Hayari Miyake 三宅一生 Hayari

Hayari Miyake was born on 16 March 1866 in Anabuki, Tokushima Prefecture, on Shikoku island. He was the eldest son of doctors Gentatsu and Tomo Miyake. The Miyake family had a medical tradition spanning nearly ten generations.^[1] At the age of 12, Hayari Miyake moved to Tokyo under the care of his cousin and received his basic education there. He studied at the School of Foreign Languages and then completed a preparatory course for Tokyo Imperial University (present-day University of Tokyo), subsequently enrolling in the university's medical department. He graduated with the highest honors in his class in 1891.^[1] He became an assistant to Julius Scriba, a professor of surgery at Tokyo Imperial University, known for performing Japan's first craniotomy.^[2] Miyake described this case of a patient with a fracture of the left temporal bone and right-sided hemiparesis, who improved after the removal of the inwardly displaced skull fragments, in the Tokyo Medical Journal in 1893.^[3]
三宅一生于1866年3月16日出生于四国岛德岛县浪吹市。他是医生Gentatsu和Tomo Miyake的长子。三宅一生家族的医学传统跨越了近十代。^[1]12岁时，三宅一生在堂兄的照顾下搬到了东京，并在那里接受了基础教育。他曾就读于外国语学院，然后完成了东京帝国大学（今东京大学）的预科课程，随后进入该大学的医学部门。1891年，他以全班最高荣誉毕业。^[1]他成为东京帝国大学外科教授朱利叶斯·斯克里巴（Julius Scriba）的助手，该大学以进行日本第一例开颅手术而闻名。^[2]三宅一生在 1893 年的《东京医学杂志》上描述了一名左颞骨骨折和右侧偏瘫的患者，该患者在切除向内移位的颅骨碎片后有所改善。^[3]

Miyake then returned to his hometown and opened a surgical practice in Tokushima.^[1] Dissatisfied with the state of medical services in the city, he decided to pursue further studies in Germany, like many other Japanese doctors of the time. In 1898, he arrived in Berlin. Hearing about the scientific achievements of German-Polish-Austrian surgeon Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, who was a student of Theodor Billroth, he decided to travel to Wrocław by train to seek collaboration.^[4][5] He was accepted into the clinic almost immediately. In 1901, Miyake earned his medical doctorate. He was one of Mikulicz's favorite students. When his two-year internship ended, Mikulicz offered him a position at the clinic. According to Mikulicz's wife, "he loved Miyake as his own son".^[6] However, Miyake's father requested his return to Japan, so he did not accept Mikulicz's offer.^[7] Mikulicz gave him a very favorable letter of recommendation. Shortly afterward, in 1904, Miyake returned to Mikulicz's clinic, spending nearly four years in total in Wrocław.^[8]
三宅一生随后回到家乡，在德岛开设了一家外科诊所。^[1]由于对该市的医疗服务状况不满意，他决定像当时的许多其他日本医生一样在德国继续深造。1898年，他抵达柏林。听说了德波奥地利外科医生扬·米库利茨·拉德基（Jan Mikulicz-Radecki）的科学成就，他是西奥多·比罗斯（Theodor Billroth）的学生，他决定乘火车前往弗罗茨瓦夫寻求合作。^[4][5]他几乎立即被诊所接受。1901年，三宅一生获得了医学博士学位。他是米库利奇最喜欢的学生之一。当他两年的实习结束时，米库利奇为他提供了诊所的职位。根据米库利奇的妻子的说法，“他像爱自己的儿子一样爱三宅一生”。^[6]然而，三宅一生的父亲要求他返回日本，所以他没有接受三宅一生的提议。^[7]米库利奇给了他一封非常有利的推荐信。不久之后，在1904年，三宅一生回到了米库利奇的诊所，在弗罗茨瓦夫总共度过了近四年。^[8]

Shortly after Miyake left, Professor Mikulicz died of stomach cancer, having diagnosed himself with the incurable disease.^[9] Miyake learned of his teacher's death from an obituary in the Schlesischer Zeitung on 16 June 1905. In 1908, three years after the funeral, Henriette von Mikulicz-Radecki gave Miyake her husband's death mask, his portrait by Läwen, and manuscripts.^[10] After the war, Miyake's son, Hiroshi, found the mask and made several copies, sending the original by diplomatic mail to Mikulicz's grandson, F. Anschütz. In a letter dated 27 April 1976, Hiroshi wrote that the mask copies were given to surgical clinics in Japan to be kept "as a memento of the father of our surgery". In 2002, one of the copies was presented to the Surgical Clinic of the Medical Academy in Wrocław by Professor Miyake's great-granddaughter, Sumiko Hiki.^[9]
三宅离开后不久，米库利奇教授因胃癌去世，他被诊断出患有不治之症。^[9]1905 年 6 月 16 日，三宅一生从 Schlesischer Zeitung 的讣告中得知了他老师的死讯。1908 年，葬礼三年后，亨丽埃特·冯·米库利茨-拉德基 （Henriette von Mikulicz-Radecki） 将她丈夫的死亡面具、莱文 （Läwen） 的肖像和手稿送给了三宅一生。^[10]战后，三宅一生的儿子 Hiroshi 找到了面具并复印了几份，通过外交邮件将原件寄给了 Mikulicz 的孙子 F. Anschütz。在1976年4月27日的一封信中，Hiroshi写道，这些口罩副本被赠送给日本的外科诊所，以“作为我们外科之父的纪念品”保存。2002 年，其中一份副本由三宅教授的曾孙女 Sumiko Hiki 赠送给弗罗茨瓦夫医学院外科诊所。^[9]

In 1904, Miyake returned to Japan, where he headed the Department of Surgery at Kyushu Medical School (now the Department of Surgery at Kyushu University).^[8] In 1913, he became president of the Japan Surgical Society (founded in 1901) and was re-elected in 1926.^[6]
1904年，三宅一生回到日本，担任九州医学院外科系（现为九州大学外科系）的负责人。^[8]1913年，他成为日本外科学会（成立于1901年）的会长，并于1926年再次当选。^[6]

In October 1922, on his return voyage to Japan after his third visit to Europe, Miyake met theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. During the trip, Einstein suffered from bloody diarrhea and fever, and his wife, Elsa, asked Miyake for help. Miyake reassured the worried Einstein, who feared a possible cancer, and quickly cured him of a tropical fever with medication.^[8] Einstein and Miyake became friends.^[1] When their ship arrived in Kobe, Einstein promised to visit the surgeon at his home in Fukuoka. He fulfilled this promise on 25 December of the same year.^[11] During the visit, Einstein played the piano brought by Miyake from Vienna.^[3] The scholars also corresponded with each other.^[4]
1922 年 10 月，三宅一生在第三次访问欧洲后返回日本的途中遇到了理论物理学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。在旅途中，爱因斯坦患上了血性腹泻和发烧，他的妻子艾尔莎向三宅一生寻求帮助。三宅一生安抚了忧心忡忡的爱因斯坦，爱因斯坦担心可能患上癌症，并迅速用药物治愈了他的热带热病。^[8]爱因斯坦和三宅一生成了朋友。^[1]当他们的船抵达神户时，爱因斯坦答应去他位于福冈的家中拜访外科医生。他于同年12月25日兑现了这一诺言。^[11]访问期间，爱因斯坦弹奏了三宅一生从维也纳带来的钢琴。^[3]学者们也相互通信。^[4]

Miyake was the chairman of the Japanese branch of the International Society of Surgery (now International Society of Surgery), founded by Emil Theodor Kocher in 1901.^[6] In 1918, the society decided to exclude Austria and Germany because both countries were responsible for the outbreak of World War I. Miyake disagreed with the boycott of surgeons based on nationality and made efforts to reinstate delegates from these countries in the organization. To this end, he visited surgical clinics in Europe and America, collecting signatures for a petition to change the society's decision.^[6] He obtained support from, among others, the Mayo brothers (William James and Charles Horace) from the clinic in Rochester, Evarts Ambrose Graham from St. Louis, and Harvey Cushing from Boston. On 10 September, he received a telegram from ISS/SIC informing him that his petition had been positively reviewed.^[12]
三宅一生是国际外科学会（现为国际外科学会）日本分会的主席，该分会由埃米尔·西奥多·科赫（Emil Theodor Kocher）于1901年创立。^[6]1918 年，该协会决定将奥地利和德国排除在外，因为这两个国家都应对第一次世界大战的爆发负责。三宅一生不同意基于国籍抵制外科医生的做法，并努力使这些国家的代表重新加入该组织。为此，他访问了欧洲和美国的外科诊所，为改变社会决定的请愿书收集签名。^[6]他得到了罗切斯特诊所的梅奥兄弟（威廉·詹姆斯和查尔斯·霍勒斯）、圣路易斯的埃瓦茨·安布罗斯·格雷厄姆和波士顿的哈维·库欣等人的支持。9月10日，他收到国际空间站/SIC的电报，通知他他的申请已得到积极审查。^[12]

In 1925, during the 7th International Convention of Surgeons in Rome, Miyake paid a return visit to Einstein.^[8] Eight years later, Einstein left Europe and moved to the United States, losing contact with his Japanese friend.^[8]
1925年，在罗马举行的第七届国际外科医师大会上，三宅一生回访了爱因斯坦。^[8]八年后，爱因斯坦离开欧洲，移居美国，与他的日本朋友失去了联系。^[8]

In 1927, Miyake, Kitasato Shibasaburō, and other Japanese doctors became members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina).^[6] In 1928, Miyake was recommended by Ferdinand Sauerbruch, a former colleague from the clinic in Wrocław, for a position on the editorial board of the German journal Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie. Miyake maintained contact with other staff from Mikulicz's clinic and with his family.^[6]
1927 年，三宅一生、北里柴三郎和其他日本医生成为德国国家科学院利奥波迪纳 （Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina） 的成员。^[6]1928年，三宅一生被弗罗茨瓦夫诊所的前同事费迪南德·索尔布鲁赫（Ferdinand Sauerbruch）推荐为德国杂志《德国时代周刊》（Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie）的编辑委员会委员。三宅一生与米库利茨诊所的其他工作人员和他的家人保持联系。^[6]

In 1931, Hiroshi Miyake (1901–1993), the son of Hayari Miyake, began his studies abroad with Willy Anschütz [pl].^[13]
1931年，三宅一生的儿子三宅浩（1901-1993）开始在威利·安舒茨（Willy Anschütz ）的指导下出国留学。^[13]

In 1935, Hayari Miyake retired and settled in Ashiya, Kobe. When allied bombing began to threaten the family, his son Hiroshi decided to flee from Ashiya to Tottori and in May 1945 took his parents to his home in Okayama.^[8] On the night of 29 June, two days before the planned departure to Tottori, Hayari Miyake and his wife Miho were killed during an American carpet bombing of Okayama.^[1][4]
1935年，三宅骏退休并定居神户芦屋。当盟军的轰炸开始威胁到这个家庭时，他的儿子 Hiroshi 决定从芦屋逃到鸟取，并于 1945 年 5 月将他的父母带到冈山的家中。^[8]6月29日晚，在计划出发前往鸟取的前两天，三宅骏和妻子美穗在美国对冈山的地毯式轰炸中丧生。^[1][4]

After the war ended, Hiroshi Miyake informed Albert Einstein (residing in Princeton) about the death of his parents. Einstein responded with condolences in German and English. The Miyake family commemorated his words as an epitaph on their tombstone, located in Tokushima:^[8]
战争结束后，三宅一生将他父母的死讯告诉了阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（居住在普林斯顿）。爱因斯坦用德语和英语表示哀悼。三宅一生家族将他的话作为墓志铭纪念在位于德岛的墓碑上：^[8]

Here rest Dr. Hayari Miyake and his wife Miho Miyake.
Hayari Miyake 博士和他的妻子 Miho Miyake 在这里休息。
Together they worked for the good of humanity, and together they departed as victims of its aberrations.
他们一起为人类的利益而努力，他们一起作为人类反常的受害者离开了。

Miyake kept a diary in which he described, among other things, his impressions from his visit to the Mikulicz household.^[6] Professor Mikulicz had a tradition of inviting his new assistant for dinner at his home (a similar visit was made by Mikulicz in 1875 at Billroth's home).^[9] Shortly after arriving in Wrocław, Miyake was also invited to the residence on Auenstraße (now Mikulicz-Radecki Street). Although Miyake had a good command of the German language, he felt less confident in adhering to Western manners, to which he had not yet accustomed himself. During the dinner, the professor's wife asked him if he knew anything about Phoenicia. The professor whispered to her not to ask such questions of a man from the Far East. However, Miyake, whose favorite subject in school had been world history, showcased his knowledge about Phoenicia. Allegedly, from that evening onwards, he earned the sympathy of both Jan and Henriette Mikulicz.^[10]

Professor Mikulicz highly regarded the manual skills of the Japanese surgery apprentice. Miyake recorded the professor's words in his diary: "You can operate equally well with both your right and left hands".^[6]

Miyake specialized mainly in gastrointestinal surgery and central nervous system surgery.^[13] In 1928, together with his students J. Miyagi and K. Taniguchi, he wrote a monograph on gastric cancer, based on 23 years of his clinical experience. During this period, Miyake operated on 1,670 patients with this type of cancer. In 1905, at Kyushu, Miyake became the first Japanese surgeon to perform a brain tumor resection; the tumor in a 27-year-old man, located near the left central sulcus and causing Jacksonian epilepsy, was described as a glioma, but it was likely a meningioma.^[3] After the operation, the patient had a slight paresis and hypoesthesia of the right lower limb but was able to walk.^[8]

In 1906, Miyake operated on a four-year-old boy with a fracture of the left temporal bone, causing crossed aphasia (i.e., motor aphasia in a left-handed patient). The surgery was successful, and the patient regained speech.^[8] In 1908, he performed another extirpation, this time of a brain gumma. Both cases were described in an article in Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery by Bernhard von Langenbeck.^[14] In 1911, he performed the first schwannoma resection in Japan, located in the right posterior cord of the spinal cord at the C₅-C₆ level.^[3]

In 1912, Miyake's student, Hakaru Hashimoto, presented the description of the disease now known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis.^[15] This discovery was made during his four-year work at the Kyushu clinic. It was noted that Hashimoto compared certain features of the disease with the one discovered by Mikulicz, formerly known as Mikulicz's disease, and now usually considered a form of Sjögren syndrome.^[16]

Note:^[a]

• "Über die Rattenbißkrankheit". Mitteilungen aus den Grenzgebieten der Medizin und Chirurgie (in German). 5: 231–262. 1900.
• "Zur experimentellen Erzeugung der Gallensteine mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des bakteriellen Verhaltens der Gallenwege". Mitteilungen aus den Grenzgebieten der Medizin und Chirurgie (in German). 6: 479–528. 1900.
• "Removal of "glioma" in the left motor cortex". Nihon Gekagakkai Zasshi (in Japanese). 7: 243–260. 1907.
• Miyake, Hayari; Miyagi, J.; Taniguchi, K. (1908). Gastric cancer (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kokuseidou.
• "Morphologische und klinische Beiträge zur Filaria Bancrofti". Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten (in German). 59 (1): 351–361. 1908.
• "Zur Exstirpation der Gehirntumoren in den motorischen Rindenzentren". Archiv für klinische Chirurgie (in German). 88: 811–833. 1909.
• "Statistische, klinische und chemische Studien zur Aetiologie der Gassensteine mit berücksichtigung der japanischen und deutschen Verhältnisse". Langenbecks Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie (in German). 101: 54. 1913.
• "Statistische, klinische und chemische Studien zur Aetiologie der Gassensteine mit berücksichtigung der japanischen und deutschen Verhältnisse". Langenbecks Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie (in German). 101: 54. 1913.
• Miyake, H.; Murayama, C. (1931). "Beiträge zur bakteriologie bei cholelithiasis, sowie zu den histologischen veränderungen der leber bei derselben". Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie (in German). 233 (8): 634–640. doi:10.1007/BF02793887.
• Miyake, H.; Ishiyama, F. (1930). "Statistische und klinische Studien auf Grund von 754 Fällen von Cholelithiasisoperationen bei Japanern". Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie (in German). 225 (1): 187–214. doi:10.1007/BF02794999.
• Miyake, Hirosch (1936). "VerÄnderungen des intramuralen nervenapparates bei chirurgischen magenkrankheiten". Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie (in German). 247 (5–6): 329–356. doi:10.1007/BF02811032.
• Miyake, Hiroshi; Oda, Mitio (1938). "Über die klinische bedeutung des ileumdivertikels, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der pathologie des intramuralen nervengeflechts". Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie (in German). 251 (1–2): 111–119. doi:10.1007/BF02796889.