SS5841 Counselling Skills Laboratory
SS5841 咨询技能实验室
Session 1: Introduction and Trust-Building: Handout 1
第一节：介绍与建立信任：讲义 1
Definition of counseling 咨询的定义
According to the American Counseling Association, the practice of professional counseling is:
根据美国咨询协会，专业咨询的实践是：
“The application of mental health, psychological or human development principles through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic interventions, strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology.” (Hackney and Cormier, 2005, p.2-3)
“通过认知、情感、行为或系统干预，应用心理健康、心理或人类发展原则的策略，旨在解决健康、个人成长或职业发展，以及病理问题。”（Hackney 和 Cormier，2005，第 2-3 页）
Nystul (2003) also defines counseling as “a dynamic process associated with an emerging profession. It involves a professionally trained counselor assisting a client with particular concerns. In this process, the counselor can use a variety of counseling strategies such as individual, group, or family counseling to assist the client to bring about beneficial changes.” (Nystul, 2003, p.4)
Nystul（2003）还将咨询定义为“与新兴职业相关的动态过程。它涉及经过专业培训的咨询师协助客户解决特定问题。在这个过程中，咨询师可以使用多种咨询策略，如个人咨询、团体咨询或家庭咨询，以帮助客户带来有益的变化。”（Nystul，2003，第 4 页）
The nature of counseling skills
咨询技能的本质
Counseling skills are practice behaviors. They are what counselors do in practice. There is also a cognitive component in skilled practice. A practitioner has to assess the immediate practice situation based on descriptive and prescriptive knowledge to make on-the-spot decision on what he/she intends to do. In addition, a practitioner also brings in his or her personal values, attitudes and experience into the counseling situation. This may account for the diverse counseling practice in real life situations.
咨询技能是实践行为。它们是咨询师在实践中所做的事情。熟练实践中还有一个认知成分。实践者必须根据描述性和规定性知识评估即时的实践情况，以便在现场做出他/她打算采取的行动的决策。此外，实践者还将个人的价值观、态度和经验带入咨询情境。这可能解释了现实生活中咨询实践的多样性。
Steps in learning counseling skills
学习咨询技能的步骤
The saying that “learning goes by small steps” applies to skill learning. A complex skill is first broken down into its component parts (component skills). The component skills are first mastered before they are integrated for application in practice. Learning a component skill proceeds by the following steps:
“学习要循序渐进”的说法适用于技能学习。一个复杂的技能首先被分解为其组成部分（组成技能）。在将这些组成技能整合以便在实践中应用之前，首先要掌握这些组成技能。学习一个组成技能的过程包括以下步骤：
- Understanding the concept of a skill: what a skill is for, when it is applied in practice and why.
理解技能的概念：技能的用途、何时在实践中应用以及原因。
- Observe the skill as it is applied in practice.
观察技能在实践中的应用。
- Reproduce the practice behaviors that constitute the skill.
再现构成该技能的实践行为。
- Develop a response repertoire for the skill (since a skill is not a fixed behavior).
为该技能发展应对策略库（因为技能不是固定的行为）。
- Able to discriminate when the skill is appropriate to a practice situation.
能够判断何时在实践情境中适用该技能。
- Able to emit an appropriate skill response.
能够发出适当的技能响应。
- Learn to apply the skill in practice through behavioral rehearsal and corrective feedback.
通过行为排练和纠正反馈学习将技能应用于实践。
- Over learn the skill through extensive practice.
通过大量练习过度学习这项技能。
Demand on the learner 对学习者的要求
The learning process in laboratory training is very different from conventional classroom learning. Students in the laboratory are expected to participate in the learning process in the following manner:
实验培训中的学习过程与传统课堂学习非常不同。实验室中的学生预计以以下方式参与学习过程：
Active participation: Laboratory activities are designed to help students to learn the skills.
积极参与：实验室活动旨在帮助学生学习技能。
- It won’t do you good if you avoid taking part in these activities. Remember the best way to learn a skill is by practicing it.
如果你避免参与这些活动，对你没有好处。记住，学习一项技能的最好方法就是通过实践。
- Taking risk: Don’t be afraid of making mistakes before the teacher or fellow students. You are supposed to learn from mistakes most of the time. If you avoid trying out the skills in the class, you will deprive yourself of corrective feedback from teachers and fellow students. Without feedback, you don’t know what that you need to improve.
冒险：不要害怕在老师或同学面前犯错误。你大多数时候应该从错误中学习。如果你避免在课堂上尝试技能，你将剥夺自己从老师和同学那里获得纠正反馈的机会。没有反馈，你就不知道自己需要改进什么。
- More practice: There won’t be sufficient time for you to practice the skills in the laboratory. You are expected to conduct peer counseling with your classmates outside the laboratory. You need a lot of practice before you can over learn a skill.
更多练习：在实验室里你没有足够的时间来练习这些技能。你需要在实验室外与同学进行同伴辅导。在你掌握一项技能之前，你需要大量的练习。
- Learning together: Students will be working in small groups most of the time in the laboratory. You can help make the group an effective learning group by contributing your ideas and responding to other’s ideas constructively.
共同学习：学生们在实验室大部分时间将以小组形式工作。通过贡献你的想法和建设性地回应他人的想法，你可以帮助使小组成为一个有效的学习小组。
- Learning on your own: You are the only one who knows what the experiences are when you trying out both the roles of helper and client, as well as trying out the skills taught in the laboratory. In this sense, you are learning on your own. Try to monitor and record your experience and discover your own learning from it. The teacher does not own your learning.
独立学习：只有你自己知道在尝试帮助者和客户这两个角色时的体验，以及在实验室中尝试所教授的技能时的感受。从这个意义上说，你是在独立学习。尽量监测和记录你的经历，并从中发现自己的学习。老师并不拥有你的学习。