From the perspective of Kanyu geography, the territory of the Northern Song Dynasty changed
提纲
1. General
1. What is the geography of Kanyu, which is the way of heaven; Authenticity is authentic. Kanyu is Feng Shui, which is one of the traditional Chinese cultures. "Historical Records" will be Kanyu family and the five elements of the family in parallel, there is a look up at the sky, look down on the geography of the meaning, later generations to look at the feng shui people said: "Kanyu home", so Kanyu in Chinese folk also called feng shui. Kanyu geography is based on the classical Chinese Kanyu Feng Shui, combined with modern multidisciplinary science related disciplines to select and arrange the best geographical location. The basic principles of Kanyu geography include the principle of the whole system, the principle of adapting measures to local conditions, the principle of relying on mountains and rivers, the principle of observing the shape and observing the situation, the principle of sitting in the north and facing the south, the principle of following the vitality of the body, and the principle of transforming feng shui
1. Changes in the southeastern coastal boundary of the Song Dynasty
At the beginning of the establishment of the Song Dynasty, when the separatist forces of the Five Dynasties 1 and Ten Kingdoms were leveled, they had always adopted the strategic policy planned by Song Taizu and Zhao Pu in the 2 "Snow Night Decision", that is, "Bashu must be taken first, followed by Jiangnan and Guangnan...... Hedong borders with the Khitan, if you take it, the Khitan will be in trouble, and I deserve it. Gu Cunzhi, thinking that Ping Han, if I am rich, then take it", 3 that is, "first the south and then the north, first easy and then difficult". Considering the military, economic, and popular conditions of the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, Song Taizu's choice of "first the south and then the north" was a strategy that was most in line with the situation of the Song Dynasty at that time. Under this established policy, the Song Empire began a war to regain the south. In 981, Qian Yu 4 , the lord of Wuyue in the south, dedicated all the thirteen states, one army and eighty-six counties under his governance to the Northern Song Dynasty, which was known as "Natu returned to the Song Dynasty". At that time, Wu Yue's territory included the whole province of Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu and other places, and the domestic economy was developed and the people's livelihood was stable. Wu Yueguo's good deeds of "returning the land to the Song Dynasty" saved the people here from the slaughter of war, and the economy and culture were guaranteed, so it left a great reputation in later generations. So far, the Song Empire has successfully recovered large and small countries in the southeast coastal region, and until the Jin soldiers swung south, the southeast coastal border remained stable for hundreds of years, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment for a long time.
Compared with the tranquility of the northwest of the Great Song Dynasty and the border of the Liao and Song Dynasties, why can the southeast coast be indisputable for hundreds of years?
Kanyu geography pays attention to the importance of being obedient and angry. China's topography is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, and this "qi" will flow from high to low. Guo Pu said 5 in the [Funeral Sutra] that when the air meets the wind, it disperses, and it stops when it meets the water. In other words, most of China's qi is concentrated on the southeast coast, and when it meets the sea, it stops and begins to play its role. Gold gives birth to water, and water is continuous, which means that there is a lot of gold to support it. The southeast coastal area is located in the alluvial plain where rivers flow into the sea, which is dominated by plains and has flat terrain. The climate is warm and humid; There are many rivers and abundant water resources. To the east is the endless ocean, so the southeast coast has a generation of economic prosperity. When the economy is developed, the people live and work in peace and contentment, and the peasant uprisings and rebellions are reduced, so that the border area can be peaceful and stable.
Secondly, the Central Plains region is dominated by Han people, living in the economically rich river basin, living and working in peace and contentment, and nomadic peoples such as Dangxiang, Liaojin have a characteristic, living in water and grass, living in no fixed place, Liaojin is located in a high latitude, the climate is cold, and the pursuit of the south in order to seek a warm living environment all his life, the Northwest Dangxiang tribe is scarce, coveting the Central Plains region, most of the mountains in our country are from the northwest to the southeast, and the water follows the mountains, which has always been the desire of the ethnic minorities, and from west to east also corresponds to the favorable time and place. Therefore, ancient China has always invaded the Central Plains from west to east, from north to south, from the Yidihu people, which is why the Song Empire recovered the southeast coast so quickly. After the Song Dynasty recovered the southeast, the southeast coastal area has been in the southeast border of our country, backed by the hinterland of the Central Plains, to the east is an endless ocean, this area no longer has the impact from the west, the Liao Empire is also very far away from here, Song Liao's eyes are gathered in the cloud land, no time to take care of the southeast border, these reasons have created a hundred years of peace in the southeast border.
2. Changes in the northwestern border of the Song Dynasty
Song and Xia games in the era of Song Taizong
In 960 AD, the Great Song Empire was established, and before the Song Empire was established, the Khitans in the north had already established the powerful Liao Empire. In 981, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty issued an edict ordering the party nobles to leave Xiazhou and move to Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan), and the management of Xiazhou was transferred to the Great Song court. And Li Jiqian, a party nobleman, 6 chose to rebel against the Song Dynasty and stand on his own. Soon, Li Jiqian wrote to the imperial court, only wanting to get the fief of his ancestors, and would never dare to rebel against the imperial court, but Song Taizong rejected Li Jiqian's confession. In the era of Li Jiqian, the Dangxiang people have lived for nearly a century with Xiazhou as the center, which is the homeland of the Dangxiang people and the base of Li Jiqian's rebellion against the Great Song Dynasty, but Song Taizong is ready to destroy Xiazhou City, and Song Taizong wants to besiege the Dangxiang people in the way of fortifying the wall and clearing the wilderness.
In Lingwu City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, known as Lingzhou in ancient times, since the opening of the Silk Road, Lingzhou has been an important transportation hub between the Central Plains and the Northwest Region, therefore, the Song Empire regarded Lingzhou as an important strategic stronghold and sent heavy troops to guard it, and Li Jiqian also shifted his attention to Lingzhou. After an ambush raid, Li Jiqian intercepted 400,000 stone grains and grass from the Song Empire. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", Taizong of the Song Dynasty was furious, and with the strength of the whole country, he requisitioned the Five Route Army to encircle and suppress Li Jiqian. The five-way Song army was defeated. The following year, Song Taizong died with hatred. The jurisdiction of the land of the five states has finally returned to the hands of the party members. Suizhou, Yinzhou, Xiazhou, Youzhou, and Jingzhou on the Song lost border, and the five important towns within the shape of the Yellow River, were all owned by the Dang Xiang people, and the northwest border of the Great Song Empire was greatly moved inward.
Kanyu geography treats the environment as a whole system, which is centered on people, including all things in heaven and earth. Each overall system in the environment is an element that is interconnected, mutually restrictive, interdependent, mutually antagonistic and mutually transformative. Although the Dangxiang people occupied the land of the five states, they were still nominally part of the Song Empire, and theoretically the Song and Xia were a whole in themselves. Song Taizong wanted to directly take the land of the five states under jurisdiction in order to further complete his foundation of great unification, and in this regard, Song Taizong first violated the principle of the overall system in the geography of Kanyu. In 626 AD, Tang Taizong Li Shimin announced to the world that since ancient times, China has been noble, and I love it as one. The Yixia family is a far-reaching political concept in Chinese history, in that era of Yixia antagonism, to be able to be treated equally by the Central Plains Dynasty is the unattainable dream of all grassland peoples, but the Song Empire did not continue such a political concept, which is destined to be inevitable years of war between the Song and Xia. Moreover, the ethnic composition of Xiazhou City is complex, Huayi is miscellaneous, the party Tuoba clan has been entrenched in Yinxia since the end of the Tang Dynasty, it has been nearly a hundred years, and it has been prestigious among those Hao chiefs, and the Tuoba clan is huge, intertwined, in order to deter Yinxia, it can be seen that since the Tang Dynasty, Xiazhou has become an inseparable whole, and it is a sure thing to be unable to recover Xiazhou. It took several centuries for the Dangxiang people to take over the power of the five states, and the Song Empire could not follow the great power politics of the Tang Empire, and the Dangxiang was accepted as a vassal state and coexisted peacefully, which was politically intolerable for the Song Empire. Moreover, Xiazhou is located in the Yellow River in the shape of a big bend, the party people nomadic origin, grew up on horseback, come and go like the wind, the ravines vertical and horizontal loess, for it to provide the most suitable guerrilla warfare battlefield, to avoid its edge, to attack its unprepared, the Loess Plateau geographical advantages to the extreme, the Song army long-term battle, to work for leisure, will make the five Song army defeated and returned.
However, the land of the five states owned by Li Jiqian is precisely because it is located in the big bend of the Yellow River, the edge of the Maosu Desert, in fact, the products are scarce, the land is barren, and the economy is not very developed. However, Xiazhou has been burned by the Song Empire, and the remaining four states are small in scale, in fact, there is no danger to defend, so Li Jiqian's eyes are locked on Lingzhou, occupying Lingzhou as the new political, economic and military center of the party, and the following year, Lingzhou was changed to Xiping Mansion. The northwestern border of the Great Song Dynasty continued to move inward.
The principle of mountains and rivers.
Lingzhou is located in today's Ningxia Plain, in the Tang Dynasty, Lingzhou was known as Saishang Jiangnan, located in the Yellow River Basin mature irrigation area, fertile land, developed agriculture, is an important economic security. Li Jiqian followed the basic principle of relying on mountains and rivers in the geography of Kanyu, taking the majestic Helan Mountain as the skeleton of the earth, and the water of the Yellow River came from the sky, which was the source of vitality of all things. The territory of Western Xia was mainly distributed along the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, consisting of three major blocks: the Hexi Corridor, the Ningxia Plain and the Hetao Plain, while its border with the Northern Song Dynasty was dominated by river valleys and hills. The Western Xia army was tempered in the war, and made great progress in weapons manufacturing and military system, forming a strategy and tactics adapted to the northwest region. However, the Western Xia army was limited by the Western Xia State, and its logistical support and offensive combat capabilities were extremely weak. In the early days, the Dangxiang clan implemented a primitive tribal military system, "both soldiers and people, self-sufficiency in food and clothing, everyone can fight, there is no difference between soldiers and people, scattered species, self-sufficiency in food and clothing, or gathering at the point of Huer, and attacking all the way." ”
Attacking from the west to the east took advantage of the time and place.
In 1038 A.D., Li Yuanhao 7 called the emperor, established the Western Xia Empire, set up the capital Xingqing Mansion (now Yinchuan, Ningxia), the northwest direction of Xingqing Mansion is the majestic Helan Mountains, like a natural barrier, the desert and the plain are divided into two, the back of Helan Mountain is an endless desert, the south is the fertile Ningxia Plain, there are many large and small lakes in the north and south directions, there are seventy-two lakes. And there is the Yellow River around its southeast, which is very conducive to military defense, and Lingzhou can be used as its southern barrier, which can be described as a favorable time and place. In 1040 AD, Li Yuanhao took the initiative to attack the Great Song Dynasty and almost annihilated the Song army at Sanchuankou. The northwestern borders of the Song Empire continued to move inward. The Battle of Sanchuankou was the first large-scale battle between the Song and Xia. After the Battle of Haoshuichuan and the Battle of Dingchuanzhai, Song Xia signed the Qingli Contract, which stipulated that Western Xia would be a vassal to Song, but the Song Empire acquiesced to Li Yuanhao to be emperor in Western Xia. The Great Song Empire recognized Western Xia in a vague way, ending years of continuous war, and the Song, Liao, and Xia Kingdoms were established.
The Qing Dynasty's "Ten Books of Yang House" pointed out: "The dwelling place of people should be dominated by the earth, mountains and rivers, and its origin is the most powerful, and it is the most important to relate to people's fortunes and disasters." "Feng Shui attaches great importance to the topography of the mountain and puts the small environment into the larger environment. Sanchuankou, Haoshuichuan and Dingchuanzhai are all located in the hinterland of the Loess Plateau, which is a typical loess style, between the tall mountain beams, only the river valley can be passed, and it is a good place to fight ambush warfare. As a nomadic people, the Dangxiang people were all soldiers, and they observed the situation, preempted the Song army, occupied the favorable terrain, completely suppressed the Song army in the valley, and completely annihilated the Song army.
In the era of Song Shenzong, the Song Xia again rose to war, in the early days of the war, the Song army reported frequently, the military towns on the border of the Western Xia were lost one after another, the Song Empire's five-way army, from different directions directly approached the capital of the Western Xia Xingqing Mansion, known as the Yuanfeng Five-Way Expedition Xia. In the first month of the following year, the Song Dynasty changed Xihe Road to Xihe Lanhui Road. Lanzhou was included in the territory of the Northern Song Dynasty. The border of the Great Song Dynasty was expanded again. In this battle, the Song army occupied some military points on the north side of Yin, Shi, Xia, Youzhuzhou and Hengshan, so that the Western Xia did not dare to cultivate more than 200 miles along the border of Hengshan. After that, the Empress Dowager Liang led the army to attack Yongle City, and the Song army was defeated, and more than 100,000 people were killed and wounded in the first battle of Yongle City. This was an unprecedented defeat since the founding of the Great Song Dynasty, and the complete victory of the Western Xia was for the Song Dynasty. The war was fatal to the Song Empire, and Song Shenzong died three years later. From then on, the Song Empire no longer had the ability to take the initiative to launch a full-scale war against Western Xia
Yongle City is located in Yinzhou, Youzhou and Xiazhou at the junction of the three places condescendingly, the mountains and rivers in the surface, the weather is majestic, it is the bridgehead to attack the hinterland of the Western Xia to firmly contain the throat of the Western Xia, although the Yongle City is dangerous, but there is a fatal flaw - there is no water source in the city. can only rely on foreign aid, and Xixia just took advantage of the loophole. The inherent habits of the northern nomads also reflect the more rugged and combative side of the Tangut people
The Fourth Song-Xia War of the Zhezong Dynasty
Battle of Hundeburg: The Battle of Hundecheng in 1092 thwarted the strategy of the Western Xia to overwhelmingly attack the Song army all the way. This battle was also a milestone for the Song army to regain the strategic initiative. After the Song Dynasty, after two battles of Pingxia City, the Song Dynasty extended to the north of Pingxia City to the original site of the Nanmu Society of the Western Xia Palace, and established the headquarters of Tiandu Mountain in Xi'an Prefecture. And the Western Summer has since lost the territory on which it has been based. The northwestern border has ushered in a historic expansion. At the end of 1099, peace was finally restored between the two sides, and the new border between Song and Xia was established. It marks the diplomatic and military achievements of the Zhezong dynasty.
One of the premises of the Fourth Song-Xia War was that in the fourth year of Yuanfeng (1081), the Empress Dowager Liang of Western Xia imprisoned Xia Huizong Bingchang, 8 which led to domestic political turmoil, and the national system was already unstable, which was a key to the victory of the Great Song Dynasty.
Transform Feng Shui principles
The purpose of people's understanding of the world is to transform the world to serve themselves. Reform is transformation, and only by transforming the environment can people create optimal living conditions. The construction of Pingxia City blocked the passage of the Western Xia army from Wuyan Gorge to the Song Realm. To the south is Guanzhong, controlled by the Northern Song Dynasty, and to the north is the Hetao Plain, controlled by the Western Xia. The passage of communication between the two is often with the help of rivers, and the successful construction of Pingxia City transformed the feng shui of the Song army's attack on Western Xia, creating favorable combat conditions, so that the Song army can advance all the way along the flat river valley, without worrying about mountain blocking, Gobi troubles and lack of water and food, and can fight while building a city, encroaching on Xingqing Mansion, the capital of Western Xia, which is 240 kilometers away from Pingxia City.
The Fifth War of the Song Huizong Dynasty: The Battle of Hengshan
In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114), the Song army under the leadership of Tong Guan and Chongshi Dao, defeated the Western Xia army in the ancient bone dragon, and in the first year of Xuanhe (1119), conquered the land of Hengshan in Western Xia, and the Western Xia lost the barrier and faced the danger of losing the country, and Chongzong of Western Xia surrendered to the Song Dynasty.
From a strategic point of view, the land of Hengshan was very important to both the Song and Xia dynasties, and for the Western Xia, it was directly related to whether the Western Xia could establish a state and become stronger and stronger. The Western Xia possessed Hengshan when it began with Deming, before that, the Western Xia only possessed Yin, Xia, Sui, You and other states, because it did not occupy Hengshan, lived far away in Mobei, and the Northern Song Dynasty was bounded by the desert, and when confronting the Song Dynasty, it was often in a disadvantageous situation. For the Northern Song Dynasty, the loss of Hengshan and the Tangut people "ascended to the heights", so that some states and counties along the border of the Northern Song Dynasty were exposed to the noses of the Tangut people, and in order to defend these places, they had to mobilize a lot of manpower and material resources to strengthen their forward positions. At the same time, the Song army took the initiative to attack, but also because of the loss of Hengshan, just out of the Song Dynasty, it entered the desolate desert area with water and grass and no people.
In the second year of Jingkang (1127), the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, and the Western Xia gained vitality and was able to encroach on the northwest territory of the Song Dynasty, and the Song-Xia War ended.
Fourth, the changes in the northern boundary of Song and Liao
The Song Dynasty destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty and unified the Central Plains
In the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo (979), Song Taizong led his army to Taiyuan and gathered troops to besiege the city. On the fourth day of the fifth month, Song Taizong went to the south of the city, surrendered again, and at the same time waved his army to attack the city fiercely. Liu Jiyuan saw that the general trend had gone, and surrendered in the sixth day of the first month, and the Northern Han Dynasty died. The victory of the Song Dynasty to destroy the Northern Han Dynasty ended the situation of the dictatorship of the warriors, the division of feudal towns and towns, and the long-term turmoil since the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the Great Song Empire finally recovered the northern secession regime since the founding of the Great Song Empire.
The Northern Expedition of the Song Dynasty (Battle of Mancheng, Battle of Yanmen Pass, Battle of Waqiao Pass) Liao was defeated
Song destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty, and before he had time to rest his combat strength, Song Taizong immediately ordered his troops to turn north, intending to seize Youzhou (now Beijing) in one fell swoop. Liao defeated the Song army at the Gaoliang River (outside the Xizhimen of present-day Beijing). In September, the Song concentrated their forces to defeat the Liao army, annihilating more than 10,000 people in Mancheng. After that, the Song general Yang Ye and Pan Mei attacked the north and south, and then defeated the Liao army in Yanmen (now Dai County, Shanxi). In the winter of that year, the Liaojing clan 9 led a large army to attack Waqiaoguan (now Xiongxian County, Hebei) and won. The Song Dynasty then used the southern Yishui as a barrier and set up a defense against Liao. Soon after, the Liao army sent troops on three routes to attack Mancheng, Yanmen, and Fuzhou (now Fugu, Shaanxi), but they were all defeated by the Song army. After Liao Jingzong died of illness, the Holy Emperor Yelu Longxu succeeded to the throne, because of the use of troops Goryeo, Jurchen, there was no time to look south, Song was committed to the rest of the army and horses, the accumulation of military reserves, in order to raise again. After these three battles, the northern boundary of the Song Dynasty continued to expand.
Yongxi Northern Expedition
In the third year of Yongxi (986), Song Taizong's troops were divided into three routes and launched a large-scale northern expedition. At the beginning of the war, there were frequent successes. In the face of the Song army's large-scale attack, the Empress Dowager Liao Xiao came to Youzhou in person and commanded the resistance with the Holy Sect. Taking advantage of the Song general Cao Bin's lone army and lack of food and grass, he harassed and forced him to retreat, and pursued him to Qigou Pass (southwest of present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei) to defeat him. The Battle of Qigou Pass reversed the situation on the Song-Liao battlefield and marked the complete bankruptcy of the Song Empire's mighty Yongxi Northern Expedition. The Liao Empire then sent the capital commander Yelu Xian to lead an army of 100,000 to counterattack the Song army on the Central and Western Routes, recovering Ulzhou, Feihu, Huanzhou, Shuozhou and other places, and capturing Yang Ye. The Song army abandoned Yun and Ying and withdrew to Daizhou, and the strategic attack on Liao failed, and the land of Yanyun that Song had just recovered fell into the hands of the Liao Empire. The northern boundary began to retreat.
Liao's counteroffensive: The Battle of Junziguan
After the Battle of Qigou Pass, the Song lost tens of thousands of divisions, and the national strength was exhausted, so he was forced to take a defensive position strategically. Liao took advantage of its decline and launched a counterattack. The Battle of Junziguan defeated the Song army, and the main general Liu Tingrang was only spared. The Liao army took advantage of the victory to capture Qi (now Wuji, Hebei) and Shen (Zhijing'an, now Shenxian South, Hebei) and other prefectures and then withdrew. After that, he used the advantage of cavalry to continue to attack and harass in the Song Realm. The northern boundary of the Song Empire was divided into several miles by the Khitan, and the northern boundary moved inward significantly.
Finality: The Battle of Lanzhou, the defeat of the Song Dynasty, and the great southward movement of the northern boundary
In the autumn of the first year of Jingde (1004), Empress Dowager Xiao and Shengzong attacked the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty used Lanzhou as the decisive battlefield and concentrated its forces to hold on to the Liao army. Zhenzong supervised the battle in order to boost the hearts of the army. However, fearing that the Liao army would break through to Lanzhou and endanger Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan), it concluded a peace treaty on the condition of accepting currency and silk to Liao, which is known as the "Alliance of Lanyuan" in history. The Song-Liao War ended, and the Song-Liao border remained stable for more than 100 years.
1. The characteristics of the northern boundary and feng shui: The Song-Liao border is located at the junction of the tropics and temperate zones, with a relatively dry climate and flat terrain, which can easily build a transportation network, while the nomads live by water and grass, have no fixed place, live and fight immediately, and can quickly transform the population and economic advantages into military advantages in wartime, and the vast steppe has trained the cavalry advantage of the Liao. This is what Sun Tzu said in the Art of War: the time, the place, and the people.
2. Condescending, easy to attack and difficult to defend: The Liao people are located in high mountains and dangerous mountains, the air is thin and cold, and the economy is not very developed. To the south is the North China Plain, rich in natural resources and vast land, and since ancient times, nomadic states have relied on the method of warfare to survive, and without war, the country will slowly become weak and decaying. This was true of Western Xia, as well as of Jin and Mongolia. It is precisely because of the desire for survival and the yearning for the Central Plains in the Northern Hu, coupled with the fact that the cavalry was the mainstream in the ancient military, while the southern part was dominated by the naval army, and the Northern Hu people were more warlike and the Hu people were condescending, occupying favorable terrain, using their own advantages, and attacking the Central Plains border several times, tried and failed. Since ancient times, the nomads in the north have always been a sharp blade hanging over the head of the Central Plains Dynasty, and throughout thousands of years, individual combat has always been weak in the south and strong in the north. In ancient beliefs, the Hu people in the north, with a natural cavalry advantage, often plundered and harassed the border, and because of the strength of their cavalry, they posed a great threat to the people. Therefore, in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Qin and Han dynasties, the imperial court's defense was to build the Great Wall in the north, and the north refused to fight Hulu and the wall, except for a few famous generals who occasionally went out for a few years, it has been in a passive situation, due to the great threat to the border, it can only be fought out for a short time, but there is no substantial progress. In addition, the Han people did not have a strong ability to fight individually. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms are the era of China's large and small separatist regimes, the military strength is unprecedented, and the early Song Dynasty also conquered the south and the north to fight the fierce generals, such a good time still cannot destroy the Liao, it can be seen that the strength of the Northern Hu can not be underestimated. Coupled with the topography, the offensive on the southern border is often a high-to-low, top-to-bottom posture. Often lost.
3. Congenital deficiency and acquired deformity. Liaoben was a Khitan nomadic tribe on the northern border in the late Tang Dynasty. In 916, the Khitan people founded the country, initially named Khitan, and later renamed Liao. In 936, the Later Tang Dynasty made Shi Jingjiao covet the throne, so he jointly destroyed it, and the condition was to "cut the thistle, Ying, Mo Zhuo, Tanshun, Xinfei, Ru, Wuyun, Yinghuan, Shuo, Wei, Sixteen Prefectures and Khitan". The sixteen states of thistle, also known as the sixteen states of Yanyun in history, this area is a dangerous place in the north of the Central Plains Dynasty, and its cutting out has opened the door for Liao to harass the Central Plains. After that, Liao harassed the Central Plains for many years, and the troops were united in calamity, the lives were devastated, and the country was weak. Secondly, take Youzhou, which is occupied by the Liao, as an example. Youzhou is the Yanshan Mountains in the north, Yongding River in the south, and faces the North China Plain, the ancient emperors paid attention to "facing the south and backing the north" to ascend the throne and sit in the palace, and the requirement is to back (north) against the mountain, face (south) towards the big river and the plain. Youzhou happened to be the place where the emperor built the capital. The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties built their capitals in Beijing, so from the time Shi Jingjiao sacrificed the sixteen states of Youyun, the Liao people occupied a decisive time and place, and the failure of the Northern Expedition of the Song Empire was also reasonable.
In the first month of the second year of Jingkang (1127), the Jin soldiers captured the second emperor, and the history was called the shame of Jingkang. The Northern Song Dynasty perished, and the Southern Song Dynasty began.
Reflection and enlightenment
To sum up, the Northern Song Dynasty since the beginning of the founding of the country has been in a state of continuous southern conquest and northern war, the weak Song Dynasty is actually not weak, its national Zuo has also continued for 168 years, at the beginning of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao in the north has grown, but it has never been able to annex the Central Plains, one side of the water and soil to raise one person, Song Liao and the party are three-legged, each side is safe, and the golden horse is the great cause of thousands of generations, but history is always full of changes, Song Liaoxia never thought that it would eventually be planted under the iron hooves of the Mongols.
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