Try to summarise the text in 250 words.
尝试用 250 个单词总结文本。
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
This study explores the experiences of academic reading among social science undergraduates at a UK university, focusing on how reading is often perceived as a "grudging act." Through thematic analysis of group interviews, the study identifies three main themes: reading as a struggle, reading as a chore, and reading as pointless. These negative experiences are attributed to the complexity of academic language, the overwhelming volume of reading assignments, and a lack of clear guidance from educators. The research highlights the emotional burden of academic reading, with students frequently expressing frustration, anxiety, and a sense of isolation. The study emphasizes the need for educators to better support students by addressing these challenges, making academic reading more accessible and less overwhelming. The research concludes with recommendations for creating more inclusive and supportive educational environments that consider the emotional and practical difficulties students face in engaging with academic texts .
本研究探讨了英国大学社会科学本科生的学术阅读经历，重点关注阅读通常被视为一种“勉强的行为”。通过对小组访谈的主题分析，该研究确定了三个主要主题：阅读是一场斗争，阅读是一件苦差事，阅读是毫无意义。这些负面经历归因于学术语言的复杂性、大量的阅读作业以及缺乏教育工作者的明确指导。该研究强调了学术阅读的情感负担，学生经常表达沮丧、焦虑和孤立感。该研究强调教育工作者需要通过应对这些挑战来更好地支持学生，使学术阅读更容易获得，不那么让人不知所措。该研究最后提出了创建更具包容性和支持性的教育环境的建议，这些环境考虑了学生在参与学术文本时面临的情感和实际困难。
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma: How Academic Ghostwriting Companies Neutralize Their Services in Chinese and English Markets"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感：学术代写公司如何在中英文市场中和他们的服务”*
This study examines the marketing strategies of academic ghostwriting companies in Chinese and English-speaking markets, focusing on how they neutralize the stigma associated with their services. Through content analysis of 102 ghostwriting websites, the study identifies five neutralization techniques, including denial of responsibility and condemnation of condemners. The findings suggest that these companies tailor their marketing strategies to the cultural contexts of their target markets, with significant differences between how services are presented in China versus English-speaking countries. The research highlights the ethical challenges posed by the ghostwriting industry and calls for further exploration into how these companies' strategies evolve in response to cultural and technological changes.
本研究考察了学术代笔公司在中文和英语市场的营销策略，重点关注他们如何消除与其服务相关的耻辱感。通过对 102 个代笔网站的内容分析，该研究确定了五种中和技术，包括否认责任和谴责谴责者。研究结果表明，这些公司根据目标市场的文化背景来调整其营销策略，而中国和英语国家的服务呈现方式存在显著差异。该研究强调了代笔行业带来的道德挑战，并呼吁进一步探索这些公司的战略如何随着文化和技术变化而发展。
---
### **1. Can We Begin by Summarising the Study?**
### **1.我们能否先总结一下这项研究？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
This study shows that academic reading is often perceived as a burdensome task by students, primarily due to the complexity of the material and the high expectations set by educators. We can see that these negative experiences are widespread among students and significantly impact their motivation and engagement. Overall, this study focuses on the emotional and practical difficulties of academic reading, providing evidence for the need for more supportive educational practices that align with students' capabilities and experiences
这项研究表明，学术阅读通常被学生视为一项繁重的任务，主要是由于材料的复杂性和教育工作者设定的高期望。我们可以看到，这些负面经历在学生中很普遍，并显着影响了他们的积极性和参与度。总体而言，本研究侧重于学术阅读的情感和实际困难，为需要更多符合学生能力和经验的支持性教育实践提供了证据
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma: How Academic Ghostwriting Companies Neutralize Their Services in Chinese and English Markets"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感：学术代写公司如何在中英文市场中和他们的服务”*
This study illustrates how academic ghostwriting companies manage the stigma associated with their services by employing various neutralization techniques. We can see that these companies tailor their marketing strategies to different cultural contexts, particularly between Chinese and English-speaking markets. Overall, this study provides evidence for the adaptability of the ghostwriting industry and highlights the ethical challenges it poses within the global academic community.
本研究说明了学术代笔公司如何通过采用各种中和技术来管理与其服务相关的耻辱感。我们可以看到，这些公司根据不同的文化背景定制他们的营销策略，特别是在中文和英语市场之间。总体而言，本研究为代笔行业的适应性提供了证据，并强调了它在全球学术界构成的道德挑战。
😫😫😫😫😫😫
### **2. How Does the Researcher Establish the Need for the Study?**
### **2.研究人员如何确定研究的必要性？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
I think the need for the study is established by the researcher through a detailed examination of the challenges that students face in engaging with academic reading. The researcher first highlights the importance of academic reading in higher education, noting that it is essential for academic success but often neglected in pedagogical practices.
我认为研究人员通过详细检查学生在参与学术阅读时面临的挑战来确定这项研究的必要性。研究人员首先强调了学术阅读在高等教育中的重要性，指出它对于学术成功至关重要，但在教学实践中经常被忽视。
(**Importance of the Topic:**)
（**话题的重要性：**）
**Supporting Evidence:**
**支持证据：**
- "Academic reading is key to academic success and, as such, is a fundamental part of most degree programmes" .(Afdal et al., 2022)."
- “学术阅读是学术成功的关键，因此，它是大多数学位课程的基本组成部分”。（Afdal et al.， 2022）。
Secondly, the researcher identifies a significant gap in the literature, pointing out that while there has been extensive research on academic writing, the specific experiences and challenges related to academic reading have not been equally explored. This gap is crucial as the ability to engage with academic texts is fundamental to students' academic performance and overall experience in higher education. (**Gap in the Literature:**)
其次，研究人员确定了文献中的一个重大差距，指出虽然对学术写作进行了广泛的研究，但与学术阅读相关的具体经验和挑战并没有得到同等的探索。这种差距至关重要，因为参与学术文本的能力对于学生的学习成绩和高等教育的整体体验至关重要。（**文献中的空白：**）
**Supporting Evidence:**
**支持证据：**
- "Experiential accounts of reading in Higher Education remain limited compared with other aspects of literacy, like writing" . (Baker et al., 2019)
- “与识字的其他方面（如写作）相比，高等教育中阅读的经验描述仍然有限” .（Baker et al.， 2019）
Next, the researcher discusses the misalignment between student reading practices and faculty expectations. This disconnect often results in students perceiving reading as a burdensome and frustrating task, which can negatively impact their motivation and engagement with their studies.
接下来，研究人员讨论了学生阅读习惯与教师期望之间的不一致。这种脱节通常会导致学生将阅读视为一项繁重且令人沮丧的任务，这可能会对他们的学习动力和参与度产生负面影响。
(**Misrepresentation or Misunderstanding:**)
（**失实陈述或误解：**）
**Supporting Evidence:**
**支持证据：**
- "Studies of academic reading in Higher Education have shown consistent discrepancies between student reading practices and faculty expectations" . (Baker et al., 2019; Howard et al., 2018)
- “对高等教育学术阅读的研究表明，学生的阅读习惯和教师的期望之间存在持续的差异。”（Baker等人，2019 年;Howard等人，2018 年）
Finally, the need for the study is demonstrated through the emphasis on improving educational practices. The researcher shows that understanding students' struggles with academic reading is essential for developing strategies that make reading more accessible and rewarding, ultimately leading to better educational outcomes.
最后，通过强调改进教育实践来证明研究的必要性。研究人员表明，了解学生在学术阅读方面的困难对于制定使阅读更容易获得和更有价值的策略至关重要，最终带来更好的教育成果。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Despite widespread acknowledgment that academic reading is essential for undergraduates’ academic success, reading still receives limited pedagogical attention in Higher Education contexts. There is a need, therefore, to develop (i) more robust understandings of students’ reading experiences and (ii) evidenced-based support for educators who seek to engage students with the readings they assign." .
- “尽管人们普遍认为学术阅读对本科生的学业成功至关重要，但在高等教育环境中，阅读仍然受到有限的教学关注。因此，有必要发展 （i） 对学生阅读体验的更有力理解，以及 （ii） 为寻求让学生参与他们分配的阅读的教育工作者提供循证支持。
Introduction and Literature Review**
引言和文献综述**
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
**Importance of the Topic:**
**主题的重要性：**
I think the need for the study is established by the researcher first through a discussion of the critical role that academic reading plays in higher education. The researcher emphasizes that academic reading is essential for students' academic success, yet it receives limited pedagogical attention. This highlights the importance of understanding and improving students' reading experiences to support their academic progress.
我认为研究的必要性是由研究人员首先通过讨论学术阅读在高等教育中发挥的关键作用来确定的。研究人员强调，学术阅读对于学生的学业成功至关重要，但它受到的教学关注有限。这凸显了理解和改善学生阅读体验以支持他们的学业进步的重要性。
**Supporting Evidence:**
**支持证据：**
- "Academic reading is key to academic success and, as such, is a fundamental part of most degree programmes" .(Afdal et al., 2022)."
- “学术阅读是学术成功的关键，因此，它是大多数学位课程的基本组成部分”。（Afdal et al.， 2022）。
**Gap in the Literature:**
**文献中的空白：**
Next, the researcher identifies a significant gap in the existing literature. While academic writing has been extensively studied, academic reading has not received the same level of focus. The researcher notes that there is limited understanding of students' reading experiences, which this study aims to address.
接下来，研究人员确定了现有文献中的一个重大差距。虽然学术写作已经被广泛研究，但学术阅读并没有得到同等程度的关注。研究人员指出，对学生阅读体验的了解有限，本研究旨在解决这一问题。
**Supporting Evidence:**
**支持证据：**
- "Experiential accounts of reading in Higher Education remain limited compared with other aspects of literacy, like writing" . (Baker et al., 2019)
- “与识字的其他方面（如写作）相比，高等教育中阅读的经验描述仍然有限” .（Baker et al.， 2019）
**Misrepresentation or Misunderstanding:**
**失实陈述或误解：**
Finally, the researcher discusses the common misalignment between student reading practices and faculty expectations. This misalignment often leads to a negative perception of academic reading among students, which is seen as a burdensome task rather than a valuable learning activity. Addressing this misunderstanding is crucial for improving student engagement with reading.
最后，研究人员讨论了学生阅读习惯与教师期望之间的常见错位。这种错位往往会导致学生对学术阅读产生负面看法，认为学术阅读是一项繁重的任务，而不是一项有价值的学习活动。消除这种误解对于提高学生对阅读的参与度至关重要。
**Supporting Evidence:**
**支持证据：**
- "Studies of academic reading in Higher Education have shown consistent discrepancies between student reading practices and faculty expectations" . (Baker et al., 2019; Howard et al., 2018)
- “对高等教育学术阅读的研究表明，学生的阅读习惯和教师的期望之间存在持续的差异。”（Baker等人，2019 年;Howard等人，2018 年）
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma: How Academic Ghostwriting Companies Neutralize Their Services in Chinese and English Markets"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感：学术代写公司如何在中英文市场中和他们的服务”*
I think the need for the study is established by the researcher by highlighting the increasing prevalence of academic ghostwriting services and the ethical challenges they present.
我认为研究人员通过强调学术代笔服务的日益普及及其带来的道德挑战，确立了这项研究的必要性。
First, the researcher emphasizes the global concerns about academic integrity and the rise of commercialized academic services, which necessitate a deeper understanding of how these services operate.
首先，研究人员强调了全球对学术诚信和商业化学术服务的兴起的担忧，这需要更深入地了解这些服务的运作方式。
(**Importance of the Topic**)
（**话题的重要性**）
原文出处: "The growing prevalence of academic ghostwriting services and the ethical challenges they present are crucial areas of concern in maintaining academic integrity."
原文出处： “学术代笔服务的日益普及及其带来的道德挑战是维护学术诚信的关键关注领域。”
Secondly, the researcher identifies a gap in the literature, particularly in the understanding of how ghostwriting services are marketed and perceived differently in various cultural and regulatory contexts. This gap is significant because it impacts how these services are regulated and the effectiveness of measures taken to uphold academic integrity.
其次，研究人员确定了文献中的差距，特别是在理解代笔服务在各种文化和监管背景下如何进行营销和以不同方式看待方面。这一差距很重要，因为它影响了这些服务的监管方式以及为维护学术诚信而采取的措施的有效性。
( **Gap in the Literature**)
（ **文献中的空白**）
原文出处: "The researcher highlights a gap in understanding how these services operate differently in various cultural and regulatory contexts, particularly in China and English-speaking countries."
原文出处： “研究人员强调了在理解这些服务在各种文化和监管背景下如何运作方面的差距，特别是在中国和英语国家。”
Next, the researcher addresses the common misrepresentation of ghostwriting services as simply a form of cheating, without recognizing the complex marketing strategies these companies use to legitimize their services. By exploring these strategies, the study aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the ghostwriting industry.
接下来，研究人员将代笔服务的常见错误陈述简单地解释为一种作弊形式，而没有认识到这些公司用来使其服务合法化的复杂营销策略。通过探索这些策略，该研究旨在提供对代笔行业的更细致的理解。
(**Misrepresentation or Misunderstanding:**)
（**失实陈述或误解：**）
**Supporting Evidence:**
**支持证据：**
- "These services are often labeled simply as cheating, without a nuanced understanding of how these services are marketed and justified by the companies themselves" .
- “这些服务通常被简单地贴上作弊的标签，而没有对这些服务是如何被公司自己营销和证明的有细致入微的理解。”
Finally, the need for the study is shown by the implications for educational policy and practice. The researcher demonstrates that addressing the ethical challenges posed by ghostwriting requires a comprehensive understanding of the cultural and market dynamics that sustain these practices, which this study seeks to provide.
最后，对教育政策和实践的影响表明了研究的必要性。研究人员表明，解决代笔带来的道德挑战需要全面了解维持这些做法的文化和市场动态，本研究旨在提供这一点。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "The growing prevalence of academic ghostwriting services and the ethical challenges they present are crucial areas of concern in maintaining academic integrity. The researcher highlights a gap in understanding how these services operate differently in various cultural and regulatory contexts, particularly in China and English-speaking countries." .
- “学术代笔服务的日益普及及其带来的道德挑战是维护学术诚信的关键关注领域。研究人员强调了在理解这些服务在各种文化和监管背景下如何以不同的方式运作方面存在差距，尤其是在中国和英语国家。
Introduction and Literature Review**
引言和文献综述**
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma: How Academic Ghostwriting Companies Neutralize Their Services in Chinese and English Markets"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感：学术代写公司如何在中英文市场中和他们的服务”*
- **Importance of the Topic**:
- **主题的重要性**：
The study emphasizes the importance of understanding the ethical implications and market strategies of academic ghostwriting services, particularly as these services become more prevalent globally.
该研究强调了了解学术代笔服务的道德影响和市场策略的重要性，尤其是在这些服务在全球范围内变得越来越普遍的情况下。
原文出处: "The growing prevalence of academic ghostwriting services and the ethical challenges they present are crucial areas of concern in maintaining academic integrity."
原文出处： “学术代笔服务的日益普及及其带来的道德挑战是维护学术诚信的关键关注领域。”
- **Gap in the Literature**:
- **文献中的空白**：
The researcher identifies a lack of comprehensive studies that examine how ghostwriting services operate differently across cultural contexts, particularly between Chinese and English-speaking markets.
研究人员发现，缺乏全面的研究来考察代笔服务在不同文化背景下的运作方式，特别是在中文和英语市场之间。
原文出处: "The researcher highlights a gap in understanding how these services operate differently in various cultural and regulatory contexts, particularly in China and English-speaking countries."
原文出处： “研究人员强调了在理解这些服务在各种文化和监管背景下如何运作方面的差距，特别是在中国和英语国家。”
**Misrepresentation or Misunderstanding:**
**失实陈述或误解：**
The study also addresses the common misrepresentation of ghostwriting services as merely a form of cheating. The researcher argues that these services are often misunderstood, and this study aims to provide a more nuanced understanding by examining the marketing strategies that ghostwriting companies use to neutralize the stigma associated with their services.
该研究还解决了将代笔服务普遍误述为仅是一种作弊形式的问题。研究人员认为，这些服务经常被误解，本研究旨在通过检查代笔公司用来消除与其服务相关的耻辱感的营销策略来提供更细致的理解。
**Supporting Evidence:**
**支持证据：**
- "These services are often labeled simply as cheating, without a nuanced understanding of how these services are marketed and justified by the companies themselves" .
- “这些服务通常被简单地贴上作弊的标签，而没有对这些服务是如何被公司自己营销和证明的有细致入微的理解。”
🥲🤣🙂🙂🥰🤨
### **3. Describe the Participants**
### **3.描述参与者**
Describe the participants. Who are they? What are their characteristics?
描述参与者。他们是谁？它们的特点是什么？
In your opinion, were they the right participants for the study? Were there enough of them to complete the study and generalise about the results?
在您看来，他们是这项研究的合适参与者吗？他们是否有足够的人来完成研究并概括结果？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
The participants were 30 undergraduate students enrolled in various social science disciplines at a research-intensive UK university. These students were in their second year of study, and they represented a diverse range of subjects, including Economics, Education, Law, Management, Politics, Sociology, Urban Studies, Geography, Journalism, and Research Methods. Of the participants, 13 identified as male, 16 as female, and one as non-binary. The majority of participants were White British, with others identifying as Chinese, Indian, Pakistani, Black African, or Nigerian.
参与者是 30 名在研究密集型英国大学就读各种社会科学学科的本科生。这些学生是二年级学生，他们代表了不同的学科，包括经济学、教育学、法律、管理学、政治学、社会学、城市研究、地理学、新闻学和研究方法。在参与者中，13 人为男性，16 人为女性，1 人为非二元性别。大多数参与者是英国白人，其他人则被认定为中国人、印度人、巴基斯坦人、非洲黑人或尼日利亚人。
**In my opinion, they were suitable participants for the study because** they provided a broad representation of students within the social sciences, which is critical for exploring a wide range of experiences and perspectives regarding academic reading. The inclusion of diverse disciplines and backgrounds helps to ensure that the findings are not limited to a single group or experience.
**在我看来，他们是这项研究的合适参与者，因为他们提供了社会科学领域学生的广泛代表，这对于探索有关学术阅读的广泛经验和观点至关重要。包含不同的学科和背景有助于确保调查结果不仅限于单个群体或经验。
**I think there were enough of them to complete the study and to generalise about the results because** the sample size, while modest, is appropriate for qualitative research. The focus on in-depth group interviews allows for rich data collection, which is sufficient to explore the nuances of students' academic reading experiences.
**我认为他们有足够的人来完成研究并概括结果，因为**样本量虽然适中，但适合定性研究。对深入小组访谈的关注允许收集丰富的数据，这足以探索学生学术阅读体验的细微差别。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "We recruited 30 undergraduate students in total spanning 10 disciplines: Economics [n = 3], Education [n = 3], Law [n = 3], Management [n = 4], Politics [n = 6], Sociology [n = 3], Urban Studies [n = 3], Geography [n = 2], Journalism [n = 2] and Research Methods [n = 1]... Of the 30 student participants, 13 identified as male, 16 identified as female, and one identified as non-binary" [oai_citation:2,学术阅读是一种勉强的行为.pdf](file-service://file-Vh3LzKn9rzL4I6uwwwgyI0h5).
- “我们总共招募了 30 名本科生，涵盖 10 个学科：经济学 [n = 3]、教育学 [n = 3]、法学 [n = 3]、管理 [n = 4]、政治学 [n = 6]、社会学 [n = 3]、城市研究 [n = 3]、地理学 [n = 2]、新闻学 [n = 2] 和研究方法 [n = 1]......在 30 名学生参与者中，13 名被认定为男性，16 名被认定为女性，1 名被认定为非二元性别“ [oai_citation：2，学术阅读是一种勉强的行为.pdf]（file-service：//file-Vh3LzKn9rzL4I6uwwwgyI0h5）。
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma: How Academic Ghostwriting Companies Neutralize Their Services in Chinese and English Markets"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感：学术代写公司如何在中英文市场中和他们的服务”*
This study did not involve human participants in the traditional sense. Instead, it focused on academic ghostwriting companies as the subjects of analysis. The research analyzed these companies' marketing strategies, particularly how they neutralize the stigma associated with ghostwriting across different cultural contexts.
这项研究不涉及传统意义上的人类参与者。相反，它专注于学术代笔公司作为分析对象。该研究分析了这些公司的营销策略，特别是它们如何消除在不同文化背景下与代笔相关的耻辱感。
**In my opinion, selecting ghostwriting companies as the "participants" was appropriate for the study because** the research aimed to understand the operations and ethical challenges of these companies, rather than individual behaviors. By focusing on the companies themselves, the study was able to explore the broader market dynamics and ethical considerations.
**在我看来，选择代笔公司作为“参与者”是适合这项研究的，因为**该研究旨在了解这些公司的运营和道德挑战，而不是个人行为。通过关注公司本身，该研究能够探索更广泛的市场动态和道德考虑。
**There were enough of them to complete the study and to generalise about the results because** the analysis included a comprehensive sample of ghostwriting companies operating in both Chinese and English-speaking markets. This broad scope allowed the researcher to identify patterns and differences across cultural contexts, providing a solid basis for generalization within the scope of the study.
**他们有足够的人来完成研究并概括结果，因为**该分析包括在中文和英语市场运营的代笔公司的全面样本。这种广泛的范围使研究人员能够识别不同文化背景的模式和差异，为研究范围内的概括提供了坚实的基础。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Our study centers around the marketing language used by academic ghostwriting sellers... We focus on academic ghostwriting sellers, analyzing how they use neutralization techniques in their marketing language to manage the stigma associated with their service"
- “我们的研究围绕学术代笔卖家使用的营销语言展开......我们专注于学术代笔卖家，分析他们如何在营销语言中使用中和技术来管理与其服务相关的耻辱感。
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### **4. Describe the Data Collection Procedures**
### **4.描述数据收集程序**
Describe the data collection procedures. In your opinion, would a different method be more appropriate to research this topic?
描述数据收集过程。在您看来，不同的方法是否更适合研究这个主题？
Take notes about the research procedure. What did it involve? Is it adequately described? Could you replicate the research using the information provided?
记下研究程序。它涉及什么？它是否得到了充分的描述？您能否使用提供的信息复制研究？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
The data collection procedures involved conducting remote group interviews with the participants using the Google Meets platform. The interviews were organized by discipline, with each session lasting approximately one hour. The researchers began each interview with an elicitation activity, where students reflected on their academic reading experiences and challenges. These reflections were typed onto a shared interactive whiteboard, which formed the basis for further discussion. The interviews were semi-structured, allowing for both guided questions and open-ended discussion.
数据收集程序包括使用 Google Meets 平台对参与者进行远程小组访谈。访谈按学科组织，每次访谈持续约一小时。研究人员在每次访谈开始时都会进行启发活动，让学生反思他们的学术阅读经历和挑战。这些反思被打在共享的交互式白板上，这构成了进一步讨论的基础。访谈是半结构化的，允许引导式问题和开放式讨论。
In my opinion, these data collection procedures were appropriate for the study. The use of group interviews enabled the researchers to capture a range of perspectives and allowed participants to engage in discussions that might reveal deeper insights into their experiences. A different method, such as individual interviews, might have provided more privacy but could have lacked the dynamic interaction that group settings offer.
在我看来，这些数据收集程序适合这项研究。小组访谈的使用使研究人员能够捕捉到一系列观点，并允许参与者参与讨论，这可能会揭示对他们经历的更深入见解。其他方法（例如个人访谈）可能提供了更多的隐私，但可能缺乏群组设置提供的动态交互。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Our group interviews were organised by discipline and conducted by the lead author... via the video-communication service Google Meets... Students then typed written reflections synchronously onto a shared interactive whiteboard... These comments formed the basis of an initial discussion, followed by a semi-structured group interview schedule"p844
- “我们的小组访谈是按学科组织的，由主要作者进行......通过视频通信服务 Google Meets...然后，学生将书面反思同步输入到共享的交互式白板上......这些评论构成了初步讨论的基础，然后是半结构化的小组访谈时间表“p844
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感”*
The data collection procedures in this study involved content analysis of marketing materials from academic ghostwriting websites targeting both English- and Chinese-speaking students. The researchers conducted a chi-square test to compare the use of neutralization techniques across different cultural contexts.
本研究中的数据收集程序涉及对针对英语和中文学生的学术代笔网站的营销材料进行内容分析。研究人员进行了卡方检验，以比较不同文化背景下中和技术的使用情况。
In my opinion, the method of analyzing marketing materials was suitable for this study because it allowed the researchers to systematically assess how ghostwriting companies manage their public image across different markets. While this method effectively captures corporate behavior, supplementing it with interviews or surveys of company representatives could have provided additional insights.
在我看来，分析营销材料的方法适合这项研究，因为它允许研究人员系统地评估代笔公司如何在不同市场管理其公众形象。虽然这种方法有效地捕捉了公司行为，但通过对公司代表的访谈或调查来补充它可能会提供额外的见解。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "We also conducted a content analysis of marketing materials from ghostwriting websites targeting English- and Chinese-speaking students and used chi-square tests to compare the utilization of these techniques"
- “我们还对针对英语和中文学生的代笔网站的营销材料进行了内容分析，并使用卡方检验来比较这些技术的使用情况”
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感”*
The research procedure involved analyzing the marketing strategies and communications of academic ghostwriting companies in Chinese and English markets. This analysis focused on how these companies frame their services and address the stigma associated with ghostwriting. The study used a qualitative approach, examining the content of marketing materials and online communications to understand the strategies employed by these companies.
研究过程包括分析学术代笔公司在中英文市场的营销策略和沟通。该分析的重点是这些公司如何构建他们的服务并解决与代笔相关的耻辱感。该研究使用定性方法，检查营销材料和在线通信的内容，以了解这些公司采用的策略。
原文出处: "The study did not involve direct human participants but instead focused on analyzing the practices and communications of these companies." (Page 1)
原文出处： “这项研究没有涉及直接的人类参与者，而是侧重于分析这些公司的做法和沟通。”（第 1 页）
---
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### **5. What Were the Main Results of the Study?**
### **5.这项研究的主要结果是什么？
What Are the Trends? What Information Does the Researcher Highlight?**
趋势是什么？研究人员突出显示哪些信息？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
The main results show that students experience academic reading as a burdensome and emotionally challenging task. The study identifies three primary themes: academic reading as a struggle, a chore, and pointless. Many students expressed difficulties with understanding academic jargon, managing the volume of assigned reading, and feeling demotivated or frustrated. These challenges often led students to perceive academic reading as an obligation rather than a meaningful or rewarding activity. The results highlight the need for more supportive educational practices that address these emotional and practical difficulties.
主要结果表明，学生将学术阅读视为一项繁重且在情感上具有挑战性的任务。该研究确定了三个主要主题：学术阅读是一项斗争、一件苦差事和毫无意义。许多学生表示在理解学术术语、管理指定阅读量以及感到沮丧或沮丧方面存在困难。这些挑战往往导致学生将学术阅读视为一种义务，而不是一项有意义或有益的活动。结果突出表明，需要更多的支持性教育实践来解决这些情感和实际困难。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Students’ accounts of reading were often emotively framed in terms of ‘struggle’. Meera, a Law student, described the process of ‘Googling each individual word and then trying to put a sentence together’"
- “学生们对阅读的描述往往是用'挣扎'来情绪化的。法学院学生 Meera 描述了'在谷歌上搜索每个单词，然后试图将一个句子放在一起'的过程。
- "These experiences were consistent with Kimberley & Thursby (2020)’s work, which found Higher Education students’ emotional reactions to reading could include ‘boredom’, ‘annoyance’ and ‘stress’" [
- “这些经历与Kimberley & Thursby （2020）的研究一致，该研究发现高等教育学生对阅读的情绪反应可能包括'无聊'、'烦恼'和'压力'”[
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma: How Academic Ghostwriting Companies Neutralize Their Services in Chinese and English Markets"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感：学术代写公司如何在中英文市场中和他们的服务”*
The main findings of this study demonstrate that academic ghostwriting companies utilize various neutralization techniques to manage the stigma associated with their services. The most frequently employed techniques include denial of victim, appeal to higher loyalties, condemnation of the condemners, and denial of responsibility. The study reveals significant differences in how these techniques are used in Chinese versus English-speaking markets, with companies tailoring their strategies to align with cultural norms and values. The results illustrate the adaptability of the ghostwriting industry in response to different cultural contexts.
本研究的主要发现表明，学术代笔公司利用各种中和技术来管理与其服务相关的耻辱感。最常用的技术包括否认受害者、呼吁更高的忠诚度、谴责谴责者和否认责任。该研究揭示了这些技术在中文市场和英语市场的使用方式存在显著差异，公司会调整其策略以符合文化规范和价值观。结果说明了代笔行业对不同文化背景的适应性。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "The most frequently used techniques, namely denial of victim, appeal to higher loyalties, condemn of the condemner, and denial of responsibility, were utilized significantly more often by ghostwriting companies than other techniques" .
- “最常用的技术，即否认受害者、诉诸更高的忠诚度、谴责谴责者和否认责任，被代笔公司使用的频率明显高于其他技术”。
- "Companies targeting English-speaking or Chinese-speaking students were also influenced by their distinct cultural contexts in managing their stigma"
- “针对说英语或中文的学生的公司在管理他们的污名化时也受到他们独特的文化背景的影响”
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
The study highlights several trends regarding students' academic reading experiences. One key trend is the emotional struggle students face when engaging with academic texts. The students frequently described reading as a "battle" or a "struggle," with significant challenges stemming from the complexity of academic language and the overwhelming volume of reading material. The study reveals that these struggles are often associated with negative emotions such as frustration, anxiety, and a sense of isolation. Another trend is the discrepancy between students' expectations and the realities of academic reading, which further exacerbates these negative experiences. The researcher emphasizes the importance of understanding these struggles to develop better educational practices that can make academic reading more accessible and less burdensome for students.
该研究强调了学生学术阅读体验的几个趋势。一个关键趋势是学生在接触学术文本时面临的情感挣扎。学生们经常将阅读描述为一场“战斗”或“斗争”，学术语言的复杂性和大量的阅读材料带来了重大挑战。研究表明，这些挣扎通常与沮丧、焦虑和孤立感等负面情绪有关。另一个趋势是学生的期望与学术阅读的现实之间存在差异，这进一步加剧了这些负面体验。研究人员强调了了解这些斗争的重要性，以发展更好的教育实践，使学术阅读更容易获得，减轻学生的负担。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Students’ accounts of reading were often emotively framed in terms of ‘struggle’... Accounts of feeling ‘annoyed’, ‘frustrated’ and ‘daunted’ by academic reading were widespread across our sample." .
- “学生们对阅读的描述经常被情绪化地描述为'挣扎'......对学术阅读感到'烦恼'、'沮丧'和'畏惧'的描述在我们的样本中普遍存在。
- "These experiences signalled an orientation towards reading that was both grudging and affected by the difficulty of working with academic texts." .
- “这些经历表明了对阅读的取向，这种取向既令人不情愿，又受到处理学术文本的困难的影响。”
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma: How Academic Ghostwriting Companies Neutralize Their Services in Chinese and English Markets"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感：学术代写公司如何在中英文市场中和他们的服务”*
The study identifies significant trends in how academic ghostwriting companies use neutralization techniques to manage the stigma associated with their services. One key trend is the reliance on techniques such as the denial of responsibility, condemnation of the condemners, and denial of victimhood. The research highlights that these techniques are used more frequently by companies targeting English-speaking students compared to those targeting Chinese-speaking students. The study underscores that cultural differences play a significant role in how these services are marketed and justified across different regions. The researcher points out that understanding these trends is crucial for addressing the ethical challenges posed by the ghostwriting industry.
该研究确定了学术代笔公司如何使用中和技术来管理与其服务相关的耻辱感的重要趋势。一个关键趋势是对否认责任、谴责谴责者和否认受害者等技术的依赖。该研究强调，与针对中文学生的公司相比，针对英语学生的公司更频繁地使用这些技术。该研究强调，文化差异在不同地区的营销和证明这些服务起着重要作用。研究人员指出，了解这些趋势对于解决代笔行业带来的道德挑战至关重要。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "The most frequently used techniques, namely denial of victim, appeal to higher loyalties, condemn of the condemner, and denial of responsibility, were utilized significantly more often by ghostwriting companies than other techniques." .
- “代笔公司使用最常用的技术，即否认受害者、诉诸更高的忠诚度、谴责谴责者和否认责任，比其他技术更频繁地使用。”
- "Companies targeting English-speaking or Chinese-speaking students were also influenced by their distinct cultural contexts in managing their stigma." .
- “针对说英语或中文的学生的公司在管理他们的耻辱感时也受到他们独特的文化背景的影响。”
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### **6. How Does the Researcher Explain the Results? Do the Researchers’ Findings Confirm or Contradict Trends in the Literature?**
### **6.研究人员如何解释结果？研究人员的发现是证实还是反驳文献中的趋势？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
The discussion in this study explains the results by emphasizing the emotional and psychological challenges students face when engaging with academic reading. The researcher argues that the negative emotions associated with reading, such as frustration and anxiety, are directly linked to the complexity of academic texts and the pressures of higher education. These findings are consistent with existing literature that highlights the difficulties students face with academic reading and the importance of supporting students' reading skills to improve their overall academic experience. The study confirms trends in the literature that suggest academic reading is a source of stress for many students and that more needs to be done to align faculty expectations with student capabilities.
本研究中的讨论通过强调学生在参与学术阅读时面临的情感和心理挑战来解释结果。研究人员认为，与阅读相关的负面情绪，如沮丧和焦虑，与学术文本的复杂性和高等教育的压力直接相关。这些发现与现有文献一致，这些文献强调了学生在学术阅读方面面临的困难以及支持学生阅读技能以改善其整体学术体验的重要性。该研究证实了文献中的趋势，即学术阅读是许多学生的压力来源，需要做更多工作来使教师的期望与学生的能力保持一致。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "These experiences were consistent with Kimberley & Thursby (2020)’s work, which found Higher Education students’ emotional reactions to reading could include ‘boredom’, ‘annoyance’ and ‘stress’." .
- “这些经历与Kimberley & Thursby （2020）的研究一致，该研究发现高等教育学生对阅读的情绪反应可能包括'无聊'、'烦恼'和'压力'。”
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感”*
In the discussion, the researcher explains that the ghostwriting industry adapts its moral discourse based on the cultural context, which helps to neutralize the stigma associated with their services. The findings reveal that companies catering to different cultural markets use distinct strategies to justify their services, reflecting broader cultural attitudes towards education and responsibility. The study’s findings both confirm and expand upon previous research in the field, which often overlooks the nuanced ways in which ghostwriting companies operate across different regions. The researcher highlights that while earlier studies have focused primarily on the student perspective, this study shifts the focus to the ghostwriting companies themselves, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the industry.
在讨论中，研究人员解释说，代笔行业根据文化背景调整其道德话语，这有助于消除与其服务相关的耻辱感。研究结果表明，迎合不同文化市场的公司使用不同的策略来证明其服务的合理性，反映了对教育和责任的更广泛的文化态度。该研究的结果既证实又扩展了该领域以前的研究，这些研究经常忽视代笔公司在不同地区的微妙运作方式。研究人员强调，虽然早期的研究主要集中在学生的观点上，但这项研究将重点转移到代笔公司本身，从而提供了对该行业的更全面理解。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "This contradicts established research that often suggests new technologies may reduce instances of ghostwriting... Instead, we will observe more sophisticated moral discourse surrounding these behaviors from the perspectives of consumers and producers." .
- “这与既定的研究相矛盾，这些研究通常表明新技术可能会减少代笔的情况......相反，我们将从消费者和生产者的角度观察围绕这些行为的更复杂的道德话语。
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### **7. What Were the Researcher’s Conclusions?**
### **7.研究人员的结论是什么？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
The main conclusion of this study is that academic reading is often experienced as a burdensome and emotionally challenging task for students, primarily due to the complexity of academic texts and the pressures of higher education. The researcher recommends that educators should take these challenges seriously and implement strategies to make academic reading more accessible and less overwhelming for students. This includes providing clearer guidance on what and how to read, as well as creating spaces for students to discuss their reading experiences openly.
本研究的主要结论是，学术阅读对学生来说通常是一项繁重且在情感上具有挑战性的任务，这主要是由于学术文本的复杂性和高等教育的压力。研究人员建议教育工作者应该认真对待这些挑战，并实施策略，使学术阅读更容易获得，对学生来说不那么压倒性。这包括就阅读内容和方式提供更清晰的指导，以及为学生创造公开讨论阅读体验的空间。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "The recommendations that we have offered in this article... are also likely to support students in a way that is universal and conducive to creating more equitable and inclusive learning environments." .
- “我们在本文中提供的建议......也可能以一种普遍且有利于创造更公平和包容的学习环境的方式支持学生。
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感”*
The researchers concluded that academic ghostwriting companies successfully manage the stigma associated with their services by tailoring their moral discourses to fit different cultural contexts. The study emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of how these companies operate across various markets and how their strategies evolve in response to cultural and technological changes. The findings call for continued research to address the ethical challenges posed by the ghostwriting industry. Additionally, the study suggests that addressing the ethical challenges of ghostwriting requires a deeper understanding of the cultural and market dynamics that sustain these practices.
研究人员得出结论，学术代笔公司通过调整其道德话语以适应不同的文化背景，成功地管理了与其服务相关的耻辱感。该研究强调需要更深入地了解这些公司如何在各个市场运营，以及他们的战略如何随着文化和技术变化而发展。这些发现呼吁继续研究，以解决代笔行业带来的道德挑战。此外，该研究表明，解决代笔的道德挑战需要更深入地了解维持这些做法的文化和市场动态。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Our study differs from existing research, which has typically focused on the ‘buyer’ side of contract cheating, by examining academic ghostwriting sellers as the main subject"
- “我们的研究与现有的研究不同，现有的研究通常集中在合同作弊的'买方'方面，以学术代笔卖家为主要主题。”
- "This study makes a few theoretical and methodological contributions to the literature on academic ghostwriting... Further research can explore how students from different cultural backgrounds perceive and respond to these marketing materials." .
- “这项研究对学术代笔的文献做出了一些理论和方法论上的贡献......进一步的研究可以探索来自不同文化背景的学生如何看待和回应这些营销材料。
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### **8. What Were the Areas for Future Research?**
### **8.未来研究的领域是什么？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
Yes, the writer identifies several areas for future research. These include exploring the interrelationship between reading and writing in higher education, applying the sociology of "grudgingness" to other aspects of academic life, and piloting the educational strategies recommended in the study to assess their impact on students' reading experiences.
是的，作者确定了未来研究的几个领域。这些措施包括探索高等教育中阅读和写作之间的相互关系，将“勉强”的社会学应用于学术生活的其他方面，以及试行研究中推荐的教育策略，以评估它们对学生阅读体验的影响。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Future research might apply Bottero (2022)’s sociology of grudgingness to other aspects of Higher Education contexts. It might also extend our work by focusing on the interrelationship between reading and writing... or by piloting some of the suggestions we have offered." .
- “未来的研究可能会将 Bottero （2022） 的勉强社会学应用于高等教育环境的其他方面。它还可能通过关注阅读和写作之间的相互关系来扩展我们的工作......或者通过试行我们提供的一些建议。
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感”*
The researcher suggests that future research should focus on how new technologies, such as AI and plagiarism detection software, will influence the moral discourse surrounding academic ghostwriting. Additionally, further studies could examine how different cultural backgrounds influence students’ perceptions and responses to the marketing strategies of ghostwriting companies.
研究人员建议，未来的研究应该集中在人工智能和剽窃检测软件等新技术将如何影响围绕学术代笔的道德话语。此外，进一步的研究可以检查不同的文化背景如何影响学生对代笔公司营销策略的看法和反应。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Further research can explore how students from different cultural backgrounds perceive and respond to these marketing materials... As markets and technologies evolve, new moral discourses will shape our understanding of academic ghostwriting." .
- “进一步的研究可以探索来自不同文化背景的学生如何看待和回应这些营销材料......随着市场和技术的发展，新的道德话语将塑造我们对学术代笔的理解。
😬😧😑🤥🤭😑😴😴😵💫
### **9. What Were the Limitations?**
### **9.有哪些限制？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
The researcher acknowledges some limitations of the study, including the fact that it focused on a specific group of students (social science undergraduates) at a single UK university. This limits the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the study’s reliance on self-reported data through group interviews may have introduced bias, as students might have been influenced by their peers during discussions.
研究人员承认该研究存在一些局限性，包括它侧重于英国一所大学的特定学生群体（社会科学本科生）。这限制了研究结果的普遍性。此外，该研究对通过小组访谈自我报告的数据的依赖可能引入了偏见，因为学生在讨论过程中可能受到同龄人的影响。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "The sample was limited to social science undergraduates at a single institution, which may limit the generalizability of the findings." .
- “样本仅限于单个机构的社会科学本科生，这可能会限制研究结果的普遍性。”
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感”*
The researcher discusses the limitations of focusing primarily on the marketing language of ghostwriting companies, which might not fully capture the complex dynamics of the industry. The study also acknowledges the challenge of interpreting cross-cultural differences based on the content analysis of marketing materials alone, suggesting that further research is needed to validate these findings through other methods.
研究人员讨论了主要关注代笔公司的营销语言的局限性，这些语言可能无法完全捕捉到该行业的复杂动态。该研究还承认，仅根据营销材料的内容分析来解释跨文化差异存在挑战，这表明需要进一步的研究来通过其他方法验证这些发现。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "This study... centers around the marketing language used by academic ghostwriting sellers... which might not fully capture the complex dynamics of the industry." .
- “这项研究......以学术代笔卖家使用的营销语言为中心......这可能无法完全捕捉到该行业的复杂动态。
😑😑😑🫤😴😵💫😵💫😵💫🤐😴
### **10. How Could This Study Be Completed Differently? How Could It Be Improved?**
### **10.如何以不同的方式完成这项研究？如何改进？
#### *Study 1: "Academic Reading as a Grudging Act"*
#### *研究 1： “学术阅读是一种勉强的行为”*
This study could be completed differently by broadening the scope of participants beyond social science undergraduates from a single UK university. Including students from various disciplines and multiple universities, both within the UK and internationally, would provide a more diverse range of experiences and make the findings more generalizable.
通过将参与者的范围扩大到来自英国一所大学的社会科学本科生之外，可以以不同的方式完成这项研究。包括来自英国和国际上不同学科和多所大学的学生，将提供更多样化的经验，并使研究结果更具普遍性。
It could be improved by integrating longitudinal elements into the research design, which would allow the study to track changes in students' reading attitudes and behaviors over time. Additionally, employing mixed methods, such as combining qualitative interviews with quantitative surveys, could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing students' academic reading experiences.
它可以通过将纵向元素整合到研究设计中来改进，这将使研究能够跟踪学生阅读态度和行为随时间的变化。此外，采用混合方法，例如将定性访谈与定量调查相结合，可以更全面地了解影响学生学术阅读体验的因素。
Another way of doing this study would involve conducting individual interviews instead of group interviews. This approach might reduce peer influence during discussions, allowing for more candid and varied responses. Furthermore, using digital ethnography, where students' interactions with reading materials are observed in real-time through online platforms, could offer deeper insights into their reading practices and challenges.
进行这项研究的另一种方式是进行个人访谈而不是小组访谈。这种方法可能会减少讨论期间的同伴影响，从而允许更坦率和多样化的回应。此外，使用数字民族志，通过在线平台实时观察学生与阅读材料的互动，可以更深入地了解他们的阅读实践和挑战。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "The recommendations that we have offered in this article are not exhaustive... However, the students in our sample were clear that moderating, contextualizing and justifying the reading that educators assign would support their engagement with reading and make reading feel less ‘grudging’ and more rewarding/accessible"
- “我们在本文中提供的建议并不详尽......然而，我们样本中的学生很清楚，对教育工作者分配的阅读进行审核、情境化和合理化将支持他们对阅读的参与，并使阅读感觉不那么'勉强'，更有意义/更容易获得。
#### *Study 2: "Overcoming Stigma: How Academic Ghostwriting Companies Neutralize Their Services in Chinese and English Markets"*
#### *研究 2： “克服耻辱感：学术代写公司如何在中英文市场中和他们的服务”*
This study could be completed differently by incorporating direct interviews with representatives from academic ghostwriting companies. This approach would allow for a deeper exploration of the ethical considerations and motivations behind their marketing strategies.
通过对学术代笔公司代表的直接采访，可以以不同的方式完成这项研究。这种方法将允许更深入地探索其营销策略背后的道德考虑和动机。
It could be improved by expanding the analysis to include social media platforms, where ghostwriting services are often advertised subtly. This would provide a more comprehensive understanding of how these services reach potential clients in different cultural contexts.
可以通过将分析范围扩大到包括社交媒体平台来改进它，在这些平台上，代笔服务经常被巧妙地宣传。这将提供更全面的了解这些服务如何接触不同文化背景下的潜在客户。
Another way of doing this study would involve including perspectives from students who have used ghostwriting services. Understanding their motivations and experiences would offer valuable insights into the demand side of the industry. Additionally, using a comparative approach that examines similar services in other regions, such as the Middle East or Africa, could reveal different strategies and challenges faced by ghostwriting companies in varying cultural contexts.
进行这项研究的另一种方式是包括使用过代笔服务的学生的观点。了解他们的动机和经验将为了解行业的需求侧提供有价值的见解。此外，使用比较方法来检查其他地区（例如中东或非洲）的类似服务，可以揭示代笔公司在不同文化背景下面临的不同策略和挑战。
**Supporting Evidence**:
**支持证据**：
- "Further research can explore how students from different cultural backgrounds perceive and respond to these marketing materials... As markets and technologies evolve, new moral discourses will shape our understanding of academic ghostwriting"
- “进一步的研究可以探索来自不同文化背景的学生如何看待和回应这些营销材料......随着市场和技术的发展，新的道德话语将塑造我们对学术代笔的理解。