PIE2412 ACADEMIC WRITING
pie2412 学术写作

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 4
补充材料 4

Topic Sentence for an Argumentative Essay
议论文的主题句

A topic sentence for an argumentative essay will introduce the writer’s stand. It is a rebuttal argument to the opposing view. A topic sentence for an argumentative essay should contain the following:
议论文的主题句将介绍作者的立场。它是对反对意见的反驳论证。议论文的主题句应包含以下内容：

Opposing view
反对意见

Transition signal of contrast / transition signal to add an opposite idea
对比过渡信号/添加相反观点的过渡信号

Writer’s stand (rebuttal argument)
作者立场（反驳论据）

Example 1:
示例 1：

Although (transition signal) some parents, educators and civil liberties groups continue to oppose single-sex classes (opposing view), there is some evidence that separating boys and girls in middle school produces positive results (writer’s stand).
尽管（过渡信号）一些家长、教育工作者和公民自由团体继续反对单性别班（反对意见），但有一些证据表明，在初中将男孩和女孩分开会产生积极的效果（作者观点）。

A topic sentence for an argumentative essay could also be written in two separate sentences.
议论文的主题句也可以写成两个独立的句子。

Example 2:
例 2：

Some parents, educators and civil liberties groups continue to oppose single-sex classes (opposing view). However, (transition signal) there is some evidence that separating boys and girls in middle school produces positive results (writer’s stand).
一些家长、教育工作者和公民自由团体继续反对单性别班（反对意见）。然而，（过渡信号）有一些证据表明，在初中将男女生分开会产生积极的效果（作者观点）。

Always remember to introduce your stand using a transition signal of contrast / transition signal to add an opposite idea. Here are some suitable transition signals:
一定要记住使用对比过渡信号/过渡信号来介绍自己的立场，以增加一个相反的观点。以下是一些合适的过渡信号：

Activity: Refer to the sample argumentative essays in Supplementary Material 2 (page 7 & 10). Identify the thesis statement and topic sentence(s) in the essays. Observe how the topic sentence(s) are written in relation to the thesis statement.
活动：参考补充材料 2 中的议论文范文（第 7 页和第 10 页）。找出文章中的论点陈述和主题句。观察主题句与论点陈述之间的关系。

Reminder: Always remember to write the topic sentence(s) with reference to the thesis statement.
提醒：请务必记住，在写主题句时一定要参考论文陈述。

Sample of an Argumentative Essay (Supplementary Material 2, page 7)
议论文样本（补充材料 2，第 7 页）

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted education systems around the world, with many schools and universities forced to close their doors to prevent the spread of the virus. In response, many educational institutions have turned to distance learning as a way to continue providing education to their students. This approach to learning has also been increasingly popular over the years due to the advancements in technology and internet, which have made it possible for learners and educators to learn remotely without being physically present in a classroom or lecture hall. While some might argue that distance learning offers flexibility and individualised learning experience to learners (opposing view), it is worth acknowledging that not all courses can be studied remotely and individualised learning comes with certain drawbacks (writer’s stand) (Thesis Statement).
COVID-19 大流行扰乱了世界各地的教育系统，许多中小学和大学被迫关闭校门，以防止病毒传播。为此，许多教育机构转而采用远程学习的方式继续为学生提供教育。多年来，由于技术和互联网的进步，这种学习方式也越来越受欢迎，这使得学习者和教育者无需亲临教室或阶梯教室也能进行远程学习。有些人可能会说，远程学习为学习者提供了灵活性和个性化的学习体验（反对意见），但值得承认的是，并非所有课程都可以远程学习，个性化学习也有一定的弊端（作者立场）（论文陈述）。

Those in favour of distance learning believe that distance learning offers flexibility (Opposing View). Distance learning, especially online lessons allow learners to gain knowledge from anywhere in the world. Learners do not have to be physically there at a particular place or university for them to access the lessons. Nevertheless, it is important to note that not all courses can be studied remotely (Topic Sentence/Writer’s stand). In some cases, particular modules or courses might require learners to complete practical exercises under guidance. Zakharova et al. (2020) claim that distance learning is particularly challenging for courses under Applied Sciences such as engineering, medicine and arts. Due to the focus on practical skills, the learning process in those fields is largely contingent on the facilities and equipment available at the university. It is also challenging to teach and acquire needed skills through distance learning. As such, despite the fact that distance learning offers flexibility to learners, some courses are impossible to be delivered online or remotely.
赞成远程学习的人认为，远程学习具有灵活性（反对意见）。远程学习，尤其是在线课程，可以让学习者在世界任何地方获取知识。学习者不必亲自到某一特定地点或大学去上课。不过，需要注意的是，并非所有课程都可以远程学习（主题句/写作立场）。在某些情况下，特定模块或课程可能要求学习者在指导下完成实际练习。Zakharova 等人（2020）认为，远程学习对于工程、医学和艺术等应用科学类课程尤其具有挑战性。由于注重实践技能，这些领域的学习过程在很大程度上取决于大学现有的设施和设备。通过远程教学来传授和掌握所需的技能也具有挑战性。因此，尽管远程学习为学习者提供了灵活性，但有些课程是无法在线或远程教授的。

EXERCISE 1
练习 1

Choose the most appropriate topic sentence (with writer's stand) for each body paragraph of an argumentative essay based on the thesis statement given.
根据给出的论点陈述，为议论文的每个主体段落选择最合适的主题句（带作者立场）。

Topic: Renewable Energy
主题：可再生能源可再生能源

Debatable statement: Renewable energy has some implications compared to non-renewable energy.
值得商榷的说法：与不可再生能源相比，可再生能源有一些影响。

Thesis statement: Although this claim is true to a certain extent, renewable energy has also open-up many economic opportunities worldwide.
论文陈述：虽然这种说法在一定程度上是正确的，但可再生能源也为全球带来了许多经济机遇。

However, the first argument put forward by the opponent is that renewable energy contributes to economic growth.
然而，反对者提出的第一个论点是，可再生能源有助于经济增长。

Yet, there are several types of renewable energy sources, including solar and wind power.
然而，可再生能源有多种类型，包括太阳能和风能。

Therefore, in this essay I will discuss the advantages of renewable energy sources.
因此，在这篇文章中，我将讨论可再生能源的优势。

Nevertheless, the transition to renewable energy sources is essential for combating climate change.
然而，向可再生能源过渡对于应对气候变化至关重要。

Topic: Social Media
主题： 社交媒体社交媒体

Debatable statement: Social media advantages outweigh its negative effects.
值得商榷的说法：社交媒体的优势大于其负面影响。

Thesis statement: Although social media has many benefits, it does lead to mental problems among young people.
论点陈述：虽然社交媒体有很多好处，但它确实会导致年轻人出现精神问题。

a. While that may be true, social media is popular among young people.
a.虽然这可能是事实，但社交媒体在年轻人中很受欢迎。

b. However, mental health issues are a concern for society.
b.然而，心理健康问题是社会关注的问题。

c. On the other hand, the excessive use of social media can lead to increased anxiety and
c.另一方面，过度使用社交媒体可能会导致焦虑情绪加重和

depression.
抑郁症。

d. I will explore the pros and cons of social media usage.
d.我将探讨使用社交媒体的利弊。

Topic: Balanced diet
主题均衡饮食

Debatable statement: Exercise offers more benefits than a balanced diet.
值得商榷的说法：运动比均衡饮食更有益。

Thesis statement: Although exercise leads to many benefits to our life, a balanced diet is necessary for general body and mental health.
论点陈述：虽然运动会给我们的生活带来很多益处，但均衡的饮食对身体和心理健康也是必不可少的。

a. However, eating healthy foods is good for you.
a.不过，吃健康食品对人体有益。

b. Nevertheless, people should try to avoid junk food.
b.不过，人们应尽量避免食用垃圾食品。

c. However, a balanced diet is crucial for overall health and well-being.
c.然而，均衡的饮食对整体健康和福祉至关重要。

d. Thus, let's discuss different types of diets in this essay.
d.因此，让我们在本文中讨论不同类型的饮食。

Topic: Technology on Society
主题：技术对社会的影响

Debatable statement: Modern technology brings more harm to the current society.
值得商榷的说法：现代科技给当今社会带来了更多危害。

Thesis statement: Although many agree with this claim, it could not be denied that technology has also helped mankind in many ways globally.
论文陈述：尽管许多人同意这一说法，但不可否认的是，技术也在许多方面为全球人类提供了帮助。

a. Nevertheless, modern technology has changed the way we live.
a.然而，现代技术改变了我们的生活方式。

b. However, technology can also lead to many benefits to people.
b.然而，技术也能给人们带来许多好处。

c. Despite, this essay will talk about the history of technology.
c.尽管如此，这篇文章还是要谈谈技术的历史。

d. Thus, the Internet has made information more accessible.
d.因此，互联网使信息更容易获取。

Topic: Early childhood Education
主题幼儿教育

Debatable statement: Too much Investment in early childhood education leads to unnecessary expenditure.
值得商榷的说法：对幼儿教育的过多投资会导致不必要的开支。

Thesis statement: Although this claim is true to a certain extent, investing in early childhood education leads to long-term societal benefits.
论点陈述：虽然这种说法在一定程度上是正确的，但投资幼儿教育会带来长期的社会效益。

a. Despite that, early childhood education programmes exist in many countries.
a.尽管如此，许多国家都有幼儿教育计划。

b. Therefore, children learn valuable skills in early childhood education programmes.
b.因此，儿童在幼儿教育计划中学到了宝贵的技能。

c. However, early childhood education might be costly sometimes.
c.然而，幼儿教育有时可能会花费不菲。

d. However, investing in early childhood education leads to long-term societal benefits.
d.然而，投资幼儿教育会带来长期的社会效益。

Supporting Sentences
辅助句

Supporting sentences are essential in an argumentative essay as they provide evidence, examples, and elaboration to reinforce the main argument or claim. Here are some notes on creating effective supporting sentences:
在议论文中，支撑句是必不可少的，因为它们可以提供证据、示例和阐述，以加强主要论点或主张。下面是一些关于如何写出有效的支撑句的说明：

Evidence: Supporting sentences should present credible evidence that supports the argument. This could be statistics, research findings, expert opinions, or information. Ensure that the evidence is relevant and directly supports the main point.
证据：支撑句应提出支持论点的可靠证据。这可以是统计数据、研究成果、专家意见或信息。确保证据与论点相关并直接支持论点。

Examples: Use examples to illustrate the argument. Real-life examples help to make the point more relatable and concrete. They provide context and help readers understand how the argument applies in practical situations.
举例说明：举例说明论点。现实生活中的例子有助于使观点更加贴近生活，更加具体。它们提供了背景，帮助读者理解论点如何应用于实际情况。

Analogies: Analogies can be powerful tools for explaining complex ideas. They involve comparing the argument to something more familiar, making it easier for the reader to grasp the point.
类比：类比是解释复杂观点的有力工具。它们将论点与读者更熟悉的事物进行比较，使读者更容易理解论点。

Quotes: If applicable, include quotes from experts or authoritative sources that bolster the argument. Be sure to properly cite these sources to maintain credibility.
引语：如果适用，请引用专家或权威人士的话来支持论点。请务必正确引用这些来源，以保持可信度。

Counter Arguments: Address counterarguments in the supporting sentences. Acknowledge opposing views and then refute them with strong evidence and reasoning. This demonstrates that different perspectives considered and strengthens your position.
反驳：在支撑句中论述反驳观点。承认反对意见，然后用有力的证据和推理反驳它们。这表明你考虑了不同的观点，并加强了你的立场。

Cause and Effect: Use cause-and-effect relationships to explain why the argument is valid. Show how specific actions or conditions lead to certain outcomes that support the claim.
因果关系：利用因果关系来解释论点为何成立。说明具体行动或条件如何导致支持论点的某些结果。

Comparisons: Compare and contrast different aspects or scenarios to highlight the advantages or disadvantages of the argument. This can help readers see why perspective is the most reasonable.
比较：对比不同的方面或情景，突出论点的优缺点。这可以帮助读者理解为什么观点是最合理的。

Historical or Contextual Information: Sometimes, historical context or background information is necessary to support the argument. It can help readers understand why the issue is relevant and significant.
历史或背景信息：有时，历史背景或背景信息是支持论点所必需的。它可以帮助读者理解为什么该问题具有相关性和重要性。

Expert Testimony: If have access to experts in the field, consider using their testimony to bolster the argument. Expert opinions can carry weight in certain topics.
专家证词：如果有该领域的专家，可考虑使用他们的证词来支持论点。专家的意见在某些主题上会很有分量。

Data and Statistics: When dealing with data-driven arguments, use relevant data and statistics to make a case. Charts, graphs, and figures can be powerful visual aids in presenting data.
数据和统计：在处理数据驱动的论点时，使用相关的数据和统计资料来说明问题。图表、图形和数字是展示数据的有力视觉辅助工具。

Personal Anecdotes (sparingly): In some cases, personal anecdotes can add a relatable and human touch to the argument. However, use them sparingly and ensure they are relevant to the topic.
个人轶事（少用）：在某些情况下，个人轶事可以为论证增添亲和力和人情味。不过，要少用，并确保与主题相关。

Logical Reasoning: Use logical reasoning and critical thinking to connect evidence and examples to the main argument. Ensure that the logic is sound and that there are no logical fallacies in the reasoning.
逻辑推理：运用逻辑推理和批判性思维将证据和事例与主要论点联系起来。确保逻辑合理，推理中没有逻辑谬误。

Remember that the strength of the argument depends on the quality and relevance of the supporting sentences. Each supporting sentence should serve to persuade the reader of the validity of main points in an organised and coherent manner.
请记住，论证的力度取决于支撑句的质量和相关性。每个支撑句都应该以有组织、连贯的方式说服读者相信要点的正确性。

Concluding Sentence
总结句

The concluding sentence of a body paragraph in an argumentative essay serves a crucial role in summarising the main point of the paragraph and transitioning to the next one. Here are some key notes on writing an effective concluding sentence for an argumentative body paragraph:
议论文正文段落的结尾句在总结段落要点和过渡到下一个段落方面起着至关重要的作用。下面是一些关于如何为议论文主体段落写出有效结论句的要点说明：

Restate the Main Point: The concluding sentence should briefly restate the main point or argument presented in the paragraph. This reinforces the focus of the paragraph and reminds the reader of its significance.
重述要点：结尾句应简要重述段落中提出的要点或论点。这样可以强化段落的重点，提醒读者注意其重要性。

Avoid Introducing New Ideas: The concluding sentence is not the place to introduce new information or ideas. It should summarize what has already been discussed in the paragraph.
避免引入新观点：结尾句不是介绍新信息或新观点的地方。它应该总结段落中已经讨论过的内容。

Connect to the Thesis Statement: Ideally, the concluding sentence should connect the main point of the paragraph back to the thesis statement or the overall argument of the essay. This shows the reader how each paragraph contributes to the broader argument.
与论点陈述相联系：理想情况下，结尾句应将段落的主要观点与论文的论点或整体论证联系起来。这将向读者展示每个段落是如何为更广泛的论点做出贡献的。

Emphasise the Significance: Highlight why the information presented in the paragraph is important to the overall argument. Explain how it supports the thesis statement and advances the essay's main message.
强调重要性：强调段落中提供的信息对整体论证的重要性。解释该信息如何支持论点陈述并推进文章的主要信息。

Vary Sentence Structure: While the concluding sentence should be clear and concise, vary your sentence structure to keep the essay engaging.
改变句子结构：虽然结论句应该简洁明了，但也要变换句子结构，以保持文章的吸引力。

Maintain Coherence: Ensure that the concluding sentence fits cohesively within the context of the entire essay. It should make sense in relation to the preceding and following paragraphs.
保持连贯性：确保结尾句与整篇文章的上下文连贯一致。它应与前后段落相呼应。

Reinforce Persuasiveness: The concluding sentence is an opportunity to reinforce the persuasiveness of the argument. End the paragraph on a strong note that leaves a lasting impression.
加强说服力：结尾句是加强论证说服力的机会。以强有力的语气结束该段，给人留下深刻印象。

Be Concise: Keep the concluding sentence concise and to the point. It should provide closure to the paragraph without unnecessary elaboration.
简明扼要：结尾句要简明扼要，切中要害。它应为段落画上句号，而无需进行不必要的阐述。

Revise and Edit: Like any other part of an essay, the concluding sentence should be carefully revised and edited for clarity, coherence, and grammar.
修改和编辑：与文章的其他部分一样，结尾句也应仔细修改和编辑，以确保清晰、连贯和语法。

Remember that the concluding sentence of each body paragraph should leave the reader with a clear sense of the paragraph's main point and how it contributes to the overall argument.
请记住，每个主体段落的结尾句都应让读者清楚地了解该段落的主要观点，以及它对整体论证的贡献。

EXERCISE 2
练习 2

a. Identify the type of supporting sentences and details used in the body paragraphs below.
a.指出下面主体段落中使用的支撑句和细节的类型。

b. Construct a suitable concluding sentence for each of the paragraphs.
b.为每个段落编写一个合适的总结句。

Paragraph 1
第 1 段

Climate Change
气候变化

First, opponents believe that the climate change that is occurring now is caused by nature. However, there is much evidence that this occurred primarily driven by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, which have led to more frequent and severe weather events. For instance, the number of hurricanes and wildfires has surged in recent years. Moreover, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2020) reports that sea levels are rising, threatening coastal communities worldwide. These real-world examples underscore the urgency of addressing climate change through comprehensive policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions which are mainly caused by human activities. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
首先，反对者认为现在发生的气候变化是由自然造成的。然而，许多证据表明，气候变化主要是由人类活动造成的，如燃烧化石燃料，这导致了更频繁、更严重的天气事件。例如，近年来飓风和野火的数量激增。此外，政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）（2020 年）报告称，海平面正在上升，威胁着世界各地的沿海社区。这些现实世界的例子突出表明，迫切需要通过旨在减少主要由人类活动造成的温室气体排放的综合政策来应对气候变化。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Type : ______________________
类型 : ______________________

Paragraph 2
第 2 段

Technology in Education
教育技术

In addition to this, some believe that technology affects the teaching and learning process. It makes the learning not effective since no face-to-face session is involved. However, technology has revolutionised the way we approach education. According to The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) (2017), online learning platforms, such as Khan Academy and Coursera, offer a wide range of courses that cater to diverse learning needs. For instance, they provide interactive quizzes and personalized learning paths, allowing students to progress at their own pace. Additionally, educational apps, like Duolingo for language learning, enhance engagement and make learning enjoyable. These practical examples demonstrate how technology can make education more accessible and effective. __________________________
除此之外，有些人认为技术会影响教学过程。由于没有了面对面的交流，学习效果大打折扣。然而，技术已经彻底改变了我们的教育方式。据国际教育技术协会（ISTE）（2017）称，在线学习平台，如可汗学院（Khan Academy）和Coursera，提供了广泛的课程，以满足不同的学习需求。例如，它们提供互动测验和个性化学习路径，让学生按照自己的进度学习。此外，教育应用程序（如用于语言学习的 Duolingo）可提高参与度，让学习变得轻松愉快。这些实际例子展示了技术如何使教育更方便、更有效。__________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Type: ______________________
类型： ______________________

Paragraph 3
第 3 段

Gun Control
枪支管制

The debate over gun control encompasses a wide array of perspectives. Opponents emphasised the Second Amendment's right to bear arms, asserting that responsible gun ownership is essential for self-defence. On the other hand, stricter gun control laws often cite statistics showing that countries with more comprehensive regulations experience fewer gun-related deaths. For example, Japan, with strict firearm laws, has one of the lowest gun homicide rates globally. These statistics and constitutional arguments highlight the multifaceted nature of the gun control debate (National Asian Safety Congress, 2018). ). ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
关于枪支管制的辩论涵盖了广泛的观点。反对者强调第二修正案规定的持枪权，声称负责任地拥有枪支对于自卫至关重要。另一方面，更严格的枪支管制法律经常引用统计数据，表明法规更全面的国家与枪支相关的死亡人数更少。例如，日本拥有严格的枪支法律，是全球枪支凶杀率最低的国家之一。这些统计数据和宪法论点凸显了枪支管制辩论的多面性（全国亚洲安全大会，2018 年）。).____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Type: ______________________
类型： ______________________

Paragraph 4
第 4 段

Animal Testing
动物实验

The ethical dilemma surrounding animal testing is complex. Supporters argue that animal testing is essential for scientific advancements, pointing to cases where it has led to life-saving medical breakthroughs. For instance, vaccines and treatments for diseases like polio and insulin were developed through animal testing. Critics, however, stress the ethical concerns and point to alternative testing methods, such as in vitro tests and computer simulations, as more humane alternatives (Human Society International, 2019). These contrasting arguments emphasize the need for a careful consideration of ethics in scientific research. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
围绕动物实验的伦理难题十分复杂。支持者认为，动物试验对科学进步至关重要，并指出动物试验带来了拯救生命的医学突破。例如，脊髓灰质炎和胰岛素等疾病的疫苗和治疗方法就是通过动物实验研发出来的。然而，批评者强调了伦理问题，并指出体外测试和计算机模拟等替代测试方法是更人道的选择（人类社会国际，2019）。这些截然不同的论点强调了在科学研究中认真考虑伦理问题的必要性。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Universal Healthcare
全民医保

The discussion around universal healthcare centres on the question of accessibility to healthcare services. Opponents express concerns about the potential cost and inefficiencies of government-run healthcare, arguing that market-driven systems promote competition and innovation. However, universal healthcare is a fundamental right, emphasizing that it ensures equitable access to medical services regardless of an individual's socioeconomic status. American Medical Association (2021) highlights that a successful model is possible to be formed such as Canada's healthcare system, which offers comprehensive coverage to all citizens. These arguments showcase the tension between accessibility and cost in healthcare policy debates. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
围绕全民医疗保健的讨论主要集中在医疗保健服务的可及性问题上。反对者对政府运营的医疗保健可能造成的成本和效率低下表示担忧，认为市场驱动的系统能够促进竞争和创新。然而，全民医保是一项基本权利，它强调无论个人的社会经济地位如何，都能确保公平获得医疗服务。美国医学协会（2021 年）强调，有可能形成一个成功的模式，如加拿大的医疗保健系统，该系统为所有公民提供全面覆盖。这些论点展示了医疗政策辩论中可及性与成本之间的矛盾。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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