Comparisons among the three groups with respect to age, MAP, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, creatinine, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, myoglobulin, creatine kinase, LDH, APACHE II score, time from sting to RRT, and time from admission to RRT were performed using ANOVA. Comparisons among the three groups based on sex, hypertension, diabetes, MODS, and AKI stage were performed using the Fisher exact test. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups with respect to creatinine, total bilirubin, myoglobulin, and creatine kinase levels were performed using the Scheffe test. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups with respect to the proportion of patients with MODS were performed using the chi-square test. IHD, intermittent hemodialysis; CVVH, continuous veno-venous hemofiltration; PE, plasma exchange; MAP, mean arterial pressure; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; RRT, renal replacement therapy.
^("a") Significant differences when compared to IHD group.
^(b) Significant differences when compared to CVVH group.| Comparisons among the three groups with respect to age, MAP, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, creatinine, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, myoglobulin, creatine kinase, LDH, APACHE II score, time from sting to RRT, and time from admission to RRT were performed using ANOVA. Comparisons among the three groups based on sex, hypertension, diabetes, MODS, and AKI stage were performed using the Fisher exact test. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups with respect to creatinine, total bilirubin, myoglobulin, and creatine kinase levels were performed using the Scheffe test. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups with respect to the proportion of patients with MODS were performed using the chi-square test. IHD, intermittent hemodialysis; CVVH, continuous veno-venous hemofiltration; PE, plasma exchange; MAP, mean arterial pressure; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; RRT, renal replacement therapy. |
| :--- |
| ${ }^{\text {a}}$ Significant differences when compared to IHD group. |
| ${ }^{\mathrm{b}}$ Significant differences when compared to CVVH group. |
Variable Total (n=81) (n=40)^(" IHD ") " CVVH
(n=27)" " CVVH + PE "_((n=14)) P Value
Age (yr) 45.5+-14.7 42.6+-15.7 49.1+-13.5 47.1+-13.1 0.19
Men/women 55/26 29/11 17/10 9/5 0.69
Hypertension 7 3 1 0.87
Diabetes 6 3 1 2 0.38
MAP (mmHg) 98.9+-16.6 96.7+-15.4 98.6 +-18.2 105.9+-15.9 0.20
Hemoglobin (g/dl) 10.07+-2.11 9.85+-1.73 10.47+-2.49 9.93 +-2.36 0.48
White blood cell count (xx10^(3)//mul) 25.87+-8.12 25.14+-8.64 26.82+-8.31 26.13+-6.34 0.71
Creatinine (mg/dl) 3.27 +-0.94 2.98+-0.76 3.60+-1.04^("a ") 3.38+-1.00 0.02
Total bilirubin (mg/dl) 4.59+-2.87 2.81 +-1.47 4.98+-2.06^(a) 8.89+-2.37^(a,b) < 0.001
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 729.4+-629.1 629.2+-533.1 816.4+-781.9 847.6+-546.4 0.37
Myoglobulin (U/L) 16783 +-8794 12319+-6149 19428 +-8525^("a ") 24435+-8844^("a ") < 0.001
Creatine kinase (U/L) 20080 +-10821 14700+-8121 22804+-9226^("a ") 30201+-11732^("a ") < 0.001
LDH (U/L) 5371+-2665 5039+-2642 5698+-2783 5691+-2568 0.55
APACHE II score 16.85+-2.78 16.38+-2.36 17.00+-3.33 17.93+-2.56 0.19
MODS 60/81 25/40 21/27 14//14^("a ") 0.01
Time from sting to RRT (h) 56.7+-28.4 61.1 +-24.9 57.8+-31.4 42.57+-29.5 0.11
Time from admission to RRT (h) 8.9+-4.9 8.3+-4.8 9.7+-4.6 9.2+-5.2 0.49
AKI stage (stage 2/stage 3) ( n//n ) 20/61 13/27 3/24 4/10 0.12
"Comparisons among the three groups with respect to age, MAP, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, creatinine, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, myoglobulin, creatine kinase, LDH, APACHE II score, time from sting to RRT, and time from admission to RRT were performed using ANOVA. Comparisons among the three groups based on sex, hypertension, diabetes, MODS, and AKI stage were performed using the Fisher exact test. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups with respect to creatinine, total bilirubin, myoglobulin, and creatine kinase levels were performed using the Scheffe test. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups with respect to the proportion of patients with MODS were performed using the chi-square test. IHD, intermittent hemodialysis; CVVH, continuous veno-venous hemofiltration; PE, plasma exchange; MAP, mean arterial pressure; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; RRT, renal replacement therapy.
^("a") Significant differences when compared to IHD group.
^(b) Significant differences when compared to CVVH group." | Variable | Total $(n=81)$ | $\stackrel{\text { IHD }}{(n=40)}$ | $\begin{aligned} & \text { CVVH } \\ & (n=27) \end{aligned}$ | $\underset{(n=14)}{\text { CVVH + PE }}$ | $P$ Value |
| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| Age (yr) | $45.5 \pm 14.7$ | $42.6 \pm 15.7$ | $49.1 \pm 13.5$ | $47.1 \pm 13.1$ | 0.19 |
| Men/women | 55/26 | 29/11 | 17/10 | 9/5 | 0.69 |
| Hypertension | 7 | | 3 | 1 | 0.87 |
| Diabetes | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0.38 |
| MAP (mmHg) | $98.9 \pm 16.6$ | $96.7 \pm 15.4$ | 98.6 $\pm 18.2$ | $105.9 \pm 15.9$ | 0.20 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | $10.07 \pm 2.11$ | $9.85 \pm 1.73$ | $10.47 \pm 2.49$ | 9.93 $\pm 2.36$ | 0.48 |
| White blood cell count $\left(\times 10^{3} / \mu \mathrm{l}\right)$ | $25.87 \pm 8.12$ | $25.14 \pm 8.64$ | $26.82 \pm 8.31$ | $26.13 \pm 6.34$ | 0.71 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 3.27 $\pm 0.94$ | $2.98 \pm 0.76$ | $3.60 \pm 1.04^{\text {a }}$ | $3.38 \pm 1.00$ | 0.02 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | $4.59 \pm 2.87$ | 2.81 $\pm 1.47$ | $4.98 \pm 2.06^{\mathrm{a}}$ | $8.89 \pm 2.37^{\mathrm{a}, \mathrm{b}}$ | $<0.001$ |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | $729.4 \pm 629.1$ | $629.2 \pm 533.1$ | $816.4 \pm 781.9$ | $847.6 \pm 546.4$ | 0.37 |
| Myoglobulin (U/L) | 16783 $\pm 8794$ | $12319 \pm 6149$ | 19428 $\pm 8525^{\text {a }}$ | $24435 \pm 8844^{\text {a }}$ | $<0.001$ |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 20080 $\pm 10821$ | $14700 \pm 8121$ | $22804 \pm 9226^{\text {a }}$ | $30201 \pm 11732^{\text {a }}$ | $<0.001$ |
| LDH (U/L) | $5371 \pm 2665$ | $5039 \pm 2642$ | $5698 \pm 2783$ | $5691 \pm 2568$ | 0.55 |
| APACHE II score | $16.85 \pm 2.78$ | $16.38 \pm 2.36$ | $17.00 \pm 3.33$ | $17.93 \pm 2.56$ | 0.19 |
| MODS | 60/81 | 25/40 | 21/27 | $14 / 14^{\text {a }}$ | 0.01 |
| Time from sting to RRT (h) | $56.7 \pm 28.4$ | 61.1 $\pm 24.9$ | $57.8 \pm 31.4$ | $42.57 \pm 29.5$ | 0.11 |
| Time from admission to RRT (h) | $8.9 \pm 4.9$ | $8.3 \pm 4.8$ | $9.7 \pm 4.6$ | $9.2 \pm 5.2$ | 0.49 |
| AKI stage (stage 2/stage 3) ( $n / n$ ) | 20/61 | 13/27 | 3/24 | 4/10 | 0.12 |
| Comparisons among the three groups with respect to age, MAP, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, creatinine, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, myoglobulin, creatine kinase, LDH, APACHE II score, time from sting to RRT, and time from admission to RRT were performed using ANOVA. Comparisons among the three groups based on sex, hypertension, diabetes, MODS, and AKI stage were performed using the Fisher exact test. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups with respect to creatinine, total bilirubin, myoglobulin, and creatine kinase levels were performed using the Scheffe test. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups with respect to the proportion of patients with MODS were performed using the chi-square test. IHD, intermittent hemodialysis; CVVH, continuous veno-venous hemofiltration; PE, plasma exchange; MAP, mean arterial pressure; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; RRT, renal replacement therapy. <br> ${ }^{\text {a}}$ Significant differences when compared to IHD group. <br> ${ }^{\mathrm{b}}$ Significant differences when compared to CVVH group. | | | | | |
IHD组、CVVH组和CVVH + PE组的死亡率没有明显差异,部分原因可能是患者人数有限。虽然各组之间的 APACHE II 评分没有明显差异,但接受 CVVH 或 CVVH + PE 的患者总胆红素、肌红蛋白和肌酸激酶水平较高,这表明这些患者经历了更严重的横纹肌溶解和溶血。此外,CVVH 组和 CVVH + PE 组出现 MODS 的患者比例高于 IHD 组。值得注意的是,出现慢性肾功能衰竭的患者均属于 IHD 组(36 人中有 8 人 [22.2%])。之前的一项研究(10)纳入了 43 名被非洲蜂蛰伤后出现 AKI 的患者,结果显示只有 41.7%41.7 \% 的患者在最后一次随访时肾功能正常(平均随访时间 25.2+-18.325.2 \pm 18.3 天)。在我们的研究中,IHD 组的 66.7%66.7 \% 患者在随访 90 天时肾功能完全恢复,但这些患者的肾功能恢复时间比 CVVH 组和 CVVH + PE 组长得多。
表 4.黄蜂蜇伤与蜜蜂蜇伤的区别
可变
蜜蜂
黄蜂
体型
模糊
光滑
食品
花蜜和花粉
昆虫和甜味物质(如树液、花蜜、软饮料和罐头等)
刺杀事件的情况
通常靠近花朵或蜂巢
例如,在打开的软饮料罐附近;在进行会干扰其巢穴的户外活动时
蜇伤类型
只蛰一次,通常皮肤上有一根刺(带倒钩
反复蜇人,通常皮肤上没有刺(无倒钩
重要医学意义
Melittin (2.8 kD)
抗原 5(23 kD)
毒液中的成分
PLA2(14.5 kD)
PLA1 (34 kD)
(参考文献 30-32)
透明质酸酶(39 kD) 酸性磷酸酶(43 kD)
透明质酸酶 ( 38 kD )
PLA2,磷脂酶 A2;PLA1,磷脂酶 A1。
Variable Bees Wasps
Body shape Fuzzy Smooth
Food Nectar and pollen Insects and sweet substances (e.g., sap, nectar, soft drinks, and cans)
Circumstances of sting incidents Usually near flowers or a beehive Near, for example, open soft drink cans; when performing outdoor activities that disturb their nests
Type of sting Sting only once, usually with a stinger (with barbs) in the skin Sting repeatedly, normally without a stinger (without barbs) in the skin
Medically important Melittin (2.8 kD) Antigen 5 (23 kD)
components in venom PLA2 (14.5 kD) PLA1 (34 kD)
(references 30-32) Hyaluronidase ( 39 kD ) Acid phosphatase (43 kD) Hyaluronidase ( 38 kD )
PLA2, phospholipase A2; PLA1, phospholipase A1. | Variable | Bees | Wasps |
| :---: | :---: | :---: |
| Body shape | Fuzzy | Smooth |
| Food | Nectar and pollen | Insects and sweet substances (e.g., sap, nectar, soft drinks, and cans) |
| Circumstances of sting incidents | Usually near flowers or a beehive | Near, for example, open soft drink cans; when performing outdoor activities that disturb their nests |
| Type of sting | Sting only once, usually with a stinger (with barbs) in the skin | Sting repeatedly, normally without a stinger (without barbs) in the skin |
| Medically important | Melittin (2.8 kD) | Antigen 5 (23 kD) |
| components in venom | PLA2 (14.5 kD) | PLA1 (34 kD) |
| (references 30-32) | Hyaluronidase ( 39 kD ) Acid phosphatase (43 kD) | Hyaluronidase ( 38 kD ) |
| PLA2, phospholipase A2; PLA1, phospholipase A1. | | |
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