The characteristic of electrical, thermal and optical
电、热和光学的特性

Lecture Outline: 讲座提纲：

Electrical Properties 电学性质

ISSUES TO ADDRESS... 待解决的问题...

• How are electrical conductance and resistance characterized?
  如何表征电导率和电阻？
• What are the physical phenomena that distinguish conductors, semiconductors, and insulators?
  什么是区分导体、半导体和绝缘体的物理现象？
• For metals, how is conductivity affected by imperfections, temperature, and deformation?
  对于金属，导电性如何受缺陷、温度和变形的影响？
• For semiconductors, how is conductivity affected by impurities (doping) and temperature?
  对于半导体，导电性受杂质（掺杂）和温度的影响如何？

• Callister et al., Chapter 18, page 719
  Callister 等人，第 18 章，第 719 页

View of an Integrated Circuit
集成电路视图

• Scanning electron micrographs of an IC:
  扫描集成电路的电子显微镜图像：
  

  

• A dot map showing location of Al (a conductor):
  点状图显示 Al（导体）的位置：
• Al shows up as light regions.
  Al 呈现为光亮区域。
  

  

Electrical Conduction 电导

• Ohm’s Law: 欧姆定律：
  voltage drop (volts = J/C)
  电压降（伏特=焦耳/库仑）
  C = Coulomb C = 库仑
  

  

• Resistivity, r: 电阻率，r：

A material property that is independent of sample size and geometry
材料属性，与样本大小和几何形状无关

• Conductivity, s: $\sigma =\frac{1}{\rho }$$\sigma =\frac{1}{\rho }$quad sigma=(1)/(rho)\quad \sigma=\frac{1}{\rho} 电导率，s： $\sigma =\frac{1}{\rho }$$\sigma =\frac{1}{\rho }$quad sigma=(1)/(rho)\quad \sigma=\frac{1}{\rho}

Electrical Properties 电学性质

Which will have the greater resistance?
哪个具有更大的阻力？

• Analogous to flow of water in a pipe
  类似于管道中水的流动
• Resistance depends on sample geometry and size.
  电阻取决于样本的几何形状和尺寸。