定行為

專門文獻 通訊員
Specialized literature
correspondent
Resistent traits 抗性特徵

個人特質和 保護因數為 確定確定為 良好的心理健康
A mix of personal traits and
protection factors which are
identified to determine a
good mental health

韋納和史密斯, 1982 沃納, 1989
Werner and Smith,
1982
Werner, 1989

幽默感、感性 方向和使命
Sense of humor, sense of
direction and mission

積極應對 諸如此類的策略 最小化或 理性化
Engaging in coping
strategies such as
minimizing or
rationalizing
Garmezy, 1981 加米奇,1981

智力能力, 自適應社交距離
Intellectual capacity,
adaptive distancing

對現實的感知 受知識影響的 容量,識別 解決方案
Perception of reality
mediated by intellectual
capacity, identifying
solutions
Jordan, 1992 約旦,1992 年

擁有才能 或一種能力
The possession of a talent
or an ability

專注於一個興趣, 天賦或技能導致 遠離健康 創傷的來源和 培養創意
Focusing on a hobby,
talent or skill leads to
healthy distancing from
the source of trauma and
develops creativity

沃林和沃林, 1993; 威納和史密斯, 1982, 嘉麥斯, 1991; 拉特, 1989 ; 沃納爾, 1989; 呂瑟 & 齊格勒, 1991; 康普爾, 1993; 安東尼, 1987; 沃勒斯坦,1983
Wolin & Wolin, 1993;
Werner & Smith,
1982, Garmezy, 1991;
Rutter, 1989; Werner,
1989; Luthar & Zigler,
1991; Kumpfer, 1993;
Anthony, 1987;
Wallerstein, 1983
Self-efficacy 自我效能感

自尊是一種 組件是信念 那個是稱職的 執行某些任務
Self-esteem is a
component is the belief
that one is competent to
perform certain tasks

班杜拉, 1977 威爾納 (1985)
Bandura, 1977
Werner (1985)

持續的關係與 正面成年人
Constant relationships with
positive adults

相信自己在 對自己命運的掌控- 那些不幸事件將會 已解決,且機會可得 克服。才能、技能 或有強烈興趣 協助建立復原力。
Belief that one is in
control of one's destiny-
that misfortunes will be
resolved and the odds can
be overcome. talent, skills
or a strong interest can
help build resilience.
Benard, 1991 貝納德, 1991
Source: Turner, S. G. (2001), https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.176
來源: Turner, S. G. (2001), https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.176

2.1. Research description
2.1. 研究描述

The topic we addressed, namely, the investigation of the perception of social workers regarding resilience required the development and carrying out of a mixed type of research, in which we applied a questionnaire and applied 4 interviews with social workers from different fields of activity.
我們所探討的主題,即社工對所需韌性的認知調查,要求開發和進行一種混合型研究,在此我們應用了問卷調查並對來自不同活動領域的 4 名社工進行了訪談。

2.2. Aim 2.2. 目標

Description of the professional setting of social assistance, as a setting marked by adversity that demands the high emotional and social skills of social workers.
社會協助工作的專業環境,是一個充滿逆境與挑戰的環境,要求社工擁有卓越的情緒管理和社交技能。

2.3. Objectives 2.3. 目標

Exploring social workers' perceptions of behaviors associated with resilience and describing the profile of social workers considered resilient.
探索社工對與復原力相關行為的看法,並描述被視為有復原力的社工的特徵。
* Identifying the perceptions of social workers in the field of child protection and other fields of activity regarding resilience indicators
關於兒童保護和其他工作領域內社工對抗逆力指標的認知
  • The description of the attitude, the way of reporting to the adversities specific to the practice of social assistance
    社會救助實踐中對逆境態度及報告方式的描述

2.4. Hypothesis and sample
2.4. 假說與樣本

  1. Specialists in the field of social assistance are aware of the demanding nature of the profession, which calls for the constant mobilization of resilience as a personality trait
    社會救助領域的專家深知這個職業的艱鉅性質,需要不斷發動個人的自我調適能力
  2. There are services that train this trait more frequently and intensively
    有些服務可以更頻繁和更強度地培養這種特質
  3. The indicators of resilience are perceived differently depending on the individual resources and mechanisms of the social workers to resist adversities
    抗逆力指標因社工個人資源和機制而有不同的感知方式來抵禦逆境
The structured questionnaire was applied to a number of 40 social workers in the field of child protection (specialized services) and 40 social workers working in primary or administrative services (from SPAS, DAS).
結構性問卷調查已應用於 40 名在兒童保護領域(專門服務)工作的社會工作者以及 40 名在初級或行政服務(來自 SPAS、DAS)工作的社會工作者。
The study aims to answer the following questions:
這項研究旨在回答以下問題:
  1. What are the services that generate the greatest sources of stress or that train the resilience of social workers?
    哪些服務會產生最大壓力來源或培養社工的抗壓力?
  2. What are the resources that you activate most frequently in situations of stress and adversity?
    在壓力和逆境中,您最常激活哪些資源?
The socio-demographic structure of the sample is displayed below:
樣本的社會人口統計結構如下:
Figure no 1. The socio-demographic structure of the sample by age category
圖 1. 按年齡類別劃分的樣本社會人口結構

2.5. Methods 2.5. 方法

Field survey based on questionnaire constituted the research method used in the present study. The questionnaire was applied in child protection services and primary social assistance services, two areas
根據問卷構成的實地調查是本研究使用的研究方法。該問卷應用於兒童保護服務和初級社會救助服務這兩個領域。

that require somewhat different professional skills. 4 interviews were also carried out, which aimed to evaluate respondents' perceptions of the behavioral indicators of a resilient person and the concepts that describe the most important challenges they face in child protection services.
需要稍有不同專業技能的工作。 同時也進行了 4 次訪談,旨在評估受訪者對具有適應力的人的行為指標以及描述他們在兒童保護服務中面臨的最重要挑戰的概念的看法。

2.6. Results 2.6. 結果

Respondents emphasized that resilience is a skill that is trained every day. The conducted interviews revealed exceptional qualities of the participants who speak with passion and enthusiasm about the profession they practice. I can easily list the disadvantages of doing social assistance, bringing serious and pertinent criticisms to the blockages in the social assistance profession, but the representation they have about their professional meaning is one to be admired, almost heroic. There must be people like us, really concerned with changing the defective things and their impact on people (ID. 20 years of experience in child protection).
受訪者強調,韌性是每天訓練的一項技能。進行的面試揭示了參與者對他們所從事的專業充滿熱情和熱情的非凡品質。我可以很容易地列舉從事社會援助的缺點,對社會援助專業中的障礙提出嚴重和相關的批評,但他們對自己的專業意義的看法是值得敬佩的,幾乎是英雄般的。必須有像我們這樣真正關心改變有缺陷的事物及其對人們的影響的人(兒童保護 20 年經驗)。
Making a synthesis of the answers obtained, we list the following dysfunctions that make social assistance practice difficult:
綜合所得的答案,我們列出以下使社會援助實踐困難的障礙:
  • Helplessness in cases of abandonment/renunciation of one's own child
    捨棄或放棄自己的孩子的無助感
* Lack of resources in managing serious cases
處理嚴重案件缺乏資源
  • Weak legislation in cases of abuse and neglect / limited interventions
    對於虐待和忽視的案件缺乏有效的法律規定/干預措施有限

Overcrowding with difficult cases
嚴重擁擠與棘手個案

The participants repeated in unison the need to institute more drastic measures that could limit the effects of increasingly accentuated social problems and the creation of a realistic plan to prevent marginalization and limit social inequalities. The 4 conducted interviews revealed some personality characteristics of the social workers. Emotional resilience is not only a quality of the individual, but a dynamic resulting from the interaction between personal characteristics and external factors. Respondents are of the opinion that upon entering the child protection system as specialists they had limited resources to deal with the stress and trauma they came into contact with. They also noticed this in new entrants to the system, in graduates of social assistance programs. This study shows that social workers who are more resilient are those who can maintain positive relationships in their personal and professional lives, access support from a range of sources, demonstrate appropriate empathy, draw on a range of coping styles and successfully manage and contain their own and others' emotions. This is not to say that resilient social workers are superhuman and free from life's difficulties. They face the same problems as others, but tend to deal with setbacks constructively and
參與者一致重複需要實施更加激烈的措施,以限制日益突出的社會問題的影響,並制定一個切實可行的計劃來預防邊緣化和限制社會不平等。 4 次訪談揭示了一些社工的個性特徵。情感抗壓力不僅是個人的品質,也是個人特徵與外部因素互動的動態結果。受訪者認為,在進入兒童保護系統作為專家時,他們處理壓力和創傷的資源有限。他們也注意到這一點出現在系統的新進入者和社會工作計劃畢業生中。 這項研究表明,能夠在個人和專業生活中維持積極關係、獲得各方面的支持、表現適當同理心、運用各種應對方式並成功管理和控制自己和他人情緒的社工更具抗壓力。這並不意味著有韌性的社工是超人,可以免於生活的困難。他們面臨與他人相同的問題,但往往以建設性的方式應對挫折。

persevere in the face of difficulties.
面對困難堅持下去。
The 4 cases also experienced negative feelings such as frustration, anger and anxiety, but balance them with positive experiences and reconsider the adverse reality. According to the analysis, experiences and emotions expand and build personal resources rather than depleting them, thus leading to resistance. Resilience is also selfsustaining: for example, flexibility and self-compassion contributed to the development of other skills and resources.
這 4 宗案例也經歷了挫折、憤怒和焦慮等負面情緒,但也使用正面經驗來平衡,並重新考慮不利的現實。根據分析,經驗和情緒的擴大和建立個人資源,而不是耗竭它們,從而導致抵抗力。韌性也是自我維持的:例如,靈活性和自我同情心有助於其他技能和資源的發展。

Interview 1. 採訪 1.

A.S., 48 years old, child care protection system employee, 20 years of expertise
A.S.,48 歲,兒童保護系統員工,擁有 20 年專業經驗。
The participant points out that the constant exposure to traumatic situations initially constituted "a touchstone", a huge challenge that he faced. The enthusiasm at the beginning turned over time into overcrowding, burdening, loss of resistance. It describes the environment as one marked by permanent suffering, loss, unmet needs. Even though every day demands and trains new and new availability and skills, even though she feels that her resilience has decreased, there was never a moment in the acre that she wanted to give up.
該參與者指出,持續接觸創傷性情況最初構成「試金石」,是他面臨的巨大挑戰。剛開始的熱情隨著時間的推移變成了過度擁擠、負擔和抗壓能力的喪失。它描述了這個環境標誌著永久性的痛苦、損失和未得到滿足的需求。即使每天的需求和技能訓練都在不斷增加,即使她感到自己的抗壓力下降了,但在這片農田中,她從未想過放棄。
"Choose a job you love and you'll never have to work a day in your life." - Confucius. A career in social work is a gift in that you are allowed to enter the intimate lives of wonderful people in your efforts to help them on their journey of recovery, where victims become survivors and systems bend to meet the needs of those more vulnerable people in our society.
「選擇你熱愛的工作,你終生都不必工作。」-孔子。社會工作是一種禮物,因為你被允許進入美好人們的私密生活,為他們的復原歷程提供幫助,讓受害者成為倖存者,並調整制度以滿足社會中那些較弱勢群體的需求。
I'm a qualified social worker and I work 50 hours a week and I still don't get it all done. The work never ends. I work from home on weekends constantly. I need to know that the work I do has an impact on people's lives. I don't have to wonder if my efforts made a difference. I see them every day in the lives of the people I work with" (A. S., 48 years old).
我是一名合格的社工,我每週工作 50 小時,但仍無法完成所有工作。工作永無止境。我每週末都在家工作。我需要知道我的工作對人們的生活有所影響。我不需要質疑我的努力是否產生了差異。我每天都能在我所服務的人們的生活中看到成果。(A.S., 48 歲)

Interview 2. 面試 2。

The interview applied to C.S. case manager, 36 years old, revealed some truths-axioms regarding the specifics of the social worker profession. The respondent has the capacity for analysis and synthesis, coordination and collaboration. He integrates previous experiences but manages to look at each case from 0 . He has built step by step resistance to stress and the huge soul losses with which he works and with which he is in constant contact, he self-evaluates as successfully achieving the quality standards required for the position on who occupies it. Experienced social workers involved in the present study readily share feelings of pressure and large or complex cases. A few of
對於 36 歲的 C.S.個案經理的面試結果顯示了一些關於社工專業特性的真理原則。受訪者有分析和綜合、協調和合作的能力。他整合了以往的經驗,但能夠以全新的角度看待每一個案例。他逐步建立了抗壓能力,能夠處理工作中帶來的巨大心靈損耗。他自我評價成功達到了該職位所需的質量標準。參與本研究的有經驗的社工們,都坦誠地分享了壓力和大量或複雜案件的感受。其中有少數人表示

their observations have been selected with their permission:
他們的觀察已經經過本人許可選用:
I chose Social Work because I have always believed in the fight for human rights. I believe our profession can change the world on so many levels: for each person we have the opportunity to serve, for entire family systems, and for the communities in which we live. I am grateful for the opportunity to be part of a profession that reaches out to our most vulnerable populations and strives to make a difference in so many lives. The social work profession gives me the opportunity to work in a variety of settings and to work for multidimensional collaborative change. Working in this field, I am able to empower, support, motivate, connect and encourage resilience. To challenge stereotypes and avoid errors. Also, the fight against discrimination, oppression and injustice in any form. In this field, I get to be a voice for all those who cannot stand up for themselves. It's worth making this world a better place one person at a time.
我選擇社會工作,因為我一直相信為人權而戰。我相信我們的專業可以在許多層面上改變世界:對於我們有機會服務的每一個人,對於整個家庭系統,以及我們所生活的社區。我很感激有機會成為一個致力於為最弱勢群體伸張正義,並致力於改善許多生命的專業的一份子。社會工作專業給予我在各種不同場合工作,並為多方面協作性改變而努力的機會。在這個領域工作,我能夠賦權、支持、激勵、連結並鼓勵復原力。挑戰刻板印象,避免錯誤。此外,反對任何形式的歧視、壓迫和不公正。在這個領域,我可以成為那些無法為自己發聲的人的代言人。一次一個人地讓這個世界變得更好是值得的。

Interview 3 訪問三

Respondent L.B. (50 years old), at the time of the interview, declares himself overwhelmed and assaulted by constantly changing tasks due to the unpredictability and complexity of the cases. The number of beneficiaries is constantly increasing, their needs are diversifying, the respondent emphasizes the existence of a continuous internal struggle determined by the desire to produce change and limited resources on the one hand, and the deficient legal instruments they sometimes have at hand.
受訪者 L.B. (50 歲)在接受訪問時表示,由於個案的不可預測性和複雜性,他不斷面臨任務的變化而感到不知所措和遭受攻擊。受益人數不斷增加,其需求也越趨多樣化,受訪者強調內部存在持續的內在矛盾,一方面是希望帶來改變的願望,另一方面卻受到有限資源和手頭缺乏適當法律工具的限制。
I am in Social Work because the profession gives me the opportunity to help people from a multitude of situations. It is my natural aptitude; I need to shine in this field to be myself. I had periods when I thought I couldn't do it anymore. I mounted quickly and took it from the end. Social work teaches me to respect vulnerability, relationship, the person's right to choose, their suffering, their resources and the responsibility we have in providing quality care.
我從事社會工作是因為這個職業給了我機會去幫助來自各種背景的人。這是我的天賦所在;我需要在這個領域大放異彩,才能真正成為自己。我曾有過無法再繼續下去的時期,但我很快就振作起來,從頭再來。社會工作教會我要尊重脆弱、關係、個人的選擇權、他們的痛苦、資源以及我們在提供優質照顧方面的責任。

Interview 4. 採訪 4。

E.S., 47, says her resilience was tested very early on due to the loss of her mother and the difficult path in the special protection system. He chose the profession of social worker from the first years of high school out of a desire to save other lives. After 25 years of activity with abandoned children, E.S. he feels he needs to reorient himself professionally. His personal life is full of suffering; he appreciates that he does not have the necessary resources to counter the adversities at work.
47 歲的 E.S.表示,由於失去母親和在特殊保護系統中面臨的艱難道路,她在非常早期就接受了考驗。她從高中初年就選擇了社工這個職業,出於拯救其他生命的願望。在 25 年的被拋棄兒童工作後,E.S.感覺需要重新定位自己的職業。他的個人生活充滿痛苦;他意識到自己沒有必要的資源來應對工作上的逆境。
I had a rough childhood and I wanted to help children so they wouldn't have to go through the pain and anguish I had to go through myself.
我有一個艱難的童年,我想幫助孩子們,使他們不必經歷我自己所遭受的痛苦和折磨。
"I will be leaving soon because the stress and pressure is too much. I need to meet healthy and strong people; I don't have the resources to raise them myself.
我即將離開,因為壓力和壓力太大了。我需要認識健康強壯的人;我沒有資源自己撫養他們。

Results 結果

The interviews highlighted and confirmed what the literature has found about resilience factors. The life path of each respondent, personality traits, age and experience are particularly important indicators for outlining the potential for resistance to stress, trauma specific to the practice of social assistance.
這些訪談突出並確認了文獻中關於抗逆力因素的發現。每位受訪者的生活歷程、人格特質、年齡和經歷,都是勾勒出抵禦壓力、創傷的潛在能力的尤其重要的指標,這些與社會援助實踐有關。
In the table below we have summarized the concepts that describe the practice of social work, according to the social workers involved in the study, and that define the adversities they face on a daily basis. According to them, these adversities fundamentally train and demand all their emotional and cognitive resources.
根據參與本研究的社工描述,下表總結了概括社工實踐的概念,以及他們日常面對的困境。據他們所述,這些困境根本性地訓練並要求他們投入全部的情感和認知資源。
Specialty services 專門服務

與服務相關的概念 練習
Concepts associated with services
practice

收養服務 - 後期 收養部門
Adoption service - post-
adoption department

與遭遇過的孩子接觸 遺棄、虐待;困難路線 標識有系列遺棄
Contact with the child who experienced
abandonment, abuse; Difficult route
marked by serial abandonment

複雜的兒童評估 服務
The complex child assessment
service

殘障、無權無力、限制 遺棄、失戀創傷
Disability, powerlessness, limitation,
abandonment, loss trauma

複雜的評估服務 殘障成人
Complex assessment service for
adults with disabilities
Loss, deficiency, disability
損失、不足、殘障

預防服務 社會邊緣化, 人口販運、移民與 遣返
The Service for the Prevention
of Social Marginalization,
Trafficking, Migration and
Repatriation

分隔、孤獨、痛苦, 遺棄、販賣、綁架, 遺棄
Separation, loneliness, suffering,
abandonment, trafficking, kidnapping,
abandonment

虐待、疏忽、遺棄、謀殺, 極端,強姦,亂倫,蔑視,仇恨, 風險、脆弱性
Abuse, neglect, abandonment, murder,
extremes, rape, incest, contempt, hatred,
risk, vulnerability

個案管理服務 個人/家庭的兒童 寄養照顧
Case management service for
children in individual/family
foster care

虐待、疏忽、遺棄、謀殺, 極限、強姦、亂倫、蔑視、 仇恨、風險、脆弱、殘疾, 無助、局限、被遺棄、損失 創傷
Abuse, neglect, abandonment, murder,
extreme limits, rape, incest, contempt,
hatred, risk, vulnerability, Disability,
helplessness, limitation, abandonment, loss
trauma
Table no. 2. Concepts associated with the practice in the field of child protection services
表第 2 號。與兒童保護服務領域的實踐相關的概念
The analysis of the results indicates quite different perceptions of the social workers included in the two categories: specialized services and primary services. The applied questionnaire sought to evaluate the perception of social workers regarding the organization on a scale of the most important behaviors specific to resilience. The results transposed in the figure below show that:
結果分析顯示,專門服務和基本服務兩類社工的社會認知有相當不同。所使用的問卷旨在評估社工對組織方面與抗逆力相關的最重要行為的認知情況。下圖所示結果顯示:
A positive self-concept and a strong sense of identity constitute the main resource in the fight against adversities, followed by enthusiasm, optimism and hope (categorized as fundamental conditions in exercising the profession of social worker). For child protection respondents, the ability to learn from experience and to approach reality with a sense of humor are extremely important. For specialists from other fields (who work predominantly in the office, with the classification of documents and files, the relationship with the client, where qualities such as organization, discipline, routine are required) resilience is rather associated with well-developed social skills and social trust, the ability to call on sources of support and set fair boundaries.
正面自我概念和強烈的身分認同構成對抗逆境的主要資源,接著是熱情、樂觀和希望(歸類為社工職業的基本條件)。對兒童保護應答者來說,從經驗中學習和以幽默感看待現實至關重要。對於其他領域的專家(主要在辦公室工作,處理文件和檔案分類、與客戶互動,需要組織、紀律、常規等素質)而言,堅韌性更多地與發達的社交技能和社會信任相關聯,以及動用支援資源和設立公平界限的能力。
Figure no. 2. Social workers' perception of indicators of resilience in the social work profession
圖表第 2 號。社會工作者對社會工作專業中抗逆力指標的看法
In the perception of social workers, study participants, resilience is represented by different behaviors, such as those listed below.
在社工和研究參與者的認知中,韌性通過以下列舉的不同行為表現。
A positive self-concept and a strong sense of identity.
正面的自我概念和強烈的身份認同。
Flexibility and adaptability, drawing on a wide range of coping strategies and creative problem-solving skills
靈活性和適應性,運用廣泛的應對策略和創造性解決問題的技能
Enthusiasm, optimism and hope
熱情、樂觀和希望
The ability to learn from experience
從經驗學習的能力
Well-developed social skills and social confidence
非常發達的社交技能和社交自信
Openness to experience 開放性經驗
Sense of humor 幽默感
Ability to identify and call on sources of support
能夠識別並尋求支援來源的能力
An internal locus of control (where an individual attributes their success to their own efforts and abilities) and a high degree of autonomy
內部控制的焦點(個人將其成功歸因於自己的努力和能力)以及高度的自主權
Self-awareness and emotional literacy.
自我意識和情緒素養。
Self-compassion and the ability to prioritize self-care. Critical thinking skills.
自我同情和優先照顧自己的能力。批判性思維技能。
Ability to set appropriate boundaries.
制定適當界限的能力。
The ability to recognize and rely on one's own unique internal model and external resources.
認識並依賴自己獨特的內在模型和外部資源的能力。
Persistence in the face of challenges, setbacks and adversity.
面對挑戰、逆境和困難保持堅持不懈。
A sense of purpose and the ability to derive from difficulties and challenges.
對目標的感知及從困難和挑戰中獲得力量的能力。
Future orientation. 未來取向。
Sense of humor. 幽默感。
The results indicate different perceptions, and the differences are determined by the different specificities of the activities in the two sectors of activity.
結果顯示不同的感知,這些差異是由於兩個行業中活動的不同特性所決定的。

Conclusions 結論

A professional social worker-client relationship that fosters reciprocity and creates solidarity and a sense of connectedness can be the vehicle to transform casualties and deficits into victories and resilience (Phillips, 1994; Jordan, 1992, 1998). Wolin and Wolin (1993) tell several stories about resistant people and their interventions, as therapists, used to help people get in touch with their resistance. The professional environment is described by the study participants as being marked by adversities, the terms with which the practice of social assistance was associated were: loss, suffering, loneliness, trauma, abuse, etc.
一個專業的社工與客戶之間的關係,應該建立在相互關懷和連結的基礎之上。這樣的關係可以成為幫助客戶從挫折和缺失中獲得勝利與復原力的媒介(Phillips, 1994; Jordan, 1992, 1998)。Wolin 和 Wolin (1993)講述了幾個關於抗拒性人格的故事,以及他們作為治療師所採取的干預措施,以幫助這些人體會到自己的抗拒性。參與研究的社工表示,他們的工作環境充滿了逆境,與社會工作實踐相關的詞語有:喪失、痛苦、孤獨、創傷、虐待等。
The applied questionnaire allowed to obtain some results that confirm the benchmarks in the specialized literature regarding the resources and indicators of resilience; depending on the specifics of the beneficiaries and the issues addressed by each respondent, they ranked the behaviors specific to resilience differently. The conducted interviews allowed the completion of the quantitative study with qualitative data about the experience, the attitude in relation to the adversities, the description of the professional path and the personal path from which the ways of coping and training the resources of resilience result.
所採用的問卷調查使我們獲得了一些結果,這些結果與專門文獻中有關抗逆力資源和指標的基準相符;根據受益人的具體情況和每位受訪者所涉及的問題,他們對抗逆力具體行為的排序有所不同。所進行的訪談使定量研究得以通過質性數據補充,這些數據涉及經歷、應對逆境的態度、職業軌跡與個人道路的描述,從而反映出應對方式和抗逆力資源的培養。

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