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A Review of Psychological Literature on the Health and Wellbeing Benefits of Biophilic Design
关于亲生物设计对健康和幸福的益处的心理学文献综述

Kaitlyn Gillis * and Birgitta Gatersleben
凯特琳-吉利斯 * 和比尔吉塔-加特尔斯勒本

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Humans Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK; E-Mail: b.gatersleben@surrey.ac.uk
英国萨里大学艺术与人文科学学院心理学系，萨里郡吉尔福德，GU2 7XH；电子邮件：b.gatersleben@surrey.ac.uk
  • Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: kg00138@surrey.ac.uk;
    通讯作者；电子邮件：kg00138@surrey.ac.uk；
Tel.: +44-(0)1483-689306.
Tel：+44-(0)1483-689306.
Academic Editor: Mallory Taub
学术编辑马洛里-陶布
Received: 7 July 2015 / Accepted: 19 August 2015 / Published: 25 August 2015
收到：2015年7月7日 / 接受：2015年8月19日 / 发表：2015年8月25日

Abstract 摘要

Biophilic design has received increasing attention as a design philosophy in recent years. This review paper focused on the three Biophilic design categories as proposed by Stephen Kellert and Elizabeth Calabrese in "The Practice of Biophilic Design". Psychological, peer reviewed literature supporting the benefits of Biophilic design was searched for through the lens of restorative environments. Results indicate that there exists much evidence supporting certain attributes of Biophilic design (such as the presence of natural elements), while empirical evidence for other attributes (such as the use of natural materials or processes) is lacking. The review concludes with a call for more research on restorative environments and Biophilic design.
近年来，亲生物设计作为一种设计理念受到越来越多的关注。这篇综述论文的重点是斯蒂芬-凯勒特和伊丽莎白-卡拉布雷斯在《亲环境设计的实践》一书中提出的三个亲环境设计类别。通过恢复性环境的视角，对支持亲生物设计益处的心理学、同行评审文献进行了搜索。结果表明，有许多证据支持亲生物设计的某些属性（如自然元素的存在），而其他属性（如自然材料或工艺的使用）则缺乏实证证据。综述最后呼吁对恢复性环境和亲生物设计进行更多研究。

Keywords: biophilic design; restorative environments; built environment; environmental psychology
关键词：亲生物设计；恢复性环境；建筑环境；环境心理学

1. Introduction 1.导言

Biophilic design is a design philosophy that encourages the use of natural systems and processes in the design of the built environment [1]. Biophilic design is based on the Biophilia hypothesis, which proposes that humans have an innate connection with the natural world [2] and that exposure to the natural world is therefore important for human wellbeing. However, human interaction with nature is often lacking in modern day societies [3] due to societal trends such as urbanization, building design, and
亲生物设计是一种鼓励在建筑环境设计中使用自然系统和过程的设计理念[1]。亲生物设计基于 "亲生物假说"（Biophilia hypothesis），该假说认为人类与自然世界有着与生俱来的联系[2]，因此，接触自然世界对人类的福祉非常重要。然而，在现代社会中，由于城市化、建筑设计等社会趋势的影响，人类往往缺乏与自然的互动[3]。
lifestyle. The idea behind Biophilic design then is to incorporate natural features and systems into the built environment in order to provide human beings with their much-needed exposure to nature [1].
生活方式。亲生物设计的理念是将自然特征和系统融入建筑环境中，为人类提供亟需的接触自然的机会[1]。
Biophilic design has received increasing interest from the building industry around the world in recent years. Two building rating systems that originated in the United States but are being promoted globally incorporate Biophilic design directly; these are the Living Building Challenge [4], which incorporates it through the Biophilia Imperative, and the new WELL Building Standard [5], which incorporates it through the Biophilia Precondition and Biophilia Optimization. Consulting firms have also championed the concept, notably Terrapin Bright Green, who have published various white papers on Biophilic design [6] and Interface flooring, who have created a Human Spaces website [7] to encourage discussion around Biophilic design.
近年来，亲生物设计越来越受到世界各地建筑行业的关注。起源于美国但正在全球推广的两个建筑评级系统直接纳入了亲生物设计；它们是 "居住建筑挑战"[4]和新的 "WELL 建筑标准"[5]，前者通过 "亲生物性前提条件 "和 "亲生物性优化 "纳入了亲生物设计。咨询公司也倡导这一概念，特别是 Terrapin Bright Green 公司，该公司出版了多份关于亲生物设计的白皮书[6]；Interface Flooring 公司创建了一个 "人类空间 "网站[7]，鼓励围绕亲生物设计展开讨论。
This paper will review evidence for Biophilic design and will focus on environmental psychology literature, which has a long tradition in examining the potential healing benefits of exposure to nature and natural elements as proposed by environmental restoration theory. The paper also discusses differences in the way individuals respond to nature. The paper will argue that there is a need for more evidence to demonstrate how the different elements of Biophilic design affect different people.
本文将回顾亲生物设计的证据，并将重点关注环境心理学文献，因为环境心理学在研究环境恢复理论所提出的接触自然和自然元素的潜在疗效方面有着悠久的传统。本文还讨论了个人对自然反应方式的差异。本文将认为，需要更多证据来证明亲环境设计的不同元素如何影响不同的人。

2. What is Biophilic Design?
2.什么是亲生物设计？

Biophilic design encourages the use of natural elements and processes as design inspiration in the built environment [1]. The idea behind this is that exposure to natural environments and features have positive effects on human health and wellbeing, which has been supported in a wealth of research [8]. According to the Biophilia hypothesis, these positive effects of exposure to nature originate in a biological bond between humans and the natural world [2]. These ideas have been taken forward in two theories developed in the Environmental Psychology literature: Attention Restoration Theory [9] and Stress Recovery Theory [10]. Both theories suggest that some environments are stressful, others are not and yet others can actively help people recover from stress and mental fatigue. Environments that evoke positive moods, have properties that draw people's attention without being stressful or demanding, can help people recover more quickly and fully from mental fatigue and stress are known are restorative environments [11]. According to Kaplan and Kaplan [9] and Ulrich and colleagues [12] natural environments in particular contain elements that promote renewed attention by providing a sense of being away, fascination, extent and compatibility [13]; and by containing elements that promote survival and therefore positive appraisal [14]. Urban environments, on the other hand, tend to be full of demanding, stressful, under stimulating or boring features.
亲生物设计鼓励将自然元素和过程作为建筑环境的设计灵感[1]。其背后的理念是，接触自然环境和自然特征会对人类的健康和幸福产生积极影响，这一点已得到大量研究的支持[8]。根据 "生物恋恋 "假说，接触自然的这些积极影响源于人类与自然世界之间的生物联系[2]。这些观点在环境心理学文献中的两个理论中得到了进一步发展：注意力恢复理论 [9] 和压力恢复理论 [10]。这两种理论都认为，有些环境会给人带来压力，有些则不会，而有些环境则能积极帮助人们从压力和心理疲劳中恢复过来。那些能唤起积极情绪、具有吸引人们注意力的特性而又不会给人带来压力或要求过高的环境，可以帮助人们更快、更充分地从精神疲劳和压力中恢复过来，这些环境就是众所周知的恢复性环境[11]。根据卡普兰和卡普兰[9]以及乌尔里希及其同事[12]的观点，自然环境尤其含有通过提供一种远离感、迷恋感、广度和兼容性[13]，以及通过含有促进生存和积极评价[14]的元素来促进注意力恢复的元素。而城市环境则往往充满了要求高、压力大、刺激不足或枯燥乏味的特征。
Biophilic design then suggests that built environments could be made more restorative by incorporating natural elements in their design. Gifford and McGunn [11] suggest that Biophilic design can be viewed as belonging under a larger restorative design umbrella. Much of the small but growing peer-reviewed literature on Biophilic design often cites research on restorative environments to support the health and wellbeing benefits of Biophilic design [15-17]. Although the concept of Biophilic design is relatively new, the plethora of research on nature and restorative environments makes a strong case for the health and wellbeing potential of incorporating Biophilic design attributes into the built environment. However, this research does not always test all aspects of Biophilic design and although there is
亲生物设计认为，通过在设计中融入自然元素，可以使建筑环境更具恢复性。Gifford和McGunn[11]认为，亲生物设计可以被视为属于更大的恢复性设计范畴。关于亲环境设计的同行评审文献虽然数量不多，但却在不断增加，其中很多都引用了关于恢复性环境的研究来支持亲环境设计对健康和幸福的益处[15-17]。虽然亲环境设计的概念相对较新，但大量关于自然和恢复性环境的研究有力地证明了将亲环境设计的属性融入建筑环境对健康和幸福的潜在影响。然而，这些研究并不总是对亲生设计的所有方面进行测试，尽管有
significant evidence for the beneficial effects of exposure to natural environments, evidence for other Biophilic aspects, such as the use of natural materials, is sparse.
虽然有大量证据表明置身于自然环境中会产生有益的影响，但关于亲生物的其他方面，如使用天然材料，证据却很稀少。
The evolution of Biophilic design characteristics has lead to the recently published document "The Practice of Biophilic Design" by Stephen Kellert and Elizabeth Calabrese [18]. The document details the three experiences and 24 attributes of Biophilic design, and is an update on previous literature on Biophilic design . The three experiences and 24 attributes are listed in Table 1.
亲生物设计特征的演变促使斯蒂芬-凯勒特和伊丽莎白-卡拉布雷斯最近出版了《亲生物设计实践》一书[18]。该文件详细介绍了亲生物设计的三种经验和 24 个属性，是对以往关于亲生物设计的文献的更新 。表 1 列出了这三种体验和 24 个属性。
Evidence from over three decades of research on the impact of nature on human health and wellbeing can justify the claim that Biophilic design is beneficial, although academic literature looking specifically at Biophilic design is still relatively rare. One of the first academic papers on Biophilic design came from Joye [17] who looked at empirical research from various fields of psychology and how it applied to Biophilic design. Joye [17] concluded that existing research, mostly in the field of restorative environments, lends support to the ideas of Biophilic design. The review [17] did not look for specific literature on Biophilic design attributes [1], as this review does. Likewise, in a chapter on restorative environmental design by Hartig and colleagues [19] restorative environments were looked at as a basis for Biophilic design, but the chapter does not does not review specific Biophilic design attributes; instead support for Biophilic design was focused on general support from restorative environmental design research. Several years have passed since these reviews were conducted, and the evidence in support of Biophilic design has increased. The current paper attempts to evaluate the evidence for each of the three experiences distinguished by Kellert and Calabrese [18] to support the theory that Biophilic design is beneficial for psychological wellbeing.
尽管专门研究亲自然设计的学术文献仍然相对较少，但三十多年来关于自然对人类健康和幸福的影响的研究证明，亲自然设计是有益的。乔伊[17]最早发表了一篇关于亲环境设计的学术论文，他考察了心理学各个领域的实证研究，以及这些研究如何应用于亲环境设计。乔伊[17]得出的结论是，现有的研究，主要是恢复性环境领域的研究，支持亲生物设计的理念。该综述[17]并没有像本综述那样，寻找有关亲生物设计属性[1]的具体文献。同样，在哈蒂格及其同事撰写的关于恢复性环境设计的章节[19]中，恢复性环境被视为亲生物设计的基础，但该章节并没有回顾具体的亲生物设计属性；相反，对亲生物设计的支持主要集中在恢复性环境设计研究的一般支持上。这些回顾已经过去好几年了，支持亲生物设计的证据也越来越多。本文试图评估凯勒特和卡拉布雷斯[18]区分的三种体验的证据，以支持亲环境设计有益于心理健康的理论。
Table 1. Experiences and attributes of Biophilic design by Kellert and Calabrese [18].
表 1.Kellert 和 Calabrese 的亲生物设计经验和属性[18]。
Direct Experience of Nature
直接感受自然 		Indirect Experience of Nature
对自然的间接体验 		Experience of Space and Place
空间和地点体验
Light Images of Nature 自然图像 Prospect and refuge 展望与避难所
Air Natural materials 天然材料 Organized complexity 有组织的复杂性
Water Natural colours 自然色 Integration of parts to wholes
从部件到整体的整合
Plants Simulating natural light and air
模拟自然光和空气 		Transitional spaces 过渡空间
Animals Naturalistic shapes and forms
自然的形状和形式 		Mobility and wayfinding 流动性和导览
Weather Evoking nature 唤醒自然 Cultural and ecological attachment
文化和生态依恋
Natural landscapes and ecosystems
自然景观和生态系统 		Information richness 信息丰富度 to place
Fire Age, change and the patina of time
岁月、变化和时间的痕迹 		-
- Natural geometries 自然几何图形 -
- Biomimicry -

3. Method 3.方法

The review provides a specific environmental psychology perspective on Biophilic design. Environmental psychology focuses on studying interactions between people and their physical (natural and built) environment and therefore is particularly useful for understanding Biophilic design. The literature review examines literature on people's perceptions and attitudes towards the natural and built environment (with reference to Biophilia) as well as their behaviours, feelings and experiences in such environments. As such the review will draw on two important theories in environmental psychology
本综述从环境心理学的角度对亲生设计进行了阐述。环境心理学侧重于研究人与其物理（自然和建筑）环境之间的相互作用，因此特别有助于理解亲环境设计。本文献综述研究了人们对自然环境和建筑环境的看法和态度（涉及亲生物性），以及他们在这些环境中的行为、感受和体验。因此，文献综述将借鉴环境心理学的两个重要理论
literature: Attention Restoration Theory (ART) [9,13] and Stress Recovery Theory (SRT) [12] to examine the evidence for positive experiences in environments with natural elements. Scopus and PsychInfo were used to search for peer-reviewed, academic literature in the field of psychology. The review searched for evidence of positive effects of each of the three Biophilic experiences on a range of psychological outcomes such as improved cognitive functioning, reduced stress, and improved mood, which all contribute to improved health and wellbeing. Figure 1 details the search methodology for this narrative review. A vast amount of psychological literature was looked at for this review, which gives an overview of some of the key findings. It is not meant to be exhaustive but to provide an insight into the quality and quantity of evidence for each of the three Biophilic experiences as found in psychological literature.
文献：注意力恢复理论（ART）[9,13] 和压力恢复理论（SRT）[12]，以研究在具有自然元素的环境中获得积极体验的证据。Scopus 和 PsychInfo 用于搜索心理学领域经同行评审的学术文献。该研究搜索了三种亲环境体验对一系列心理结果产生积极影响的证据，如改善认知功能、减轻压力和改善情绪，这些都有助于改善健康和幸福。图 1 详细介绍了本叙事性综述的检索方法。本综述查阅了大量心理学文献，并概述了一些主要发现。本综述并非详尽无遗，而是要让人们了解心理学文献中有关三种亲环境体验的证据的质量和数量。
Figure 1. Narrative review process.
图 1.叙事审查流程。

4. Results 4.成果

The following section details the results of the psychological literature search on the three Biophilic design experiences. Some overlap exists between the independent variables (the 24 attributes) explored
下文将详细介绍有关三种亲生物设计体验的心理学文献检索结果。所探讨的自变量（24 个属性）之间存在一些重叠之处
in research and this was mentioned in the overlapping attributes. For example, water will be seen as being highly restorative in the built environment from both direct and indirect nature experience. Moreover, different natural elements often feature together in environmental design, making it difficult to distinguish clearly between different aspects of Biophilic design.
这一点在研究中的重叠属性中有所提及。例如，从直接和间接的自然体验来看，水在建筑环境中具有很强的恢复能力。此外，在环境设计中，不同的自然元素往往会结合在一起，因此很难明确区分亲生物设计的不同方面。

4.1. Direct Experience of Nature
4.1.对自然的直接体验

The direct experience of nature experience and its relevant attributes yielded the most peer-reviewed research for this paper. The direct experience of nature means having a direct contact with nature and natural processes [18]. The eight Biophilic design attributes that are used in this experience are listed in Table 1. The most researched attributes in this experience category in psychological literature are the use of plants in the built environment and natural landscapes and ecosystems. Additionally, research from a restorative environments perspective was also found on natural day, light, water and weather. Literature exists on the wellbeing benefits of the other attributes but inclusion of them was outside the restorative environments focus of this review paper.
对自然体验的直接经验及其相关属性为本文提供了最多的同行评审研究成果。对自然的直接体验是指与自然和自然过程的直接接触[18]。表 1 列出了用于这种体验的八个亲生物设计属性。在心理学文献中，对这一体验类别研究最多的属性是在建筑环境和自然景观及生态系统中使用植物。此外，还从恢复性环境的角度对自然日、光、水和天气进行了研究。关于其他属性对身心健康的益处也有相关文献，但这些文献不属于本综述的重点。

4.1.1. Natural Light 4.1.1.自然光

Natural light has been promoted by various disciplines as being beneficial for wellness of building occupants, including psychology [20]. However, in the research for this paper few results were found that studied restorative environment research along with natural light. This may be due to the fact that a psychological theory on the benefits of natural light has yet to be described [21] although Beute and de Kort found that daylight was associated with perceived restorative potential [22]. Most of the research on the benefits of natural light is approached through a biological explanation, such as circadian rhythms and vitamin D production [21]. From a Biophilic view, humans evolved under natural, diurnal light conditions and therefore natural light and natural light processes should be preferred and most beneficial. From research on restorative environments, Zadeh and colleagues looked at the restorative potential of natural light and windows [23]. This quasi-experiment found that the availability of natural light and windows significantly improved mood and communication amongst nurses. Although the use of windows and natural light may be confounding, a study on children in a classroom in Sweden [20], found that children in rooms with daylight fluorescent lighting without windows had improved concentration when compared when compared with children in classrooms with no windows and conventional lighting. This study also lends support to the simulating natural light and air attribute in the indirect experience of nature category. Daylight spectrum lighting that changes throughout the day to mimic natural light, such as circadian lighting, could be a way to better reap the benefits of natural light.
包括心理学在内的多个学科都认为自然光有利于建筑使用者的健康[20]。然而，在本文的研究中，几乎没有发现将恢复性环境研究与自然光一起研究的结果。这可能是由于尽管 Beute 和 de Kort 发现日光与可感知的恢复潜力有关，但有关自然光益处的心理学理论尚未被描述[21]。大多数关于自然光益处的研究都是通过生物学解释来进行的，如昼夜节律和维生素 D 的产生[21]。从亲近自然的观点来看，人类是在自然的昼夜光照条件下进化的，因此自然光和自然光过程应该是首选和最有益的。通过对恢复性环境的研究，Zadeh 及其同事考察了自然光和窗户的恢复潜力[23]。这项准实验发现，自然光和窗户能明显改善护士的情绪和沟通。虽然窗户和自然光的使用可能会造成混淆，但一项关于瑞典教室中儿童的研究[20]发现，与没有窗户和采用传统照明的教室中的儿童相比，采用日光荧光灯照明的教室中的儿童注意力更集中。这项研究也为模拟自然光和空气属性的间接自然体验类别提供了支持。模仿自然光而全天变化的日光光谱照明，如昼夜节律照明，可以更好地获得自然光的益处。

4.1.2. Water 4.1.2.水

Water has also been found to be restorative, both through views of water [12] and sounds of water [24]. Kaplan and Kaplan [9] note how preferred environments often have a view of water and this was also found in various other studies [25-27]. In fact, images of the urban environment that contained water were found to be even more preferred than nature images containing no water [26]. As with views to nature, the quality of water impacts the restorativeness, meaning that brown, dirty water will be less
研究还发现，通过水景[12]和水声[24]，水也能使人恢复精神。卡普兰和卡普兰[9]指出，人们喜欢的环境往往有水的景色，其他多项研究也发现了这一点[25-27]。事实上，含水的城市环境图像甚至比不含水的自然图像更受青睐[26]。与自然景色一样，水的质量也会影响恢复性，这意味着褐色的脏水会降低恢复性[27]。
restorative than clean water [26]. Incorporating clean water elements into the built environment has also been suggested by Ryan and colleagues [15] as a way to tap into the Biophilic benefits of water. Articles that have focused on the psychological benefits of water have noted that there is much research on the physiological benefits of water, however less so on the psychological wellbeing benefits. As part of the results of a systematic, meta-analysis conducted by Volker and Kistemann in 2011 [27], water was found to be restorative.
比清洁的水更有恢复能力[26]。Ryan 及其同事[15]也建议将净水元素融入建筑环境中，作为利用水的亲生物益处的一种方式。关注水的心理益处的文章指出，关于水的生理益处的研究很多，但关于心理健康益处的研究较少。Volker 和 Kistemann 于 2011 年进行了一项系统的荟萃分析[27]，结果发现水具有恢复功能。

4.1.3. Plants 4.1.3.植物

Plants have the ability to directly bring green, living nature into the indoor environment. Psychological studies have demonstrated the health and wellbeing benefits of placing plants inside. Bringslimark and colleagues [28] conducted a review of this evidence and concluded that plants have a beneficial effect on stress reduction and pain tolerance. In an earlier study, Larsen and colleagues [29] found that as the density of plants increased in an office setting, productivity decreased. At the same time, positive affect increased. This is in contrast to a more recent study by Nieuwenhuis and colleagues [30] who found that perceived and actual productivity increased for occupants in a green (including plants) office space when compared with a lean (minimalist) office space.
植物能够直接将绿色、生机勃勃的大自然带入室内环境。心理学研究表明，在室内摆放植物有益健康。Bringslimark 及其同事[28] 对这些证据进行了审查，得出结论认为，植物对减轻压力和耐受疼痛有好处。Larsen 及其同事[29]在早前的一项研究中发现，随着办公环境中植物密度的增加，工作效率会下降。与此同时，积极情绪却增加了。这与 Nieuwenhuis 及其同事[30]最近的一项研究形成鲜明对比，他们发现，与精益（简约）办公空间相比，绿色（包括植物）办公空间的使用者的感知和实际生产力都有所提高。
Although much research has been conducted on the health and wellbeing benefits of plants, little research has been done on the qualities of plants that humans prefer. In a study by Qin et al. [31], various plant types were tested to identify the most beneficial type of plant based on psychological and physiological assessment. The results indicate that small, green, lightly scented plants were the most optimal for health and wellbeing. Plants with red flowers were found to be fatiguing after a period of time [31]. This could be explained by research on colour and creativity, where red has been found to be beneficial on tasks that require concentrated attention [32].
尽管对植物的健康和福祉益处进行了大量研究，但对人类偏好的植物品质却鲜有研究。Qin 等人的一项研究[31]测试了各种植物类型，以根据心理和生理评估确定最有益的植物类型。结果表明，小型、绿色、散发淡淡香味的植物最有益健康。开红花的植物在一段时间后会让人感到疲劳[31]。这可以用色彩与创造力的研究来解释，红色被认为对需要集中注意力的任务有益[32]。

4.1.4. Weather 4.1.4.天气

Academic literature on the role weather plays on psychological restoration is limited; however, there is some evidence supporting this attribute. In terms of this attribute in relation to the interior environment, the argument made by Kellert and Calabrase [18] is that there is importance for building occupants to maintain a connection to the exterior world, including its natural processes. People have been found to prefer sunnier weather and that this weather also is rated higher in terms of perceived restorativeness potential [22]. This lends support to the psychological restoration potential of the type daylight, depending on the levels of sunshine. Translating this to the built environment further supports the psychological benefits of natural light, while at the same time considering the quality of natural light that people are exposed to while indoors.
关于天气对心理恢复所起作用的学术文献很有限；不过，有一些证据支持这一属性。就与室内环境有关的这一属性而言，Kellert 和 Calabrase [18] 提出的论点是，建筑使用者与外部世界（包括其自然过程）保持联系非常重要。研究发现，人们更喜欢阳光充足的天气，而且这种天气的修复潜力也更高[22]。这就证明了日照类型的心理修复潜力取决于日照水平。将其应用到建筑环境中，可以进一步支持自然光的心理益处，同时还能考虑到人们在室内所接触到的自然光的质量。

4.1.5. Natural Landscapes and Ecosystems
4.1.5.自然景观和生态系统

The view of greenery from a window, which is listed under the natural landscapes and ecosystems attribute, has been shown in several studies as having beneficial effects on the wellbeing of building occupants. A major study by Ulrich [33] was on the benefits of green views when recovering from gallbladder surgery. Patients who were recovering in a room with views to green trees recovered faster
窗外的绿色景观属于自然景观和生态系统属性，多项研究表明，窗外的绿色景观对建筑使用者的健康有益。乌尔里希[33]的一项重要研究是关于胆囊手术后恢复期间绿色景观的益处。在可以看到绿树的房间里康复的病人恢复得更快
and required less pain medication than patients whose view was of a brick wall. This is a good indication that in the built environment context, the type of view does matter. The type of view was also found to be of importance in a study by Felsten [34]. More in depth-results of this paper will be discussed in the images of nature attribute. However, Felsten found that a mundane view of nature during the late Fall was less restorative than a simulated view of nature containing water and more dramatic nature [34]. This study again points to the significance of understanding the restorative potential of a natural view, especially in climates and seasons where lush, green nature is unavailable.
与视角为砖墙的患者相比，视角为砖墙的患者需要的止痛药更少。这充分说明，在建筑环境中，视角的类型确实很重要。Felsten [34]的一项研究也发现，景观类型也很重要。本文更深入的结果将在自然属性的图像中讨论。不过，费尔斯滕发现，与包含水和更富戏剧性的模拟自然景观相比，深秋时节平淡无奇的自然景观更难让人恢复精神[34]。这项研究再次表明，了解自然景色的恢复潜力具有重要意义，尤其是在没有郁郁葱葱的自然景色的气候和季节。
In areas where an urban environment is the limiting factor towards viewing green nature, the availability of green roofs have been found to be restorative. The extent of restorative potential depends on the type of vegetation, with a popularly used vegetation type, sedum, being viewed as not being significantly more restorative than non-vegetated roofs [35]. The authors note that the sedums used on the pitched, residential roof were not green but rather reddish, which may have affected the appraisal of the roof [35]. In a recent study of the micro-restorative potential of flat green roofs, white flowering, green roofs were found to provide a micro-restorative effect on attention after only of viewing the roof [36]. The authors of this study noted that they compared a white flowering flat green roof with a barren grey roof; whether the largest effect of the roof was due to the greenness or white flower aspect remains to be studied.
在城市环境成为观赏绿色自然的限制因素的地区，人们发现绿色屋顶具有修复作用。修复潜力的大小取决于植被的类型，其中一种常用的植被类型--沉香--被认为并不比非植被屋顶具有明显的修复作用[35]。作者指出，斜面住宅屋顶上使用的沉香不是绿色的，而是偏红色的，这可能会影响对屋顶的评价[35]。最近一项关于平屋顶绿化的微观恢复潜力的研究发现，白色开花的屋顶绿化仅在 观看屋顶后就能对注意力产生微观恢复效果[36]。这项研究的作者指出，他们将白色花朵的绿色平屋顶与荒芜的灰色屋顶进行了比较；屋顶的最大效应是由于绿色还是白色花朵方面，还有待研究。

4.2. Indirect Experience of Nature
4.2.对自然的间接体验

The second experience proposed by Kellert and Calabrese [18] is the indirect experience of nature. This experience is important, as direct contact with nature may not be possible in every design situation, such as in certain medical environments, and looks at representation of nature in the built environment. This experience has ten attributes, which can be found in Table 1.
凯勒特和卡拉布雷斯[18]提出的第二种体验是对自然的间接体验。这种体验非常重要，因为与自然的直接接触可能不是在每一种设计情况下都能实现，例如在某些医疗环境中。这种体验有十个属性，见表 1。

4.2.1. Images of Nature
4.2.1.自然图像

The use of images of nature in the built environment has been widely investigated in environmental psychology. Images of nature have been found to be as stress reducing as actual views of nature in certain circumstances [37]. Building occupants' need for human interaction with nature is so strong that office workers have been found to compensate for a lack of nature exposure by adding images of nature to the office environment [38]. By incorporating permanent Biophilic features into the built environment, designers can ensure that everyone reaps the benefits with contact to nature, and not just occupants that feel comfortable with personalizing their space, or those who have the ability to do so. In an environment where direct exposure may not be possible, such as a sterile medical environment, images of nature can provide a connection to the natural world for both patients and medical professionals.
环境心理学对在建筑环境中使用自然图像进行了广泛研究。研究发现，在某些情况下，自然图像与真实的自然景色一样能减轻压力[37]。建筑使用者对人与自然互动的需求非常强烈，以至于发现办公人员会通过在办公环境中添加自然图像来弥补缺乏接触自然的机会 [38]。通过在建筑环境中加入永久性的亲生物特征，设计师可以确保每个人都能从与自然的接触中获益，而不仅仅是那些对个性化空间感到舒适的人或那些有能力这样做的人。在不可能直接接触大自然的环境中，例如无菌医疗环境，大自然的图像可以为病人和医疗专业人员提供与自然世界的联系。
Images of nature can even be more restorative than the view of real nature, depending on the content of the image and the view of nature. Using Attention Restoration Theory (ART) as a framework, Felsten [34] asked students to imagine they were mentally fatigued and to rate various images on their perceived restorative potential. Felsten [34] found that students perceived mural views of nature with water as the most restorative, even more than actual views of nature through a window of what Felsten calls "mundane nature" [34], meaning that the trees were devoid of leaves, since it was late Autumn.
根据图像的内容和对自然的看法，自然图像甚至可能比真实的自然景色更具有恢复性。费尔斯滕[34]以注意力恢复理论（ART）为框架，让学生想象自己精神疲劳，并对各种图像的恢复潜力进行评分。费尔斯滕[34]发现，学生们认为有水的大自然壁画景色最能让人恢复注意力，甚至超过了透过窗户欣赏大自然的实际景色，费尔斯滕称之为 "平凡的大自然"[34]。
Therefore, images of nature may have a large role in environments where exterior views with lush nature may not be possible, due to seasons, adjacent buildings, or external environment.
因此，在由于季节、邻近建筑或外部环境等原因而无法欣赏到郁郁葱葱的自然景色的环境中，自然图像可能会发挥很大作用。

4.2.2. Natural Materials
4.2.2.天然材料

Natural materials are another Biophilic attribute that falls into this experience but this attribute has received limited attention in academic research from a psychological perspective. The limited research demonstrates that the amount and type of material is important for perceived restorative quality and preference. Nyrud and colleagues [39] manipulated images of a patient hospital room with different quantities and layouts of wood, using wood that was commonly used in the Norwegian building industry, which was the location of the study. The amount of wood in a patient room that was most preferred was an intermediate amount, with the floor, one wall and furniture being made of wood. An entire wood surfaced room and a room with no wood were the least preferred amongst respondents [39]. Although the respondents had the same overall preference, there were differences, with physicians providing overall higher ratings for the images than nurses [40]. The results of this study again demonstrate that the amount and type of Biophilic feature, as well as the target audience, needs to be considered in design. In terms of other research on natural materials, for this paper wood was the only material found that was related to Biophilic design research. This provides an opportunity to investigate other materials, such as natural stone, various clays, strawbale, hemp and other types of wood. Materials that are indigenous to a building location could also be further investigated.
天然材料是另一种符合亲生物特性的体验，但从心理学角度来看，这种特性在学术研究中受到的关注有限。有限的研究表明，材料的数量和类型对感知的修复质量和偏好非常重要。尼鲁德及其同事[39]利用研究地点挪威建筑业常用的木材，对带有不同数量和布局的病房图像进行了处理。人们最喜欢的病房木材数量是中等数量，地板、一面墙和家具都是木制的。受访者最不喜欢的是整个木质表面的房间和没有木质材料的房间[39]。虽然受访者的总体偏好相同，但也存在差异，医生对图像的总体评价高于护士[40]。这项研究的结果再次表明，在设计中需要考虑亲生物特征的数量和类型以及目标受众。关于自然材料的其他研究，本文发现木材是唯一一种与亲生物设计研究相关的材料。这为研究其他材料提供了机会，如天然石材、各种粘土、草包、麻和其他类型的木材。还可以进一步研究建筑所在地的本土材料。

4.2.3. Natural Geometries
4.2.3.自然几何形状

This attribute primarily deals with fractals, although also includes other natural geometries such as the Fibonnaci sequence as well [18]. The study of fractals offers an explanation as to why humans are restored by nature. Fractals occur when a pattern repeats itself as it gets smaller or larger, what Joye [17] refers to as "self-similarity". Kellert [1] notes that some notable historical buildings contain fractals, which includes Gothic architecture, notably cathedrals [17]. Fractals have been found in many natural elements, for example the romanesco broccoli. This could be an explanation as to why natural environments are often preferred over built ones [40] or why fractals have been used in historical architecture.
这一属性主要涉及分形，但也包括其他自然几何图形，如斐波纳奇序列[18]。对分形的研究解释了为什么人类会被大自然复原。当一个图案变小或变大时，它就会重复出现，这就是乔伊[17]所说的 "自相似性"。凯勒特[1]指出，一些著名的历史建筑包含分形，其中包括哥特式建筑，尤其是大教堂[17]。在许多自然元素中也发现了分形，例如罗马椰菜。这可以解释为什么自然环境往往比建筑环境更受青睐[40]，也可以解释为什么分形被用于历史建筑中。

4.3. Experience of Space and Place
4.3.空间和地点体验

The third and final experience, the experience of space and place, relates to the spatial elements of the natural environment and how to replicate it into the built environment [18]. There are six attributes in this experience, which are listed in Table 1. Based on the review of psychological literature on restorative environments, three attributes will be discussed.
第三种也是最后一种体验，即空间和地点体验，与自然环境的空间要素以及如何将其复制到建筑环境中有关[18]。这种体验有六个属性，见表 1。根据对有关恢复性环境的心理学文献的回顾，将讨论三个属性。

4.3.1. Prospect and Refuge
4.3.1.前景与庇护所

There has been work done on prospect refuge theory, however not in relation to restorative environments [41-43]. One study on prospect and refuge in relation to restorative environments was found for this paper [44]. The study was done in the natural world and did not use the built environment, much like many of the previously cited studies related to restorative environments. Nature that is
关于前景庇护理论已有研究，但与恢复性环境无关[41-43]。本文找到了一项与恢复性环境相关的前景和避难所研究[44]。这项研究是在自然界中进行的，并没有使用建筑环境，这与之前引用的许多与恢复性环境相关的研究非常相似。自然是
non-threatening is thought to be restorative and this can be applied to the built environment context as well. Results from this study demonstrated that nature with high levels of views and low levels of prospect were deemed restorative; nature with low level of views and high levels of prospect were not. Although being in nature may have the potential of being more threatening than a controlled environment in a building, the authors attribute the results in part to wayfinding, which has been studied in the built environment context. Wayfinding is the ease at which a person can manipulate an environment. When a person has problems finding their way, their levels of stress rise [45].
不具威胁性的自然环境被认为具有恢复性，这一点同样适用于建筑环境。这项研究的结果表明，视野开阔、前景开阔的自然环境被认为具有恢复性；视野开阔、前景开阔的自然环境则不具有恢复性。虽然与建筑物中的受控环境相比，身处大自然可能更具威胁性，但作者将研究结果部分归因于在建筑环境中研究过的寻路功能。寻路是指一个人操控环境的难易程度。当一个人找不到路时，他的压力水平就会上升[45]。

4.3.2. Cultural and Ecological Attachment to Place
4.3.2.对地方的文化和生态依恋

Another attribute proposed by Kellert and Calabrese [18] in this experience is cultural and ecological attachment to place. Place attachment is an area of research in environmental psychology that "refers to the sense of rootedness people feel toward certain places, a phenomenon sometimes called a sense of place" [45]. The work that is relevant here is work on favourite places, which have been associated with place attachment and restoration. But this work is conducted by only a handful of authors namely Korpela [46,47] and Hartig [47]. Places that are perceived to be highly restorative have been found to have strong place attachments for people [48]. In relation to this, in a 10 -month longitudinal study, natural environments, most likely due to their ability to afford restoration, have been found have a stronger attachment as a favourite place [46]. An application of this with regards to Biophilic design or built environments that incorporate nature was not found for this paper. Although the literature on favourite places suggests that there is a link between place attachment and restoration this is highly subjective and an experience that develops over time and perhaps not something that is simple to design.
Kellert 和 Calabrese [18]在此经验中提出的另一个属性是对地方的文化和生态依恋。地方依恋是环境心理学的一个研究领域，"指的是人们对某些地方的扎根感，这种现象有时被称为地方感"[45]。与此相关的工作是关于最喜欢的地方的工作，这些地方与地方依恋和恢复有关。但这项工作仅由 Korpela [46,47] 和 Hartig [47] 等少数作者开展。人们发现，那些被认为具有高度恢复性的地方会对人们产生强烈的地方依恋[48]。与此相关的是，在一项为期 10 个月的纵向研究中，人们发现自然环境作为人们最喜爱的地方具有更强的依恋性，这很可能是由于自然环境具有修复能力[46]。本文没有发现将其应用于亲近自然的设计或融入自然的建筑环境。尽管有关最喜欢的地方的文献表明，地方依恋与恢复之间存在联系，但这是高度主观的，是一种随着时间推移而形成的体验，也许并不是一种简单的设计。
It must also be noted that restorative environments do not need to be natural, which agrees with Gifford and McGunn's statement [11] that Biophilic design falls under a larger umbrella of restorative design, and not necessarily vice versa. In a purely restorative environments context, Ouellette, Kaplan and Kaplan [49] looked at a monastery as a restorative environment using ART as a framework and found that the monastery served as a restorative experience. Through self-reports of the study's participants, the environment was noted as being restorative due to the soft fascinating elements of the architecture, in agreement with ART. This could be applied to other environments as well, such as the home. This does not take away from the benefits of Biophilic design. Literature, as identified in this paper, on the benefits of incorporating nature in the built environment would suggest that while other environments can be restorative, incorporating Biophilic attributes in to these same environments might only increase the restorative potential of the environment.
还必须指出的是，恢复性环境并不需要是自然的，这与 Gifford 和 McGunn 的观点一致[11]，即亲生设计属于恢复性设计的范畴，反之亦然。在纯恢复性环境的背景下，Ouellette、Kaplan 和 Kaplan[49]以 ART 为框架，研究了作为恢复性环境的修道院，并发现修道院起到了恢复性体验的作用。通过研究参与者的自我报告，他们发现由于建筑中的软性迷人元素，该环境具有恢复性，这与 ART 的观点一致。这也适用于其他环境，如家庭。这并不影响亲生物设计的益处。正如本文所指出的那样，有关将自然融入建筑环境的好处的文献表明，虽然其他环境也能起到修复作用，但在这些环境中融入亲生物属性可能只会增加环境的修复潜力。

5. Individual Differences
5.个体差异

Individuals may respond differently to Biophilic elements, which need to be considered in Biophilic design. Van den Berg and ter Heijne [50] found that male individuals and those that are higher sensation seeker respond more positively to threatening encounters in nature than females and those that are lower sensation seeker. Also found by Van den Berg and ter Heijne [50] was that any type of nature could yield fear. This can be translated into the built environment, notably with environments that have high prospect but cause some people who are fearful of heights to become stressed. Another individual difference is that not everyone actually likes nature [51] and that this should be considered in design. In
个人对亲近自然元素的反应可能不同，这需要在亲近自然设计中加以考虑。Van den Berg 和 ter Heijne[50]发现，与女性和感觉敏锐度较低的人相比，男性和感觉敏锐度较高的人对自然界中的威胁性遭遇反应更为积极。Van den Berg 和 ter Heijne [50] 还发现，任何类型的自然环境都可能产生恐惧。这一点也可以应用到建筑环境中，尤其是那些具有较高前景的环境，会让一些恐高症患者感到压力。另一个个体差异是，并非每个人都喜欢大自然[51]，这一点在设计中也应加以考虑。在
this study, Bixler and Floyd also note that this may be due to people being used to a building environment, where the environment is relatively controlled [51]. Biophilic design may increase the likeability of nature by more exposure to natural processes and elements in a controlled environment. This can increase a person's connection to nature [52] and may encourage them to engage more in wilderness nature.
比克斯勒和弗洛伊德在这项研究中也指出，这可能是由于人们习惯了环境相对可控的建筑环境[51]。亲生物设计可以通过在受控环境中更多地接触自然过程和元素来增加人们对自然的喜爱程度。这可以增加人与自然的联系[52]，并可能鼓励他们更多地参与野外自然活动。
Individual differences in the built environment context have also yielded significant results. In a study by Kweon and colleagues [53], images of abstract and nature art produced significant decrease in anger and stress in male office workers, but not female. The abstract art used in the study was Biophilic in nature, which was noted by the authors as explaining the results, since previous research had indicated that abstract art was distracting [53]. Differences between genders in restorative environments were also found by Shibata and Suzuki [54], where females demonstrated improved performance when plants were incorporated into the room when compared with males. In both studies, context is important, where the type of task [54] and environment may play a large role in the different outcomes by gender. This can be used by designers when considering Biophilic design by understanding the type of task and stressors that people will experience in their environment.
建筑环境中的个体差异也产生了显著效果。在 Kweon 及其同事的一项研究中[53]，抽象艺术和自然艺术的图像显著降低了男性上班族的愤怒和压力，但没有降低女性上班族的愤怒和压力。研究中使用的抽象艺术具有亲生物性，作者认为这可以解释研究结果，因为之前的研究表明抽象艺术会分散注意力[53]。Shibata 和 Suzuki [54]也发现了恢复性环境中的性别差异。在这两项研究中，情境都很重要，任务类型[54]和环境可能在不同性别的不同结果中起到很大作用。设计师在考虑亲生物设计时，可以利用这一点，了解人们在环境中将经历的任务类型和压力因素。
Although much research on restorative environments has focused on the visual sense, recent research in the field of restorative environments has yielded a shift from the visual sense to the auditory sense and olfactory senses. This shift supports Kellert and Calabrese's statement that the experience of nature is multisensory [18]. Referring back to the study by Qin and colleagues [31] on the use of plants, the type of plants that were most highly rated as restorative were those that were slightly fragrant. Additionally, the sound of bird song [55] and nature sounds including water has been perceived to be highly restorative [24].
尽管有关恢复性环境的许多研究都集中在视觉感官上，但最近在恢复性环境领域的研究已经从视觉感官转向了听觉和嗅觉。这一转变支持了 Kellert 和 Calabrese 的观点，即对自然的体验是多感官的[18]。再看秦及其同事[31]关于植物使用的研究，被认为最能使人恢复精神的植物类型是那些略带芳香的植物。此外，鸟鸣声[55]和包括水声在内的自然声音也被认为具有很强的恢复能力[24]。
Part of the complexity of Biophilic design is that although much research has been done on the individual elements of Biophilic design (e.g., Plants, images of nature, and natural light) the combinations of elements has received little attention in research. The first longitudinal study on a Biophilic-designed space that incorporates various elements of Biophilic design is currently underway in Australia [16]. The study looks at natural light, plants, natural ventilation, prospect and views, use of non-synthetic materials, recycled materials, and an open-plan workspace. The space that is being studied is a work-site construction office and the first paper of the two-year study was published using three months of data. The preliminary results after three months indicate that the various benefits of Biophilic design are being realized in the space. This includes reduced stress, improved productivity, and improved wellbeing, which all fall under the benefits of being in a restorative environment as well.
亲生物设计的复杂性之一在于，尽管对亲生物设计的单个元素（如植物、自然图像和自然光）进行了大量研究，但对这些元素的组合研究却很少关注。目前，澳大利亚正在对一个融合了各种亲生物设计元素的亲生物设计空间进行首次纵向研究[16]。这项研究关注自然光、植物、自然通风、前景和视野、非合成材料的使用、可回收材料以及开放式工作空间。所研究的空间是一个工地施工办公室，这项为期两年的研究利用三个月的数据发表了第一篇论文。三个月后的初步结果表明，亲生物设计的各种益处正在该空间中得到实现。这包括减轻压力、提高生产率和改善身心健康，这些都属于恢复性环境的益处。
As stated by Kellert [1], Biophilic design works with low-impact environmental design to create buildings that are what he calls restorative environmental design, which are not to be confused with restorative environments which is a focus in this paper. With the current focus on green building design, Biophilic design attributes have an opportunity to enhance green building design strategies. Biophilic design is incorporated into the Living Building Challenge [4] which is perhaps the most progressive green building rating system on the market, and in order for a building to achieve "Living" certification, it must meet the requirements for each of the 20 imperatives, including Imperative 09 Biophilic Environments. Imperative 09 requires that the design team look at the six Biophilic elements as proposed
正如凯勒特[1]所言，亲生物设计与低影响环境设计相结合，创造出他所称的恢复性环境设计建筑，但这并不能与本文重点讨论的恢复性环境相混淆。随着当前对绿色建筑设计的关注，亲生物设计的属性有机会增强绿色建筑设计策略。亲生物设计已被纳入 "宜居建筑挑战"[4]，这或许是市场上最先进的绿色建筑评级系统，要想获得 "宜居 "认证，建筑必须满足 20 项基本要求中的每一项，包括基本要求 09--亲生物环境。要点 09 要求设计团队考虑以下六个亲生物要素
by Kellert [1] and demonstrate how they have been incorporated into the design. Beyond this imperative, the Living Building Challenge (LBC) also has other imperatives that touch upon Biophilic attributes, such as Imperative 07, Civilized Environment, which promotes fresh air and natural light for building occupants (Attributes 1 and 2; see Table 1) Imperative 16, Universal Access of Nature and Place and Imperative 19, Beauty and Spirit. Imperative 16 ensures projects do not impede upon natural light, fresh air, or disturb natural waterways on adjacent developments and people (Attributes 1,2 and 3; see Table 1), while Imperative 19 ensures that projects integrate elements that are pleasing for people, which could include cultural and spiritual celebration (Attribute 24; see Table 1).
Kellert [1]，并展示了如何将其融入设计中。除这一要求外，"居住建筑挑战"（LBC）还有其他一些要求涉及亲生物属性，如要求 07 "文明环境"，它提倡为建筑使用者提供新鲜空气和自然光（属性 1 和 2；见表 1）；要求 16 "自然与场所的普遍利用 "和要求 19 "美与精神"。要义 16 确保项目不会妨碍自然采光、新鲜空气，也不会干扰邻近开发项目和人们的自然水道（属性 1、2 和 3；见表 1），而要义 19 则确保项目融入赏心悦目的元素，其中可能包括文化和精神庆祝活动（属性 24；见表 1）。
The WELL Building Standard is a brand new rating system that was launched in 2014 and focuses on the human health and wellbeing in the built environment [5]. This standard includes two areas that are dedicated to Biophilic design, one compulsory and the other optional, with the compulsory area being modelled after the LBC Imperative 09, Biophilia. Other areas in the system exist that tap into Biophilic design as well, such as areas that focus on providing outdoor air, on-site food production, daylight and circadian lighting, as well as the potential for other areas as well. This is a positive step towards integrating more Biophilic design principles in the built environment.
WELL 建筑标准是 2014 年推出的全新评级系统，重点关注建筑环境中的人类健康和福祉[5]。该标准包括两个专门针对亲生物设计的领域，一个是必选领域，另一个是可选领域，其中必选领域是仿照 LBC 第 09 项要求（Biophilia）制定的。该系统中还有其他一些领域也采用了亲生物设计，例如注重提供室外空气、现场食品生产、日光和昼夜节律照明的领域，以及有可能采用的其他领域。这是朝着在建筑环境中融入更多亲生设计原则迈出的积极一步。
In another recent publication on Biophilic design, Terrapin Bright Green synthesize the concepts put forth by Kellert [1], Cramer and Browning [56] and others and propose 14 patterns of Biophilic design in order to help aide designers in creating Biophilic space [15]. This is a good start and opportunity for designers who are looking for design advice to go when searching for Biophilic design strategies.
在另一本关于亲生物设计的最新出版物中，Terrapin Bright Green 综合了 Kellert[1]、Cramer 和 Browning[56]等人提出的概念，提出了 14 种亲生物设计模式，以帮助设计师创造亲生物空间[15]。这对于寻求设计建议的设计师来说，是一个良好的开端，也是他们寻找亲生物设计策略的契机。
Biophilic design does not need to follow a rating system in order to be successful. The most important aspect of Biophilic design is tapping into the innate connection humans have with the natural world and ensuring that people feel this connection while inside. Historical evidence supporting this design philosophy dates back millennia [57]; well before the establishment of a rating system and even current buildings may have Biophilic design properties without being labelled as such. The benefit of incorporating Biophilic design into a rating system is that rating systems have the ability to shift the conversation in the building industry. This has been seen in recent years with green building rating systems, such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) rating systems [58]. As it stands right now, WELL is extremely new and already much talked about, collaborating with the United States and Canada Green Building Councils [59] and the LBC is only growing in uptake, with eight projects having achieved "Living" certification since its inception in 2006. By identifying rating systems that directly use Biophilic design in them, the point of this section is only to inform of industry uptake in Biophilic design directly; this does not mean that this is the only way to achieve a Biophilic space.
亲环境设计并不需要遵循一个评级系统才能取得成功。亲生物设计最重要的一点是挖掘人类与自然世界之间与生俱来的联系，并确保人们在室内也能感受到这种联系。支持这种设计理念的历史证据可以追溯到几千年前[57]；远远早于评级系统的建立，甚至目前的建筑也可能具有亲生物设计的特性，但却没有被贴上这种标签。将亲生物设计纳入评级系统的好处在于，评级系统有能力改变建筑行业的话题。近年来，绿色建筑评级系统，如能源与环境设计先导（LEED）和建筑研究机构环境评估方法（BREEAM）评级系统[58]就体现了这一点。就目前而言，WELL 是一个非常新的评级系统，与美国和加拿大绿色建筑委员会合作，已经广受关注[59]，而 LBC 的使用率也在不断提高，自 2006 年创立以来，已有八个项目获得了 "居住 "认证。通过识别直接使用亲生物设计的评级系统，本节的重点只是告知行业直接采用亲生物设计的情况；这并不意味着这是实现亲生物空间的唯一方法。

7. Conclusions 7.结论

A review of Biophilic design from a restorative environment perspective yielded many results demonstrating the benefits of Biophilic design for human wellbeing. It is acknowledged that the review is by no means exhaustive and some of the attributes that have been proposed by Kellert [1] may have been studied in areas of literature, inside and outside of psychology, and are not included in this paper. However, the majority of work on Biophilic design refers to environmental restoration theory as an underlying basis. As such this review focused on psychological literature examining the evidence for the
从恢复性环境的角度对亲生设计进行的审查得出了许多结果，证明了亲生设计对人类福祉的益处。我们承认，这篇综述绝不是详尽无遗的，凯勒特[1]提出的一些属性可能已经在心理学内外的文献领域中进行过研究，因此本文未将其包括在内。然而，大多数关于亲生物设计的研究都是以环境复原理论为基础的。因此，本综述将重点放在心理学文献上，研究以下方面的证据
restorative qualities of being Biophilic attributes, or the extent to which the presence of such elements in a built environment can help foster recovery of stress and mental fatigue. Empirical evidence supports the use of plants, water, wood, etc., in creating spaces that provide an opportunity for human wellbeing. Three additional points need to be made in response to this review:
亲生物属性的恢复特质，或者说建筑环境中这些元素的存在能够在多大程度上帮助人们恢复压力和精神疲劳。经验证据支持利用植物、水、木材等来创造空间，为人类的健康提供机会。针对这篇综述，还需要补充三点：

7.1. Biophilic Design is not a One Size Fits all Approach
7.1.亲生物设计不是 "一刀切 "的方法

Like many design philosophies, Biophilic design strategies need to be employed in consideration with the building occupants, location, and function. There may be a threshold for the amount of plants and the type of plants that will be beneficial for certain human activity. For productivity, a room with too many plants may decrease productivity while improving affect [29]. A room with many red plants may be psychologically draining on the occupants or can be beneficial for short-term concentrated attention [31]. Restoration does not need to happen at all times; it is situational and contextual, meaning that the needs for a Biophilic home surrounded by green nature will be different from those of a Biophilic office in a central, extremely densely developed urban environment. Sometimes nature and replications of nature is not restorative and therefore stressful for humans [44], and when applying Biophilic principles into the built environment, this needs to be considered. Finally, some environments can be restorative that are not necessarily filled with plants .
与许多设计理念一样，亲生物设计策略的采用需要考虑到建筑物的使用者、位置和功能。对某些人类活动有益的植物数量和类型可能有一个临界值。就生产率而言，一个房间如果摆放过多植物，可能会降低生产率，但同时也会改善情绪[29]。一个摆放了许多红色植物的房间可能会让居住者心理上感到疲惫，也可能有利于短期集中注意力[31]。修复并不需要在任何时候都进行；它是因地制宜、因时制宜的，也就是说，一个被绿色大自然环绕的亲环境住宅与一个位于市中心、开发极为密集的城市环境中的亲环境办公室的需求是不同的。有时，自然和自然的复制品并不能使人恢复活力，因此会对人类造成压力[44]，在将亲生物原则应用于建筑环境时，需要考虑到这一点。最后，一些不一定充满植物的环境也能起到修复作用 。
Individual differences between building occupants also need to be considered. Men and women react differently to images of nature, with men showing a marked decrease in anger [53]. Further individual differences may also play a role but have not been studied much.
还需要考虑建筑使用者之间的个体差异。男性和女性对自然图像的反应不同，男性的愤怒情绪明显降低[53]。更多的个体差异也可能起作用，但研究不多。

7.2. Suggested Areas for Further Research in Restorative Environments
7.2.建议进一步研究修复环境的领域

Although nature is multisensory, the vast amount of research on restorative environments depends on the visual aspects of nature. This is changing as research is looking at other senses with regards to restorative potential, however for this review, much of the literature found depended on the visual sense. The Biophilia hypothesis would suggest that much of nature and its processes are beneficial for humans and therefore, restorative. This would include natural light, natural and indigenous materials, etc. and all the human senses. However academic work for certain attributes, such as natural light and natural materials, and their link to restoration was limited. As called for in other works cited in this review, more research is needed in other areas of restorative environments, which is currently dominated by greenery.
尽管大自然是多感官的，但有关恢复性环境的大量研究都依赖于大自然的视觉方面。这种情况正在发生变化，因为研究正着眼于其他感官的恢复潜力，但在本综述中，发现的大部分文献都依赖于视觉感官。生物恋恋假说认为，大自然及其过程对人类有益，因此具有恢复性。这包括自然光、自然和本土材料等以及人类的所有感官。然而，针对某些属性（如自然光和天然材料）及其与恢复的联系所做的学术研究是有限的。正如本综述中引用的其他著作所呼吁的那样，需要在恢复性环境的其他领域开展更多的研究，而这些领域目前主要以绿色植物为主。

7.3. Suggested Areas for Further Research on Biophilic Design
7.3.建议进一步研究亲生物设计的领域

There is a need for a systematic review of the literature perhaps broadening it out to a wide range of literature in psychology, health, planning, architecture and engineering. There is also a need to understand more about the specific contribution of different design features not only in terms of wellbeing - as was the focus of this review-but also in terms of sustainability, and to better understand how different factors work together to achieve positive outcomes and optimize building design.
有必要对相关文献进行系统的回顾，或许可以将其扩展到心理学、健康、规划、建筑和工程学等领域的广泛文献中。此外，还需要进一步了解不同设计特点的具体贡献，不仅是在幸福感方面（这是本次综述的重点），还包括在可持续性方面，并更好地了解不同因素如何共同作用，以实现积极的成果和优化建筑设计。
While individual attributes of Biophilic design have been studied on their own, there has been little research on the various combinations of proposed attributes. Do plants and natural materials have a larger impact than plants and water? Does natural light have a larger impact on attention than plants?
虽然人们已经对亲生设计的单个属性进行了研究，但对所提出的各种属性组合的研究却很少。植物和天然材料比植物和水的影响更大吗？自然光对注意力的影响是否大于植物？
How is research on natural light and concentration in school children coincided with ART and SRT? There are so many exciting areas of future research on this topic and that of restorative environments, which will yield a greater understanding of the mechanisms and potential for design based on a Biophilic design philosophy.
关于自然光和学龄儿童注意力的研究如何与 ART 和 SRT 相结合？未来对这一主题以及恢复性环境的研究还有很多令人兴奋的领域，这将使我们对基于亲生物设计理念的设计机制和潜力有更深入的了解。

Acknowledgments 致谢

The authors would like to thank Stephen Kellert and Elizabeth Calabrese for granting permission to use Table 1, experiences and attributes of Biophilic Design, from their work, The Practice of Biophilic Design.
作者感谢斯蒂芬-凯勒特（Stephen Kellert）和伊丽莎白-卡拉布雷斯（Elizabeth Calabrese）允许我们使用他们的作品《亲环境设计的实践》中的表 1--亲环境设计的经验和属性。

Author Contributions 作者供稿

This paper is related to current MSc research by Kaitlyn Gillis on Biophilic design through the department of Environmental Psychology at the University of Surrey. Kaitlyn Gillis was the primary contributor to this paper. Birgitta Gatersleben provided invaluable guidance and knowledge in the form of paper organization, content contributions and revisions.
本文与凯特琳-吉利斯（Kaitlyn Gillis）目前在萨里大学环境心理学系进行的亲生物设计硕士研究有关。凯特琳-吉利斯是本文的主要撰稿人。Birgitta Gatersleben 在论文组织、内容贡献和修改方面提供了宝贵的指导和知识。

Conflicts of Interest 利益冲突

The authors declare no conflict of interest.
作者声明没有利益冲突。

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