LI Kerui
李可瑞
123030033
Dr. Thomas D. Carroll
Thomas D. Carroll 博士
GED2202
Future of Philosophy of Religion Paper
宗教哲学的未来论文
Exploring Euthanasia in the Context of Philosophy of Religion
E在宗教哲学的背景下探索安乐死
Introduction
介绍
Euthanasia is considered to be an action deliberately taking human lives and the life is taken mostly from those who are suffering from terminal diseases (Kuhse, 1992). It provides a new choice and relief for painful sufferers. Though euthanasia relieves sufferers and brings changes in the medical field, complex ethical and theological concerns are also raised. This includes questions about natural life processes and religious practices. This paper will discuss the questions in the context of the philosophy of religion, bringing insight and a new angle towards euthanasia.
安乐死被认为是一种蓄意夺取人类生命的行为，而生命主要来自那些患有绝症的人（Kuhse，1992）。它为痛苦的患者提供了新的选择和解脱。虽然安乐死减轻了患者的负担，并为医学领域带来了变化，但也提出了复杂的伦理和神学问题 。 这包括有关自然生命过程和宗教习俗的问题。本文将在宗教哲学的背景下讨论这些问题，为安乐死带来见解和新角度。
Definition and Ideas on Euthanasia and Religions
安乐死和宗教的定义和想法
Euthanasia as Kuhse (1992) suggested, is the action of intentionally taking a person’s life from suffering. In the online encyclopedia, this action is categorised into 3 types, voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary (Euthanasia, 2024). This paper will mainly discuss around voluntary one, legal in the Netherlands, Canada and some other countries, and the non-voluntary one, which like the family members assists in to end as the patient is unable to agree.
正如Kuhse （1992） 所建议的，安乐死是故意将一个人的生命从痛苦中夺走的行为。在在线百科全书中，这种行动分为 3 种类型，自愿、非自愿和非自愿（安乐死，2024 年）。 本文将主要讨论自愿的，在荷兰、加拿大和其他一些国家合法的，以及非自愿的，像家庭成员一样，当患者无法同意时协助结束。
In four popular religions’ points of view, euthanasia is considered not to be encouraged strongly or partly. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Taoism will be discussed.
在四个流行宗教的观点中，安乐死被认为没有得到强烈或部分的鼓励。将讨论基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教和道教。
Euthanasia is considered to be an active ending of life and a condemned by the commandment (Christian Enquiry Agency, n.d.) not to kill and Exodus 20:13 (1st century) of the Bible says, “Thou shalt not kill.” This sentence in the Old Testament and the suffering of Jesus indicate the encouragement of Christianity towards living and disapproval towards euthanasia action.
安乐死被认为是生命的主动结束，也是诫命的谴责（Christian Inquiry Agency， n.d.） 不杀人，圣经出埃及记 20：13（第一世纪）说，“不可杀人。旧约中的这句话 和 耶稣的苦难表明了基督教对生活的鼓励和对安乐死行动的不赞成。
In the Qur’an (7th century), the sacred context of Islam, it says “No soul can ever die without Allah’s Will at the destined time” in 3:145 and “when their time arrives, they cannot delay it for a moment, nor could they advance it” in 16:61. These words clearly show the contrasting attitude towards euthanasia in Islam. They consider only Allah can change their lifetime. In addition, according to the Islamic Medical Association of North America (IMANA) (2024), their rule, “Islamic bioethics is opposed to euthanasia and assisted suicide”, shows a solid attitude against euthanasia.
在伊斯兰教的神圣背景《古兰经》（7 世纪）中，3：145 说“没有 Al lah 的意志，任何人都不能在预定的时间里死去”，16：61 说“当他们的时间到来时，他们不能拖延它，也不能提前它”。这些话清楚地表明了伊斯兰教对安乐死的截然不同的态度。他们认为只有安拉才能改变他们的生活。此外，根据北美 Islamic 医学协会 （IMANA） （2024） 的规定，他们的规则“伊斯兰生物伦理学反对安乐死和协助自杀”，表明了反对安乐死的坚定态度。
Buddhism does not show a strong conflict attitude as above. The article of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (2009), argued that Buddhism holds an against view on harming any lives and changing lives since that interferes with the working out of karma, while some Japanese monks’ practices suggested that suicides can create a new profound birth.
佛教并没有像上面那样表现出强烈的冲突态度。 英国广播公司 （BBC） （2009） 的文章认为，佛教反对伤害任何生命和改变生命，因为这会干扰业力的运作，而一些日本僧侣的做法则表明自杀可以创造新的深刻诞生。
When it comes to Taoism, Taoism emphasises the obey to nature and euthanasia is considered to be an interruption to nature. However, non-voluntary euthanasia is a follow of natural death with giving up to hold the burn over life. This is agreed by Taoism (Dong & Wang, 1998).
说到道教，道教强调对自然的服从，而安乐死被认为是对自然的干扰。然而，非自愿安乐死是自然死亡的后续，放弃了对生命的燃烧。这是道教所同意的（Dong & Wang， 1998）。
Discussion
讨论
The conflict between ethical and religious aspects and euthanasia can be discussed in 3 angles, suffering, life sanctity and autonomy.
道德和宗教方面与安乐死之间的冲突可以从三个角度进行讨论，即痛苦、生命的神圣性和自主性。
In the suffering part, Helm (1st century, p.51) mentioned that “God's weakness is stronger than human strength”, which indicated the suffering of Jesus as an exhibition of weakness was a respectful experience to all people. Buddhism also highly praises taking the suffering as Christianity. From Bartley's (n.d.) discussion towards Buddhism and Indian philosophy, “Unsatisfactory (dukkha)” is emphasised as one of the three jewels in Buddhism. Gautama Śākyamuni is also a key famous in Buddhism for suffering and enlighting.
在 受苦部分，赫尔姆（1世纪，第 51 页）提到“上帝的软弱比 human 力量更强大”，这表明耶稣的受苦作为软弱的表现对所有人来说都是一种尊重的经历。佛教也高度赞扬将苦难视为基督教。从巴特利 （n.d.） 对佛教和印度哲学的讨论中，“不满意 （dukkha）”被强调为佛教中的三颗宝石之一。 释迦牟尼 （Gautama Śākyamuni） 在佛教中也是一位以苦难和启蒙而闻名的重要人物。
For life sanctity, it goes a little complicated. Though nearly all these four religions consider life precious and rare, their views are more closed to “protect your lives for God” or “don’t disturb the world with your lives”. This might be unreasonable as the economy grows and people start to focus more on themselves. In recent news in China, Sha Bai, suffering from lupus erythematosus for 23 years, decided to end her life in Switzerland through euthanasia. She claimed that she fully controlled her own life and this euthanasia relieved her and saved all the good memories in her life, providing her with a beautiful appearance to pass away. (“Shanghai woman with”, 2024)
对于生命的神圣性，它变得有点复杂。尽管几乎所有这四个宗教都认为生命宝贵和稀有，但他们的观点更封闭地“为上帝保护你的生命”或“不要用你的生命打扰世界”。随着经济增长，人们开始更多地关注自己，这可能是不合理的。中国近日新闻显示，患有红斑狼疮 23 年的沙白决定 通过安乐死结束自己在瑞士的生命。她声称她完全控制了自己的生活，这次安乐死让她松了一口气，挽救了她生命中所有的美好回忆，为她提供了一个美丽的外表来度过他的一生。 （《上海女人与》，2024 年）
What’s more, autonomy is worth discussing. Voluntary euthanasia can be considered into one scientific method of exploring the final truth in religion. From the book Classical Arabic Philosophy (2007), Ibn Rushed’s idea on the relationship between the sacred truth and science is available for reference. Though from Islam’s idea, all lives should be taken by Allah, the IMANA (2024) also suggested “Islam believes that if death is inevitable, the patient should be allowed to die without unnecessary procedures.” This might be interpreted as the gradually death and non-voluntary
更重要的是，自主性值得讨论。自愿安乐死可以被认为是探索宗教最终真理的一种科学方法。伊本·鲁希德 （Ibn Rushed） 关于神圣真理与科学之间关系的观点来自《古典阿拉伯哲学》（2007 年）一书，可供参考。尽管从伊斯兰教的理念来看，所有的生命都应该由真主夺走，但 IMANA （2024） 还建议“伊斯兰教认为，如果死亡是不可避免的，那么应该让病人在没有不必要的程序的情况下死亡。这可以解释为逐渐死亡和非自愿的
Conclusion
结论
References
参考s
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