This chapter will explain and illustrate how to 本章将解释和说明如何
summarize an article 摘要一篇文章
summarize a book 概述一本书
Find an article in your school or local newspaper about which you can write an essay-length summary. Include an introductory paragraph in which you state the article's thesis. 在你的学校或当地报纸上找一篇文章，你可以写一篇文章长度的摘要。包括一个介绍性的段落，在其中你陈述文章的论点。
At some point in a course, your instructor may ask you to write a summary of a book, an article, a TV show, or the like. In a summary (also referred to as a précis or an abstract), you reduce material in an original work to its main points and key supporting details. Unlike an outline, however, a summary does not use symbols such as I, A, 1 , and 2 to indicate the relations among parts of the original material. 在课程的某个时候，你的导师可能会要求你写一本书，一篇文章，一个电视节目，或类似的总结。在摘要（也称为摘要或摘要）中，您将原始作品中的材料减少到其要点和关键支持细节。然而，与提纲不同的是，摘要不使用I、A、1和2等符号来表示原始材料各部分之间的关系。
A summary may consist of a single word, a phrase, several sentences, or one or more paragraphs. The length of any summary you prepare will depend on your instructor's expectations and the length of the original work. Most often, you will be asked to write a summary consisting of one or more paragraphs. 摘要可以由一个单词、一个短语、几个句子或一个或多个段落组成。你准备的任何摘要的长度将取决于你的导师的期望和原始工作的长度。大多数情况下，你会被要求写一个由一个或多个段落组成的摘要。
Writing a summary brings together a number of important reading, study, and writing skills. To condense the original assigned material, you must 写摘要汇集了许多重要的阅读、学习和写作技巧。要浓缩原始指定材料，您必须
preview, read, evaluate, organize, and perhaps outline it. Summarizing, then, can be a real aid to understanding; you must "get inside" the material and realize fully what is being said before you can reduce its meaning to a few words. 预习、阅读、评估、组织，也许还能列出提纲。2总结对理解是一个真实的帮助; 3你必须“深入”材料，在你能把它的意思简化成几个词之前，充分意识到它所说的内容。
How to Summarize an Article 如何写文章摘要 如何写文章摘要
To write a summary of an article, follow the steps described below. If the assigned material is a TV show or film, adapt the suggestions accordingly. 要写一篇文章的摘要，请遵循下面描述的步骤。如果指定的材料是电视节目或电影，相应地调整建议。
Take a few minutes to preview the work. You can preview an article in a magazine by taking a quick look at the following: 花几分钟时间来预览作品。您可以通过快速查看以下内容来预览杂志中的文章：
a. Title. A title often summarizes what an article is about. Think about the title for a minute and about how it may condense the meaning of the article. a.标题.标题通常概括了一篇文章的内容。用一分钟思考标题，并思考它如何浓缩文章的含义。
b. Subtitle. A subtitle, if given, is a short summary appearing under or next to the title. For example, in a Newsweek article titled "Growing Old, Feeling Young," the following caption appeared: "Not only are Americans living longer, they are staying active longer-and their worst enemy is not nature, but the myths and prejudices about growing old." In short, the subtitle, the caption, or any other words in large print under or next to the title often provide a quick insight into the meaning of an article. B.副标题。副标题是在标题下或旁边出现的简短摘要。例如，在《新闻周刊》的一篇题为《变老，感觉年轻》的文章中，出现了下面的说明：“美国人不仅活得更长，他们更活跃--他们最大的敌人不是自然，而是关于变老的神话和偏见。“简而言之，副标题，标题或标题下或旁边的任何其他大字体文字通常可以快速洞察文章的含义。
c. First and last several paragraphs. In the first several paragraphs, the author may introduce you to the subject and state the purpose of the article. In the last several paragraphs, the writer may present conclusions or a summary. The previews or summaries can give you a quick overview of what the entire article is about. C.第一和最后几段。在前几段中，作者可能会向您介绍主题并说明文章的目的。在最后几段中，作者可能会提出结论或总结。预览或摘要可以让你快速了解整篇文章的内容。
d. Other items. Note any heads or subheads that appear in the article. They often provide clues to the article's main points and give an immediate sense of what each section is about. Look carefully at any pictures, charts, or diagrams that accompany the article. Page space in a magazine or journal is limited, and such visual aids are generally used only to illustrate important points in the article. Note any words or phrases set off in italic type or boldface type; such words have probably been emphasized because they deal with important points in the article. D.其他物品注意文章中出现的任何标题或副标题。它们经常为文章的主要观点提供线索，并对每一部分的内容给出直接的感觉。仔细查看文章中的任何图片、图表或图解。杂志或期刊的页面空间是有限的，这种视觉辅助工具通常只用于说明文章中的重要观点。注意任何用斜体或黑体字标出的单词或短语;这些单词可能被强调是因为它们涉及文章中的重要观点。
Read the article for all you can understand the first time through. Do not slow down or turn back. Check or otherwise mark main points and key supporting details. Pay special attention to all the items noted in the preview. Also, look for definitions, examples, and enumerations (lists of items), which often indicate key ideas. You can also identify important points by turning any headings into questions and reading to find the answers to the questions. 第一次读这篇文章时，你可以理解所有的内容。不要减速或回头。检查或以其他方式标记要点和关键支持细节。特别注意预览中提到的所有项目。此外，寻找定义，示例和枚举（项目列表），它们通常表示关键思想。你也可以通过将标题转化为问题并通过阅读来找到问题的答案来确定要点。
Go back and reread more carefully the areas you have identified as most important. Also, focus on other key points you may have missed in your first reading. 回头再仔细阅读你认为最重要的部分。同时，关注你在第一次阅读中可能遗漏的其他关键点。
Take notes on the material. Concentrate on getting down the main ideas and the key supporting points. 在材料上做笔记。集中精力把主要思想和关键支撑点记下来。
Write the draft of your summary, keeping these points in mind: 写下你的总结草稿，记住以下几点：
a. In the summary, identify the title and author of the work. If your summary is not part of an essay, with in-text citation and a "Works Cited" page, then you should also include the date of publication and publication name. The two examples below show the difference in format. a.在摘要中，确定工作的标题和作者。如果你的摘要不是一篇文章的一部分，有文字引用和“引用作品”页面，那么你还应该包括出版日期和出版物名称。下面的两个例子显示了格式上的差异。
b. The first sentence of your summary should also be written as a topic sentence and should contain the main idea or thesis of the original work in your own words. B.摘要的第一句话也应该作为主题句来写，并且应该用你自己的话来表达原文的主要思想或论点。
c. Do not write an overly detailed summary. Remember that the purpose of a summary is to reduce the original work to its main points and essential supporting details. C.不要写过于详细的摘要。请记住，摘要的目的是将原始工作减少到其要点和必要的支持细节。
d. Express the main points and key supporting details in your own words. Do not imitate the style of the original work. D.用自己的话表达要点和关键的支持细节。不要模仿原作的风格。
e. Quote from the material only to illustrate key points. Limit your quotations. A one-paragraph summary should not contain more than one quoted sentence or phrase. e.引用材料中的内容只是为了说明要点。限制你的报价。一段式摘要不应包含一个以上的引用句子或短语。
f. Preserve the balance and proportion of the original work. If the original devoted 70 percent of its space to one idea and only 30 percent to another, your summary should reflect that emphasis. F.保持原有作品的平衡和比例。如果原文将70%的篇幅用于一个观点，而只将30%的篇幅用于另一个观点，那么你的摘要应该反映出这种强调。
g. Revise your final draft, paying attention to the four bases of effective writing (unity, support, coherence, and sentence skills) explained in Part 1. G.修改你的最终草稿，注意第一部分中解释的有效写作的四个基础（统一，支持，连贯和句子技巧）。
h. Write the final draft of the paper. H.写论文的终稿。
A Model Summary of an Article 一篇文章的示范摘要
Here is a model summary of a magazine article that would stand on its own: 下面是一篇杂志文章的典型摘要，它可以独立存在：
He then goes on to demonstrate that despite government recommendations, Americans' dietary changes have not resulted in less obesity. He supports his ideas about refined sugars and carbohydrates by detailing the science of fat cells, insulin, and the liver. He concludes that the authorities like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health may need to rethink what they are telling Americans (32-36). 然后，他继续证明，尽管政府提出了建议，但美国人的饮食变化并没有减少肥胖。他通过详细介绍脂肪细胞、胰岛素和肝脏的科学来支持他关于精制糖和碳水化合物的观点。他的结论是，像疾病控制和预防中心和国立卫生研究院这样的当局可能需要重新考虑他们告诉美国人的事情（32-36）。
Here is a model summary of a magazine article that is used in an essay containing a "Works Cited" page. Note that the publication information is not needed within the text, but it is available in the "Works Cited" entry. If this is the first time you are citing the article, you need to reference the article's title. However, if this is the second or subsequent time citing this article, you would refer only to the author's last name, as in "Taubes continues to remark. ..." 下面是一篇杂志文章的摘要范本，它被用在包含“引用作品”页面的文章中。请注意，文本中不需要出版物信息，但可以在“引用的作品”条目中找到。如果这是你第一次引用文章，你需要引用文章的标题。然而，如果这是第二次或随后的时间引用这篇文章，你只会提到作者的姓氏，如在“陶伯斯继续评论。... "
In his article, "Why the Campaign to Stop America's Obesity Crisis Keeps Failing," Gary Taubes reports on the obesity epidemic and his beliefs that refined sugars are the cause of obesity. He begins his article by citing information from the 1930s that demonstrates children had obesity problems even during the Depression. He then goes on to demonstrate that despite government recommendations, Americans' dietary changes have not resulted in less obesity. He supports his ideas about refined sugars and carbohydrates by detailing the science of fat cells, insulin, and the liver. He concludes that the authorities like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health may need to rethink what they are telling Americans 加里·陶布斯在他的文章《为什么阻止美国肥胖危机的运动一直失败》中报道了肥胖症的流行以及他认为精制糖是肥胖症的原因。他在文章的开头引用了20世纪30年代的资料，这些资料表明，即使在大萧条时期，儿童也存在肥胖问题。然后，他继续证明，尽管政府提出了建议，但美国人的饮食变化并没有减少肥胖。他通过详细介绍脂肪细胞、胰岛素和肝脏的科学来支持他关于精制糖和碳水化合物的观点。他的结论是，像疾病控制和预防中心和国家卫生研究院这样的当局可能需要重新考虑他们告诉美国人的事情。
Works Cited 引用作品
Taubes, Gary. "Why the Campaign to Stop America's Obesity Crisis Keeps Failing." Newsweek 14 May 2012:32-36. 陶布斯，加里。为什么阻止美国肥胖危机的运动一直失败？”《明史》（卷14）：“32-36。
Write an essay-length summary of the following article. Include a short introductory paragraph that states the thesis of the article. Then summarize in three supporting paragraphs the three important areas in which study skills can be useful. 为下面的文章写一篇文章长度的摘要。包括一个简短的介绍性段落，陈述文章的主题。然后用三个段落来总结学习技巧在三个重要领域中的作用。
Power Learning 功率学习
Jill had not done as well in high school as she had hoped. Since college involved even more work, it was no surprise that she didn't do better there. 吉尔在高中的表现不如她所希望的那样好。因为大学的工作量更大，所以她在那里没有做得更好也就不足为奇了。
The reason for her so-so performance was not a lack of effort. She attended most of her classes and read her textbooks. And she never missed handing in any assignment, even though it offen meant staying up late the night before homework was due. Still, she just got by in her classes. Before long, she came to the conclusion that she simply couldn't do any befter. 她表现平平的原因并不是缺乏努力。她参加了大部分课程并阅读了教科书。她从来没有错过任何作业，即使这往往意味着熬夜前一天晚上作业是到期。不过，她的课还过得去。不久，她就得出结论，她再也不能做得更好了。
Then one day, one of her instructors said something to make her think otherwise. "You can probably build some sort of house by banging a few boards together," he said. "But if you want a sturdy home, you'll have to use the right techniques and tools. Building carefully takes work, but it gets better results. The same can be said of your education. There are no shortcuts, but there are some proven study skills that can really help. If you don't use them, you may end up with a pretty flimsy education." 然后有一天，她的一个教练说了一些让她不这么认为的话。他说：“你可能可以通过敲打几块木板来建造某种房子。”“但是，如果你想要一个坚固的家，你必须使用正确的技术和工具。仔细建造需要工作，但它会得到更好的结果。你的教育也是如此。没有捷径可走，但有一些经过验证的学习技巧确实可以帮助你。如果你不使用它们，你可能最终会受到相当脆弱的教育。"
jill signed up for a study-skills course and found out a crucial fact-that learning how to learn is the key to success in school. Certain dependable skills have made the difference between disappointment and success for generations of students. These techniques won't free you from work, but they will make your work far more productive. They include three important areas: fime control, classroom note-taking, and textbook study. 吉尔报名参加了一个学习技巧课程，并发现了一个重要的事实--学会如何学习是在学校取得成功的关键。对于一代又一代的学生来说，某些可靠的技能决定了失望和成功的区别。这些技巧不会让你从工作中解脱出来，但它们会让你的工作更有效率。它们包括三个重要方面：时间控制、课堂笔记和课本学习。
Time Control 时间控制
Success in college depends on time control. Time control means that you deliberately organize and plan your time, instead of letting it drift by. Planning means that you should never be faced with an overdue term paper or a cram session the night before a test. 大学的成功取决于时间的控制。时间控制意味着你有意识地组织和计划你的时间，而不是让它溜走。计划意味着你永远不会面对过期的学期论文或考试前一天晚上的临时抱佛脚。
Three steps are involved in time control. First, you should prepare a large monthly calendar. Buy a calendar with a large white block around each date, or make one yourself. At the beginning of the college semester, circle important dates on this calendar. Circle the days on which tests are scheduled; circle the days when papers are due. This calendar can also be used to schedule study plans. At the beginning of the week, you can jot down your plans for each day. An alternative method would be to make plans for each day the night before. On Tuesday night, for example, you might write down "Read Chapter 5 in psychology" in the Wednesday block. Hang this calendar where you will see it every day-your kitchen, bedroom, even your bathroom! 时间控制有三个步骤。首先，你应该准备一个大的月历。买一个日历，每个日期周围都有一个大的白色块，或者自己做一个。在大学学期开始时，在日历上圈出重要的日期。圈出考试的日期;圈出交论文的日期。这个日历也可以用来安排学习计划。在一周的开始，你可以记下你每天的计划。另一种方法是在前一天晚上制定每天的计划。例如，在星期二晚上，你可以在星期三的方框里写下“阅读心理学第五章”。将这本日历挂在您每天都会看到的地方--您的厨房、卧室，甚至您的浴室！
The second step in time control is to have a weekly study schedule for the semester - a chart that covers all the days of the week and all the waking hours in each day. Below is part of one student's schedule: 时间控制的第二步是制定一个学期的每周学习计划-一个涵盖一周中所有日子和每天所有醒着的时间的图表。下面是一个学生的时间表的一部分：
Tinue 蒂努埃
stam. - 是的
The. 的.
wat. 瓦特。
Thuer 蒂尔
sat. 饱和
Gamo a.iv. 加莫等
200
Brackfaist 布拉克费斯特
Breukgast 布勒克加斯特
Bradefast 布拉德法斯特
Breakfact
aredelaist 阿雷德莱斯特
8,000
Mato
STavidy
Natatif 纳塔蒂夫
s7uDy
Made 制成
Braceffart 布拉塞法尔
sTuOY
Biobagy
s7udor 苏多尔
Bidlogy 比德洛
stuor 斯图尔
jobt 约布特
Egichotary 埃吉霍塔里
pyectatogy 脓液学
Bychotogy 比乔托吉
15.00
Eingliphe 埃因利佩
Erytuish 红斑的
On your own schedule, fill in all the fixed hours in each day-hours for meals, classes, job (if any), and travel time. Next, mark time blocks that you can realistically use for study each day. Depending on the number of courses you are taking and the demands of these courses, you may want to block off five, ten, or even twenty or more hours of study time a week. Keep in mind that you should not block off time that you do not truly intend to use for study. Otherwise, your schedule will be a meaningless gimmick. Also, remember that you should allow time for rest and relaxation. You will be happiest, and able to accomplish the most, when you have time for both work and play. 在你自己的时间表上，填写每天的固定时间--吃饭的时间，上课的时间，工作的时间（如果有的话）和旅行的时间。接下来，标记出你每天可以实际用于学习的时间块。根据你正在学习的课程的数量和这些课程的要求，你可能想每周留出五个，十个，甚至二十个或更多小时的学习时间。请记住，你不应该封锁时间，你不真正打算用于学习。否则，你的日程安排将是一个毫无意义的噱头。此外，请记住，您应该留出休息和放松的时间。当你既有时间工作又有时间玩耍时，你将是最快乐的，并且能够完成最多的事情。
The third step in time control is to make a daily or weekly to-do list. This may be the most valuable time-control method you ever use. On this list, write down the things you need to do for the following day or the following week. If you choose to write a weekly list, do it on Sunday night. If you choose to write a daily list, do it the night before. Here is part of one student's daily list: 时间控制的第三步是每天或每周做一个待办事项清单。这可能是你使用过的最有价值的时间控制方法。在这个列表上，写下第二天或第二周你需要做的事情。如果你选择每周写一份清单，那就在周日晚上写。如果你选择每天写一份清单，那就在前一天晚上写。以下是一名学生的每日清单：
You may use a three-by-five-inch notepad or a small spiral-bound notebook for this list. Carry the list around with you during the day. Always concentrate on doing the most important items first. To make the best use of your time, mark high-priority items with an asterisk and give them precedence over low-priority items. For instance, you may find yourself wondering what to do after dinner on Thursday evening. Among the items on your list are "Clean inside of car" and "Review chapter for math quiz." It is obviously more important for you to 你可以用一个3 × 5英寸的记事本或一个小的螺旋装订的笔记本来写这个清单。白天随身携带这份清单。总是先集中精力做最重要的事情。为了充分利用你的时间，用星号标记高优先级的项目，让它们优先于低优先级的项目。例如，你可能会发现自己想知道周四晚上晚餐后做什么。在你的清单上的项目是“清洁车内”和“复习数学测验章节。”“对你来说，
review your notes at this point; you can clean out the car some other time. As you complete litems on your to-do list, cross them out. Do not warry about unfinished items. They can be rescheduled. You will still be accomplishing a great deal and making more effective use of your time. 现在复习一下你的笔记，你可以改天再把车打扫干净。当你完成任务清单上的项目时，把它们划掉。不要担心未完成的项目。可以重新安排。你仍然会完成很多事情，并更有效地利用你的时间。
Classroom Note-Taking 课堂笔记
One of the most important single things you can do to perform well in a college course is to take effective class notes. The following hints should help you become a better note-taker. 要想在大学课程中取得好成绩，最重要的一件事就是做好课堂笔记。下面的提示应该可以帮助你成为一个更好的记笔记者。
First, attend class faithfully. Your alternatives-reading the text, reading someone else's notes, or both-cannot substitute for the class experience of hearing ideas in person as someone presents them to you. Also, in class lectures and discussions, your instructor typically presents and develops the main ideas and facts of the course-the ones you will be expected to know on exams, 第一，认真听课。你的选择--阅读课文，阅读别人的笔记，或者两者都做--不能代替在课堂上亲自聆听别人向你提出的想法。此外，在课堂讲座和讨论中，您的讲师通常会介绍和发展课程的主要思想和事实-您将在考试中了解的内容，
Another valuable hint is to make use of abbreviations while taking notes. Using abbreviations saves time when you are trying to get down a great deal of information. Abbreviate terms that recur frequently in a lecture and put a key to your abbreviations at the top of your notes. For example, in sociology class, eth could stand for ethnocentrism; in a psychology class, STM could stand for short-term memory. (When a lecture is over, you may want to go back and write out the terms you have abbreviated.) Also, use e for example; deffor definition; info for information; + for and; and so on. If you use the same abbreviations all the time, you will soon develop a kind of personal shorthand that makes taking notes much easier. 另一个有价值的提示是在做笔记时使用缩写。当你试图记下大量信息时，使用缩写可以节省时间。将课堂上经常出现的术语缩写，并在笔记的顶部标注缩写的关键词。例如，在社会学课上，eth可以代表种族中心主义;在心理学课上，STM可以代表短期记忆。(When一堂课结束了，你可能想回去把你缩写的术语写出来。）另外，使用e作为例子; deffor定义;信息信息;+ for和;如果你一直使用相同的缩写，你很快就会形成一种个人速记法，使记笔记变得容易得多。
A third hint for taking notes is to be on the lookout for signals of importance. Write down whatever your instructor puts on the board. If he or she takes the time to put material on the board, it is probably important, and the chances are good that it will come up later on exams. Always write down definitions and enumerations. Enumerations are lists of items. They are signaled in such ways as "The four steps in the process are . . ."; "There were three reasons for . . ."; "The two effects were . . ."; "Five characteristics of . . ."; and so on. In your notes, always number such enumerations (1, 2, 3, etc.). They will help you understand relationships among ideas and organize the material of the lecture. Watch for emphasis words - words your instructor may use to indicate that something is important. Examples of such words are "This is an important reason . . ."; "A point that will keep coming up later . . ."; "The chief cause was . . ."; "The basic idea here is . . ."; and so on. Always write down the important statements announced by these and other emphasis words. Finally, if your instructor repeats a point, you can assume that it is important. You might put an for repeated in the margin so that later you will know that your instructor stressed it. 记笔记的第三个提示是要注意重要的信号。写下你的导师在黑板上写的任何东西。如果他或她花时间把材料放在黑板上，这可能是重要的，而且很有可能在以后的考试中出现。总是写下定义和枚举。枚举是项的列表。它们以这样的方式发出信号：“过程中的四个步骤是。. .”;“有三个原因。. .”;“这两种效果是。. .“;“的五个特点。. .“;等等。在你的笔记中，总是给这样的列举编号（1，2，3，等等）。它们将帮助你理解思想之间的关系，并组织讲座的材料。注意强调词--你的老师可能会用这些词来表示某件事很重要。这类词语的例子有：“这是一个重要的原因。. .”;“这一点以后会一直提到。. .”;“主要原因是。. .”;“这里的基本思想是。. .”;等等。 一定要写下这些和其他强调词所宣布的重要声明。最后，如果你的老师重复了一个观点，你可以假设它很重要。你可以在空白处写上“重复”，这样以后你就会知道你的老师强调了它。
Next, be sure to write down the instructor's examples and mark them with 13 an e. The examples help you understand abstract points. If you do not write them down, you are likely to forget them later, when they are needed to help make sense of an idea. 接下来，一定要写下教师的例子，并标记为13个e。这些例子帮助你理解抽象的观点。如果你不把它们写下来，当你需要它们来帮助理解一个想法时，你很可能会忘记它们。
Also, be sure to write down the connections between ideas. Too many students merely copy terms the instructor puts on the board. They forget that, as time passes, the details that serve as connecting bridges between ideas quickly fade. You should, then, write down the relationships and connections in class. That way you'll have them to help tie together your notes later on. 此外，一定要写下想法之间的联系。太多的学生只是照抄老师写在黑板上的术语。他们忘记了，随着时间的推移，作为连接思想之间桥梁的细节很快就会消失。然后，你应该在课堂上写下这些关系和联系。这样你以后就可以让他们帮你整理笔记了。
Review your notes as soon as possible after class. You must make them as clear as possible while they are fresh in your mind. A day later may be too late, because forgetting sets in very quickly. Make sure that punctuation is clear, that all words are readable and correctly spelled, and that unfinished sentences are completed lor at least marked off so that you can check your notes with another student's). Add clarifying or connecting comments wherever necessary. Make sure that important ideas are clearly marked. Improve the organization if necessary so that you can see at a glance main points and relationships among them. 课后尽快复习笔记。你必须尽可能清楚地表达它们，而它们在你的脑海中是新鲜的。一天后可能就太晚了，因为忘记得很快。确保标点符号清晰，所有单词可读且拼写正确，未完成的句子要完整（至少要划出来，这样你就可以和其他学生核对笔记）。必要时添加澄清或连接注释。确保重要的想法被清楚地标记出来。必要时改进组织，以便您可以一目了然地看到要点和它们之间的关系。
Finally, try in general to get down a written record of each class. You must do this because forgetting begins almost immediately. Studies have shown that within two weeks you are likely to have forgotten 80 percent or more of what you have heard. And in four weeks you are lucky if 5 percent remains! This is so crucial that it bears repeating: To guard against the relentlessness of forgetting, it is absolutely essential that you write down what you hear in class. Later you can concentrate on working to understand fully and to remember the ideas that have been presented in class. And then, the more complete your notes are, the more you are likely to learn. 最后，一般来说，试着写下每堂课的书面记录。你必须这样做，因为遗忘几乎是立即开始的。研究表明，在两周内，你可能会忘记80%或更多你所听到的东西。在四个星期内，如果你还剩下5%，你就很幸运了！这一点至关重要，值得重复：为了防止遗忘的盲目性，你绝对有必要写下你在课堂上听到的东西。之后，你可以集中精力充分理解并记住课堂上提出的观点。然后，你的笔记越完整，你就越有可能学到更多。
Textbook Study 教科书研究
In many college courses, success means being able to read and study a textbook skillfully. For many students, unfortunately, textbooks are heavy going. After an hour or two of study, the textbook material is as formless and as hard to understand as ever. But there is a way to attack even the most difficult textbook and make sense of it. Use a sequence in which you preview a chapter, mark it, take notes on it, and then study the notes. 在许多大学课程中，成功意味着能够熟练地阅读和学习教科书。不幸的是，对许多学生来说，教科书是沉重的。经过一两个小时的学习，教科书上的材料还是像以前一样没有形式，一样难以理解。但是，即使是最难的教科书，也有一种方法可以让你理解它，那就是按顺序预习一章，做记号，做笔记，然后学习笔记。
Previewing 预览
Previewing a selection is an important first step to understanding. Taking the time to preview a section or chapter can give you a bird's-eye view of the way the material is organized. You will have a sense of where you are beginning, what you will cover, and where you will end. 预览一个选择是理解的重要的第一步。花时间预览一节或一章可以让你鸟瞰材料的组织方式。你会有一种感觉，你从哪里开始，你将覆盖什么，你将在哪里结束。
There are several steps in previewing a selection. First, study the title. The title is the shortest possible summary of a selection and will often tell 预览选定内容有几个步骤。首先，研究标题。标题是一个选择的最短可能的总结，往往会告诉
you the limits of the material you will cover. For example, the tiitle "FDR and the Supreme Court" tells you to expect a discussion of President Roosevelt's dealings with the Court. You know that you will probably not encounter any material dealing with FDR's foreign policies or personal life. Next, quickly read over the first and last paragraphs of the selection; these may contain important introductions to, and summaries of, the main ideas. Then briefly examine the headings and subheadings in the selection. Together, the headings and subheadings are a minioutline of what you are reading. Headings are often main ideas or important concepts in capsule form; subheadings are breakdowns of ideas within main areas. Finally, read the first sentence of some paragraphs, look for words set off in boldface or italics, and look at pictures or diagrams. Affer you have previewed a selection in this way, you should have a good general sense of the material to be read. 你将覆盖的材料的限制。例如，标题“罗斯福和最高法院”告诉你，期待讨论罗斯福总统与最高法院的交易。你知道，你可能不会遇到任何材料处理罗斯福的外交政策或个人生活。接下来，快速阅读文章的第一段和最后一段;这些段落可能包含对主要思想的重要介绍和总结。然后简要检查所选内容中的标题和副标题。标题和副标题一起构成了你阅读内容的小大纲。标题通常是以胶囊形式的主要思想或重要概念;副标题是主要领域内思想的细分。最后，读一些段落的第一句话，寻找黑体或斜体字，看图片或图表。用这种方法预习一个选段后，你应该对要读的材料有一个很好的总体感觉。
Marking 标记
You should mark a textbook selection at the same time that you read it through carefully. Use a felttip highlighter to shade material that seems important, or use a ballpoint pen and put symbols in the margin next to the material: stars, checks, or NB (nota bene, Latin for "note well"). What to mark is not as mysterious as some students believe. You should try to find main ideas by looking for clues: definitions and examples, enumerations, and emphasis words. 你应该在仔细阅读课本的同时给它做标记。用毡尖荧光笔给看起来重要的材料涂上阴影，或者用圆珠笔在材料旁边的空白处画上符号：星星、格子或NB（nota贝内，拉丁语，意思是“注意好”）。标记什么并不像一些学生认为的那样神秘。你应该试着通过寻找线索来找到主要思想：定义和例子，列举和强调词。
Definitions and examples: Definitions are often among the most important ideas in a selection. They are particularly significant in introductory courses in almost any subject area, where much of your learning involves mastering the specialized vocabulary of that subject. In a sense, you are learning the "language" of psychology or business or whatever the subject might be. 定义和例子：定义通常是选择中最重要的想法之一。它们在几乎所有学科领域的入门课程中特别重要，你的大部分学习都涉及掌握该学科的专业词汇。从某种意义上说，你正在学习心理学或商业或任何主题的“语言”。
Most definitions are abstract, and so they usually are followed by one or more examples to help clarify their meaning. Always mark off definitions and at least one example that makes a definition clear to you. In a psychology text, for example, we are told that "rationalization is an attempt to reduce anxiety by deciding that you have not really been frustrated." Several examples follow, among them: "A young man, frustrated because he was rejected when he asked for a date, convinces himself that the girl is not very attractive or interesting." 大多数定义都是抽象的，因此通常会在定义之后加上一个或多个例子，以帮助澄清定义的含义。总是标出定义和至少一个例子，使一个定义清楚给你。例如，在一本心理学教科书中，我们被告知“合理化是一种试图通过确定你并没有真正感到沮丧来减少焦虑的尝试。下面有几个例子，其中包括：“一个年轻人，因为他要求约会被拒绝而沮丧，说服自己那个女孩不是很有吸引力或有趣。"
Enumerations: Enumerations are lists of items (causes, reasons, types, and so on) that are numbered or that could easily be numbered. They are often signaled by addition words. Many of the paragraphs in this book, for instance, use words like First of all, Another, In addition, and Finally to signal items in a series. Other textbooks also use this very common and effective organizational method. 枚举：枚举是编号为 或可以轻松编号的项目（原因、原因、类型等）的列表。它们通常由附加词表示。例如，本书中的许多段落都使用了“首先”、“另一个”、“另外”和“最后”这样的词来表示一个系列中的项目。其他教科书也使用这种非常常见和有效的组织方法。
Emphasis words: Emphasis words tell you that an idea is important. 强调词：强调词告诉你一个想法很重要。
Common emphasis words include phrases such as a major event, a key feature, the chief factor, important to note, above all, and most of all. Here is an example: "The most significant contemporary use of marketing is its application to nonbusiness areas, such as political parties." 常见的强调词包括短语，如重大事件，关键特征，主要因素，重要的注意事项，首先，最重要的。这里有一个例子：“当代市场营销最重要的用途是它在非商业领域的应用，如政党。"
Note-Taking 笔记
Next, you should take notes. Go through the chapter a second time, rereading the most important parts. Try to write down the main ideas in a simple outline form. For example, in taking notes on a psychology selection, you might write down the heading "Defense Mechanisms." Below the heading you would define them, number and describe each kind, and give an example of each. 接下来，你应该做笔记。把这一章再看一遍，重读最重要的部分。试着用一个简单的提纲形式把主要观点写下来。例如，在做心理学选择的笔记时，你可以写下标题“防御机制”。“在标题下面，你可以定义它们，给每种类型编号并描述它们，并给出每种类型的例子。
Defense Mechanisms 防御机制
a. Definition: unconscious attempts to reduce anxiety a.定义：无意识地试图减少焦虑
Kinds: 种类：
(1) Rationalization: An attempt to reduce anxiety by deciding that you have not really been frustrated. (1)自我化：试图通过确定自己并没有真正感到沮丧来减少焦虑。
Example: A man turned down for a date decides that the woman is not worth going out with anywray. 一个被拒绝的男人认为这个女人不值得和他约会。
(2) Projection: Projecting onto other people motives or thoughts of one's own. Example: A wife who wants to have an affair accuses her husband of having one. (2)投射：把自己的动机或想法投射到别人身上。一个想有外遇的妻子指责她的丈夫有外遇。
Studying Notes 学习笔记
To study your notes, use repeated selftesting. For example, look at the 要研究你的笔记，使用重复的自我测试。例如，查看
heading "Defense Mechanisms" and say to yourself, "What are the kinds of defense mechanisms?" When you can recite them, then say to yourself, "What is rationalization?" "What is an example of rationalization?" Then ask yourself, "What is projection?" "What is an example of projection?" After you learn each section, review it, and then go on to the next section. 标题为“防御机制”并对自己说：“防御机制有哪些类型？当你能背诵它们时，然后对自己说：“什么是合理化？””“什么是合理化的例子？然后问你自己：“什么是投射？””“什么是投射的例子？“在你学习了每一节之后，复习一下，然后继续下一节。
Do not simply read your notes; keep looking away and seeing if you can recite them to yourself. This selftesting is the key to effective learning. 不要只是简单地读你的笔记;保持看向别处，看看你是否能背诵它们给自己。这种自我测试是有效学习的关键。
Textbook Study Sequence 教科书学习顺序
Remember this sequence for dealing with a textbook: preview, mark, take 28 notes, study the notes. Approaching a textbook in this methodical way will give you very positive results. You will no longer feel bogged down in a swamp of words, unable to figure out what you are supposed to know. Instead, you will understand exactly what you have to do and how to go about doing it. 记住处理教科书的顺序：预览、标记、做28个笔记、研究笔记。用这种方法来阅读教科书会给你带来非常积极的结果。你将不再感到陷入一片词汇的沼泽，无法弄清楚你应该知道什么。相反，你会确切地了解你必须做什么以及如何去做。
Conclusion 结论
Take a minute now to evaluate your own study habits. Do you practice many of the above skills to take effective classioom notes, control your time, and learn from your textbooks? If not, perhaps you should. The skills are not magic, but they are too valuable to ignore. Use them carefully and consistently, and they will make academic success possible for you. Try them, and you won't need convincing. 现在花一分钟来评估你自己的学习习惯。你是否练习了以上的许多技巧来做有效的classioom笔记，控制你的时间，并从你的课本中学习？如果没有，也许你应该。这些技能并不神奇，但它们太有价值了，不容忽视。仔细地、始终如一地使用它们，它们将使你的学业成功成为可能。试试看，你不需要说服。
Write an essay-length summary of a broadcast of your interest. In your first sentence, include the date of the show. For example, "The September 7, 2013, broadcast of CBS's 60 Minutes dealt with three subjects most people would find of interest. The first segment of the show centered on . . . ; the second segment examined . . . ; the final segment discussed. . . ." Be sure to use parallel form in describing the three segments of the show. Then summarize each segment in the three supporting paragraphs that follow. 写一篇你感兴趣的广播文章的摘要。在你的第一句话中，包括演出的日期。例如，“2013年9月7日，哥伦比亚广播公司的60分钟广播涉及大多数人会感兴趣的三个主题。节目的第一部分集中在。. .第二部分检查。. .最后一节讨论。. . .“在描述节目的三个部分时，一定要用平行的形式。然后在下面的三个支持段落中总结每个部分。
Write an essay-length summary of a cover story of interest to you in a recent issue of Time or Newsweek. 就你感兴趣的最近一期《时代》或《新闻周刊》的封面故事写一篇文章长度的摘要。
How to Summarize a Book 如何写读书摘要 如何写读书摘要
To write a summary of a book, first preview the book by briefly looking at the following: 要写一本书的摘要，首先通过简要地查看以下内容来预览这本书：
Title. A title is often the shortest possible summary of what a book is about. Think about the title and how it may summarize the whole book. 标题.书名通常是对一本书内容的最简短的概括。想想这个标题，以及它如何总结整本书。
Table of contents. The contents will tell you the number of chapters in the book and the subject of each chapter. Use the contents to get a general sense of how the book is organized. You should also note the number of pages in each chapter. If thirty pages are devoted to one episode or idea and an average of fifteen pages to other episodes or ideas, you should probably give more space in your summary to the contents of the longer chapter. 目录。目录内容会告诉您书中的章节数量以及每章的主题。利用这些内容来大致了解这本书是如何组织的。你还应该注意每一章的页数。如果30页用于一个情节或想法，平均15页用于其他情节或想法，你可能应该在总结中为较长章节的内容留出更多的空间。
Preface. Here you will probably find out why the author wrote the book. Also, the preface may summarize the main ideas developed in the book and may describe briefly how the book is organized. 序言。在这里你可能会发现作者为什么写这本书。此外，序言可能会总结本书中提出的主要思想，并可能简要描述本书是如何组织的。
First and last chapters. In these chapters, the author may preview or review important ideas and themes developed in the book. 第一章和最后一章。在这些章节中，作者可以预览或回顾书中发展的重要思想和主题。
Other items. Note how the author has used headings and subheadings to organize information in the book. Check the opening and closing paragraphs of each chapter to see if these paragraphs contain introductions or summaries. Look quickly at charts, diagrams, and pictures in the book, since they are probably there to illustrate key points. Note any special features (index, glossary, appendices) that may appear at the end of the book. 其他物品请注意作者如何使用标题和副标题来组织书中的信息。检查每一章的开头和结尾段落，看看这些段落是否包含介绍或总结。快速查看书中的图表、图表和图片，因为它们可能是用来说明关键点的。注意本书结尾处可能出现的任何特殊功能（索引、词汇表、附录）。
Next, adapt steps 2 through 5 for summarizing an article on pages 361-362. 接下来，调整步骤2到5，以总结第361-362页上的一篇文章。
Write an essay-length summary of a book you have read. 为你读过的一本书写一篇文章长度的摘要。
Writing a Report 读书报告的写作 Writing a Report阅读报告的写作
This chapter will explain and illustrate 本章将解释和说明
the two parts of a report 报告的两个部分
Part 1: A summary of the work 第一部分：工作总结
Part 2: Your reaction to the work 第二部分：你对工作的反应
This chapter also 本章还
includes
points to keep in mind when writing a report 写报告时要记住的几点
a model report 报告范本
To gain a sense of how to review a text, visit the site of New York Review of Books at hitp://www.nybooks.com and choose a review to read. Write a short paragraph explaining why you chose that review and what you've learned from it. 要了解如何评论一篇文章，请访问纽约书评网站hitp：www.nybooks.com，选择一篇评论来阅读。写一小段话，解释你为什么选择这篇评论，以及你从中学到了什么。
Each semester, you will probably be asked by at least one instructor to read a book or an article and write a paper recording your response to the material. In these reports or reaction papers, your instructor will most likely expect you to do two things: summarize the material and detail your reaction to it. The following pages explain both parts of a report. 每个学期，你可能会被至少一位教师要求阅读一本书或一篇文章，并写一篇论文记录你对材料的反应。在这些报告或反应纸中，你的导师很可能希望你做两件事：总结材料并详细说明你对材料的反应。
Part 1 of a Report: A Summary of the Work 报告第一部分：工作总结
To develop the first part of a report, do the following. 要生成报告的第一部分，请执行以下操作。
Identify the author and title of the work, and include in parentheses the publisher and publication date. With magazines, give the date of publication. 注明作者和作品名称，并在括号内注明出版商和出版日期。如为杂志，请注明出版日期。
Write an informative summary of the material. Condense the content of the work by highlighting its main points and key supporting points. (See pages 361-362 for a complete discussion of summarizing techniques.) Use direct quotations from the work to illustrate important ideas. 写一份内容丰富的材料摘要。压缩工作内容，突出工作重点和关键支撑点。(See第361-362页，以完整讨论总结技术。使用作品中的直接引用来说明重要思想。
Do not discuss in great detail any single aspect of the work while neglecting to mention other equally important points. Summarize the material so that the reader gets a general sense of all key aspects of the original work. Also, keep the summary objective and factual. Do not include in the first part of the paper your personal reaction to the work; your subjective impression will form the basis of the second part of the paper. 不要详细讨论工作的任何一个方面，而忽略了提到其他同样重要的点。对材料进行总结，使读者对原著的所有关键方面有一个大致的了解。此外，保持总结的客观性和真实性。不要在论文的第一部分写你个人对作品的反应;你的主观印象将构成论文第二部分的基础。
Part 2 of a Report: Your Reaction to the Work 报告的第二部分：你对工作的反应
To develop the second part of a report, do the following: 要生成报告的第二部分，请执行以下操作：
Focus on any or all of the questions below. (Check with your instructor to see whether you should emphasize specific points.) 关注下面的任何或所有问题。（请咨询您的讲师，看看您是否应该强调具体要点。）
a. How is the assigned work related to ideas and concerns discussed in the course? For example, what points made in the course textbook, class discussions, or lectures are treated more fully in the work? a.所分配的工作与课程中讨论的观点和关注点有什么关系？例如，在教科书、课堂讨论或讲座中提出的哪些观点在作品中得到了更充分的处理？
b. How is the work related to problems in our present-day world? B.工作与我们当今世界的问题有什么关系？
c. How is the work related to your life, experiences, feelings, and ideas? For instance, what emotions did it arouse in you? Did it increase your understanding of an issue or change your perspective? C.工作与你的生活、经历、感受和想法有什么关系？例如，它在你身上激起了什么样的情感？它是否增加了你对问题的理解或改变了你的观点？
Evaluate the merit of the work: the importance of its points; its accuracy, completeness, and organization; and so on. You should also indicate here whether you would recommend the work to others, and why. 评估工作的价值：其要点的重要性;其准确性、完整性和组织性;等等。你还应该在这里表明你是否会向其他人推荐这项工作，以及为什么。
Points to Keep in Mind When Writing a Report 写报告时要记住的要点
Here are some important matters to consider as you prepare a report: 以下是准备报告时需要考虑的一些重要事项：
Apply the four basic standards of effective writing (unity, support, coherence, and clear, error-free sentences). 应用有效写作的四个基本标准（统一性、支持性、连贯性以及清晰、无错误的句子）。
a. Make sure each major paragraph presents and then develops a single main point. For example, in the model report that follows, a paragraph summarizes the book, and the three paragraphs that follow detail three separate reactions that the student writer has. The student then closes the report with a short concluding paragraph. a.确保每个主要段落都提出并发展一个主要观点。例如，在下面的报告范本中，有一段总结了这本书，后面的三段详细描述了学生作者的三种不同反应。然后，学生以一个简短的结束段落结束报告。
b. Support with specific reasons and details any general points or attitudes you express. Statements such as "There are many good ideas in this article" and "This book is very interesting" are meaningless without specific evidence that shows why you feel as you do. Look at the model report to see how the main point or topic sentence of each paragraph is developed by specific supporting evidence. B.用具体的理由和细节来支持你表达的任何一般观点或态度。诸如“这篇文章中有很多好的想法”和“这本书很有趣”之类的陈述，如果没有具体的证据表明你为什么会有这样的感觉，那是毫无意义的。查看报告范本，了解每一段的要点或主题句是如何通过具体的支持证据发展起来的。
c. Organize the material in the paper. Follow the basic plan of organization: an introduction, a summary consisting of one or more paragraphs, a reaction consisting of two or more paragraphs, and a conclusion. Use transitions to connect the parts of the paper. C.组织纸上的材料。遵循组织的基本计划：介绍，由一个或多个段落组成的摘要，由两个或多个段落组成的反应，以及结论。使用过渡连接纸张的各个部分。
d. Proofread the paper for grammar, mechanics, punctuation, and word use. D.校对论文的语法、结构、标点符号和用词。
Document quotations from all works by giving the page number in parentheses after the quoted material (see the model report). You may use quotations in the summary and reaction parts of the paper, but do not rely too much on them. Use them only to emphasize key ideas. 所有作品的引用文件，在引用材料后面的括号中注明页码（见模型报告）。你可以在论文的总结和反应部分使用引文，但不要过于依赖它们。只使用它们来强调关键思想。
A Model Report 读书报告范例 阅读报告范例
Here is a report written by a student in an introductory sociology course. Look at the paper closely to see how it follows the guidelines for report writing described in this chapter. 这是一个学生在社会学导论课上写的报告。仔细阅读这篇论文，看看它是如何遵循本章所述的报告写作指南的。
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: Depth and Emotion Through Words 我知道笼中鸟为何歌唱：语言的深度与情感
In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (New York: Bantam Books, 1971), I Maya Angelou tells the story of her earliest years. Angelou, a dancer, poet, and television producer as well as a writer, has continued her life story in three more volumes of autobiography. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is the start of Maya Angelou's story; in this book, she writes with extraordinary clarity about the pains and joys of being black in America. 在《我知道笼中鸟为何歌唱》（纽约：矮脚鸡图书公司，1971年）一书中，玛雅·安杰洛讲述了她早年的故事。安杰洛是一位舞蹈家、诗人、电视制片人和作家，她在另外三卷自传中继续了自己的人生故事。《我知道笼中鸟为何歌唱》是玛雅·安杰洛故事的开端;在这本书中，她以非凡的清晰度描写了在美国身为黑人的痛苦和欢乐。
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings covers Maya Angelou's life from 《我知道笼中鸟为何歌唱》（I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings）是玛雅·安杰洛（Maya Angelou）的成名作。
PART 1: 第一部分：
age three to age sixteen. When the book opens, she is a gawky little girl in a white woman's cut-down lavender silk dress. She has forgotten the poem she had memorized for the Easter service, and all she can do is rush out of the church. At this point, Angelou is living in Stamps, Arkansas, with her grandmother and uncle. The town is rigidly segregated: "People in Stamps used to say that the whites in our town were so prejudiced that a Negro couldn't buy vanilla ice cream" (40). Yet Angelou has some good things in her life: her adored older brother Bailey, her success in school, and her pride in her grandmother's quiet strength and importance in the black community. There is laughter, too, as when a preacher is interrupted in mid-sermon by an overly enthusiastic woman shouting, "Preach it, I say preach it!" The woman, in a frenzied rush of excitement, hits the preacher with her purse; his false teeth fly out of his mouth and land at Angelou's feet. Shortly after this incident, Angelou and her brother are taken by her father to live in California with their mother. Here, at age eight, she is raped by her mother's boyfriend, who is mysteriously murdered affer receiving only a suspended sentence for his crime. She returns, silent and withdrawn, to Stamps, where the gloom is broken when one of her mother's friends introduces her to the magic of great books. Later, at age thirteen, Angelou returns to California. She learns how to dance. She runs away affer a violent family fight and lives for a month in a junkyard. She becomes the first black female to get a job on the San Francisco streetcars. She graduates from high school eight months pregnant. And she survives. 三岁到十六岁。当这本书打开时，她是一个笨拙的小女孩，穿着一件白色女式剪裁的淡紫色丝绸连衣裙。她已经忘记了她为复活节礼拜背的那首诗，她所能做的就是冲出教堂。在这一点上，安吉洛是住在邮票，阿肯色州，与她的祖母和叔叔。这个镇是严格的种族隔离：“邮票的人过去常说，我们镇上的白人是如此的偏见，以至于黑人买不到香草冰淇淋。然而，安吉洛在她的生活中有一些好的东西：她崇拜的哥哥贝利，她在学校的成功，她对祖母的安静的力量和在黑人社区的重要性感到自豪。也有笑声，当一个传教士在布道中被一个过于热情的女人打断时，她喊道：“布道吧，我说布道！””女人，在一个疯狂的兴奋，打牧师与她的钱包;他的假牙飞出他的嘴和土地在安吉罗的脚。 这件事发生后不久，安吉洛和她的兄弟被她的父亲带到加州和他们的母亲住在一起。在这里，在八岁的时候，她被她母亲的男朋友强奸了，他在只因为他的罪行被判缓刑后被神秘地谋杀了。她回到斯坦普斯，沉默而孤僻，当她母亲的一个朋友向她介绍伟大书籍的魔力时，她的阴郁被打破了。后来，十三岁的安吉卢回到了加州。她学会了跳舞。她在一次家庭暴力后离家出走，在垃圾场住了一个月。她成为第一个在旧金山弗朗西斯科有轨电车上找到工作的黑人女性。她高中毕业时怀孕八个月。她活下来了。
Maya Angelou's writing style is impressive and vivid. For example, she describes the lazy dullness of her life in Stamps: "Weekdays revolved in a sameness wheel. They turned into themselves so steadily and inevitably that each seemed to be the original of yesterday's rough draft" (93). She also knows how to bring a scene to life, as when she describes her eighth-grade graduation. For months, she has been looking forward to this event, knowing she will be honored for her academic successes. She is even happy with her 玛雅·安杰洛的写作风格令人印象深刻，生动。例如，她在《邮票》中描述了她生活中的懒惰乏味：“工作日在一个千篇一律的轮子里旋转。他们如此稳定且不可避免地变成了自己，以至于每个人似乎都是昨天草稿的原件”（93）。她也知道如何把一个场景的生活，当她描述她的八年级毕业。几个月来，她一直期待着这一事件，知道她将为她的学术成就感到荣幸。她甚至和她在一起很开心
SUMMARY 总结
Topic 话题
sentence 句话
for summary paragraph 摘要段
PART 2: 第二部分：
REACTION 反应
Topic 话题
sentence 句话
for first 作首读
reaction paragraph appearance: her hair has become pretly, and her yellow dress is a miracle of hand-sewing. But the ceremony is spoiled when the speaker-a white man-implies that the only success available to blacks is in athletics. Angelou remembers: "The man's dead words fell like bricks around the auditorium and too many settled in my belly. . . . The proud graduating class of 1940 had dropped their heads" (152). Later, Angelou uses a crystal-clear image to describe her father's mistress sewing: "She worked the thread through the flowered cloth as if she were sewing the torn ends of her life together" (208). With such vivid details and figures of speech, Maya Angelou re-creates her life for her readers. 反应段外观：她的头发变得漂亮了，她的黄色连衣裙是手工缝制的奇迹。但是，当演讲者一个白色暗示黑人唯一能获得的成功是体育运动时，仪式就被破坏了。安杰洛回忆说：“那个人的死字像砖头一样落在礼堂周围，太多的话落在我的肚子里。. . . 1940年自豪的毕业班已经低下了头”（152）。后来，安杰洛用一个水晶般清晰的形象来描述她父亲的情妇缝纫：“她工作的线程通过花布，好像她是缝在一起，她的生活撕裂结束”（208）。通过如此生动的细节和修辞，玛雅·安杰洛为读者重新创造了她的生活。
The strong images of the injustices suffered by blacks two generations ago are well done and incredibly powerful. The description of seven-year-old Maya - when some "powhitetrash" girls torment her dignified grandmother, 两代人前黑人所遭受的不公正的强烈形象做得很好，令人难以置信的强大。七岁的玛雅的描述-当一些“powitetrash”女孩折磨她尊严的祖母，
Topic sentence for second reaction paragraph 第二反应段的主题句
calling her "Annie" and mimicking her mannerisms-is emotional and raw. In another incident, Mrs. Cullinan, Angelou's white employer, decides that Marguerite (Angelou's given name) is too difficult to pronounce and so renames her Mary. This loss of her name-a "hellish horror" (91)-is another humiliation suffered at white hands, and Angelou leaves Mrs. Cullinan's employ soon afterward. Later, Angelou encounters overt discrimination when a white dentist tells her grandmother, "Annie, my policy is I'd rather stick my hand in a dog's mouth than in a nigger's" (160)-and only slightly less obvious prejudice when the streetcar company refuses to accept her application for a conductor's job. Over and over again, Angelou is the victim of a white society. 叫她“安妮”，模仿她的举止，是情绪化和原始的。在另一个事件中，库利南夫人，安吉洛的白色雇主，决定玛格丽特（安吉洛的名字）太难发音，所以改名为她的玛丽。这一失去她的名字-一个“地狱般的恐怖”（91）-是另一个耻辱遭受白色的手，和安杰洛离开夫人库利南的雇用后不久。后来，当一位白色牙医告诉她的祖母，“安妮，我的政策是我宁愿把手伸进狗嘴里，也不愿把手伸进黑鬼嘴里”（160）时，安吉洛遭遇了明显的歧视--当有轨电车公司拒绝接受她的售票员工作申请时，她遭遇了稍微不那么明显的歧视。安吉洛一次又一次地成为白色社会的受害者。
Topic sentence 主题句
for third reaction paragraph 第三反应段
Concluding Although these injustices are disheartening, Angelou's triumphs are inspiring. Angelou is thrilled when she hears the radio broadcast of Joe Louis's victory over Primo Carnera: "A Black boy. Some Black mother's son. He was the strongest man in the world" (114). She weeps with pride when the class valedictorian leads her and her fellow eighth-graders in singing the Negro National Anthem. And there are personal victories, too. One of these comes after her father has gotten drunk in a small Mexican town. Though she has never driven before, she manages to get her father into the car and drives fifty miles through the night as he lies intoxicated in the backseat. Finally, she rejoices in the birth of her son: "He was beautiful and mine. Totally mine. No one had bought him for me" (245). Angelou shows, through these examples, that she is proud of her race-and of herself. 结论尽管这些不公正现象令人沮丧，但安吉卢的胜利却鼓舞人心。当安杰洛听到乔·路易斯战胜普里莫·卡内拉的广播时，她激动不已：“一个黑人男孩。某个黑人母亲的儿子他是世界上最强壮的人”（114）。当班上的毕业生代表带领她和她的八年级同学唱黑人国歌时，她自豪地哭了。也有个人的胜利。其中一个是在她父亲在一个墨西哥小镇喝醉后。虽然她以前从未开车过，但她设法让她的父亲坐进车里，当他醉醺醺地躺在后座上时，她开了50英里。最后，她为儿子的出生感到高兴：“他很漂亮，是我的。完全是我的。没有人为我买他”（245）。安吉洛通过这些例子表明，她为自己的种族和自己感到自豪。
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a remarkable book. Angelou could have been just another casually of race prejudice. Yet by using her intelligence, sensitivity, and determination, she succeeds in spite of the odds against her. And by writing with such power, she lets the readers share her defeats and joys. She also feaches a vital lesson: With strength and persistence, all people can escape their cages - and sing their songs. 《我知道笼中鸟为何歌唱》（I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings）是一本非常好的书。安吉洛可能只是另一个偶然的种族偏见。然而，她运用自己的智慧、敏感和决心，在逆境中取得了成功，她用这种力量写作，让读者分享她的失败和喜悦。她还传授了一个至关重要的教训：只要有力量和毅力，所有的人都可以逃离他们的笼子-唱他们的歌。
Writing a Research Paper 写一篇研究论文
研究性论文的写作
C H A P TER
This chapter will explain and illustrate 本章将解释和说明
the six steps in writing a research paper: 写一篇研究论文的六个步骤：
Step 1: Select a topic that you can readily research. 第一步：选择一个你可以轻松研究的主题。
Step 2: Limit your topic and make the purpose of your paper clear. 第二步：限制你的主题，让你的论文的目的清晰。
Step 3: Gather information on your limited topic. 第三步：收集关于你的有限主题的信息。
Step 4: Plan your paper and take notes on your limited topic. 第四步：计划你的论文，并在你有限的主题上做笔记。
Step 5: Write the paper. 第五步：写论文。
Step 6: Use an acceptable format and method of documentation. 步骤6：使用可接受的格式和方法记录。
Step 1: Select a Topic That You Can Readily Research 步骤1：选择一个你可以随时研究的主题
Researching at a Local Library 在当地图书馆研究
First of all, do a subject search of your library's catalog and see whether there are several books on your general topic. For example, if you initially choose the broad topic "parenting," try to find at least three books on being a parent. Make sure that the books are actually available on the library shelves. 首先，在你的图书馆目录中做一个主题搜索，看看是否有几本关于你的主题的书。例如，如果你一开始选择了“养育子女”这个宽泛的话题，试着找到至少三本关于为人父母的书。确保这些书确实在图书馆的书架上。
This chapter also provides 本章还提供
a model research paper 一篇模范研究论文
Next, go to a periodicals index in your library to see if there are a fair number of magazine, newspaper, or journal articles on your subject. You can use the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature (found in just about every library) to find articles that appear in the back issues of periodicals that your library may keep. But you may find that your library subscribes to a provider of electronic databases such as EBSCOhost, which will allow you access to articles published in a far greater range of publications. For instance, when Sonya Philips, author of the model research paper "Successful Families," visited her local library, she connected to EBSCOhost and typed "parenting" in the search box. In seconds, EBSCOhost came back with hundreds of hits-titles, publication information, and the complete text of articles about parenting. 接下来，去图书馆的期刊索引，看看是否有相当数量的杂志、报纸或期刊文章与你的主题有关。你可以使用期刊文献读者指南（几乎每个图书馆都有）来查找你的图书馆可能保存的期刊的过刊中出现的文章。但是你可能会发现你的图书馆订阅了电子数据库提供商，如EBSCOhost，这将允许你访问发表在更广泛的出版物上的文章。例如，当《成功家庭》（Successful Families）这篇模范研究论文的作者索尼娅·菲利普斯（Sonya Philips）访问当地图书馆时，她连接到EBSCOhost，在搜索框中输入“养育”。几秒钟之内，EBSCOhost就带来了数百个点击率-标题，出版信息，以及关于育儿的文章的完整文本。
Researching on the Internet 在互联网上搜索
The first step is to go to the subjects section of a library's electronic catalog or large online bookseller to find relevant books (don't worry-you don't have to buy any books; you're just browsing for information). Two of the largest online booksellers are Barnes & Noble and Amazon. 第一步是到图书馆电子目录的主题部分或大型在线书店找到相关的书籍（别担心你不必买任何书;你只是浏览信息）。最大的两家网上书店是巴恩斯&诺布尔和亚马逊。
As Sonya Philips explains, "Barnes and Noble's home page has a category called 'Books.' When I clicked on that, I found a subcategory called 'Subjects,' which included 'See All Subjects.' That led me to the topic I was looking for, 'Parenting and Family.' When I clicked on that, I got a bunch of subcategories, including one for 'Teenagers.' I clicked on 'Teenagers,' and that brought up a list of hundreds of books! I went through the list, and when I got to a book that sounded promising, I just clicked on that title and up like magic came reviews of the bookand sometimes a table of contents and a summary as well! This information helped me decide on the dozen or so books I eventually picked out that seemed relevant to my paper. I then went to my local library and found five of those titles on the shelves."RetryReason
Next, determine whether magazine or newspaper articles on your topic are available online. The simplest way is to use an Internet search engine, such as Google. Here's what Sonya did.RetryReason
"First I typed in the word 'parenting' in the key word box. I got more than eight million hits! So I tried more specific search terms. I tried 'parenting and teenagers' first, but that was still too general. So I narrowed the topic even more: 'parenting and teenagers and television' and 'parenting and teenagers and “首先，我在关键词框中键入”养育“一词。我的点击率超过八百万！所以我尝试了更具体的搜索词。我先试了“养育和青少年”，但那还是太笼统了。所以我进一步缩小了话题范围：“父母养育和青少年与电视”和“父母养育和青少年与电视”。
homeschooling.' This reduced the number of hits a lot. I was still getting thousands, but I could see that some of the first ones looked promising. In fact, I found some useful sites, like 'The Television Project,' which is an online resource that doesn't exist anywhere else." 在家自学”这减少了很多点击量。我仍然得到成千上万的，但我可以看到，一些第一个看起来很有希望。事实上，我发现了一些有用的网站，比如“电视项目”，这是一个在其他任何地方都不存在的在线资源。"
"To look just for magazine and newspaper articles, I went directly to the site of some popular publications, such as Time and Newsweek. I was able to search for recent articles, but I saw that I would have to pay a fee of about two dollars to read each article online. So, I noted the date and page number of the articles, and I looked up the ones that were available in the library's reading room. Between doing that and using EBSCOhost, I found plenty of recent material related to my subject." “为了寻找杂志和报纸上的文章，我直接去了一些流行出版物的网站，如《时代》和《新闻周刊》。我可以搜索最近的文章，但我看到我必须支付大约两美元的费用才能在网上阅读每篇文章。所以，我记下了文章的日期和页码，我查了图书馆阅读室里的文章。在这样做和使用EBSCOhost之间，我发现了大量与我的主题相关的最新材料。"
So, the first step in doing a research paper is to find out if both books and articles are available on your chosen topic. If so, pursue your topic. Otherwise, choose another one. You can't write a paper on a topic for which research materials are not available. 因此，做研究论文的第一步是找出是否有关于你所选主题的书籍和文章。如果是这样，继续你的话题。否则，请选择另一个。你不能写一篇关于一个没有研究材料的主题的论文。
Step 2: Limit Your Topic and Make the Purpose of Your Paper Clear 第二步：限制你的主题，让你的论文的目的明确
A research paper should thoroughly develop a limited topic. The paper should be narrow and deep rather than broad and shallow. Therefore, as you read through books and articles, look for ways to limit your general topic. 一篇研究论文应该对一个有限的主题进行深入的研究。纸张应该窄而深，而不是宽而浅。因此，当你阅读书籍和文章时，寻找限制你的一般主题的方法。
For instance, as Sonya read materials on the general topic "parenting," she chose to limit her topic to the particular problems of parents raising children in today's culture. She then decided to limit it even more by focusing on what successful parents do to deal with those challenges. To take other examples, the general topic "drug abuse" might be narrowed to "successful drug treatment programs for 例如，当索尼娅阅读关于“养育子女”的一般主题的材料时，她选择将她的主题限制在当今文化中父母抚养孩子的特殊问题上。然后，她决定通过关注成功的父母如何应对这些挑战来进一步限制它。再举其他例子，“药物滥用”这个一般性的话题可以缩小到“成功的药物治疗方案，
adolescents." After reading about the worldwide problem of overpopulation, you might decide to limit your paper to the one-child policy in China. 青少年。“在阅读了世界性的人口过剩问题之后，你可能会决定把你的论文限制在中国的独生子女政策上。
The subject headings in your library's catalog and periodicals indexes will give you helpful ideas about how to limit your subject. For example, under the subject heading "parenting" in the book file were several related headings, such as "moral and ethical considerations of parenting" and "stepparenting." In addition, there was a list of seventy books, including several titles that suggested limited directions for research: parents and discipline, parenting and adolescent girls, how parents can protect their kids from violence. Under the subject heading "Parenting" in the library's periodicals index were subheadings and titles of many articles that suggested additional limited topics: how parents can limit the impact of TV on kids, keeping the lines of communication open between parents and teenagers, and secrets to raising a successful teen. 图书馆目录和期刊索引中的主题词会给你关于如何限制主题的有用的想法。例如，在图书档案中的“养育子女”主题下有几个相关的标题，如“养育子女的道德和伦理考虑”和“继父母”。“此外，还有一份70本书的清单，其中包括几本建议研究方向有限的书名：父母和纪律，养育和青春期女孩，父母如何保护孩子免受暴力侵害。在图书馆期刊索引的主题标题“育儿”下，有许多文章的副标题和标题，这些文章提出了额外的有限主题：父母如何限制电视对孩子的影响，保持父母和青少年之间的沟通渠道畅通，以及培养成功青少年的秘密。
Do not expect to limit your topic and make your purpose clear all at once. You may have to do quite a bit of reading as you work out the limited focus of your paper. Note that many research papers have one of two general purposes: (1) to defend a point (for example, to provide evidence that elected officials should be limited to a single term) or (2) to present information (for example, to discuss the effects of diet on heart disease).RetryReason
Step 3: Gather Information on Your Limited TopicRetryReason
After limiting your topic, begin gathering relevant information. A helpful way to proceed is to sign out the books that you need from your library and photocopy relevant articles from magazines, newspapers, or journals. You should also print out articles directly from your library's databases or the Internet.RetryReason
Then sit and work on these materials in a quiet, unhurried place.RetryReason
Step 4: Plan Your Paper and Take Notes on Your Limited TopicRetryReason
As you carefully read through the material you have gathered, think about the content and organization of your paper. Begin deciding what information you will present and how you will arrange it. Prepare a scratch outline that shows both the paper's thesis and the areas that support the thesis. Try to include at least three areas of support. 当你仔细阅读你收集的材料时，想想你论文的内容和组织。开始决定您将呈现哪些信息以及如何安排这些信息。准备一份草稿大纲，其中显示论文的论点以及支持该论点的领域。尝试至少包括三个方面的支持。
Thesis: 标签：
Support: (1) 支持：（1）
(2)
(3)
Following is the outline that Sonya Philips made for her paper on successful parenting. 以下是索尼娅·菲利普斯为她关于成功育儿的论文所做的概述。
Thesis: Parents can do things to overcome the negative influences hurting their families. 【论点】父母可以做一些事情来克服伤害他们家庭的负面影响。
Support: (1) Create quality time with families 支持：（1）与家人共度美好时光
(2) Increase families' sense of community (2)增强家庭的社区意识
(3) Minimize the impact of media and technology (3)最大限度地减少媒体和技术的影响
Note-Taking 笔记
With this tentative outline in mind, you can begin taking notes on the information that you expect to include in your paper. Write your notes on four-by-six-inch or five-by-eight-inch cards, or in a computer file. Don't use loose-leaf or notebook paper; doing so makes it harder to organize your notes as you prepare to draft your paper. Notes should be in the form of direct quotations and summaries in your own words. At times, you may also paraphrase-use your own words in place of someone else's. Since most research involves condensing, you will probably summarize much more often than you will paraphrase. (For more information on summarizing, see pages .) 有了这个初步的大纲，你就可以开始对你希望包含在论文中的信息做笔记了。把你的笔记写在4 × 6英寸或5 × 8英寸的卡片上，或者写在电脑文件里。不要使用活页纸或笔记本纸;这样做会使你在准备起草论文时更难组织笔记。笔记应该是直接引用和用自己的话总结的形式。有时，你也可以用自己的话来代替别人的话。由于大多数研究都涉及到浓缩，你可能会更经常地总结而不是转述。(For有关汇总的更多信息，请参见第0 #页。）
A direct quotation must be written exactly as it appears in the original work. But, you may omit words that are not relevant to your point as long as you don't change the meaning. To show such an omission, use three spaced periods (known as ellipsis points) in place of the deleted words: 直接引语必须与原文完全相同。但是，你可以省略与你的观点无关的词，只要你不改变意思。为了显示这种省略，使用三个间隔的句号（称为省略号）来代替删除的单词：
We cannot guarantee that bad things will happen, but we can argue that good things are not happening. It is the contention of this report that 我们不能保证坏事会发生，但我们可以说好事不会发生。本报告的论点是，
Direct quotation with an ellipsis 带省略号的直接引语
"We cannot guarantee that bad things will happen, but we can argue that good things are not happening. . . . [I]ncreasing numbers of young people are left to their own devices at a critical time in their development." “我们不能保证坏事会发生，但我们可以说好事不会发生。. . .越来越多的年轻人在他们成长的关键时刻被遗弃。"
(Note the four dots in the above example; the first dot is the period at the end of the sentence. The capital letter in brackets shows that the word was capitalized by the student and not by the author of the quotation.) (Note上面例子中的四个点;第一个点是句末的句号。括号中的大写字母表明，这个词是由学生而不是由引文的作者大写的。）
In a summary, you condense the original material and use your own words. Below is one of Sonya Philips's summary note cards. 在总结中，你浓缩了原始材料，并使用自己的话。以下是Sonya Philips的摘要笔记卡。
Movie content 电影内容
Study conducted in 2006 showed that of PG-13 movies, 91 percent had crude 2006年进行的一项研究表明，在PG-13级电影中，91%的电影都是粗制滥造的。
language, 89 percent had obscene language, 45 percent had actual or suggested sex. 89%的人说了淫秽的语言，45%的人说了实际的或暗示的性行为。
Worrisome because most parents assume PG-13 movies are OK for their kids. 令人担忧的是，大多数父母认为PG-13电影对他们的孩子来说是可以的。
Medved and Medved, 62 Medved和Medved，62
Remember that, in a paraphrase, you report the information in your own words and style without condensing it. 记住，在释义中，你用自己的语言和风格报告信息，而不是浓缩它。
Keep the following in mind as you research: 当你研究的时候，请记住以下几点：
Write on only one side of each card. 每张卡片只写一面。
Write only one kind of information, from one source, on any one card. For example, the sample card on the previous page has information on only one idea (movie content) from one source (Medved and Medved). 在任何一张卡片上只写一种信息，来自一个来源。例如，上一页的样本卡只包含来自一个来源（Medved和Medved）的一个想法（电影内容）的信息。
At the top of each card, write a heading that summarizes its content. This will help you organize different kinds of information. 在每张卡片的顶部，写一个标题，总结其内容。这将帮助您组织不同类型的信息。
Identify the source and page number at the bottom. 在底部注明来源和页码。
Always record the exact source and page from which you take each piece of information. In a research paper, you must document all information that is not common knowledge or not a matter of historical record. For example, the birth and death dates of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. are established facts and do not need documenting. On the other hand, the average number of hours worked in the United States this year compared with the average number worked in 1980 始终记录下你获取每一条信息的确切来源和页面。在一篇研究论文中，你必须记录所有非常识或非历史记录的信息。例如，马丁·路德·金博士的出生和死亡日期。是既定事实，不需要记录。另一方面，美国今年的平均工作时间与1980年的平均工作时间相比
is a specialized fact and should be documented. In addition, as you read several sources on a subject, you will develop a sense of what authors regard as generally shared, or common, information and what is more specialized information that requires documentation. 这是一个专门的事实，应该记录在案。此外，当你阅读关于一个主题的几个来源时，你会对作者认为什么是普遍共享或共同的信息以及什么是需要文档的更专业的信息有一种感觉。
Read the following paragraphs from books that a student might use to gather material for a research paper. Then, using note cards, create three separate note cards for each: 阅读学生可能用来收集研究论文材料的书籍中的以下段落。然后，使用笔记卡，为每个人创建三个单独的笔记卡：
In the first note card, use a direct quotation in which you indicate the omission of certain words or phrases by using ellipses. 在第一张卡片中，使用直接引语，用省略号来表示某些单词或短语的省略。
In the second note card, write a paraphrase of the paragraph. 在第二张卡片上，写上这一段的释义。
In the third note card, write a summary of the paragraph. 在第三张笔记卡上，写一个段落的摘要。
Provide a heading for each card and identify the author and the page number. You will end up with six complete note cards. 为每张卡片提供标题，并标明作者和页码。最后你会得到六张完整的笔记卡。
PARAGRAPH A 段落A
Taken from page 1 of The Sea Around Us, by Rachel Carson. 摘自雷切尔·卡森的《我们周围的海》第一页。
Beginnings are apt to be shadowy, and so it is with the beginnings of the great mother of life, the sea. Many people have debated how and when the earth got its oceans, and it is not surprising that their explanations do not always agree. For the plain and inescapable truth is that no one was there to see, and in the absence of eyewitness accounts there is bound to be a certain amount of disagreement. 开端往往是朦胧的，伟大的生命之母--大海的开端也是如此。许多人都在争论地球是如何以及何时拥有海洋的，他们的解释并不总是一致，这并不奇怪。因为一个简单而不可避免的事实是，没有人在那里看到，在没有目击者的情况下，肯定会有一定的分歧。
PARAGRAPH B 第B段
Taken from Robert Ramirez's "The Woolen Sarape," which appeared on page 53 of an essay anthology. 摘自罗伯特·拉米雷斯的《羊毛萨拉普》，这本书出现在一本散文集的第53页。
Many lower-income families of the barrio manage to maintain a comfortable standard of living through the communal action of family members who contribute their wages to the head of the family. Economic need creates interdependence and closeness. 该街区的许多低收入家庭通过家庭成员的集体行动，将工资交给户主，设法维持舒适的生活水平。经济需求创造了相互依赖和亲密关系。
A Caution about Plagiarism 关于抄袭的警告
If you fail to document information that is not your own, you will be stealing. The formal term is plagiarizing-using someone else's work as your own, whether you borrow a single idea, a sentence, or an entire essay. 如果你没有记录不属于你自己的信息，你就是在偷窃。正式的术语是剽窃--把别人的作品当作自己的，无论你是借用一个想法，一个句子，还是整篇文章。
One example of plagiarism is turning in a friend's paper as if it is your own. Another example is copying an article found in a magazine, newspaper, journal, or on the Internet and turning it in as your own. By copying someone else's work, you 剽窃的一个例子是把朋友的论文当作自己的论文交上去。另一个例子是复制一篇在杂志、报纸、期刊或互联网上找到的文章，并将其作为自己的文章提交。抄袭别人的作品，
ACTIVITY 1 活动1
risk being failed or even expelled. Equally, plagiarism deprives you of what can be a most helpful learning and organization experience-researching and writing about a selected topic in detail. 有可能失败甚至被开除。同样地，剽窃剥夺了你最有帮助的学习和组织经验--详细研究和写作一个选定的主题。
Keep in mind, too, that while the Internet has made it easier for students to plagiarize, it has also made it riskier. Teachers can easily discover that a student has taken material from an Internet source by typing a sentence or two from the student's paper into a powerful search engine like Google; that source is then often quickly identified. 也要记住，虽然互联网使学生更容易剽窃，但也使其风险更大。教师可以通过将学生论文中的一两句话输入到Google等强大的搜索引擎中，轻松发现学生从互联网来源获取了材料;然后通常会快速识别该来源。
With the possibility of plagiarism in mind, then, be sure to take careful, documented notes during your research. Remember that if you use another person's material, you must correctly acknowledge your source. Failure to document correctly (even if appropriately summarized or paraphrased) also constitutes plagiarism. When you cite a source properly, you give credit where it is due, you provide your readers with a way to locate the original material on their own, and you demonstrate that your work has been carefully researched. 考虑到剽窃的可能性，那么，在你的研究过程中，一定要做仔细的记录笔记。请记住，如果您使用他人的材料，您必须正确地确认您的来源。未能正确记录（即使适当总结或释义）也构成剽窃。当你恰当地引用一个来源时，你就在该引用的地方给予了肯定，你为你的读者提供了一种自己找到原始材料的方法，你证明了你的工作是经过仔细研究的。
Here are three sets of passages. Each set begins with an original passage followed by notes on the passage. Both notes include a parenthetical citation, "(24)," crediting the original source. But while one note is an acceptable paraphrase or summary, the other is an unacceptable paraphrase or summary in which the sentences and ideas too closely follow the original, using some of the same structure and the same words as the original. Identify the acceptable note with an A and the unacceptable note with a U . 这里有三组段落。每一集都以一段原文开头，然后是对这段文字的注释。这两个注释都包括一个括号引用，“（24）”，贷记原始来源。但是，当一个音符是一个可以接受的释义或总结时，另一个音符是一个不可接受的释义或总结，其中的句子和思想过于紧密地遵循原文，使用与原文相同的结构和相同的单词。用A来标识可接受的音符，用U来标识不可接受的音符。
SET 1: ORIGINAL PASSAGE 第一组：原始段落
The self-confessed television addict often feels he "ought" to do other thingsbut the fact that he doesn't read and doesn't plant his garden or sew or crochet or play games or have conversations means that those activities are no longer as desirable as television. In a way the heavy viewer's life is as imbalanced by his television "habit" as a drug addict's or an alcoholic's. He is living in a holding pattern, as it were, passing up the activities that lead to growth or development or a sense of accomplishment. This is one reason people talk about their television viewing so ruefully, so apologetically. They are aware that it is an unproductive experience, that almost any other endeavor is more worthwhile by any human measure. 自认电视成瘾的人常常觉得他“应该”做其他事情，但事实上，他不读书，不种菜，不缝纫，不编织，不玩游戏，不聊天，这意味着这些活动不再像看电视那样令人向往。在某种程度上，重度观众的生活就像吸毒者或酗酒者的生活一样，被他的电视“习惯”所失衡。他生活在一个固定的模式中，可以说，放弃了导致成长或发展或成就感的活动。这就是为什么人们谈论他们的电视观看如此悲伤，如此抱歉。他们意识到这是一种非生产性的经验，几乎任何其他奋进都是更值得的任何人类措施。
-Marie Winn, from "Television Addiction," - 玛丽温，从“电视成瘾”，
in The Plug-In Drug (Viking Penguin, 2002) 在插件药物（维京海盗企鹅，2002年）
a. Television addicts may feel they should do other things like play games or have conversations. But they pass up activities that might lead to a sense of accomplishment. Their lives are as imbalanced by their television watching as a drug addict's or alcoholic's. a.电视迷可能会觉得他们应该做其他事情，比如玩游戏或交谈。但他们放弃了可能带来成就感的活动。他们的生活因看电视而不平衡，就像吸毒者或酗酒者一样。
Aware of how unproductive television viewing is, they talk about it apologetically (24). 意识到看电视是多么的没有效率，他们带着歉意地谈论它（24）。
b. TV addicts feel that they ought to spend their time doing more worthwhile activities. But like alcohol or drugs, TV has taken over their lives. The addicts' apologetic tone when they talk about their TV watching indicates that they know they're wasting time on a completely unproductive activity (24). B.电视迷们觉得他们应该把时间花在更有意义的活动上。但就像酒精或毒品一样，电视已经占据了他们的生活。成瘾者在谈论他们看电视时的道歉语气表明他们知道他们在一个完全没有生产力的活动上浪费时间。
SET 2: ORIGINAL PASSAGE 第二组：原始段落
Now, however, there is growing evidence that restorative naps are making a comeback. Recognizing that most of their employees are chronically sleepdeprived, some companies have set up nap rooms with reclining chairs, blankets and alarm clocks. If unions are truly interested in worker welfare, they should make such accommodations a standard item in contract negotiations. Workers who take advantage of the opportunity to sleep for twenty minutes or so during the workday report that they can go back to work with renewed enthusiasm and energy. My college roommate, Dr. Linda Himot, a psychiatrist in Pittsburgh, who has a talent for ten-minute catnaps between patients, says these respites help her focus better on each patient's problems, which are not always scintillating. And companies that encourage napping report that it reduces accidents and errors and increases productivity, even if it shortens the workday a bit. Studies have shown that sleepy workers make more mistakes and cause more accidents, and are more susceptible to heart attacks and gastrointestinal disorders. 然而，现在有越来越多的证据表明恢复性小睡正在卷土重来。认识到大多数员工长期睡眠不足，一些公司设立了午睡室，里面有躺椅、毯子和闹钟。如果工会真的对工人福利感兴趣，他们应该在合同谈判中将这种便利作为一个标准项目。那些在工作日利用这个机会睡上20分钟左右的工人报告说，他们可以重新充满热情和精力地回到工作中。我的大学室友琳达·希莫特博士是匹兹堡的一名精神病学家，她有在病人之间小睡十分钟的天赋，她说这种休息有助于她更好地关注每个病人的问题，这些问题并不总是令人不安的。鼓励午睡的公司报告说，午睡减少了事故和错误，提高了生产力，即使它缩短了一点工作时间。 研究表明，昏昏欲睡的工人会犯更多的错误，造成更多的事故，更容易患心脏病和胃肠道疾病。
—Jane Brody, from "New Respect for the Nap" (New York Times, 2001) - -简·布罗迪，《对午睡的新尊重》（纽约时报，2001年）
a. As employers realize that many workers are short on sleep, they are becoming more open to the idea of napping on the job. Some even provide places for workers to stretch out and nap briefly. Companies that allow napping find their employees are more alert and productive, and even suffer fewer physical ailments (24). a.随着雇主们意识到许多员工睡眠不足，他们对在工作中小睡的想法越来越开放。有些甚至为员工提供伸展和短暂小睡的地方。允许午睡的公司发现他们的员工更警觉，更有效率，甚至更少遭受身体疾病（24）。
b. Naps are becoming more acceptable. Some companies have done such things as set up nap rooms with reclining chairs and blankets. Naps provide workers with renewed enthusiasm and energy. Although naps shorten the workday a bit, they reduce accidents and increase productivity. Sleep-deprived workers are prone to heart attacks and gastrointestinal disorders (24). B.午睡越来越被接受。一些公司已经做了这样的事情，如建立午睡室与躺椅和毯子。小睡使工作者重新充满热情和精力。尽管小睡会缩短一天的工作时间，但它能减少事故，提高生产力。睡眠不足的工人容易患心脏病和胃肠道疾病（24）。
SET 3: ORIGINAL PASSAGE 第三组：原始段落
Chances are, you are going to go to work after you complete college. How would you like to earn an extra on your job? If this sounds appealing, read on. I'm going to reveal how you can make an extra 很有可能，你大学毕业后会去工作。你想在你的工作中赚取额外的 吗？如果这听起来很有吸引力，请继续阅读。我将向您展示如何才能获得额外的
a male and graduate from college. If we compare full-time workers, this is how much more the average male college graduate earns over the course of his career. Hardly any single factor pinpoints gender discrimination better than this total. The pay gap, which shows up at all levels of education, is so great that women who work full-time average only two-thirds ( 67 percent) of what men are paid. This gap does not occur only in the United States. All industrialized nations have it, although only in Japan is the gap larger than in the United States. 一个男的大学毕业生如果我们比较全职工作者，这是男性大学毕业生在其职业生涯中的平均收入。几乎没有任何一个单一的因素比这个总数更能准确地指出性别歧视。在所有教育水平上都存在的工资差距是如此之大，以至于全职工作的女性平均工资只有男性的三分之二（67%）。这种差距不仅仅发生在美国。所有工业化国家都有，尽管只有日本的差距差距大于美国。
—James Henslin, from Essentials of Sociology, - -詹姆斯·亨斯林，《社会学精要》，
a. To make' an extra a month between the ages of 25 and 65 , you need to be born male and graduate from college. This adds up to an additional . The pay gap between genders shows up at all levels of education. It is so great that women who work full time make only two-thirds what men make. The gender gap occurs in all industrialized nations, although only in Japan is it greater than in the U.S. (24).RetryReason
b. The effect of gender on salary is significant. At all levels of education, a woman who works full time earns about two-thirds as much as a man who works full time. For college graduates, this adds up to a difference of over the course of a 40 -year working life. The gender gap exists in all industrialized nations, but it is greatest in Japan and the U.S. (24).RetryReason
Many instructors require an outline. So, start by making a final outline which you can use as a guide to write the first draft. You can prepare either a topic outline (thesis plus supporting words and phrases); or a sentence outline (complete sentences). 许多教师需要一个大纲。所以，首先做一个最终的大纲，你可以用它来指导你写第一稿。你可以准备一个主题大纲（论文加上支持的单词和短语）;或句子大纲（完整的句子）。
In the model paper shown (pages 391-400), a topic outline appears on pages 392-393. Note that roman numerals are used for first-level headings, capital letters for second-level headings, and arabic numbers for third-level headings. 在所示的论文范本（第391-400页）中，第392-393页有一个主题大纲。请注意，罗马数字用于第一级标题，大写字母用于第二级标题，阿拉伯数字用于第三级标题。
In an introduction, include a thesis statement expressing your purpose and indicate the plan of development you will follow. Pages 90-93 contain information about writing introductions for both essays and research papers. The model research paper uses a two-paragraph introduction (page 393). 在介绍中，包括一个主题陈述，表达你的目的，并指出你将遵循的发展计划。第90-93页包含了关于撰写论文和研究论文的介绍的信息。这篇典型的研究论文采用了两段式的导言（第393页）。
Always maintain unity and coherence and provide enough support to develop your thesis. Use the checklist on the inside back cover of this book to make sure that your paper follows all four bases of effective writing. 始终保持统一和连贯性，并提供足够的支持，以发展你的论文。使用本书封底内侧的检查表，确保你的论文遵循有效写作的所有四个基础。
Step 6: Use an Acceptable Format and Method of Documentation 第6步：使用可接受的格式和方法记录
Format 格式
The model paper in this chapter (pages 391-400) shows acceptable formats for a research paper using the style recommended by the Modern Language Association (MLA). Most English professors require this style. However, if you are writing in another class, such as psychology, sociology, or one of the physical sciences, your instructor may require a different style. So, always check with your professor first. 本章中的论文范本（第391-400页）展示了现代语言协会（MLA）推荐的研究论文格式。大多数英语教授都要求这种风格。然而，如果你是在另一门课上写作，比如心理学、社会学或物理科学，你的导师可能会要求你采用不同的风格。所以，总是先问问你的教授。
Documentation of Sources 来源文件
You must reveal the sources (books, articles, and so on) of borrowed information in your paper. Whether you quote directly, or summarize ideas in your own words, you must acknowledge your sources. In the past, you may have used footnotes. However, the MLA now requires a simpler form of documentation. 你必须在你的论文中揭示所借用信息的来源（书籍、文章等）。无论你是直接引用，还是用自己的话总结思想，你都必须承认你的来源。在过去，你可能会使用脚注。然而，司法协助现在要求更简单的文件形式。
Citations within a Paper 论文中的引文
When citing a source, you must mention the author's name and the relevant page number. The author's name may appear either in the sentence you are writing or in parentheses following the sentence: 引用资料时，必须注明作者姓名和相关页码。作者的名字可能出现在您正在写的句子中，也可能出现在句子后面的括号中：
In The Way We Really Are, Stephanie Coontz writes, "Right up through the 1940s, ties of work, friendship, neighborhood, ethnicity, extended kin, and voluntary organizations were as important a source of identity for most Americans ..." (37). 斯蒂芬妮·孔茨在《我们真实的样子》一书中写道：“直到20世纪40年代，工作关系、友谊、邻里关系、种族关系、远亲关系和志愿组织都是大多数美国人身份认同的重要来源.“（37）。
"Some . . . are looking for a way to reclaim family closeness in an increasingly fastpaced society. . . Still others worry about unsavory influences in school-drugs, alcohol, sex, violence" (Kantrowitz and Wingert 66). “有一些。. .正在寻找一种方法，以恢复家庭亲密在一个日益快节奏的社会。. .还有一些人担心学校毒品、酒精、性、暴力等不良影响”（Kantrowitz and Wingert 66）。
There are several points to note about citations within the paper: 关于论文中的引用，有几点需要注意：
When the author's name is provided in parentheses, only the last name is given. 当作者的名字在括号中提供时，只给出姓氏。
There is no punctuation between the author's name and the page number. 作者姓名和页码之间没有标点符号。
The parenthetical citation is placed after the borrowed material but before the period at the end of the sentence. 插入的引文放在借用的材料之后，但在句末的句号之前。
If you are using more than one work by the same author, include a shortened version of the title in the citation. For example, your citation 如果您使用同一作者的多部作品，请在引文中包括标题的缩短版本。例如，您的引用
for the quotation above would be (Coontz, Way We Really 39). Note that a comma appears between the author's name and the title. 因为上面的引文是（Coontz，Way We Really 39）。请注意，逗号出现在作者的名字和标题之间。
The abbreviation qtd. in is used when citing a quotation from another source. For example, a quotation from Edward Wolff in a paper was found in a book not by Wolff but by Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Cornel West. The citation is as follows: 缩写qtd。in用于引用另一来源的引文。例如，在一篇论文中引用爱德华·沃尔夫的话，不是在沃尔夫的书中找到的，而是在西尔维娅·安·休利特和康奈尔·韦斯特的书中找到的。引文如下：
The economist Edward Wolff explains the loss of time: 经济学家爱德华·沃尔夫（Edward Wolff）解释了时间的损失：
Over a thirty-year time span, parental time has declined 13 percent. The time parents have available for their children has been squeezed by the rapid shift of mothers into the paid labor force, by escalating divorce rates and the subsequent abandonment of children by their fathers, and by an increase in the number of hours required on the job. The average worker is now at work 163 hours a year more than in 1969, which adds up to an extra month of work annually (qtd. in Hewlett and West 48). 在30年的时间跨度里，父母的时间减少了13%。由于母亲迅速转向有偿劳动力，离婚率不断上升，子女随后被父亲遗弃，以及工作时间的增加，父母可用于子女的时间受到挤压。现在的工人平均每年工作时间比1969年多163个小时，这意味着每年多工作一个月。在Hewlett和West 48中）。
Citations at the End of a Paper 论文末尾的引文
End your paper with a list of works cited that includes all the sources actually used in the paper. (Don't list other sources, no matter how many you have read.) Look at the "Works Cited" page in the model research paper (page 400) and note the following: 在论文的结尾列出引用的作品，包括论文中实际使用的所有来源。(Don不要列出其他来源，不管你读过多少。）查看模型研究论文（第400页）中的“引用作品”页面，并注意以下内容：
The works-cited list begins on a new page, not on the last page of the paper's text. 作品引用列表从新的一页开始，而不是从论文正文的最后一页开始。
Entries are organized alphabetically according to the authors' last names. Entries are not numbered. 文章是根据作者的姓氏按字母顺序排列的。没有编号。
Entries are double-spaced, with no extra spaces between entries.RetryReason
After the first line of an entry, a half-inch indentation separates each additional line in that entry. This arrangement is called a "hanging indent" in the formatting menus for most word processers.RetryReason
Italicize (do not underline) titles of books, periodicals, and other independently published works.RetryReason
Note that the author's last name is written first.RetryReason
--. A Short History of Nearly Everything. New York: Broadway Books, 2003. Print.RetryReason
If you cite two or more entries by the same author (in the example above, a second book by Bill Bryson is cited), do not repeat the author's name. Instead, begin the line with three hyphens followed by a period. Then give the remaining information as usual. Arrange works by the same author alphabetically by title. The words , and The are ignored in alphabetizing by title. 如果您引用同一作者的两个或更多条目（在上面的例子中，引用了比尔布赖森的第二本书），不要重复作者的名字。相反，开始行与三个连字符后跟一个句号。然后像往常一样提供剩余的信息。按书名顺序排列同一作者的作品。在按标题排序时，将忽略单词 和The。
Mortenson, Greg, and Greg Oliver Relin. Three Cups of Tea. New York: Penguin Books, 2007. Print. Mortenson，Greg和Greg奥利弗·雷林三杯茶。纽约：企鹅出版社，2007年。打印.
For a book with two or more authors, give all the authors' names but reverse only the first author's name. 对于一本有两个或两个以上作者的书，请列出所有作者的名字，但只颠倒第一作者的名字。
Wilson, Craig. "The Key to Saving Money: Just Don't Spend It." USA Today. 6 Aug. 2008: D1. Print. 威尔逊，克雷格。“省钱的关键：不要花钱。《今日美国》2008年8月6日：D1。打印.
The final letter and number refer to page 1 of section . If the article is not printed on consecutive pages, simply list the first page followed by a plus sign (" + "). In that case, the above example would read "D1+"). 最后一个字母和数字参见第0 #节第1页。如果文章不是连续打印的，只需列出第一页，后面跟着一个加号（“+“）。在这种情况下，上面的例子将读作“D1+”）。
"Equality's Winding Path." Editorial. New York Times. 6 Nov. 2008: A28. Print. “平等的曲折道路。“社论。纽约时报2008年11月6日：A28。打印.
Book by 书
Two or More Authors 两个或多个作者
Magazine 杂志
Article 文章
Newspaper Article 报纸文章
Editorial 社论
List an editorial as you would any signed or unsigned article, but indicate the nature of the piece by adding Editorial after the article's title. 列出一篇社论，就像你列出任何签名或未签名的文章一样，但要在文章标题后加上社论，以表明文章的性质。
Andrews, Elmer. "The Gift and the Craft: An Approach to the Poetry of Seamus Heaney." Twentieth Century literature 31.4 (1985): 368-369. Print. 安德鲁埃尔默《礼物与手艺：谢默斯·希尼诗歌的一种方法》。“Twenty世纪文学31.4（1985）：368-369.打印.
Dunne, Dominick. "Nightmare on Elm Drive." True Crime: An American Anthology. Ed. Harold Schechter. New York: Library of America, 2008. 737. Print. 邓恩多米尼克“榆树大道的噩梦”《真正的犯罪：美国选集》哈罗德·谢克特。纽约：美国图书馆，2008年。737.打印.
Schaefer, Richard. Sociology: A Brief Introduction. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill College, 2008. Print. 谢弗，理查德。社会学：简介。第7版。纽约：麦格劳希尔学院，2008年。打印.
Article in a Professional Journal 专业期刊上的文章
Selection in an Edited 编辑中的选择
Collection 收集
Revised or Later Edition 修订版或更新版
The abbreviations Rev. ed., 2 nd ed., 3 rd ed., and so on, are placed right after the title. 缩写版本，第二版第三版等等，都放在标题后面。
Clinton, Bill. "Model Gifts." Giving. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007. 116-136. 克林顿，比尔。“模范礼物”“给予。纽约：阿尔弗雷德A。克诺夫，2007年。116-136.
Chapter or Section in a Book by One Author 一个作者的书中的章节
Pamphlet 小册子
Television 电视
Program 程序
Film 膜
Sound 声音
Recording 记录
DVD
Personal Interview 个人面试
Article in an Online Magazine 在线杂志上的文章
Article in an 文章在一
Online Web Site Online网站
Article in a 制品处于
Reference 参考
Database 数据库
Electronic 电子
Mail (E-mail) 邮件（电子邮件）
Posting 张贴
On a separate sheet of paper, convert the information in each of the following into the correct form for a list of "Works Cited." Use the appropriate model above as a guide. 在另一张纸上，将以下每一项的信息转换为“引用作品”列表的正确形式。“使用上述适当的模型作为指导。
A book by David Carr called The Longest Trip Home and published in New York by HarperCollins in 2008. 大卫卡尔的一本书叫《最长的回家之旅》，2008年由哈珀柯林斯在纽约出版。
An article by Julie Appleby titled "Drug Costs for Seniors Growing" on page 1A of the November 12, 2008 issue of USA Today. 朱莉·阿普尔比的一篇题为“老年人成长的药物成本”的文章发表在2008年11月12日的《今日美国》杂志1A页上。
A book by Michael W. Passer and Ronald E. Smith titled Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior and published in a second edition by McGraw-Hill in New York in 2007. Michael W的书。Passer和罗纳德E.史密斯的《心理学：心灵与行为的科学》（Psychology：The Science of Mind and Behavior）于2007年由麦格劳-希尔出版社在纽约出版第二版。
An article by Mark Miller titled "Parting with a Pet" found on May 16, 2007, in the October 8, 2007, issue of Newsweek Online. 马克米勒的一篇题为“与宠物分手”的文章于2007年5月16日发表在2007年10月8日的《新闻周刊在线》上。
An article titled "Depression in Teenagers" found on April 24, 2007, on the Web site titled Troubled Teens which is sponsored by the Aspen Education Group. 2007年4月24日，在白杨教育集团赞助的名为“问题少年”的网站上发现了一篇题为“青少年抑郁症”的文章。
A Model Paper 论文范例 一个示范论文范例
While the MLA Handbook does not require a title page or an outline for a paper, your instructor may ask you to include one or both. Here is a model title page. 虽然MLA手册不需要标题页或论文大纲，但您的教师可能会要求您包含其中一个或两个。这是一个模型标题页。
Successful Families: 成功家庭：
Fighting for Their Kids 为孩子而战
by 通过
Sonya Philips 索尼娅·菲利普斯
English 101 英语101
Professor Lessing 莱辛教授
5 May 2012 2012年5月5
The title should begin about one-third of the way down the page. Center the tifle. Double-space the lines of the fitle and your name. Also center and double-space the instructor's name and the date. 标题应该开始大约三分之一的方式下的网页。把碎片放在中间。将fitle和你的名字的行隔两行。也中心和双空间的教练的名字和日期。
Model First Page of MLA-Style Paper MLA样式纸张的模型首页
Double-space 双空间
lines. Leave a one-inch margin on all sides. 线在四周留出一英寸的空白。
Papers written in MLA style use the simple format shown below. There is no title page or outline. 以MLA风格撰写的论文使用下面所示的简单格式。没有标题页或大纲。
Successful Families: Fighting for Their Kids 成功的家庭：为孩子而战
It's a terrible time to be a teenager, or even a teenager's parent. 这是一个可怕的时间是一个青少年，甚至是一个青少年的父母。
That message is everywhere. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all full of frightening stories about teenagers and families. They say that America's families are falling apart, that kids don't care about anything, and that parents have trouble doing anything. . . . 这个信息到处都是。电视、杂志和报纸都充斥着关于青少年和家庭的可怕故事。他们说美国的家庭正在分崩离析，孩子们什么都不在乎，父母们做任何事情都有困难。. . .
Use this format if your instructor asks you to submit an outline of your paper. 如果你的导师要求你提交论文的大纲，请使用这种格式。
Outline 纲要
Thesis: Although these are difficult times to be raising teenagers, successful families are finding ways to cope with the challenges. 论文：尽管现在是抚养青少年的困难时期，但成功的家庭正在寻找科普挑战的方法。
I. Meeting the challenge of spending quality time together I.迎接共同度过美好时光的挑战
A. Barriers to spending quality time A.花费高质量时间的障碍
Increased working hours 增加工作时间
Rising divorce rates 离婚率不断攀升的
Women in workforce 劳动力中的妇女
B. Danger of lack of quality time B。缺乏高质量时间的危险
C. Ways found to spend time together C.找到了共度时光的方法
Working less and scaling back lifestyle 减少工作，减少生活方式
Homeschooling 在家上学
II. Meeting the challenge of creating sense of community 二.迎接创造社区意识的挑战
A. Lack of traditional community ties A.缺乏传统社区联系
B. Ways found to create sense of community B。创造社区感的方法
Intentional communities 意向性社区
Religious ties 宗教联系
III. Meeting the challenge of limiting the negative impact of media and technology 三.应对限制媒体和技术负面影响的挑战
A. Negative impact of media and technology A.媒体和技术的负面影响
Creation of environment without protection 创造环境而不加以保护
Flood of uncontrolled, inappropriate information 大量不受控制的、不适当的信息
B. Ways of controlling media and technology B。控制媒体和技术的方式
Banning TV 禁止电视
Using technology in beneficial ways 以有益的方式使用技术
The word 这个词
Outline (without underlining or quolation marks) is centered one inch from the top. Doublespace lines. 轮廓（没有下划线或引号标记）位于距顶部一英寸的中心。double pace lines.
Leave a one-inch margin on all sides. 在四周留出一英寸的空白。
Here is a full model paper. It assumes the writer has included a title page. 这是一个完整的模型文件。它假设作者已经包括了标题页。
Philips 1 飞利浦1
Successful Families: Fighting for Their Kids 成功的家庭：为孩子而战
It's a terrible time to be a teenager, or even a teenager's parent. That message is everywhere. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all full of frightening stories about teenagers and families. They say that America's families are falling apart, that kids don't care about anything, and that parents have trouble doing anything about it. Bookstores are full of disturbing titles like these: Parenting Your OutofControl Teenager, Teenage Wasteland, Unhappy Teenagers, and Teen Torment. These books describe teenage problems that include apathy, violence, suicide, sexual abuse, depression, loss of values, poor mental health, crime, gang involvement, and drug and alcohol addiction. 这是一个可怕的时间是一个青少年，甚至是一个青少年的父母。这个信息到处都是。电视、杂志和报纸都充斥着关于青少年和家庭的可怕故事。他们说美国的家庭正在分崩离析，孩子们什么都不在乎，父母们对此无能为力。书店里到处都是这样令人不安的书名：《养育你失控的青少年》、《青少年乐园》、《不快乐的青少年》和《青少年折磨》。这些书描述了青少年的问题，包括冷漠、暴力、自杀、性虐待、抑郁、价值观丧失、心理健康状况不佳、犯罪、帮派参与、吸毒和酗酒。
This typical citation shows 这一典型的引文显示，
the source by giving the author's last name or las here, if no cuthor is provided) the title of the article (and if relevant, a page number). "Works 通过给出作者的姓氏或las的来源，如果没有提供cuthor）文章的标题（如果相关，还有页码）。“作品
Cited" then provides full information about the source. 引用”则提供有关来源的完整信息。
Thesis, followed by plan of development. 论文，其次是发展计划。
Source is identified by name and area of expertise.RetryReason
Direct quotations of five typed lines or more are indented ten spaces (or one inch) from the left margin. Quotation marks are not used.RetryReason
The abbreviation qtd, means quoled. No comma is used between the author name and the page number.RetryReason
But creative parents still come up with ways to be there for their kids. For some, it's been a matter of cutting back on working hours and living more simply. For example, in her book The Shelter of Each Other, Mary Pipher tells the story of a couple with three-year-old iwin boys. Eduardo worked sixty-hour weeks at a factory. Sabrina supervised checkers at a Kmart, cared for the boys, and tried to watch over her mother, who had cancer. Money was tight, especially, since day care was expensive and the parents felt they had to keep the twins stylishly dressed and supplied with new toys. The parents were stressed over money problems, their lack of time together, and especially, having so little time with their boys. It bothered them that the twins had begun to cry when their parents picked them up at day care, as if they'd rather stay with the day care workers. Finally, Sabrina and Eduardo made a difficult decision. Sabrina quit her job, and the couple invited her mother (whose illness was in remission) to live with them. With three adults pooling their resources, Sabrina and Eduardo found that they could manage without Sabrina's salary. The family no longer ate out, and they gave up their cable TV. Their sons loved having their grandmother in the house. Sabrina was able to begin doing relaxed, fun projects with the boys. They planted a garden and built a sandbox together. Sabrina observed, "I learned I could get off the merry-go-round" (195). Other parents have gotten off to the merry-go-round by working at home, even if it means earning less money than they had previously. 但是有创造力的父母仍然会想出各种方法来帮助他们的孩子。对一些人来说，这是一个减少工作时间和生活更简单的问题。例如，玛丽·皮弗（Mary Pipher）在她的书《彼此的庇护》（The Shelter of Each Other）中讲述了一对夫妇带着三岁的艾因男孩的故事。爱德华多在一家工厂每周工作六十小时。萨布丽娜在凯马特监督跳棋，照顾男孩，并试图照顾她的母亲，谁患了癌症。钱很紧，特别是因为日托费用昂贵，父母觉得他们必须让双胞胎穿得时髦，并提供新玩具。父母因为钱的问题而感到压力，他们没有时间在一起，特别是，和他们的男孩在一起的时间太少了。令他们烦恼的是，当父母去日托所接他们时，这对双胞胎开始哭泣，好像他们宁愿和日托工作人员呆在一起。最后，萨布丽娜和爱德华多做出了一个艰难的决定。 萨布丽娜辞去了工作，这对夫妇邀请她的母亲（她的病情正在缓解）和他们一起生活。有了三个成年人集中他们的资源，萨布丽娜和爱德华多发现，他们可以管理没有萨布丽娜的工资。这家人不再出去吃饭，他们放弃了有线电视。他们的儿子喜欢有祖母在家里。萨布丽娜开始和男孩们一起做轻松有趣的项目。他们一起种了一个花园，建了一个沙箱。塞布丽娜观察到，“我学会了我可以离开旋转木马”（195）。其他的父母已经开始在家里工作，即使这意味着比以前赚的钱少。
Some parents even homeschool their children as a way to be sure 一些父母甚至在家教育他们的孩子，
Only the page number is needed, as the author has they have plenty of time together. Homeschooling used to be thought of as a choice made only by very religious people or back-to-nature already been named in the text. radicals. Now, teaching children at home is much less unusual. It's estimated that as many as two million American children are being homeschooled. Harvard even has an admissions officer whose job is to 只有页码是需要的，因为作者有他们有足够的时间在一起。在家上学曾经被认为是只有非常虔诚的人才能做出的选择，或者在文本中已经被命名为回归自然。根的现在，在家教孩子已经不那么罕见了。据估计，多达200万的美国儿童正在接受家庭教育。哈佛甚至有一个招生官，他的工作就是
When citing a work in general, not part of a work, it is best to include the author's name in the text instead of using a parenthetical citation. No page number is needed, as the citation refers to the overall findings of the study. 当引用一部作品时，最好在文本中包括作者的名字，而不是使用括号引用。不需要页码，因为引文指的是研究的总体结果。
review applications from homeschooled kids. Parents who homeschool have different reasons, but according to a cover story in Newsweek, "some . . . are looking for a way to reclaim family closeness in an increasingly fast-paced society. . . . Still others worry about unsavory influences in school-drugs, alcohol, sex, violence" (Kantrowitz and Wingert 66). Homeschooling is no guarantee that a child will resist those temptations, but some families do believe it's a great way to promote family closeness. One fifteen-year-old, homeschooled since kindergarten, explained why he liked the way he'd been raised and educated. He ended by saying, "Another way I'm different is that I love my family. One guy asked me if I'd been brainwashed. I think it's spooky that liking my family is considered crazy" (Pipher 103). 审查在家上学的孩子的申请在家上学的父母有不同的原因，但根据《新闻周刊》的封面故事，“一些。. .正在寻找一种方法，以恢复家庭亲密在一个日益快节奏的社会。. . .还有一些人担心学校毒品、酒精、性、暴力等不良影响”（Kantrowitz and Wingert 66）。在家上学并不能保证孩子能抵制这些诱惑，但有些家庭确实认为这是促进家庭亲密的好方法。一个15岁的孩子，从幼儿园开始就在家上学，他解释了为什么他喜欢自己被抚养和教育的方式。他最后说：“我与众不同的另一个方面是我爱我的家人。有人问我是不是被洗脑了。我认为喜欢我的家人被认为是疯狂的，这是令人毛骨悚然的。
Many parents can't quit their jobs or teach their children at home. 许多父母不能辞掉工作，也不能在家教孩子。
But some parents find a second way to nurture their children, through building community ties. They help their children develop a healthy sense of belonging by creating links with positive, constructive people and activities. In the past, community wasn't so hard to find. In The Way We Really Are, Stephanie Coontz writes, "Right up through the 1940s, ties of work, friendship, neighborhood, ethnicity, extended kin, 但是一些父母找到了第二种培养孩子的方法，通过建立社区关系。他们通过与积极、有建设性的人和活动建立联系，帮助孩子培养健康的归属感。在过去，社区并不难找到。斯蒂芬妮·孔茨在《我们真实的样子》一书中写道：“直到20世纪40年代，工作关系、友谊、邻里关系、种族关系、远亲关系，
Ellipsis points show where the student has omitted material from the original source. The quoled material is not capitalized because the student has blended it into a sentence with an introductory phrase. and voluntary organizations were as important a source of identity for most Americans, and sometimes a more important source of obligation, than marriege and the nuclear family" (37). Even when today's parents were teenagers, neighborhoods-were places where kids felt a sense of belonging and responsibility. But today "parents". . . mourn the disappearance of neighborhoods where a web of relatives and friends kept a close eye on everyone's kids. And they worry their own children grow up isolated, knowing more about the cast of Friends than the people in surrounding homes" (Donahue DI). 省略点显示学生从原始资料中省略的地方。这些材料没有大写，因为学生已经把它和一个介绍性的短语混合在一起。志愿组织是大多数美国人身份的重要来源，有时是比婚姻和核心家庭更重要的义务来源。即使在今天的父母还是青少年的时候，社区也是孩子们感到归属感和责任感的地方。今天的“父母”。. .哀悼社区的消失，那里的亲戚和朋友密切关注着每个人的孩子。他们担心自己的孩子在孤独中长大，比周围的人更了解《老友记》的演员。
One way that some families are trying to build old-fashioned community is through "intentional community," or "cohousing." Begun in Denmark in 1972, the cohousing movement is modeled after the traditional village. It brings together a number of families who live in separate houses but share some common space. For instance, families might share central meeting rooms, dining areas, gardens, day care, workshops, or office space. They might own tools and lawn mowers together, rather than each household having its own. The point is that they treat their neighbors as extended family, not as strangers. As described by the online site Cohousing.org, cohousing is "a type of collaborative housing that attempts to overcome the alienation of modern subdivisions in which no one knows their neighbors, and there is no sense of community." In its 2007 database, the Intentional Communities Web site estimates that over one thousand such communities exist in North America. 一些家庭试图建立老式社区的一种方式是通过“意向社区”或“共同居住”。1972年开始于丹麦的共同住房运动是以传统村庄为蓝本的。它把许多住在不同房子里但共享一些公共空间的家庭聚集在一起。例如，家庭可以共享中央会议室、用餐区、花园、日托、车间或办公空间。他们可以一起拥有工具和割草机，而不是每家都有自己的。关键是他们把邻居当作大家庭，而不是陌生人。正如在线网站Cohousing.org所描述的那样，共同住房是“一种合作住房，试图克服现代小区的异化，在这种小区中，没有人认识他们的邻居，也没有社区感。“在2007年的数据库中，意向社区网站估计北美有一千多个这样的社区。
Other families turn to religion as a source of community. Michael Medved and Diane Medved, authors of Saving Childhood, are raising their family in a religious Jewish home. Their children attend Jewish schools, go to synagogue, and follow religious customs. They frequently visit, eat, play with, and are cared for by neighboring Jewish families. The Medveds believe their family is stronger because of their belief "in planting roots - in your home, in your family, in your community. That involves making a commitment, making an investment both physically and emotionally, in your surroundings" (200). Other religious traditions offer families a similar sense of community, purpose, and belonging. Marcus and Tracy Glover are members of the Nation of Islam. They credit the Nation with making their marriage and family strong and breaking a threegeneration cycle of single motherhood (Hewlett and West 201-02). 其他家庭则把宗教作为社区的一种来源。《拯救童年》一书的作者迈克尔·梅德韦德和黛安·梅德韦德在一个宗教犹太家庭中抚养他们的家庭。他们的孩子上犹太学校，去犹太教堂，遵循宗教习俗。他们经常拜访，吃饭，玩耍，并由邻近的犹太家庭照顾。Medveds相信他们的家庭更强大，因为他们的信念“在你的家里，你的家庭，你的社区扎根。这涉及到做出承诺，在身体和情感上进行投资，在你的周围环境中。其他宗教传统也为家庭提供了类似的社区感、目的感和归属感。马库斯和特蕾西格洛弗是伊斯兰民族的成员。他们认为国家使他们的婚姻和家庭变得牢固，打破了三代人的单身母亲循环（Hewlett和West 201-02）。
Cited material extends from one page to another, so both page numbers are given. 引用的材料从一页延伸到另一页，所以两个页码都给出了。
A third way that families are fighting to protect their children is by controlling the impact of the media and technology. Hewlett and West and Pipher use similar words to describe this impact. As they describe growing up today, Hewlett and West write about children living "without a skin" (xiii), and Pipher writes about "houses without walls" (12). These authors mean that today-unlike in the old days, when children were protected from the outside world while they were in their homes - the home offers little protection. Even in their own living rooms, all children have to do is to turn on a TV, radio, or computer to be hit with a flood of violence, sick humor, and often weird sexuality. Children are growing up watching shows like The Osbournes, a program that celebrated two spoiled, foul-mouthed children and their father-a burned-out rock star slowed by years of carefree drug abuse. A recent article in Science magazine offered the most damning link yet between TV watching and antisocial behavior. Reporting on the results of its seventeen-year study that followed viewers from youth to adulthood, Science found that the more television a teen watched, the higher the chances he or she would commit violent acts later in life. Of kids who watched an hour or less of TV a day, fewer than of teens went on to commit assaults, robberies, or other violent acts as adults. But nearly of teens who watched TV three or more hours a day did commit crimes of violence (Anderson and Bushman 2377-79). Sadly, many parents seem to have given up even trying to protect their growing kids against the flood of televised garbage. They are like the mother quoted in USA Today as saying, 家庭保护孩子的第三种方式是控制媒体和技术的影响。休利特、韦斯特和皮弗用类似的词来描述这种影响。当他们描述今天的成长时，休利特和韦斯特写的是“没有皮肤”的孩子（xiii），皮弗写的是“没有墙壁的房子”（12）。这些作者的意思是，今天不像过去，当孩子们在家里时，他们受到保护，不受外界的影响，家提供的保护很少。即使在他们自己的客厅里，孩子们所要做的就是打开电视、收音机或电脑，被大量的暴力、病态的幽默和奇怪的性行为所击中。孩子们是看着像《奥斯本》这样的节目长大的，这是一个庆祝两个被宠坏的、满嘴脏话的孩子和他们的父亲的节目。 《科学》杂志最近的一篇文章提供了看电视和反社会行为之间最致命的联系。《科学》杂志对从青少年到成年的观众进行了长达17年的跟踪调查，结果发现，青少年看电视越多，他或她在以后的生活中犯下暴力行为的可能性就越高。在每天看一小时或更少电视的孩子中，不到0#的青少年在成年后继续实施袭击，抢劫或其他暴力行为。但是，每天看电视三个小时或三个小时以上的青少年中，有近1#人确实犯了暴力罪（安德森和布什曼，2377-79）。可悲的是，许多父母似乎已经放弃了甚至试图保护他们的成长中的孩子免受电视垃圾的洪水。 他们就像《今日美国》引用的母亲所说的那样，
"How can I fight five hundred channels on TV?" (Donahue D1). “五百个电视台，我怎么打？“（Donahue D1）。
Fortunately, some parents are still insisting on control over the information and entertainment that comes into their homes. Some subscribe to "The Television Project," an online educational organization 幸运的是，一些父母仍然坚持控制进入他们家中的信息和娱乐。一些人订阅了一个在线教育组织“电视项目”
Philips 7 飞利浦7
that helps parents "understand how television affects their families and community and proposes alternatives that foster positive emotional, cognitive and spiritual development within families and communities." Others ban TV entirely from their homes. More try to find a way to use TV and other electronics as helpful tools but not allow them to dominate their homes. One family in Nebraska, the Millers, who homeschool their children, described to Mary Pipher their altitude toward TV. They hadn't owned a TV for years, but they bought one so that they could watch the Olympics. The set is now stored in a closet unless a program is on that the family agrees is worthwhile. Some programs the Millers have enjoyed together include the World Cup soccer games, the TV drama Sarah Plain and Tall, and an educational TV course in sign language. Pipher was impressed by the Miller children, and she thought their limited exposure to TV was one reason why. In her words, 帮助家长“了解电视如何影响他们的家庭和社区，并提出替代方案，促进家庭和社区内积极的情感，认知和精神发展。“其他人完全禁止在家里看电视。更多的人试图找到一种方法来使用电视和其他电子产品作为有用的工具，但不允许他们主宰他们的家庭。内布拉斯加州的一个家庭，米莱尔，谁在家教育他们的孩子，向玛丽皮弗描述他们对电视的态度。他们已经很多年没有电视了，但他们买了一台，这样他们就可以看奥运会了。这套电视机现在存放在壁橱里，除非有一个家庭认为值得的节目。米莱尔一家一起欣赏的节目包括世界杯足球赛、电视剧《莎拉平原与高个》和一门手语教育电视课程。皮弗对米勒的孩子们印象深刻，她认为他们接触电视的机会有限是原因之一。用她的话说，
Calm, happy children and relaxed, confident parents are so rare today. Probably most notable were the long attention spans of the children and their willingness to sit and listen to the grown-ups talk. The family had a manageable amount of information to deal with. They weren't stressed by more information than they could assimilate. The kids weren't overstimulated and edgy. Nor were they sexualized in the way most kids now are. (107) 平静、快乐的孩子和放松、自信的父母在今天是如此罕见。也许最值得注意的是孩子们的注意力持续时间长，他们愿意坐下来听大人说话。这家人有一大堆信息要处理。他们不会因为无法消化的信息而感到压力。孩子们并没有过度兴奋和急躁。他们也没有像现在大多数孩子那样被性化。（107）
Pipher's words describe children raised by parents who won't give in to the idea that their children are lost. Such parents structure ways to be present in the home, build family ties to a community, and control the impact of the media in their homes. Through their efforts, they succeed in raising nurtured, grounded, successful children. Such parents Pipher的话描述了父母抚养的孩子，他们不会屈服于孩子迷路的想法。这样的父母构建了在家中的存在方式，建立了与社区的家庭联系，并控制了媒体在家中的影响。通过他们的努力，他们成功地培养了受过良好教育的、脚踏实地的、成功的孩子。这样的父母
The conclusion provides a summary and restates the thesis. acknowledge the challenges of raising kids in today's America, but they are up to the job. 结论部分对全文进行了总结和重申。承认在当今美国抚养孩子的挑战，但他们能胜任这项工作。
Works cited should be double-spaced and should alwoys appear on a separate, fitled page. 引用的作品应两倍行距，并应始终出现在一个单独的，适合的页面。
Titles of books, magazines, and the like should be italicized. 书籍、杂志等的标题应该用斜体字。
Include the date you accessed a Web source-in the first case, October 4, 2007. 包括您访问Web源的日期-在第一种情况下，2007年10月4日。
Several of 几
these sourcesPublic Agenda, Intentional Communities, and the Television Projectare online. By going online and typing the letters after "www." in each citation, you can access any of the sources.
Philips 8 飞利浦8
Works Cited 引用作品
"A Lot Easier Said Than Done: Parents Talk about Raising Children in Today's America." Public Agenda. Oct 2005. Web. 4 Oct. 2007. “说的比做的多：父母谈论在今天的美国抚养孩子。”公共议程。2005年10月。Web. 2007年10月4日。
Anderson, Craig A., and Brad J. Bushman. "The Effects of Media Violence on Society." Science 29 Mar. 2002: 2377-79. Print. 安德森，克雷格A.，和布拉德·J·布什曼。“媒体暴力对社会的影响。《科学》2002年3月29日：2377-79。打印.
Coontz, Stephanie. The Way We Really Are. New York: Basic Books, 1997. Print. 孔茨斯蒂芬妮我们真实的样子纽约：基础图书，1997年。打印.
Donahue, Deirdre. "Struggling to Raise Good Kids in Toxic Times." USA Today 1 Oct. 1998: D1+. Print. 多纳休，迪尔德丽。“在有毒的时代努力培养好孩子。《今日美国》1998年10月1日：D1+。打印.
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann, and Cornel West. The War Against Parents. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print. Hewlett，Sylvia Ann，Cornel West.对父母的战争波士顿：霍顿米夫林，1998年。打印.
The Intentional Communities Home Page. Fellowship of Intentional Communities. Web. 2 Sept. 2007. 社区的主页。意向性社区团契。Web. 9月2日2007.
Kantrowitz, Barbara, and Pat Wingert. "Learning at Home: Does It Pass the Test?" Newsweek 5 Oct. 1998: 64-70. Print. Kantrowitz，Barbara，and Pat Wingert.“在家学习：它通过测试了吗？“《新闻周刊》，1998年10月5日：64-70。打印.
Medved, Michael, and Diane Medved. Saving Childhood. New York: Putnam, 1996. Print. 麦维德，迈克尔，戴安麦维德。拯救童年纽约：普特南，1996年。打印.
Pipher, Mary. The Shelter of Each Other. New York: Putnam, 1996. Print. 派弗，这是玛丽。彼此的庇护。纽约：普特南，1996年。打印.
The Television Project Home Page. The Television Project. n. d. Web. 2 Feb. 2007 电视节目主页电视项目。n. D. Web. 2007年2月2日
"What Is Cohousing?" Cohousing. The Cohousing Association of the United States. 10 Sept. 2006. Web. 2 Feb. 2007. “什么是共居？“同居美国同居协会。9月10日2006. Web. 2007年2月2日。
Although the student writer of the research paper emphasized the impact of TV on children, she referred to the computer as another source of "violence, sick humor, and often weird sexuality." In your opinion, which do you feel is more dangerous for children when unsupervised, the computer or the TV? Why? 尽管这篇研究论文的学生作者强调了电视对儿童的影响，但她认为电脑是“暴力、病态幽默和怪异的性行为”的另一个来源。“在你看来，你觉得哪一个在无人监督的情况下对孩子更危险，电脑还是电视？为什么？为什么？
In the article, "Why the Campaign to Stop America's Obesity Crisis Keeps Failing," originally printed in the May 2012 Newsweek, Gary Taubes reports on the obesity epidemic and his beliefs that refined sugars are the cause of obesity. He begins his article by citing information from the 1930s that demonstrates children had obesity problems even during the Depression. 在这篇最初发表在2012年5月《新闻周刊》上的文章《为什么阻止美国肥胖危机的运动一直失败》中，加里·陶布斯报道了肥胖症的流行以及他认为精制糖是肥胖症的原因。他在文章的开头引用了20世纪30年代的资料，这些资料表明，即使在大萧条时期，儿童也存在肥胖问题。
