University of Newcastle
纽卡斯尔大学

ECON3003: Global Trade and Finance
ECON 3003：全球贸易和金融

Week 3 Discussion Questions-Chapter 4
第四章：第四章

Why would a country opt for free trade when some workers remain unemployed in the import—competing sector? Given the real wage rate in Thailand is higher than that in Bangladesh, how would international trade affect real wages between them under a perfectly mobile labour movement?
当一些工人在进口竞争部门仍然失业时，为什么一个国家会选择自由贸易？鉴于泰国的真实的工资率高于孟加拉国，在一个完全移动的劳动力运动下，国际贸易将如何影响它们之间的真实的工资？

Answer
回答

A country would opt for international trade even though the workers in the import competitive sector face the risk of losing their jobs. This is mainly because of the gains that the consumer realises if more imports were allowed and the associated increase in employment in the export sectors. Under perfect labour mobility, if the real wage in Thailand is higher than Bangladesh, then labour movement from Bangladesh to Thailand takes place. This reduces the labour force and raises the wage rates in Bangladesh. Similarly, a movement in labour to Thailand increases the labour force and reduces the real wage rate in Thailand. The movement between the two countries will continue until the wages in these two countries are equalised.
一个国家会选择国际贸易，即使进口竞争性部门的工人面临失业的风险。这主要是因为如果允许更多的进口，消费者将获得收益，并增加出口部门的就业机会。在完全劳动力流动的情况下，如果泰国的真实的工资高于孟加拉国，则发生从孟加拉国到泰国的劳动力流动。这减少了孟加拉国的劳动力，提高了工资率。同样，劳动力向泰国的流动增加了泰国的劳动力，降低了泰国的真实的工资率。这两个国家之间的流动将继续下去，直到这两个国家的工资平等。

An economy can produce leather using Labour and capital and wheat using Labour and land. The total supply of Labour is 50 units. Given the supply of capital and land, the outputs of the two goods depend on Labour input as follows:
一个经济体可以用劳动力和资本生产皮革，用劳动力和土地生产小麦。劳动力的总供应量为50单位。给定资本和土地的供给，这两种商品的产出取决于劳动力投入，具体如下：

Graph the production functions for leather and wheat.
绘制皮革和小麦的生产函数图。

Graph the production possibility frontier. What will happen if more labour is employed?
绘制生产可能性边界图。如果雇用更多的劳动力会发生什么？

Answer
回答

2a

b

The curve in the PPF reflects diminishing returns to labour. As production of Q₁ increases, the opportunity cost of producing an additional unit of Q₁ will rise. Basically, as you increase the number of workers producing Q₁ with a fixed supply of capital, each additional worker will contribute less to the production of Q₁ and represents an increasingly large loss of potential production of Q₂.
PPF的曲线反映了劳动报酬递减。随着Q1产量_的增加，额外生产一个单位Q1的机会成本也会上升.基本上，当你在固定的资本供应下增加生产Q1的工人数量时，每增加一个工人对Q1生产的贡献就会减少，并代表着Q2潜在生产的损失越来越大。

The marginal product of labour curves corresponding to the production functions in problem 2 are as follows:
与问题2中的生产函数相对应的劳动边际产量曲线如下：

a. Suppose the price of wheat relative to that of leather is 1:2. Determine graphically the wage rate and the allocation of labour between the two sectors.
a.假设小麦的价格与皮革的价格之比为1：2。用图表确定工资率和两个部门之间的劳动分配。

b. Using the graph drawn for problem 2, determine the output of each sector. Then confirm graphically that the slope of the production possibility frontier at that point equals the relative price.
B.使用为问题2绘制的图表，确定每个部门的产量。然后用图形确认生产可能性边界在该点的斜率等于相对价格。

c. Suppose the relative price of wheat falls to 1.3. Repeat (a) and (b).
C.假设小麦的相对价格下降到1。3 .第三章。重复（a）和（B）。

d. Calculate the effects of the price change from 2 to 1.3 on the income of the specific factors in the leather sector and wheat sector.
D.计算从2到1的价格变化的影响。3关于皮革部门和小麦部门的具体收入因素。

3a.

Draw the marginal product of labour times the price for each sector given that the total labour allocated between these sectors must sum to 50. Thus, if there are 5 workers employed in Leather sector, then there are 45 workers employed in Wheat sector. If there are 25 workers employed in Leather sector, then there are 25 workers employed in Wheat sector. For simplicity, define price of leather (P_L) = 1 and price of wheat (P_W) = 2 (it does not matter what the actual prices are in determining the allocation of labour, only that the relative price P_W/P_L = 2).
假设在这些部门之间分配的总劳动力必须总和为50，则得出每个部门的劳动力边际产品乘以价格。因此，如果皮革部门雇用5名工人，那么小麦部门雇用45名工人。如果皮革部门雇用了25名工人，那么小麦部门雇用了25名工人。为简单起见，我们可以定义皮革价格（PL_） =  1，小麦价格（_PW）=  2（在决定劳动分配时，实际价格是多少并不重要，重要的是相对价格_PW/_PL  =  2）。

In competitive labour markets, the wage is equal to price times the marginal product of labour. With mobile labour between sectors, the wage rate must be equal between sectors. Thus, the equilibrium wage is determined by the intersection of the two P × MPL curves. Looking at the diagram above, it appears that this occurs at a wage rate of 3.1 and a labour supply of 8 workers in leather Sector (42 workers in Wheat Sector).
在竞争性劳动力市场中，工资等于价格乘以劳动力的边际产量。由于各部门之间存在移动的劳动力，各部门之间的工资率必须相等。因此，均衡工资由两条P  × MPL曲线的交点决定。从上图可以看出，这是在工资率为3.1，皮革部门劳动力供应为8人（小麦部门为42人）的情况下发生的。

3b. From part (a), we know that 8 units of labour are employed in the Leather Sector and 42 units of labour are employed in the Wheat Sector. Looking at the table in Question 2, we see that these labour allocations will produce 33.9 units of leather and 88.48 units of Wheat.
3b. 从（a）部分我们知道，皮革部门雇用了8个单位的劳动力， 小麦部门雇用了42个单位的劳动力。请看问题2中的表格，我们看到这些劳动分配将生产33.9 单位的皮革和88.48 单位的小麦。

At this production point (Leather = 33.9, Wheat = 88.48), the slope of the PPF must be equal to −P_L/P_W, which is −1/2. Looking at the PPF in Question 2a, we see that it is roughly equal to −1/2.
在这个生产点（皮革=  33.9，小麦 =  88.48），PPF的斜率必须等于−P_L/PW_，即−1/2。看一下问题2a中的PPF，我们看到它大致等于-1/2。

c. If the relative price of wheat falls to 1.3, we simply need to redraw the P × MPL diagram with P_L = 1 and P_W =1.3.
C. 如果小麦相对价格福尔斯跌至1.3，我们只需重新绘制P  × MPL图，其中_PL  =  1，_PW  =1.3。

The fall in the price of wheat leads to a rise in the share of labour accruing to the leather Sector. Now, the two sectors have equal wages (P × MPL) when there are 12 workers employed in leather sector and 38 workers employed in wheat sector.
小麦价格的下跌导致皮革部门劳动力所占份额的增加。现在，两个部门的工资相等（P  × MPL），皮革部门雇用12名工人，小麦部门雇用38名工人。

Looking at the table in Question 2, we see that with 12 workers employed in Leader Sector, leather will produce Q₁ = 42.02 units and 38 employed in the and wheat sector will produce Q₂= 80.6.
查看问题2中的表格，我们可以看到Leader部门雇用12名工人，皮革将产生_Q1  = 42.02单位，小麦部门雇用38 名工人将产生_Q2= 80.6单位。

The PPF at the production point Q₁ = 42.02, Q₂ = 80.6 must have a slope of -P₁/P₂ = −1/1.3 = −0.77.
生产点Q₁  =  42.02，Q₂  =  80.6处的PPF必须具有斜率-P₁/P₂  =  −1/1.3  =  −0.77。

d.

The decrease in the relative price of wheat led to an increase in production of leather and a decrease in the production of wheat. The expansion of the wheat sector increases the income of the factor specific to the leather Sector (Capital). The contraction of the wheat Sector decreases the income of the factor specific to the wheat Sector (land).
小麦相对价格的下降导致皮革产量的增加和小麦产量的减少。小麦部门的扩张增加了皮革部门（资本）特有因素的收入。小麦部门的收缩减少了小麦部门（土地）特有要素的收入。

4. Consider two countries (Home and Foreign) that produce goods 1 (with labour and capital) and 2 (with labour and land) according to the production functions described in problems 2 and 3. Initially, both countries have the same supply of Labour (100 units each), capital, and land. The capital stock in Home then grows. This change shifts out both the production curve for good 1 as a function of labour employed (described in problem 2) and the associated marginal product of labour curve (described in problem 3). Nothing happens to the production and marginal product curves for good 2.
4. 考虑两个国家（本国和外国），根据问题2和3中描述的生产函数生产商品1（有劳动力和资本）和2（有劳动力和土地）。最初，两国拥有相同的劳动力（各100单位）、资本和土地供应。国内的资本存量随之增长。这种变化使货物1的生产曲线作为劳动力的函数（在问题2中描述）和劳动力曲线的相关边际产品（在问题3中描述）都向外移动。对于好的产品2，生产曲线和边际产品曲线不会发生任何变化。

a. Show how the increase in the supply of capital for Home affects its production possibility frontier.
a.说明家庭资本供给的增加如何影响其生产可能性边界。

b. On the same graph, draw the relative supply curve for both the Home and the Foreign economy.
B.在同一张图上，画出国内和国外经济的相对供给曲线。

c. If those two economies open up to trade, what will be the pattern of trade (i.e., which country exports which good)?
C.如果这两个经济体开放贸易，贸易模式将是什么（即，哪个国家出口哪种商品？

d. Describe how opening up to trade affects all three factors (labour, capital, land) in both countries.
D.描述贸易开放如何影响两国的所有三个因素（劳动力，资本，土地）。

a. The increase in the capital stock in Home will increase the possible production of good 1, but have no effect on the production of good 2 because good 2 does not use capital in production. As a result, the PPF shifts out to the right, representing the greater quantity of good 1 that Home can now produce.
a. Home的资本存量的增加将增加商品1的可能产量，但对商品2的产量没有影响，因为商品2在生产中不使用资本。结果，PPF向右移动，表示Home现在可以生产的商品1的数量更多。

b. Given the increased production possibility for Home, the relative supply of home (defined as Q₁/Q₂) is further to the right than the relative supply for Foreign. As a result, the relative price of good 1 is lower in Home than it is in Foreign.
B. 考虑到国内生产可能性的增加，国内的相对供给（定义为_Q1/_Q2）比国外的相对供给更靠右。因此，商品1在国内的相对价格低于在国外的价格。

c. If both countries open to trade, Home will export good 1, and Foreign will export good 2.
C. 如果两国都开放贸易，本国将出口商品1，外国将出口商品2。

d. Owners of capital in Home and owners of land in Foreign will benefit from trade, while owners of land in Home and owners of capital in Foreign will be hurt. The effects on labour will be ambiguous because the real wage in terms of good 1 will fall (rise) in Home (Foreign) and the real wage in terms of good 2 will rise (fall) in Home (Foreign). The net welfare effect for labour will depend on preferences in each country. For example, if labour in Home consumes relatively more of good 2, they will gain from trade. If labour in Home consumes relatively more of good 1, they will lose from trade.
D. 本国资本所有者和外国土地所有者将从贸易中受益，而本国土地所有者和外国资本所有者将受到伤害。对劳动力的影响将是模糊的，因为以商品1表示的真实的工资将在本国（外国）下降（上升），而以商品2表示的真实的工资将在本国（外国）上升（下降）。劳动力的净福利效应将取决于每个国家的偏好。例如，如果国内的劳动力消费了相对更多的商品2，他们将从贸易中获益。如果家乡的劳动力消费了相对更多的商品1，他们将在贸易中遭受损失。

In Home and Foreign, there are two factors each of production, land and labour used to produce only one good. The land supply in each country and the technology of production are exactly the same. The marginal product of labour in each country depends on employment as follows:
在国内外，土地和劳动两种生产要素只用于生产一种商品。每个国家的土地供应和生产技术完全相同。每个国家劳动的边际产量取决于就业情况如下：

Initially there are 11 workers employed in Home, but only 5 workers in Foreign. Find the effects of free movement of Labour from Home to Foreign in employment, production, real wages, and the income of landowners in each country.
最初有11名工人受雇于国内，但只有5名工人在国外。找出劳动力从本国到外国的自由流动对就业、生产、真实的工资和各国土地所有者的收入的影响。

The real wage in Home is 20, while real wage in Foreign is 26. If there is a free movement of labour, then workers will migrate from Home to Foreign until the real wage is equal in each country. If 3 workers move from Home to Foreign, then there will be 8 workers employed in each country, earning a real wage of 14 in each country.
国内的真实的工资是20，而国外的真实的工资是26。如果存在劳动力的自由流动，那么工人将从本国迁移到外国，直到每个国家的真实的工资相等。如果有3名工人从本国搬到外国，那么每个国家将有8名工人被雇用，每个国家的真实的工资为14。

We can find total production by adding up the marginal product of each worker. After trade, total production is 30+29+28+27+26+25+24+23= 212 in each country for total world production of 424. Before trade, production in Home was 30+29+28+27+26+25+24+23+22+21+20 = 275. Production in Foreign was 30+29+28+27+26=140. Total world production before trade was 275+ 140 = 415. Thus, trade and migration increased total output by 9.
我们可以通过把每个工人的边际产量加起来来求总产量。贸易后，每个国家的总产量为30+29+28+27+26+25+24+23=  212，而世界总产量为424。在贸易之前，国内的产量为30+29+28+27+26+ 25 + 24 +23+22+21+20  = 275。国外产量为30+29+28+27+26=140。贸易前的世界总产量为275+  140  =  415。因此，贸易和移民使总产出增加了9.

Workers in Home benefit from migration, while workers in Foreign are hurt. Landowners in Home are hurt by migration (their costs rise), while landowners in Foreign benefit (their costs fall).
本国工人从移民中受益，而外国工人则受到伤害。国内的土地所有者受到移民的伤害（他们的成本上升），而国外的土地所有者受益（他们的成本下降）。

6. Using the numerical example in problem 5, assume now that Foreign limits immigration, so that only 2 workers can move there from Home. Calculate how the movement of these three workers affects the income of five different groups:
6.使用问题5中的数字示例，假设现在外国限制移民，因此只有2个工人可以从家搬到那里。计算这三个工人的流动如何影响五个不同群体的收入：

a. Workers who were originally in Foreign
a.最初在外国工作的工人

b. Foreign landowners
B. 外国地主

c. Workers who stay in Home
C.留在家中的工人

d. Home landowners
D. 土地所有者

e. The workers who do move
e.那些搬家的工人

If only 2 workers can move from Home to Foreign, there will be a real wage of 22 in Home and real wage of 24 in Foreign.
如果只有2名工人可以从国内转移到国外，国内的真实的工资将为22，国外的真实的工资将为24。

a. Workers in Foreign are hurt as their wage falls from 26 to 24.
a. 外国工人的工资从26美元福尔斯到24美元，他们受到了伤害。

b. Landowners in Foreign benefit as their costs fall by 2 for each worker employed.
B. 外国的土地所有者受益，因为他们的成本下降了2个工人。

c. Workers who stay at home benefit as their wage rises from 20 to 22.
C. 留在家里的工人受益，因为他们的工资从20增加到22。

d. Landowners in Home are hurt as their costs rise by 2 for each worker employed.
D. 家庭中的土地所有者受到伤害，因为他们的成本每雇用一个工人就增加2美元。

e. The workers who do move benefit by seeing their wages rise from 20 to 24.
e. 那些搬家的工人受益于他们的工资从20美元涨到24美元。

7.

By restricting immigration, the drop in wages in the high-wage country is not as high as it would have been had migration been open. By the same token, the increase in wages in the low-wage country is not as large as it would have been with open migration. Thus, migration restrictions increase the net gain from migrating to those lucky few who are able to move. We see this illustrated in questions 5 and 6. With open borders (question 5), migrants from Home increased their real wages from 10 to 14 by migrating to Foreign. With restricted immigration (question 6), migrants from Home increased their real wages from 10 to 16 by migrating to foreign. Though there are fewer migrants in the latter scenario, those who do migrate end up better off.
通过限制移民，这个高工资国家的工资下降幅度并不像开放移民时那么高。出于同样的原因，低工资国家的工资增长并不像开放移民那样大。因此，移民限制增加了少数能够移民的幸运者从移民中获得的净收益。我们在问题5和6中看到了这一点。随着边界的开放（问题5），来自本国的移民通过移民到外国，将他们的真实的工资从10美元提高到14美元。由于移民受到限制（问题6），来自本国的移民通过移民到外国，将他们的真实的工资从10美元增加到16美元。虽然后一种情况下的移民人数较少，但那些移民的人最终会过得更好。