Essay Writing Guide
论文写作指南

You can use this word document to write an excellent essay from beginning to end, using a ten-step process. Most of the time, students or would-be essay writers are provided only with basic information about how to write, and most of that information concentrates on the details of formatting. These are necessary details, but writing is obviously far more than mere formatting. If you write your essay according to this plan, and you complete every step, you will produce an essay that is at least very good. You will also learn exactly how to write an essay, which is something very valuable to learn.
您可以使用此 word 文档从头到尾写一篇出色的文章，使用十步流程。大多数时候，学生或潜在的论文作者只获得有关如何写作的基本信息，而这些信息大部分集中在格式的细节上。这些是必要的细节，但写作显然远不止是格式化。如果你按照这个计划写你的文章，并且你完成了每一步，你至少会写出一篇非常好的文章。您还将学习如何写论文，这是非常有价值的学习。

To start writing your essay, go to the next page, for Part One: Introduction.
要开始写你的文章，请转到下一页，第一部分：引言。

Jordan B Peterson
乔丹 B 彼得森

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION
第一部分：简介

What is an essay?
什么是论文？

An essay is a relatively short piece of writing on a particular topic. However, the word essay also means attempt or try. An essay is, therefore, a short piece written by someone attempting to explore a topic or answer a question.
论文是关于特定主题的相对较短的文章。然而，essay 这个词也有尝试或尝试的意思。因此，论文是试图探索某个主题或回答问题的人写的一篇短文。

Why bother writing an essay?
为什么要费心写一篇文章呢？

Most of the time, students write essays only because they are required to do so by a classroom instructor. Thus, students come to believe that essays are important primarily to demonstrate their knowledge to a teacher or professor. This is simply, and dangerously, wrong (even though such writing for demonstration may be practically necessary).
大多数时候，学生写论文只是因为课堂教师要求他们这样做。因此，学生开始相信论文主要对于向老师或教授展示他们的知识很重要，这是简单而危险的错误（即使这种用于演示的写作在实际中可能是必要的）。

The primary reason to write an essay is so that the writer can formulate and organize an informed, coherent and sophisticated set of ideas about something important.
写一篇文章的主要原因是为了让作者能够制定和组织一套关于重要事物的明智、连贯和复杂的想法。

Why is it important to bother with developing sophisticated ideas, in turn? It’s because there is no difference between doing so and thinking, for starters. It is important to think because action based on thinking is likely to be far less painful and more productive than action based upon ignorance. So, if you want to have a life characterized by competence, productivity, security, originality and engagement rather than one that is nasty, brutish and short, you need to think carefully about important issues. There is no better way to do so than to write. This is because writing extends your memory, facilitates editing and clarifies your thinking
反过来，为什么费心开发复杂的想法很重要？这是因为首先，这样做和思考之间没有区别。思考很重要，因为基于思考的行动可能比基于无知的行动痛苦小得多，而且效率更高。因此，如果您想过一种以能力、生产力、安全、原创性和参与度为特征的生活，而不是一种令人讨厌、野蛮和短暂的生活，您需要仔细考虑重要问题。没有比写作更好的方法了。这是因为写作可以扩展您的记忆，促进编辑并阐明您的思路.

You can write down more than you can easily remember, so that your capacity to consider a number of ideas at the same time is broadened. Furthermore, once those ideas are written down, you can move them around and change them, word by word, sentence by sentence, and paragraph by paragraph. You can also reject ideas that appear substandard, after you consider them more carefully. If you reject substandard ideas, then all that you will have left will be good ideas. You can keep those, and use them. Then you will have good, original ideas at your fingertips, and you will be able to organize and communicate them.
你可以写下比你容易记住的更多的东西，这样你同时考虑多个想法的能力就会得到拓宽。此外，一旦这些想法被写下来，你就可以逐字、逐句、逐段地移动和改变它们。在更仔细地考虑之后，您也可以拒绝看起来不合标准的想法。如果你拒绝不合标准的想法，那么你剩下的只是好主意。你可以保留这些，并使用它们。然后，您将拥有触手可及的优秀原创想法，并且您将能够组织和传达它们。

Consider your success over the course of a lifetime. Here is something to think about: the person who can formulate and communicate the best argument almost always wins. If you want a job, you have to make a case for yourself. If you want a raise, you have to convince someone that you deserve it. If you are trying to convince someone of the validity of your idea, you have to debate its merits successfully, particularly if there are others with other competing ideas.
想想你一生的成功。这里有一些事情需要考虑：能够制定和传达最佳论点的人几乎总是获胜。如果你想找一份工作，你就得为自己找个理由。如果你想加薪，你必须说服别人你值得。如果你试图让某人相信你的想法是正确的，你必须成功地辩论它的优点，特别是如果还有其他人有其他竞争的想法。

If you sharpen your capacity to think and to communicate as a consequence of writing, you are better armed. The pen is mightier than the sword, as the saying goes. This is no cheap cliché. Ideas change the world, particularly when they are written. The Romans built buildings, and the Romans and the buildings are both gone. The Jews wrote a book, and they are still here, and so is the book. So it turns out that words may well last longer than stone, and have more impact than whole empires.
如果你通过写作提高了你的思考和交流能力，你就会更好地武装起来。俗话说，笔比剑更强大。这绝非廉价的陈词滥调。思想改变世界，尤其是当它们被写下来时。罗马人建造了建筑物，而罗马人和建筑物都消失了。犹太人写了一本书，他们仍然在这里，这本书也是如此。所以事实证明，文字可能比石头更持久，比整个帝国更有影响力。

If you learn to write and to edit, you will also be able to tell the difference between good ideas, intelligently presented, and bad ideas put forth by murky and unskilled thinkers. That means that you will be able to separate the wheat from the chaff (look it up). Then you can be properly influenced by profound and solid ideas instead of falling prey to foolish fads and whims and ideologies, which can range in their danger from trivial to mortal.
如果你学会写作和编辑，你也将能够分辨出聪明地提出的好主意和由阴暗和不熟练的思考者提出的坏主意之间的区别。这意味着您将能够将小麦与谷壳分开（查找）。然后，你就可以受到深刻而坚实的思想的适当影响，而不是成为愚蠢的时尚、奇思妙想和意识形态的牺牲品，这些思想的危险范围从微不足道到凡人。

Those who can think and communicate are simply more powerful than those who cannot, and powerful in the good way, the way that means “able to do a wide range of things competently and efficiently.” Furthermore, the further up the ladder of competence you climb, with your well-formulated thoughts, the more important thinking and communicating become. At the very top of the most complex hierarchies (law, medicine, academia, business, theology, politics) nothing is more necessary and valuable. If you can think and communicate, you can also defend yourself, and your friends and family, when that becomes necessary, and it will become necessary at various points in your life.
那些能够思考和沟通的人比那些不能思考和沟通的人更强大，而且以良好的方式强大，这意味着“能够胜任和有效地做各种事情”。此外，你的能力阶梯爬得越远，有了你精心制定的想法，思考和沟通就越重要。在最复杂的等级制度（法律、医学、学术界、商业、神学、政治）的最顶端，没有什么比这更必要和有价值的了。如果你能思考和沟通，你也可以保护自己，以及你的朋友和家人，当这变得必要时，这将在你生命中的不同阶段变得必要。

Finally, it is useful to note that your mind is organized verbally, at the highest and most abstract levels. Thus, if you learn to think, through writing, then you will develop a well-organized, efficient mind – and one that is well-founded and certain. This also means that you will be healthier, mentally and physically, as lack of clarity and ignorance means unnecessary stress. Unnecessary stress makes your body react more to what could otherwise be treated as trivial affairs. This makes for excess energy expenditure, and more rapid aging (along with all the negative health-related consequences of aging).
最后，重要的是要注意，你的思想是用语言组织的，处于最高和最抽象的层次。因此，如果你通过写作学会思考，那么你将培养出一个组织良好、高效的头脑——而且是一个有充分根据和确定的头脑。这也意味着您将在精神上和身体上更加健康，因为缺乏清晰度和无知意味着不必要的压力。不必要的压力会使您的身体对原本可能被视为微不足道的事情做出更多反应。这会导致能量消耗过多，衰老速度更快（以及衰老对健康的所有负面影响）。

So, unless you want to stay an ignorant, unhealthy lightweight, learn to write (and to think and communicate). Otherwise those who can will ride roughshod over you and push you out of the way. Your life will be harder, at the bottom of the dominance hierarchies that you will inevitably inhabit, and you will get old fast.
所以，除非你想保持一个无知、不健康的轻量级，否则请学习写作（以及思考和交流）。否则，那些有能力的人会粗暴地骑在你身上，把你推开。你的生活会更加艰难，处于你不可避免地栖息的支配等级制度的底层，你会很快变老。

Don’t ever underestimate the power of words. Without them, we would still be living in trees. So when you are writing an essay, you are harnessing the full might of culture to your life. That is why you write an essay (even if it has been assigned). Forget that, and you are doing something stupid, trivial and dull. Remember it, and you are conquering the unknown.
永远不要低估文字的力量。没有它们，我们仍然生活在树上。因此，当你写一篇文章时，你正在将文化的全部力量用于你的生活。这就是你写一篇文章的原因（即使它已经被分配了）。忘了这些，你就在做一些愚蠢、琐碎和乏味的事情。记住它，你正在征服未知。

A note on technology
关于技术的说明

If you are a student, or anyone else who is going to do a lot of writing, then you should provide yourself with the right technology, especially now, when it is virtually costless to do so. Obviously, you need a computer. It doesn’t have to be that good, although a digital hard drive is a good investment for speed. Less obviously, you need two screens, one set up beside the other. They don’t have to be bigger than 19” diagonal. Even 17” monitors will do well. High resolution is better. You need the two screens so that you can present your reference material on one screen, and your essay (or even two versions of your essay, side by side) on the other.
如果您是一名学生，或者其他任何要进行大量写作的人，那么您应该为自己提供正确的技术，尤其是现在，这样做几乎是免费的。显然，你需要一台电脑。它不必那么好，尽管数字硬盘是对速度的不错投资。不太明显的是，您需要两个屏幕，一个设置在另一个旁边。它们不必大于 19 英寸的对角线。即使是 17 英寸的显示器也会做得很好。分辨率越高越好。您需要两个屏幕，以便您可以在一个屏幕上展示您的参考资料，在另一个屏幕上展示您的论文（甚至并排展示您的论文的两个版本）。

Having this extra visual real estate really matters. It will make you less cramped and more efficient. A good keyboard (such as the Microsoft Natural Ergonomic keyboard) is also an excellent investment. Standard keyboards will hurt your hands if you use them continually, and the less said about a notebook keyboard the better. Use a good mouse, as well, and not a touchpad, which requires too much finicky movement for someone who is really working. Set up the keyboards so you are looking directly at their centers when you are sitting up straight. Use a decent chair, and sit so that your feet can rest comfortably on the floor when your knees are bent 90 degrees. These are not trivial issues. You may spend hours working on your writing, so you have to set up a workspace that will not annoy you, or you will have just one more good reason to avoid your tasks and assignments.
拥有这些额外的视觉空间真的很重要。它会让你不那么局促，更高效。一个好的键盘（例如 Microsoft Natural Ergonomic 键盘）也是一项极好的投资。如果您继续使用标准键盘，它们会伤到您的手，而且笔记本键盘说得越少越好。也要使用好的鼠标，而不是触摸板，对于真正工作的人来说，这需要太多挑剔的动作。设置键盘，以便在您坐直时直接看着它们的中心。使用一把像样的椅子，坐下，这样当你的膝盖弯曲 90 度时，你的脚可以舒适地放在地板上。这些都不是微不足道的问题。你可能会花几个小时来写作，所以你必须设置一个不会让你烦恼的工作区，否则你将只有一个更充分的理由来避免你的任务和作业。

A note on use of time
关于时间使用的注意事项

People’s brains function better in the morning. Get up. Eat something. You are much smarter and more resilient after you have slept properly and ate. There is plenty of solid research demonstrating this. Coffee alone is counter-productive. Have some protein and some fat. Make a smoothie with fruit and real yogurt. Go out and buy a cheap breakfast, if necessary. Eat by whatever means necessary. Prepare to spend between 90 minutes and three hours writing. However, even 15 minutes can be useful, particularly if you do it every day.
人们的大脑在早上功能更好。起床。吃点东西。睡得好、吃得好后，你会变得更聪明、更有弹性。有大量可靠的研究证明了这一点。单独喝咖啡会适得其反。吃点蛋白质和一些脂肪。用水果和真正的酸奶制作冰沙。如有必要，出去买一顿便宜的早餐。用任何必要的方式吃东西。准备花 90 分钟到 3 小时写作。但是，即使是 15 分钟也可能很有用，特别是如果您每天都这样做。

Do not wait for a big chunk of free time to start. You will never get big chunks of free time ever in your life, so don’t make your success dependent on their non-existent. The most effective writers write every day, at least a bit.
不要等待一大块空闲时间开始。你这辈子永远不会有大块的空闲时间，所以不要让你的成功依赖于它们的不存在。最有效的作家每天都写作，至少写一点。

Realize that when you first sit down to write, your mind will rebel. It is full of other ideas, all of which will fight to dominate. You could be looking at Facebook, or Youtube, or watching or reading online porn, or cleaning the dust bunnies from under your bed, or rearranging your obsolete CD collection, or texting an old flame, or reading a book for another course, or getting the groceries you need, or doing the laundry, or having a nap, or going for a walk (because you need the exercise), or phoning a friend or a parent – the list is endless. Each part of your mind that is concerned with such things will make its wants known, and attempt to distract you. Such pesky demons can be squelched, however, with patience. If you refuse to be tempted for fifteen minutes (25 on a really bad day) you will find that the clamor in your mind will settle down and you will be able to concentrate on writing. If you do this day after day, you will find that the power of such temptations do not reduce, but the duration of their attempts to distract you will decrease. You will also find that even on a day where concentration is very difficult, you will still be able to do some productive writing if you stick it out.
意识到当你第一次坐下来写作时，你的头脑会反叛。它充满了其他想法，所有这些想法都将为主导而战。你可能在看 Facebook，或者 Youtube，或者观看或阅读在线色情片，或者清理床下的灰尘兔子，或者重新整理你过时的 CD 收藏，或者给旧情人发短信，或者读一本书参加另一门课程，或者买你需要的杂货，或者洗衣服，或者打个盹，或者出去散步（因为你需要锻炼）， 或者打电话给朋友或父母 – 这个清单是无穷无尽的。你心中关心这些事情的每一部分都会让人们知道它的需求，并试图分散你的注意力。然而，只要有耐心，就可以平息这些讨厌的恶魔。如果你拒绝被诱惑 15 分钟（在非常糟糕的一天是 25 分钟），你会发现你心中的喧嚣会平息下来，你将能够专注于写作。如果你日复一日地这样做，你会发现这种诱惑的力量并没有减少，但它们试图分散你的注意力的持续时间会减少。你还会发现，即使在非常难以集中注意力的日子里，如果你坚持下去，你仍然可以做一些富有成效的写作。

Don’t kid yourself into thinking you will write for six hours, either. Three is a maximum, especially if you want to sustain it day after day. Don’t wait too late to start your writing, so you don’t have to cram insanely, but give yourself a break after a good period of sustained concentration. Three productive hours are way better than ten hours of self-deceptive non-productivity, even in the library.
也不要自欺欺人地认为你会写六个小时。三个是最大值，特别是如果您想日复一日地维持它。不要等得太晚才开始写作，这样你就不必疯狂地死记硬背，而是在持续专注一段时间后让自己休息一下。三个富有成效的小时比十个小时的自欺欺人的非生产力要好得多，即使在图书馆也是如此。

PART TWO: LEVELS OF RESOLUTION
第二部分：分辨率级别

Words, sentences, paragraphs and more
单词、句子、段落等

An essay, like any piece of writing, exists at multiple levels of resolution, simultaneously. First is the selection of the word. Second is the crafting of the sentence. Each word should be precisely the right word, in the right location in each sentence. The sentence itself should present a thought, part of the idea expressed in the paragraph, in a grammatically correct manner. Each sentence should be properly arranged and sequenced inside a paragraph, the third level of resolution. As a rule of thumb, a paragraph should be made up of at least 10 sentences or 100 words. This might be regarded as a stupid rule, because it is arbitrary. However, you should let it guide you, until you know better. You have very little right to break the rules, until you have mastered them.
一篇文章，就像任何一篇文章一样，同时存在于多个分辨率级别。首先是单词的选择。其次是句子的制作。每个单词都应该是正确的单词，在每个句子的正确位置。句子本身应该以语法正确的方式表达一个想法，即段落中表达的想法的一部分。每个句子都应该在一个段落中正确排列和排序，这是第三级分辨率。根据经验，一个段落应至少由 10 个句子或 100 个单词组成。这可能被视为一个愚蠢的规则，因为它是武断的。但是，您应该让它指导您，直到您更好地了解为止。在你掌握规则之前，你几乎没有权利打破规则。

Here’s a little story to illustrate that idea, taken in part from a document called the Codex Bezae
这里有一个小故事来说明这个想法，部分摘自一份名为 Codex Bezae 的文件.

Christ is walking down the road on the Sabbath, when good Jews of that time were not supposed to work. In the ditch, he sees a shepherd, trying to rescue a sheep from a hole that it has fallen into. It is very hot and, clearly, the sheep will not be in very good shape if it spends a whole day in the desert sun. On the other hand, it is the Sabbath. Christ looks at the shepherd and says, “Man, if indeed thou knowest what thou doest, thou art blessed: but if thou knowest not, thou art cursed, and a transgressor of the law.” Then he walks on down the road.
基督在安息日走在路上，那时善良的犹太人不应该工作。在沟里，他看到一个牧羊人，正试图从掉进去的洞里救出一只羊。天气非常炎热，显然，如果羊在沙漠的阳光下度过一整天，它的状态不会很好。另一方面，它是安息日。基督看着牧羊人说：“人啊，如果你真的知道你所做的，你就是有福的;但如果你不知道，你就是被咒诅的，是违背律法的。然后他继续沿着路走。

The point is this: There is a rest day for a reason. Otherwise people would work all the time. Then they would be chronically unhappy and exhausted. They would compete each other to death. So if it’s time for everybody to rest, then rest, and don’t be breaking the rule. However, it is also not good to let a sheep die in the hot sun, when a few minutes of labor might save it. So, if you are respectful of the rule, and conscious of its importance, and realize that it serves as a bulwark against the chaos of the unknown, and you still decide to break it, carefully, because the particularities of the circumstances demand it – well, then, more power to you. If you are just a careless, ignorant, antisocial narcissist instead, however, then look out. You break a rule at your peril, whether you know it or not.
关键是：休息日是有原因的。否则人们会一直工作。然后他们会长期不快乐和疲惫不堪。他们会互相竞争至死。所以，如果每个人都该休息了，那就休息吧，不要打破规则。然而，让羊死在烈日下也不是一件好事，因为几分钟的劳动可能会挽救它。所以，如果你尊重规则，意识到它的重要性，并意识到它是抵御未知混乱的堡垒，并且你仍然决定小心翼翼地打破它，因为环境的特殊性需要它——那么，给你更多的力量。然而，如果你只是一个粗心、无知、反社会的自恋者，那么请小心。你违反规则是有风险的，无论你是否知道。

Rules are there for a reason. You are only allowed to break them if you are a master. If you’re not a master, don’t confuse your ignorance with creativity or style. Writing that follows the rules is easier for readers, because they know roughly what to expect. So rules are conventions. Like all conventions, they are sometimes sub-optimal. But not very often. So, to begin with, use the conventions. For example, aim to make your paragraphs about 10 sentences or 100 words long.
规则的存在是有原因的。只有当您是大师时，您才被允许打破它们。如果你不是大师，不要把你的无知与创造力或风格混淆。遵循规则的写作对读者来说更容易，因为他们大致知道会发生什么。所以规则就是惯例。与所有约定一样，它们有时不是最优的。但并不经常。因此，首先，使用约定。例如，目标是使您的段落长度约为 10 个句子或 100 个单词。

A paragraph should present a single idea, using multiple sentences. If you can’t think up 100 words to say about your idea, it’s probably not a very good idea, or you need to think more about it. If your paragraph is rambling on for 300 words, or more, it’s possible that it has more than one idea in it, and should be broken up.
一个段落应该使用多个句子来表达一个想法。如果你想不出 100 个字来说明你的想法，这可能不是一个好主意，或者你需要多考虑一下。如果你的段落长达 300 个单词或更多，则它可能包含多个想法，应该被分解。

All of the paragraphs have to be arranged in a logical progression, from the beginning of the essay to the end. This is the fourth level of resolution. Perhaps the most important step in writing an essay is getting the paragraphs in proper order. Each of them is a stepping stone to your essay’s final destination.
所有段落都必须按照逻辑顺序排列，从文章的开头到结尾。这是第四级分辨率。也许写一篇文章最重要的一步是让段落有正确的顺序。他们每个人都是通往你论文最终目的地的垫脚石。

The fifth level of resolution is the essay, as a whole. Every element of an essay can be correct, each word, sentence, and paragraph – even the paragraph order – and the essay can still fail, because it is just not interesting or important. It is very hard for competent but uninspired writers to understand this kind of failure, because a critic cannot merely point it out. There is no answer to their question, “exactly where did I make a mistake?” Such an essay is just not good. An essay without originality or creativity might fall into this category. Sometimes a creative person, who is not technically proficient as a writer, can make the opposite mistake: their word choice is poor, their sentences badly constructed and poorly organized within their paragraphs, their paragraphs in no intelligible relationship to one another – and yet the essay as a whole can succeed, because there are valuable thoughts trapped within it, wishing desperately to find expression
第五级分辨率是整篇文章。一篇文章的每个元素都可以是正确的，每个单词、句子和段落——甚至段落顺序——而文章仍然可能失败，因为它不有趣或不重要。有能力但缺乏灵感的作家很难理解这种失败，因为批评家不能仅仅指出它。他们的问题没有答案，“我到底在哪里犯了错误？这样的文章就是不好。一篇没有原创性或创造力的文章可能属于这一类。有时，一个在技术上不精通作家的创造性人士可能会犯相反的错误：他们的选词很糟糕，他们的句子结构很糟糕，段落内组织得很糟糕，他们的段落彼此之间没有可理解的关系——但文章作为一个整体可以成功，因为其中隐藏着有价值的思想。 拼命希望找到表达方式.

Additional levels
其他级别

You might think that there could not possibly be anything more to an essay than these five levels of resolution or analysis, but you would be wrong. This is something that was first noticed, perhaps, by those otherwise entirely reprehensible and destructive scholars known as post-modernists. An essay necessarily exists within a context of interpretation, made up of the reader (level six), and the culture that the reader is embedded in (level seven), which is made up in part of the assumptions that he or she will bring to the essay. Levels six and seven have deep roots in biology and culture. You might think, “Why do I need to know this?” but if you don’t you are not considering your audience, and that’s a mistake. Part of the purpose of the essay is to set your mind straight, but the other part, equally important, is to communicate with an audience.
你可能认为一篇文章不可能有比这五个级别的分辨率或分析更多的东西，但你错了。也许，那些被称为后现代主义者的学者首先注意到了这一点。一篇文章必须存在于解释的语境中，由读者（第六级）和读者所处的文化（第七级）组成，后者由他或她将带到文章中的部分假设组成。第六级和第七级在生物学和文化方面有着深厚的根基。你可能会想，“为什么我需要知道这个？”但如果你不这样做，你就没有考虑你的听众，这是一个错误。这篇文章的部分目的是让你理清思路，但另一部分同样重要的是与听众交流。

For the essay to succeed, brilliantly, it has to work at all of these levels of resolution simultaneously. That is very difficult, but it is in that difficulty that the value of the act of writing exists.
为了让这篇文章出色地成功，它必须同时在所有这些分辨率级别上工作。这是非常困难的，但正是在这种困难中，写作行为的价值才存在。

Considerations of Aesthetics and Fascination
审美和魅力的考虑

This is not all that has to be properly managed when you write an essay. You should also strive for brevity, which is concise and efficient expression, as well as beauty, which is the melodic or poetic aspect of your language (at all the requisite levels of analysis). Finally, you should not be bored, or boring. If you are bored while writing, then, most importantly, you are doing it wrong, and you will also bore your reader. Think of it this way: you get bored for a reason, and sometimes for a good reason. You may be bored while writing your essay because you are actually lying to yourself in a very deep way about what you are doing and why you are doing it. Your mind, independent of your ego, cannot be hoodwinked into attending to something that you think is uninteresting or useless. It will automatically regard such a thing as unworthy of attention, and make you bored by it.
这并不是你写论文时必须妥善管理的全部。您还应该努力做到简洁，这是简洁有效的表达，以及美感，这是您语言的旋律或诗意方面（在所有必要的分析层面）。最后，你不应该感到无聊或无聊。如果你在写作时感到无聊，那么最重要的是，你做错了，你也会让你的读者感到厌烦。可以这样想：你感到无聊是有原因的，有时是有充分理由的。你在写论文时可能会感到无聊，因为你实际上是在对自己非常深刻地撒谎，关于你在做什么以及你为什么要这样做。你的思想，独立于你的自我，不能被蒙蔽去关注你认为无趣或无用的事情。它会自动认为这样的事情不值得关注，并让你对它感到厌烦。

If you are bored by your essay, you have either chosen the wrong topic (one which makes no difference to you and, in all likelihood, to anyone else) or you are approaching a good topic in a substandard manner. Perhaps you are resentful about having to write the essay, or afraid of its reception, or lazy, or ignorant, or unduly and arrogantly skeptical, or something of the kind.
如果你对你的文章感到无聊，你要么选错了主题（一个对你没有影响，很可能对其他任何人都没有影响的话题），要么你以不合标准的方式接近一个好的话题。也许你对不得不写这篇文章感到不满，或者害怕它的接受，或者懒惰，或者无知，或者过度和傲慢地怀疑，或者诸如此类。

You have to place yourself in the correct state of mind to write properly. That state of mind is partly aesthetic. You have to be trying to produce something of worth, beauty and elegance. If you think that is ridiculous, then you are far too stupid at the moment to write properly. You need to meditate long and hard on why you would dare presume that worth, beauty and elegance are unworthy of your pursuit. Do you plan to settle for ugly and uncouth? Do you want to destroy, instead of build?
你必须把自己放在正确的心态上才能正确写作。这种心态在一定程度上是审美的。你必须努力生产出有价值、美丽和优雅的东西。如果你认为这很荒谬，那你现在太愚蠢了，无法正确写作。你需要长时间而努力地思考，为什么你敢假设价值、美丽和优雅不值得你追求。你打算满足于丑陋和粗鲁吗？您想破坏而不是构建吗？

You must choose a topic that is important to you. This should be formulated as a question that you want to answer. This is arguably the hardest part of writing an essay: choosing the proper question. Perhaps your instructor has provided you with a list of topics, and you think you are off the hook as a consequence. You’re not. You still have to determine how to write about one of those topics in a manner that is compelling to you. It’s a moral, spiritual endeavour.
您必须选择一个对您很重要的主题。这应该被表述为您想要回答的问题。这可以说是写论文最难的部分：选择合适的问题。也许您的讲师为您提供了一份主题列表，而您认为您因此摆脱了困境。你不是。您仍然必须确定如何以对您有吸引力的方式撰写其中一个主题。这是一项道德和精神上的努力。

If you properly identify something of interest to you, then you have put yourself in alignment with the deeper levels of your psyche, your spirit. If these deeper levels do not want or need an answer to the question you have posed, you will not possibly be interested in it. So the fact of your interest is evidence of the importance of the topic. You, or some part of you, needs the answer – and such needs can be deep enough so that life itself can depend upon them. Someone desperate, for example, might find the question “why live?” of extreme interest, and absolutely require an answer that makes life’s suffering worth bearing. It is not necessary to ensure that every question you try or essay to answer of that level of importance, but you should not waste your time with ideas that do not grip you.
如果你正确地确定了你感兴趣的事物，那么你就把自己与你的心理更深层次、你的精神放在了一起。如果这些更深层次不想或不需要你提出的问题的答案，你就不可能对它感兴趣。因此，您感兴趣的事实证明了该主题的重要性。你，或者你的一部分，需要答案——而这种需求可能足够深刻，以至于生活本身可以依赖它们。例如，一个绝望的人可能会发现“为什么活着”这个问题非常有趣，并且绝对需要一个让生活的痛苦值得承受的答案。没有必要确保您尝试回答的每个问题或文章都具有同等重要性，但您不应该将时间浪费在不会吸引您的想法上。

So, the proper attitude is interested and aesthetically sensitive.
因此，正确的态度是感兴趣和审美敏感的。

Having said all that, here is something to remember: finished beats perfect. Most people fail a class or an assignment or a work project not because they write badly, and geta D’s or F’s, but because they don’t write at all, and get zeroes. Zeroes are very bad. They are the black holes of numbers. Zeroes make you fail. Zeroes ruin your life. Essays handed in, no matter how badly written, can usually get you at least a C. So don’t be a completely self-destructive idiot. Hand something in, regardless of how pathetic you think it is (and no matter how accurate you are in that opinion).
说了这么多，这里有一点要记住：完成胜过完美。大多数人一门课、一项作业或一个工作项目不及格，不是因为他们写得不好，得了 D 或 F，而是因为他们根本不写，得了零分。零非常糟糕。它们是数字的黑洞。零会让你失败。零毁了你的生活。上交的论文，无论写得多么糟糕，通常至少可以让你得到 C。所以不要做一个完全自我毁灭的白痴。交出一些东西，不管你认为它有多可悲（也不管你的观点有多准确）。

PART THREE: THE TOPIC AND THE READING LIST
第三部分：主题和阅读清单

The central question that you are trying to answer with the essay is the topic question. Here are some potentially interesting topic questions:
你试图用这篇文章回答的中心问题是主题问题。以下是一些可能有趣的主题问题：

Does evil exist?
邪恶存在吗？

Are all cultures equally worthy of respect?
所有文化都同样值得尊重吗？

How should a man and a woman treat each other in a relationship?
在一段关系中，一男一女应该如何相待？

What, if anything, makes a person good?
如果有的话，什么使一个人变得优秀？

These are very general, abstract topics. That makes them philosophical. Good topics do not have to be so general. Here are some good, more specific topics:
这些都是非常笼统、抽象的主题。这使它们具有哲学意义。好的话题不必那么笼统。以下是一些很好的、更具体的主题：

What were the key events of Julius Caesar’s rule?
尤利乌斯·凯撒 （Julius Caesar） 统治期间的关键事件是什么？

What are the critical elements of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution?
查尔斯·达尔文的进化论的关键要素是什么？

Is “The Sun Also Rises,” by Ernest Hemingway, an important book?
欧内斯特·海明威 （Ernest Hemingway） 的《太阳照常升起》（The Sun Also Rises） 是一本重要的书吗？

How might Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud’s theory of the psyche be contrasted?
卡尔·荣格和西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的心理理论如何对比？

How did Newton and Einstein differ in their conceptualization of time?
牛顿和爱因斯坦对时间的概念化有何不同？

Was the recent Iraq war just or unjust?
最近的伊拉克战争是正义的还是不正义的？

You can begin your essay writing process two different ways. You can either list the topics you have been assigned, or list ten or so questions that you might want to answer, if you are required to choose your own topic, or you can start to create and finalize your reading list. If you think you can already identify several potential topics of interest, start with Topics. If you are unsure, then start constructing your Reading List.
您可以通过两种不同的方式开始您的论文写作过程。如果需要选择自己的主题，您可以列出已分配的主题，也可以列出您可能想回答的十个左右的问题，或者您可以开始创建并完成您的阅读列表。如果您认为您已经可以确定几个可能感兴趣的主题，请从 Topics 开始。如果您不确定，请开始构建您的阅读清单。

CHOICE BETWEEN TOPICS and READING LIST
CHOICE BETWEEN TOPICS 和 READING LIST

Topics
主题

Put these in question form, as in the examples above.
把这些放在 question 的形式，就像上面的例子一样。

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

If you can’t do this, then you have to do some more reading (which you will likely have to do to complete the essay anyway). There is, by the way, no such thing as reader’s block. If you can’t write, it is because you have nothing to say. You have no ideas. In such a situation, don’t pride yourself on your writer’s block. Read something. If that doesn’t work, read something else – maybe something better. Repeat until the problem is solved.
如果你做不到，那么你必须多读一读（无论如何你都可能需要这样做才能完成这篇文章）。顺便说一句，没有读者障碍这样的东西。如果你不会写作，那是因为你无话可说。你没有想法。在这种情况下，不要以你的作家障碍为荣。阅读一些内容。如果这不起作用，请阅读其他内容 - 也许是更好的内容。重复上述步骤，直到问题得到解决。

Reading List
我的阅读清单

Indicate here what you have to or want to read. These should be books or articles, generally speaking. If you don’t know what articles or books might be appropriate or useful, then you could start with Wikipedia articles or other encyclopedic sources, and look at their reference lists for ideas about further reading. These sources are fine as a beginning.
在此处指出您必须阅读或想要阅读的内容。一般来说，这些应该是书籍或文章。如果您不知道哪些文章或书籍可能是合适的或有用的，那么您可以从维基百科文章或其他百科全书式来源开始，并查看它们的参考列表以获取有关进一步阅读的想法。这些来源作为一个开始就很好。

If you find someone whose writing is particularly interesting and appropriate, it is often very useful to see if you can find out what authors they admired and read. You can do this by noting who they refer to, in the text of their writings or in the reference list. You can meander productively through wide bodies of learning in this manner.
如果你找到一个写作特别有趣和合适的人，看看你是否能找出他们欣赏和阅读的作者通常非常有用。您可以通过在他们的著作文本或参考文献列表中注明他们指的是谁来做到这一点。通过这种方式，您可以有效地蜿蜒穿过广泛的学习体系。

Assume you need 5-10 books or articles per thousand words of essay, unless you have been instructed otherwise. A double-spaced page of typing usually contains about 250 words. List your sources now, even if you have to do it badly. You can always make it better later.
假设每千字的文章需要 5-10 本书或文章，除非你有其他指示。双倍行距的打字页通常包含大约 250 个单词。现在列出你的来源，即使你不得不做得很糟糕。你以后总是可以让它变得更好。

Reading 1.
阅读 1.

Notes: (see next section for Notes on Notes):
备注：（请参阅下一节的备注）：

Reading 2.
阅读 2.

Notes:
笔记：

Reading 3.
阅读 3.

Notes:
笔记：

Reading 4.
阅读 4.

Notes:
笔记：

Reading 5.
阅读 5.

Notes:
笔记：

Reading 6.
阅读 6.

Notes:
笔记：

Reading 7.
阅读 7.

Notes:
笔记：

Reading 8.
阅读 8.

Notes:
笔记：

Reading 9.
阅读 9.

Notes:
笔记：

Reading 10 (repeat if necessary)
阅读 10（必要时重复）.

Notes (repeat if necessary):
备注（必要时重复）：

A Psychological Note and some Notes on Notes.
A Psychological Note 和 Some Notes on Notes。

While you are reading, see if you can notice anything that catches your attention. This might be something you think is important, or something that you seriously disagree with, or something that you might want to know more about. You have to pay careful attention to your emotional reactions to do this.
在阅读时，看看您是否能注意到任何引起您注意的东西。这可能是您认为重要的事情，或者您严重不同意的事情，或者您可能想了解更多的事情。您必须仔细注意自己的情绪反应才能做到这一点。

You also want to take some notes. You can place your notes below the readings you listed above.
您还需要做一些笔记。您可以将笔记放在上面列出的读数下方。

When you are taking notes, don’t bother doing stupid things like highlighting or underlining sentences in the textbook. There is no evidence that it works. It just looks like work. What you need to do is to read for understanding. Read a bit, then write down what you have learned or any questions that have arisen in your mind. Don’t ever copy the source word for word. The most important part of learning and remembering is the recreation of what you have written in your own language. This is not some simplistic “use your own words.” This is the dialog you are having with the writer of your sources. This is your attempt to say back to the author “this is what I understand you are saying.” This is where you extract the gist of the writing.
当你做笔记时，不要费心做一些愚蠢的事情，比如在教科书中突出显示或下划线句子。没有证据表明它有效。它看起来就像工作。你需要做的是阅读以理解。阅读一点，然后写下你学到的东西或你脑海中出现的任何问题。永远不要逐字复制源。学习和记忆最重要的部分是重新创建您用自己的语言编写的内容。这并不是一些简单的 “用你自己的话”。这是您与源的作者进行的对话。这是你试图对作者说“这就是我理解你在说的”。这是你提取写作要点的地方。

If someone asks you about your day, you don’t say, “Well, first I opened my eyes. Then I blinked and rubbed them. Then I placed my left leg on the floor, and then my right.” You would bore them to death. Instead, you eliminate the extra detail, and concentrate on communicating what is important. That is exactly what you are supposed to be doing when you take some notes during or after reading (after is often better, with the book closed, so that you are not tempted to copy the author’s writing word for word so that you can fool yourself into thinking you did some work).
如果有人问你今天过得怎么样，你不会说，“嗯，首先我睁开了眼睛。然后我眨了眨眼，揉了揉它们。然后我把左腿放在地板上，然后是右腿。你会让他们厌烦得要死。相反，您消除了额外的细节，并专注于传达重要内容。这正是你在阅读期间或阅读后做一些笔记时应该做的（之后通常更好，合上书，这样你就不会想逐字复制作者的作品，这样你就可以自欺欺人地认为你做了一些工作）。

If you find note-taking in this manner difficult, try this. Read a paragraph. Look away. Then say to yourself, out loud, even in a whisper (if you are in a library), what the paragraph meant. Listen to what you said, and then quickly write it down.
如果您觉得以这种方式记笔记很困难，请尝试此操作。阅读一段。把目光移开。然后大声地对自己说，即使是在低语中（如果你在图书馆里），这段话的含义。听你说了什么，然后快速写下来。

Take about two to three times as many notes, by word, as you will need for your essay. You might think that is inefficient, but it’s not. In order to write intelligibly about something, or to speak intelligently about it, you need to know far more than you actually communicate. That helps you master level six and seven, described previously – the context within which the essay is to be understood. Out of those notes you should be able to derive 8-10 topic questions. Do so. Remember, they can be edited later. Just get them down.
按单词记下大约两到三倍的笔记，这是你的文章需要的。您可能认为这效率低下，但事实并非如此。为了清晰地写下某事，或者明智地谈论它，你需要知道的远比你实际传达的要多。这有助于您掌握前面描述的第六级和第七级——理解文章的背景。从这些笔记中，您应该能够得出 8-10 个主题问题。这样做。请记住，它们可以稍后编辑。把他们打下来就好了。

PART FOUR: THE OUTLINE
第四部分：大纲

At this point you have prepared a list of topics, and a reading list. Now it’s time to choose a topic.
此时，您已经准备了一份主题列表和一份阅读清单。现在是时候选择一个主题了。

ENTER TOPIC HERE
在此处输入主题

1.

Here’s another rule. When you write your first draft, it should be longer than the final version. This is so that you have some extra writing to throw away. You want to have something to throw away after the first draft so that you only have to keep what is good. It is NOT faster to try to write exactly as many words as you need when you first sit down to write. Trying to do so merely makes you too aware of what you are writing. This concern will slow you down. Aim at producing a first draft that is 25% longer than the final draft is supposed to be. If your final work is to be 1000 words, then write that (or four pages) below. The word document will automatically add 25% to the length you specify.
这是另一条规则。当你写你的初稿时，它应该比最终版本长。这样你就可以扔掉一些额外的作品。你想在初稿之后有一些东西可以扔掉，这样你只需要保留好的东西。当你第一次坐下来写作时，尝试写出你需要的字数并不快。尝试这样做只会让你太清楚自己在写什么。这种担忧会减慢你的速度。目标是制作比最终草稿长 25% 的初稿。如果你的最终作品是 1000 字，那就在下面写下（或四页）。word 文档会自动将您指定的长度增加 25%。

Now specify the length of your essay.
现在指定你的文章的长度。

WORDS:
的话：

PAGES:
页面：

ADD 25% TO THE ABOVE LENGTHS
在上述长度的基础上增加 25%

Now you have to write an outline. This is the most difficult part of writing an essay, and it’s not optional. The outline of an essay is like the skeleton of a body. It provides its fundamental form and structure. Furthermore, the outline is basically the argument (with the sentences themselves and the words serving that argument).
现在你必须写一个大纲。这是写论文最难的部分，而且不是可选的。一篇文章的大纲就像一个身体的骨架。它提供了其基本形式和结构。此外，大纲基本上是论点（句子本身和为该论点服务的单词）。

A thousand-word essay requires a ten-sentence outline. However, the fundamental outline of an essay should not get much longer than fifteen sentences, even if the essay is several thousand words or more in length. This is because it is difficult to keep an argument of more than that length in mind at one time so that you can assess the quality of its structure. So, write a ten to fifteen sentence outline of your essay, and if it is longer than a thousand words, then make sub-outlines for each primary outline sentence. Here is an example of a good simple outline:
一篇一千字的文章需要一个十句话的大纲。但是，一篇文章的基本大纲不应超过 15 句话，即使文章的长度为几千字或更多。这是因为很难一次记住超过该长度的论点，以便您可以评估其结构的质量。所以，写一篇 10 到 15 句话的文章大纲，如果超过一千字，那么为每个主要大纲句子制作子大纲。下面是一个很好的简单大纲示例：

Topic: Who was Abraham Lincoln?
主题：亚伯拉罕·林肯是谁？

Why is Abraham Lincoln worthy of remembrance?
为什么亚伯拉罕·林肯值得纪念？

What were the crucial events of his childhood?
他童年时期的重要事件是什么？

Of his adolescence?
关于他的青春期？

Of his young adulthood?
关于他的年轻成年？

How did he enter politics?
他是如何进入政界的？

What were his major challenges?
他面临的主要挑战是什么？

What were the primary political and economic issues of his time?
他那个时代的主要政治和经济问题是什么？

Who were his enemies?
谁是他的敌人？

How did he deal with them?
他是如何应对他们的？

What were his major accomplishments?
他的主要成就是什么？

How did he die?
他是怎么死的？

Here is an example of a good longer outline (for a three thousand word essay):
这里有一个很好的较长大纲的例子（对于一篇三千字的文章）：

Topic: What is capitalism?
主题：什么是资本主义？

How has capitalism been defined?
资本主义是如何定义的？

Author 1
作者 1

Author 2
作者 2

Author 3
作者 3

Where and when did capitalism develop?
资本主义是在何时何地发展起来的？

Country 1
国家 1

Country 2
国家 2

How did capitalism develop in the first 50 years after its origin?
资本主义在诞生后的前 50 年里是如何发展的？

How did capitalism develop in the second 50 years after its origin?
资本主义在诞生后的第二个 50 年里是如何发展的？

(Repeat as necessary)
（根据需要重复）

Historical precursors?
历史先驱？

(choose as many centuries as necessary)
（根据需要选择多个世纪）

Advantages of capitalism?
资本主义的优势？

Wealth generation
财富创造

Technological advancement
技术进步

Personal freedom
个人自由

Disadvantages of capitalism?
资本主义的缺点？

Unequal distribution
分配不均

Pollution and other externalized costs
污染和其他外部成本

Alternatives to capitalism?
资本主义的替代品？

Fascism
法西斯主义

Communism
共产主义

Consequences of these alternatives?
这些替代方案的后果是什么？

Potential future developments?
未来可能的发展？

Conclusion
结论

Beware of the tendency to write trite, repetitive and clichéd introductions and conclusions. It is often useful to write a stock intro (what is the purpose of this essay? How is it going to proceed?) and a stock conclusion (How did this essay proceed? What was its purpose?) but they should usually then be thrown away. Write your outline here. Try for one outline heading per 100 words of essay length. You can add subdivisions, as in the example regarding capitalism, above.
当心写陈词滥调、重复和陈词滥调的引言和结论的倾向。写一个库存介绍通常很有用（这篇文章的目的是什么？它将如何进行？和一个典型的结论（这篇文章是如何进行的？它的目的是什么？但通常应该把它们扔掉。在这里写下你的大纲。尝试每 100 字的文章长度选择一个大纲标题。您可以添加细分，如上面有关资本主义的示例所示。

Write outline here:
在这里写下大纲：

1. Outline sentence 1:
1. 提纲句子 1：

2. Outline sentence 2:
2. 概述句子 2：

3. Outline sentence 3:
3. 概述句子 3：

4. Outline sentence 4:
4. 概述句子 4：

5. Outline sentence 5:
5. 概述句子 5：

6. Outline sentence 6:
6. 概述句子 6：

7. Outline sentence 7:
7. 提纲第 7 句：

8. Outline sentence 8:
8. 概述第 8 句：

9. Outline sentence 9:
9. 概述第 9 句：

10. Outline sentence 10 (repeat if necessary):
10. 概述第 10 句（必要时重复）：

PART FIVE: PARAGRAPHS
第五部分：段落

So, now you have your outline. Copy it here:
所以，现在你有了你的大纲。复制它在这里：

OUTLINE COPIED HERE
大纲复制在这里

Now, write ten to fifteen sentences per outline heading to complete your paragraph. You may find it helpful to add additional subdivisions to your outline, and to work back and forth between the outline and the sentences, editing both. Use your notes, as well. Use single spacing at this point, so that you can see more writing on the paper at once. You will format your essay properly later.
现在，每个大纲标题写 10 到 15 个句子来完成你的段落。您可能会发现在大纲中添加额外的细分，并在大纲和句子之间来回工作，编辑两者会很有帮助。也使用你的笔记。此时使用单倍行距，以便您可以一次在纸上看到更多内容。稍后您将正确格式化您的文章。

Don’t worry too much about how well you are writing at this point. It is also best at this point not to worry too much about the niceties of sentence structure and grammar. That is all best left for the second major step, which is editing. You should think of the essay writing process as twofold. The first major step is the first draft, which can be relatively quick and dirty. For the first draft you can use your notes, extensively, and rough out the essay. If you get stuck writing anywhere, just move to the next outline sentence. You can always go back.
此时不要太担心你写得有多好。在这一点上，最好不要太担心句子结构和语法的细节。这些最好留给第二个主要步骤，即编辑。你应该把论文写作过程看作是双重的。第一个主要步骤是初稿，它可能相对快速和肮脏。对于初稿，您可以广泛使用您的笔记，并粗略地完成文章。如果你在任何地方都卡住了写作，就转到下一个大纲句子。你总是可以回去的。

The second major step is editing. Production (the first major step) and editing (the second) are different functions, and should be treated that way. This is because each interferes with the other. The purpose of production is to produce. The function of editing is to reduce and arrange. If you try to do both at the same time then the editing stymies the production. It’s not faster to combine them, nor is it better, and it is bound to be frustrating.
第二个主要步骤是编辑。制作（第一个主要步骤）和编辑（第二个步骤）是不同的功能，应该以这种方式对待。这是因为每个都会干扰另一个。生产的目的是生产。编辑的功能是缩小和排列。如果你试图同时做这两件事，那么编辑就会阻碍制作。将它们结合起来并不更快，也没有更好，而且肯定会令人沮丧。

Here is an example of writing associated with an outline question: (note: places where references are necessary are indicate as (REFERENCE, 19XX). How to format these references will be discussed later.
以下是与大纲问题相关的写作示例：（注意：需要参考的地方表示为 （REFERENCE， 19XX）。稍后将讨论如何格式化这些引用。

Outline sentence: How has capitalism been defined?
大纲句子：资本主义是如何定义的？

Something as complex as capitalism cannot be easily defined. Different authors have each offered their opinion. Liberal or conservative thinkers stress the importance of private property and the ownership rights that accompany such property as key to capitalism (REFERENCE, 19XX). Such private property (including valuable goods and the means by which they are produced) can be traded, freely, with other property owners, in a market where the price is set by public demand, rather than by any central agency. Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency. They believe that lower cost is a desirable feature of production, and that fair competition helps ensure desirably lower prices.
像资本主义这样复杂的东西不能轻易定义。不同的作者各自提出了他们的观点。自由派或保守派思想家强调私有财产的重要性以及伴随此类财产的所有权是资本主义的关键（参考，19XX）。这种私有财产（包括贵重物品及其生产方式）可以在价格由公众需求而不是任何中央机构决定的市场中与其他财产所有者自由交易。自由派和保守派的思想家都强调生产效率和质量，并认为利润是效率的动机。他们认为，降低成本是生产的理想特征，而公平竞争有助于确保理想的低价格。

The World Socialist Movement (REFERENCE, 19XX), an international consortium of far left political parties, defines capitalism, by contrast, as ownership of the means of production by a small minority of people, the capitalist class, who profitably exploit the working class, the genuine producers, who must sell their ability to work for a salary or wage. Such socialists believe that it is profit that solely motivates capitalism, and that the profit motive is essentially corrupt. Modern environmentalists tend to add the natural world itself to the list of capitalist targets of exploitation (REFERENCE, 19XX). Thinkers on the right tend to regard problems emerging from the capitalist system as real, but trivial in comparison to those produced by other economic and political systems, real and hypothetical. Thinkers on the far left regard capitalism as the central cause of problems as serious as poverty, inequality and environmental degradation, and believe that there are other political and economic systems whose implementation would constitute an improvement.
世界社会主义运动（参考，19XX）是一个由极左翼政党组成的国际联盟，它把资本主义定义为少数人对生产资料的所有权，即资产阶级，他们从中获利地剥削工人阶级，真正的生产者，他们必须出卖自己的工作能力来换取薪水。这些社会主义者认为，资本主义的唯一动机是利润，而利润动机本质上是腐败的。现代环保主义者倾向于将自然世界本身添加到资本主义剥削目标的清单中（参考，19XX）右翼思想家倾向于将资本主义制度中出现的问题视为真实存在的问题，但与其他经济和政治制度产生的问题相比，无论是真实的还是假设的，都是微不足道的。极左翼思想家认为资本主义是导致贫困、不平等和环境退化等严重问题的核心原因，并认为还有其他政治和经济制度的实施将构成改进。

It took two paragraphs to begin to address the first outline sentence. Notice that the essay begins without referring to itself. It is better to tell the reader what the essay will be about and how the topic will be addressed than to meander around stupidly at the beginning of an essay, but it is still better to grab the reader’s attention immediately without beating around the bush.
花了两段时间才开始讨论第一个大纲句子。请注意，这篇文章一开始就没有提到自己。告诉读者这篇文章将要讲什么以及该主题将如何解决，比在文章开始时愚蠢地闲逛要好，但最好立即抓住读者的注意力，而不是拐弯抹角。

Once you have completed ten to fifteen sentences for each outline heading, you have finished your first draft. Now it is time to move to editing.
完成每个大纲标题的 10 到 15 个句子后，您就完成了初稿。现在是时候进行编辑了。

PART SIX: EDITING AND ARRANGING OF SENTENCES WITHIN PARAGRAPHS
第六部分：编辑和排列段落内的句子

Copy the first paragraph of your first draft here:
将初稿的第一段复制到此处：

Paragraph 1:
第 1 段：

Now, place each sentence on its own line, so it looks like this (this example is taken from the first paragraph on capitalism, above):
现在，将每个句子放在自己的行上，使其看起来像这样（这个例子取自上面关于资本主义的第一段）：

Something as complex as capitalism cannot be easily defined.
像资本主义这样复杂的东西不能轻易定义。

Different authors have each offered their opinion.
不同的作者各自提出了他们的观点。

Liberal or conservative thinkers stress the importance of private property and the ownership rights that accompany such property as key to capitalism (REFERENCE, 19XX).
自由派或保守派思想家强调私有财产的重要性以及伴随此类财产的所有权是资本主义的关键（参考，19XX）。

Such private property (including valuable goods and the means by which they are produced) can be traded, freely, with other property owners, in a market where the price is set by public demand, rather than by any central agency.
这种私有财产（包括贵重物品及其生产方式）可以在价格由公众需求而不是任何中央机构决定的市场中与其他财产所有者自由交易。

Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency.
自由派和保守派的思想家都强调生产效率和质量，并认为利润是效率的动机。

They believe that lower cost is a desirable feature of production, and that fair competition helps ensure desirably lower prices.
他们认为，降低成本是生产的理想特征，而公平竞争有助于确保理想的低价格。

Now, write another version of each sentence, under each sentence, like this:
现在，在每个句子下面写下每个句子的另一个版本，如下所示：

Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency.
自由派和保守派的思想家都强调生产效率和质量，并认为利润是效率的动机。

Liberal and conservative thinkers alike stress the importance of quality and efficiency, and see them as properly rewarded by profit.
自由派和保守派思想家都强调质量和效率的重要性，并认为它们应该得到利润的回报。

In this example, the meaning of the sentence has been changed slightly, during the rewrite. It may be that the second sentence flows better than the first, and is also more precise and meaningful. See if you can make each sentence you have written better, in a similar manner:
在此示例中，在重写期间，句子的含义略有改变。可能是第二句话比第一句更流畅，也更精准、更有意义。看看你是否可以用类似的方式把你写的每个句子都写得更好：

Better would mean shorter and simpler (as all unnecessary words should be eliminated). There is almost nothing a novice writer can do that will improve his or her writing more rapidly than writing very short sentences. See if you can cut the length of each sentence by 15-25%. Remember, earlier, you tried to make your essay longer than necessary. Here you can start cleaning it up.
Better 意味着更短和更简单（因为所有不必要的单词都应该被删除）。新手作家几乎没有什么比写非常短的句子更能提高他或她的写作速度了。看看你是否可以将每个句子的长度缩短 15-25%。请记住，早些时候，您试图使您的文章超过必要的长度。在这里你可以开始清理它。

Better would mean that each word is precisely and exactly the right word. Don’t be tempted to use any word that you would be uncomfortable to use in spoken conversation. Often, new writers try to impress their readers with their vocabulary. This often backfires when words are used that are technically correct but whose connotation is not, or that are unsuitable within the context of the sentence, paragraph or full essay. An expert writer will spot such flaws immediately, and see them for what they are: forms of camouflage and deception. Write clearly at a vocabulary level you have mastered (with maybe a bit of stretching, to produce improvement).
Better 意味着每个单词都是精确且完全正确的单词。不要试图使用任何您在口语对话中使用会不舒服的词。通常，新作家试图用他们的词汇给读者留下深刻印象。当使用的词在技术上是正确的，但其内涵不正确，或者不适合句子、段落或完整文章的上下文时，这往往会适得其反。专家作家会立即发现这些缺陷，并看到它们的本质：伪装和欺骗的形式。在你已经掌握的词汇水平上写得清楚（也许需要一点伸展，以产生改进）。

Read each sentence aloud, and listen to how it sounds. If it’s awkward, see if you can say it a different, better way. Listen to what you said, and then write it down. Rewrite each sentence. Once you have done this with all the sentences, read the old versions and the new versions, and replace the old with the new if the new is better. Then copy the new paragraph here:
大声朗读每个句子，并聆听它的发音。如果这很尴尬，看看你是否可以用不同的、更好的方式来表达它。听你说的话，然后把它写下来。重写每个句子。完成所有句子后，阅读旧版本和新版本，如果新的更好，请用新版本替换旧版本。然后在此处复制新段落：

New paragraph 1:
新增第 1 款：

Repeat for each paragraph:
对每个段落重复：

New paragraph 2:
新增第 2 款：

New paragraph 3:
新增第 3 款：

New paragraph 4:
新增第 4 款：

New paragraph 5 (etc.):
新的第 5 款（等）：

Now you are going to try to improve each of those paragraphs. Copy them again here, unchanged (you are doing this so that you can easily compare the improved paragraphs to the originals, so that you can be sure they are truly improved, before you keep them):
现在，您将尝试改进这些段落中的每一个。将它们再次复制到此处，保持不变（您这样做是为了可以轻松地将改进的段落与原始段落进行比较，以便您可以确保在保留它们之前，它们确实得到了改进）：

New paragraph 1 (copy):
新第 1 款（副本）：

New paragraph 2 (copy):
新第 2 款（副本）：

New paragraph 3 (copy):
新第 3 款（副本）：

New paragraph 4 (copy):
新第 4 段（副本）：

New paragraph 5 (copy) (etc.):
新的第 5 款（副本）（等）：

Start with paragraph 1. Break it up into single sentences, as you did before. Now check to see if the sentences are in the best possible order, within each paragraph. Drag and drop them, or cut and paste them, into better order.
从第 1 段开始。像以前一样，把它分成几个句子。现在检查每个段落中的句子是否按最佳顺序排列。将它们拖放或剪切并粘贴到更好的顺序中。

You can also eliminate sentences that are no longer necessary. When you are satisfied with the first paragraph (which means that the sentences are necessary, short and punchy, and in the correct order) then go ahead to the next paragraph and do the same thing.
您还可以删除不再需要的句子。当你对第一段感到满意时（这意味着句子是必要的、简短的、有力的，并且顺序正确），然后继续到下一段并做同样的事情。

PART SEVEN: RE-ORDERING THE PARAGRAPHS
第七部分：重新排序段落

Now, copy all of the new, improved paragraphs that you have edited here:
现在，复制您在此处编辑的所有新的、改进的段落：

New improved paragraph 1:
新改进的第 1 段：

New improved paragraph 2:
新改进的第 2 段：

New improved paragraph 3:
新改进的第 3 段：

New improved paragraph 4:
新改进的第 4 段：

New improved paragraph 5 (etc.):
新改进的第 5 段（等）：

Now you are going to try to improve the order of those new, improved paragraphs. Copy them here, again, unchanged.
现在，您将尝试改进这些新的、改进的段落的顺序。再次将它们复制到此处，保持不变。

New improved paragraph 1 (copy):
新改进的第 1 段（副本）：

New improved paragraph 2 (copy):
新的改进第 2 段（副本）：

New improved paragraph 3 (copy):
新改进的第 3 段（副本）：

New improved paragraph 4 (copy):
新改进的第 4 段（副本）：

New improved paragraph 5 (copy) (etc.):
新的改进第 5 段（副本）（等）：

Now look at the order of the paragraphs themselves (as you just did with the sentences within each paragraph). It may well be that by now in the editing process, you will find that the order of the subtopics within your original outline is no longer precisely appropriate, and that some re-ordering of those sub-topics is called for. So, move around the new improved paragraph (copies) above, until they are ordered more appropriately than they were.
现在看看段落本身的顺序（就像你刚才对每个段落中的句子所做的那样）。很可能到现在的编辑过程中，你会发现原始大纲中子主题的顺序不再精确合适，并且需要对这些子主题进行一些重新排序。因此，请移动上面新改进的段落（副本），直到它们的顺序比以前更合适。

PART EIGHT: GENERATING A NEW OUTLINE
第 8 部分：生成新大纲

So now you should have produced a pretty decent second draft. You have identified the appropriate sources, written the proper notes, outlined your argument, roughed in a first draft (paragraph by paragraph), rewritten your sentences to make them more elegant, and re-ordered those sentences, as well as the paragraphs themselves. This is much farther than most writers ever get. You may even think you’re finished – but you’re not
所以现在你应该写出一个相当不错的第二稿。你已经确定了适当的来源，写了适当的笔记，概述了你的论点，在初稿中粗略地（逐段），重写了你的句子以使其更加优雅，并重新排列了这些句子以及段落本身。这比大多数作家所得到的要远得多。您甚至可能认为自己已经完成了 - 但事实并非如此.

The next step will take you from a “B” essay to an “A” essay. It may even help you write something that is better than you have ever produced (better meaning richer in information, precise, coherent, elegant and beautiful). Copy what you have written so far here:
下一步将带您从 “B” 论文到 “A” 论文。它甚至可能帮助你写出比以往任何时候都好的东西（更好的意思是信息更丰富、精确、连贯、优雅和美丽）。将您到目前为止所写的内容复制到这里：

FULL RE-ORDERED ESSAY HERE
完整的重新排序的文章在这里

Read it. Then go to the next page.
阅读它。然后转到下一页。

This part of the process will probably strike you as unnecessary, or annoying, or both, but what do you know? This is the step that separates the men from the boys, or the women from the boys, or the men from the girls, or whatever version of this saying is acceptably non-sexist and politically correct.
这部分过程可能会让您觉得不必要或烦人，或者两者兼而有之，但您知道什么？这是区分男人和男孩、女人和男孩、男人和女孩的步骤，或者这句话的任何版本都是可以接受的、非性别歧视和政治正确的。

You have just finished reading your essay. Try now to write a new outline of ten to fifteen sentences. Don’t look back at your essay while you are doing this. If you have to, go back and re-read the whole thing, and then return to this page, but don’t look at your essay while you are rewriting the outline. If you force yourself to reconstruct your argument from memory, you will likely improve it. Generally, when you remember something, you simplify it, while retaining most of what is important. Thus, your memory can serve as a filter, removing what is useless and preserving and organizing what is vital. What you are doing now is distilling what you have written to its essence.
你刚刚读完了你的文章。现在尝试写一个包含 10 到 15 个句子的新大纲。当你这样做时，不要回头看你的文章。如果必须的话，回去重新阅读整篇文章，然后回到这个页面，但在重写大纲时不要看你的文章。如果你强迫自己从记忆中重建你的论点，你很可能会改进它。通常，当您记住某件事时，您会简化它，同时保留大部分重要内容。因此，您的记忆可以作为一个过滤器，去除无用的东西，保存和组织重要的东西。你现在所做的是将你所写的东西提炼成它的本质。

Write new outline here:
在此处编写新大纲：

1. New outline sentence 1:
1. 新大纲句子 1：

2. New outline sentence 2:
2. 新增大纲句子 2：

3. New outline sentence 3:
3. 新大纲句子 3：

4. New outline sentence 4:
4. 新大纲第 4 句：

5. New outline sentence 5:
5. 新大纲第 5 句：

6. New outline sentence 6:
6. 新大纲第 6 句：

7. New outline sentence 7:
7. 新大纲第 7 句：

8. New outline sentence 8:
8. 新大纲第 8 句：

9. New outline sentence 9:
9. 新大纲第 9 句：

10. New outline sentence 10 (repeat if necessary):
10. 新的大纲第 10 句（必要时重复）：

Now that you have a new outline, you can cut and paste material from your previous essay. To do this, open up a new Word document beside this one. Then cut and paste the new outline that you have written into the new Word document. Return to the original document, and scroll up to the full, re-ordered essay you copied and pasted into Part Eight, above. Then cut and paste from the re-ordered essay into your new outline.
现在你有了一个新的大纲，你可以从之前的文章中剪切和粘贴材料。为此，请在此文档旁边打开一个新的 Word 文档。然后将您编写的新大纲剪切并粘贴到新的 Word 文档中。返回原始文档，向上滚动到您复制并粘贴到上面第 8 部分中的完整、重新排序的文章。然后从重新排序的文章中剪切并粘贴到您的新大纲中。

You may find that you don’t need everything you wrote before. Don’t be afraid to throw unnecessary material away. You are trying to get rid of what is substandard, and leave only what is necessary.
你可能会发现你不需要你以前写的所有东西。不要害怕扔掉不必要的材料。你试图摆脱不合格的东西，只留下必要的东西。

Once you have finished cutting and pasting your old material into the new outline, then copy the new essay, and paste it into a new word document. That will be your final essay. Don’t forget to put a title page on it.
完成将旧材料剪切并粘贴到新大纲中后，复制新文章，并将其粘贴到新的 word 文档中。这将是你的最后一篇文章。别忘了在上面放一个扉页。

PASTE NEWLY OUTLINED ESSAY HERE:
将新概述的文章粘贴到这里：

PART NINE: REPEAT
第九部分：重复

Now you have a third draft, and it’s probably pretty good. If you really want to take it to the next level, then you can repeat the process of sentence rewriting and re-ordering, as well as paragraph re-ordering and re-outlining. Often it is a good idea to wait a few days to do this, so that you can look at what you have produced with fresh eyes. Then you will be able to see what you have written, instead of seeing what you think you wrote (which is the case when you try to edit immediately after producing).
现在你有第三稿了，它可能相当不错。如果你真的想把它提升到一个新的水平，那么你可以重复句子重写和重新排序的过程，以及段落重新排序和重新大纲的过程。通常，等待几天再执行此操作是个好主意，这样您就可以以全新的眼光看待您制作的内容。然后您将能够看到您所写的内容，而不是您认为自己所写的内容（当您在制作后立即尝试编辑时，就会出现这种情况）。

You are not genuinely finished until you cannot edit so that your essay improves. Generally, you can tell if this has happened when you try to rewrite a sentence (or a paragraph) and you are not sure that the new version is an improvement over the original.
直到你无法编辑以改进你的文章，你才算真正完成。通常，当您尝试重写句子（或段落）时，您可以判断是否发生了这种情况，并且您不确定新版本是否比原始版本有所改进。

PART TEN: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
第十部分：参考文献和参考书目

When you write a sentence that contains what is supposed to be a fact or at least an informed opinion, and you have picked it up from something you read, then you have to refer to that source. Otherwise, following convention, people may accuse you of plagiarism, which is a form of theft (of intellectual property). There are a large number of conventions that you can follow to properly structure your references and your bibliography (which is a list of books and articles that you have read to obtain relevant background information, but from which you may not have drawn any ideas specific enough to require a reference).
当你写的句子包含了应该是事实或至少是知情的观点，并且你从你阅读的内容中获得了它，那么你必须引用该来源。否则，按照惯例，人们可能会指责您抄袭，这是一种盗窃（知识产权）的形式。您可以遵循大量约定来正确构建您的参考文献和参考书目（这是您阅读过以获取相关背景信息的书籍和文章的列表，但您可能没有从中得出任何足够具体的想法，因此需要参考文献）。

The conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA) are commonly used by essay writers. This convention generally requires the use of the last names of the authors of the source in parentheses after the sentence requiring a reference. For example:
美国心理学会 （APA） 的惯例是论文作者常用的。此约定通常要求在需要引用的句子后使用源作者的姓氏。例如：

It is necessary to add a reference after a sentence containing an opinion which is not your own, or a fact that you have acquired from some source material (Peterson, 2014)
有必要在包含不属于您自己的观点或您从某些原始材料中获得的事实的句子后添加参考文献（Peterson，2014 年）.

This sentence could also be constructed like this:
这句话也可以这样构造：

Peterson (2014) claims that it is necessary to add a reference after a sentence containing an opinion which is not your own, or a fact that you have acquired from some source material.
Peterson （2014） 声称，有必要在包含不属于您自己的观点或您从某些原始材料中获得的事实的句子后添加参考文献。

There are also many conventions covering the use of a direct quote, which have to be followed when you directly quote someone, rather than paraphrasing them. Here is an example, adding the specific (fictional) number of the page containing the quoted material in the original manuscript:
还有许多约定涵盖了直接引用的使用，当你直接引用某人时，必须遵循这些约定，而不是转述他们。下面是一个例子，在原始手稿中添加包含引用材料的页面的特定（虚构）编号：

Peterson (2014, p. 19) claims that “the conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA) are commonly used by essay writers.”
彼得森（2014 年，第 19 页）声称“美国心理学会 （APA） 的惯例通常被论文作者使用。

In the Reference List, at the end of the essay, Peterson’s paper might be listed, as follows (this is a fictional reference):
在文章末尾的参考文献列表中，可能会列出 Peterson 的论文，如下所示（这是一个虚构的参考文献）：

Peterson, J.B. (2014). Essay writing for writers. Journal of Essay Writing, 01, 15-24.
彼得森，JB（2014 年）。作家的论文写作。论文写作杂志， 01， 15-24。

Different conventions hold for different types of source material such as webpages, books, and articles. All the details regarding APA style can be found at http://www.apastyle.org/
不同类型的源材料（如网页、书籍和文章）具有不同的约定。有关 APA 样式的所有详细信息都可以在 http://www.apastyle.org/ 中找到

Your instructor may have recommended, or demanded, use of a different set of conventions. Information about other techniques and rules can be found at http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/general
您的教师可能建议或要求使用一组不同的约定。有关其他技术和规则的信息，请访问 http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/general.

It is necessary to master at least one convention. The rules are finicky and annoying. However, they are necessary, so that readers know what writers are up to. Furthermore, you only have to learn them once, so bite the bullet and do it.
有必要掌握至少一个约定。规则很挑剔，也很烦人。但是，它们是必要的，这样读者才能知道作家在做什么。此外，您只需学习一次，因此请咬紧牙关去做。

Copy your essay here again.
再次在此处复制您的文章。

Add references where they are necessary. Then, add your reference list to the end of your essay. Make sure you construct both according to APA convention, or some other set of rules.
在必要的地方添加引用。然后，将您的参考文献列表添加到文章的末尾。确保根据 APA 约定或其他一些规则构建两者。

YOUR COMPLETED ESSAY
你完成的论文

Now your essay is completed. Now you need to copy it into a new Word document, and format it properly.
现在你的论文完成了。现在您需要将其复制到新的 Word 文档中，并正确设置其格式。

That generally means double-spaced, with a title page, with a five space tab indent at the beginning of each paragraph. If you want to add subtitles, or section headers, their use is discussed in detail at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ . Additional useful information for style, including examples, can be found at http://bit.ly/ZC5eFV . A video discussing such matters is available at http://bit.ly/ZpX1nR .
这通常意味着双倍行距，带有标题页，每个段落的开头有一个 5 个空格的制表符缩进。如果要添加字幕或章节标题，请在 https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ 中详细讨论它们的用法。有关样式的其他有用信息（包括示例）可在 http://bit.ly/ZC5eFV 中找到。讨论此类问题的视频可在 http://bit.ly/ZpX1nR 上获得。

If you got this far, good work. If you write a number of essays using this process, you will find that your thinking will become richer and clearer, and so will your conversation. There is nothing more vital to becoming educated, and there is nothing more vital than education to your future, and the future of those around you
如果你能走到这一步，那就干得好。如果你用这个过程写了很多篇论文，你会发现你的思路会变得更丰富、更清晰，你的对话也会变得更丰富、更清晰。没有什么比受教育更重要的了，没有什么比教育对你的未来和你周围人的未来更重要的了

Good luck with your newly organized and refreshed mind.
祝你新近组织和焕然一新的头脑好运。