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$A_{k} = [\begin{matrix} x_{11} (t_{k}) & … & x_{1m} (t_{k}) \\ ⋮ & ⋮ \\ x_{n1} (t_{k}) & … & x_{nm} (t_{k}) \end{matrix}]$

若限定 $w^{T} w =1$ ，当取 $w$ 为矩阵 $H$ 的最大特征值对应的特征向量时， $σ^{2}$ 取最大值。习惯上，我们希望 $w > 0$ ，为了得到权重系数，可求解以下规划问题，即选择 $w$ ，使得
w alked="862c287d-8045-4fec-a757-47944d2ccbd1" style="font-family: "Times Ne $w$ Roman";">If limited $w^{} w =1$ , when takingw as the matrix $H$ ’s maximum eigenvalue corresponding to the eigenvector, $σ^{}$ take the maximum value. Conventionally, we hope $w > 0$ , in order to obtain the weight coefficients, we can solve the following planning problem, that is, to choosew, so that

$max w^{T} Hw$

$s.t. ‖ w ‖$ =1

$w > 0$

理解了纵横向拉开档次法的计算原理，利用该方法开展评价的完整步骤如下：
Understanding the calculation principle of the vertical and horizontal tiered method, the complete steps for conducting evaluations using this method are as follows:

（1）指标一致化处理。为了定性地判定综合评价函数的取值为越大越好，所有指标需要做类型一致化处理，将极小型指标转换为极大型指标。本文选择的转换公式为：
(1) Consistency processing of indicators. In order to qualitatively determine that a larger value of the comprehensive evaluation function is better, all indicators need to undergo type consistency processing, converting extremely small indicators into extremely large indicators. The conversion formula chosen in this paper is:

$x^{*} =M-x$

指标无量纲化处理。为了避免指标之间因为各自量纲及量级不同而存在的不可公度性，本文采用极值处理法对评价指标做无量纲化处理。对于极大型指标，处理方式为：
Dimensionality reduction of indicators. To avoid the incommensurability caused by the different dimensions and magnitudes of the indicators, this paper employs an extreme value processing method for the dimensionality reduction of evaluation indicators. For extremely large indicators, the processing method is:

$= \frac{x_{ij} - m_{j}}{M_{j} - m_{j}}$

式中， $M_{j} = {max}_{j} {x_{ij}}$ ， $m_{j} = {min}_{j} {x_{ij}}$ 。
In the formula, $M_{} = {max}_{} {x_{}}$ , $m_{} = {min}_{} {x_{}}$ .

（3）求取权重系数。利用前文所述纵横向拉开档次法求取权重系数，并进行归一化处理。得到
(3) Calculate the weight coefficient. Use the method of expanding levels mentioned earlier to obtain the weight coefficient and perform normalization. The result is

$w= {(w_{1} ， w_{2} ， ... ， w_{m})}^{T}$

（4）线性加权得到综合评价值。根据综合评价函数
(4) The comprehensive evaluation value is obtained through linear weighting. According to the comprehensive evaluation function

$y_{i} (t_{k}) = \sum_{j=1}^{m} w_{j} x_{ij} (t_{k})$

得到所有被评价对象在不同时间的评价结果。
Obtain the evaluation results of all evaluated subjects at different times.

7.2测度结果及分析
7.2Measurement Results and Analysis

本文利用Matlab软件求解纵横向拉开档次法的规划问题，得到25个指标的权重（见表7-1），根据步骤（4）计算得到重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数（见表7-5）。
This article usesMatlabsoftware to solve the planning problem of the longitudinal and lateral spacing method, obtaining25indicator weights (see Table7-1), and calculates the development index of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing (see Table7-5).

表7-5 重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数（2017—2021年）
Table7-5 ChongqingAgriculturalRural Collective Economic Organization Development Index (2017—2021Year)

区县 DistrictCounty	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	年均值 Annual average	年均增长率 Annual average growth rate
全市均值 Citywide average	0.509	0.512	0.553	0.615	0.608	0.559	4.57%
万州区 Wanzhou District	0.530	0.512	0.567	0.666	0.680	0.591	6.44%
黔江区 Qianjiang District	0.498	0.502	0.580	0.652	0.647	0.576	6.78%
涪陵区 Fuling District	0.511	0.519	0.555	0.599	0.610	0.559	4.55%
大渡口区 Dawukou District	0.413	0.409	0.412	0.506	0.571	0.462	8.45%
江北区 Jiangbei District	0.482	0.438	0.456	0.581	0.548	0.501	3.26%
沙坪坝区 Shapingba District	0.490	0.430	0.441	0.517	0.551	0.486	3.00%
九龙坡区 Jiulongpo District	0.552	0.546	0.548	0.544	0.513	0.541	—1.82%
南岸区 Nanshan District	0.487	0.496	0.517	0.535	0.562	0.519	3.64%
北碚区 Beibei District	0.493	0.492	0.499	0.599	0.613	0.539	5.61%
渝北区 Yubei District	0.453	0.441	0.578	0.651	0.614	0.548	7.88%
巴南区 Banan District	0.485	0.578	0.577	0.584	0.585	0.562	4.81%
长寿区 Changshou District	0.539	0.546	0.602	0.606	0.598	0.578	2.62%
江津区 Jiangjin District	0.494	0.432	0.550	0.628	0.576	0.536	3.92%
合川区 Hechuan District	0.516	0.575	0.605	0.649	0.611	0.591	4.31%
永川区 Yongchuan District	0.580	0.611	0.597	0.636	0.620	0.609	1.67%
南川区 Nanchuan District	0.584	0.580	0.544	0.630	0.626	0.593	1.76%
綦江区 Qijiang District	0.491	0.499	0.597	0.632	0.627	0.569	6.30%
大足区 Dazu District	0.463	0.500	0.517	0.642	0.617	0.548	7.45%
璧山区 Bishan District	0.578	0.587	0.672	0.681	0.666	0.637	3.62%
铜梁区 Tongliang District	0.587	0.592	0.647	0.633	0.648	0.622	2.50%
潼南区 Tongnan District	0.547	0.546	0.574	0.608	0.642	0.583	4.09%
荣昌区 Rongchang District	0.562	0.530	0.585	0.651	0.638	0.593	3.19%
开州区 Kaizhou District	0.436	0.429	0.552	0.561	0.551	0.506	6.04%
梁平区 Liangping District	0.579	0.585	0.596	0.624	0.621	0.601	1.78%
武隆区 Wulong District	0.523	0.516	0.564	0.605	0.595	0.560	3.26%
城口县 Chengkou County	0.461	0.467	0.631	0.688	0.667	0.583	9.67%
丰都县 Fengdu County	0.493	0.496	0.609	0.655	0.658	0.582	7.47%
垫江县 Dianjiang County	0.498	0.496	0.477	0.589	0.599	0.532	4.71%
忠县 ZhongCounty	0.488	0.454	0.465	0.620	0.590	0.523	4.89%
云阳县 Yunyang County	0.537	0.567	0.578	0.680	0.659	0.604	5.29%
奉节县 Fengjie County	0.513	0.518	0.594	0.622	0.572	0.564	2.76%
巫山县 Wushan County	0.499	0.496	0.495	0.593	0.622	0.541	5.65%
巫溪县 Wuxi County	0.477	0.476	0.508	0.592	0.577	0.526	4.87%
石柱县 Shizhu County	0.527	0.524	0.623	0.640	0.628	0.589	4.46%
秀山县 Xiushan County	0.556	0.587	0.576	0.644	0.602	0.593	1.99%
酉阳县 Youyang County	0.511	0.557	0.519	0.604	0.635	0.565	5.57%
彭水县 Pengshui County	0.437	0.459	0.509	0.587	0.590	0.517	7.80%
万盛经开区 Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone	0.467	0.453	0.478	0.630	0.592	0.524	6.13%
最大值 Maximum value	0.587	0.611	0.672	0.688	0.680	0.637	—
最小值 Minimum value	0.413	0.409	0.412	0.506	0.513	0.462	—

7.2.1重庆市农村集体经济组织发展整体水平
7.2.1Chongqing City Rural Collective Economic Organization Development Overall Level

（1）重庆市农村集体经济组织发展全市水平
(1)Chongqing CityAgriculturalDevelopment of Rural Collective Economic Organizations at the City Level

重庆市农村集体经济组织发展水平显著提升。2017—2021年，重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数从0.509提升到0.608；发展指数增速较快，2018—2020年3年增长率分别达到0.53%、8%、11.29%，2021年发展略有减速（见表7-6）。从5年均值来看，38个涉农区县中有21个区县发展指数超过全市平均水平；有19个区县指数的年均增长率超过全市平均水平，排在前3位的依次是城口县、大渡口区、渝北区，排在后3位的依次是南川区、永川区、九龙坡区（见图7-1）。
Chongqingruralcollective economic organizations have significantly improved their development level.From 2017 to 2021in Chongqingruralcollective economic organization development index increased from0.509to0.608; the growth rate of the development index was relatively fast,with the growth rates for the years2018—2020being0.53%,8%,11.29%,and the development slightly slowed down in 2021 (see table7-6).Fromthe average over 5 years,21of the 38 agricultural-related districts and counties had development indices exceeding the city average;19counties had annual average growth rates exceeding the city average, with the top3being Chengkou County, Dadukou District, and Yubei District, and the bottom3being Nanchuan District, Yongchuan District, and Jiulongpo District (see figure7-1).

图7-1 区县农村集体经济组织发展平均水平及年均增长率
Figure7-1 CountyRuralCollective Economic Organization Development Average Level and Annual Growth Rate

重庆市各区县农村集体经济组织发展指数的整体差距在时间上表现为“先扩大、再缩小”的特点（见图7-2）。各区县发展指数在0.4—0.7之间，2019年整体差距最大，最大、最小值之差达到0.26，2017年和2021年的差值均是0.17。
The overall gap in the development index of ruralcollective economic organizations in various districts and counties of Chongqing is manifested over time as“first expanding, then narrowing”characteristics(see Figure7-2). The development index of each district and county is between0.4—0.7, with the overall gap being the largest in 2019, where the difference between the maximum and minimum values reached0.26, and the differences in 2017 and 2021 were both0.17.

图7-2 重庆市农村集体经济组织发展平均水平（2017—2021年）
Figure7-2 Average Level of Development of Rural Collective Economic Organizations in Chongqing (2017—2021 Year)

整体来看，2017年以来重庆市推进实施农村产权制度改革，逐步拓展“三变”改革试点，加速了农村集体经济组织的发展壮大。比较2017年和2021年的发展结果，重庆市在不扩大差距范围的情况下，实现了农村集体经济组织发展水平的整体提升。
Overall,since 2017Chongqing has been promoting and implementing rural property rights system reform, gradually expanding“the three transformations”reform pilot, accelerating the development and growth of rural collective economic organizations. Comparing2017and2021results, Chongqing has achieved an overall improvement in the development level of rural collective economic organizations without widening the gap.

（2）重庆市农村集体经济组织发展区域水平
(2)Chongqing CityAgriculturalRural Collective Economic Organization Development Regional Level

①区域发展指数差距
①Regional Development Index Disparity

三峡库区农村集体经济组织发展指数低于非库区。如图7-3所示，2017—2021年间，三峡库区农村集体经济组织发展指数持续低于非库区，且持续低于全市平均水平，2018年差距最大，达到0.045，之后差距逐渐缩小至2021年的0.032。但是，三峡库区农村集体经济组织发展指数的年均增长率有4.60%，高于全市平均水平（4.57%）和非库区（4.54%）。所以，可以认为三峡库区正以微弱的增速优势缓慢地实施着农村集体经济组织发展赶超战略，这个过程中不断提升了自身发展水平，但任重道远。
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area rural collective economic organization development index is lower than that of non-reservoir areas. As shown in Figure 7-3, from 2017 to 2021, the development index of rural collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has consistently been lower than that of non-reservoir areas, and has remained below the citywide average level. In 2018, the gap was the largest, reaching 0.045, and then the gap gradually narrowed to 0.032 in 2021. However, the annual average growth rate of the development index of rural collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is 4.60%, higher than the citywide average ( 4.57%) and that of non-reservoir areas ( 4.54%). Therefore, it can be said that the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is slowly implementing a rural collective economic organization development catch-up strategy with a slight growth advantage, continuously improving its own development level in the process, but there is still a long way to go.

图7-3 不同区域农村集体经济组织发展水平（2017—2021年）
Figure7-3 Development levels of rural collective economic organizations in different regions (2017—2021years)

②发展指数的区域差异及结构分解
②Regional differences and structural decomposition of the development index

为了进一步深入分析重庆市农村集体经济组织发展的区域差异，本文借鉴聂长飞、简新华（2020）^[10]的做法，运用泰尔指数将重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数的总体差异分解为组内差异和组间差异，并计算不同差异对总体差异的贡献程度。差异计算公式如下：
In order to further analyze the regional differences in the development of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing, this article draws on the approach of Nie Changfei and Jian Xinhua (2020）^[10] by using the Theil index to decompose the overall difference in the development index of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing into intra-group differences and inter-group differences, and calculates the contribution of different differences to the overall difference. The formula for calculating the differences is as follows:

$T$ 表示重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数的泰尔指数，取值 $[0,1]$ ，有
$T$ indicates the development index of rural collective economic organizations in ChongqingTailindex, with a value of $[0,1]$ , there is

$T= \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} (\frac{y_{i}}{} × ln \frac{y_{i}}{})$

$i$ 表示区县， $n=38$ 表示区县总数， $y_{i}$ 表示 $i$ 区县农村集体经济组织发展指数，表示重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数均值。
$i$ i mmersive-translate-walked="862c287d-8045-4fec-a757-47944d2ccbd1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">represents districts and counties, $n=38$ represents the total number of districts and counties, $y_{}$ representsidistricts and countiesrural collective economicorganization development index,representsChongqingrural collective economic organization development index average.

$T_{p} （ p=1,2 ）$ 表示不同区域农村集体经济组织发展指数的泰尔指数，有
$T_{} （ p=1,2 ）$ indicates different regionsthe development index of rural collective economic organizationsThiel index, there are

$T_{p} = \frac{1}{n_{p}} \sum_{i=1}^{n_{p}} (\frac{y_{pi}}{} × ln \frac{y_{pi}}{})$

$n_{p}$ 表示区域内区县总数，三峡库区、非库区分别为21、17。
$n_{}$ Indicates the total number of districts within the area for the Three Gorges Reservoir area and non-reservoir area are21 and 17.

重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数的泰尔指数可进一步分解为区域内差异泰尔指数 $T_{w}$ 和区域间差异泰尔指数 $T_{b}$ ，有
Chongqing Cityrural collective economic organization development indexcan be further decomposed into the within-region disparity Theil index $T_{}$ and the between-region disparity Theil index $T_{}$ , there is

$T= T_{w} + T_{b} = \sum_{p=1}^{2} (\frac{n_{p}}{n} × \frac{}{} × T_{p}) + \sum_{p=1}^{2} (\frac{n_{p}}{n} × \frac{}{} × ln \frac{}{})$

进一步定义 $T_{w} /T 、 T_{b} /T$ 为区域内和区域间差异对总体差异的贡献率；定义 $(y_{p} /y) × (T_{p} /T)$ 为区域内差异中各区域对总体差异的贡献率，其中 $y_{p} 、 y$ 分别表示区域和全市各区县农村集体经济组织发展指数之和。
Further definition $T_{} /T 、 T_{} /T$ as the contribution rate of intra-regional and inter-regional differences to the overall difference; definition $(y_{} /y) × (T_{} /T)$ as the contribution rate of each region to the overall difference within intra-regional differences, where $y_{} 、 y$ represents the regions and all districts and counties in the citythe sum of the development index of rural collective economic organizations.

按照上述公式，可计算得到重庆市农村集体经济组织发展差异的分解情况，如表7-7所示。
According to the above formula, it can be calculated thatChongqingruralcollective economic organization development differences decomposition situation, as shown in table7-7.

重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数总体差异“先扩大、再缩小”。2019年总体差异最大，泰尔指数为0.0057，这与前文的分析结论一致。2021年发展指数总体差异在5年中最小，泰尔指数为0.0019，明显低于2019年的0.0036，说明重庆各区县集体经济组织在发展的同时，差异在缩小，凸显共同进步的良性发展态势。
ChongqingAgriculturalRural Collective Economic Organization Development Index Overall Differences“First Expand, Then Contract”.In2019the overall difference was the largest, with a Theil index of0.0057, which is consistent with the previous analysis conclusions.In2021the overall difference in the development index was the smallest in5years, with a Theil index of0.0019, significantly lower than2019's0.0036, indicating that while the collective economic organizations in various districts and counties of Chongqing are developing, the differences are narrowing, highlighting a positive development trend of common progress.

表7-6 重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数差异分解
Table7-6 ChongqingRuralCollective Economic Organization Development Index Difference Decomposition

年份 Year	总体差异 Overall difference T	区域内差异 Regional differences			区域间差异 Regional differences T_b
年份 Year	总体差异 Overall difference T			区域内总体T_w Overall in the areaT_w	区域间差异 Regional differences T_b	非库区T_p Non-reservoir areaT_p	三峡库区T_p Three Gorges Reservoir AreaT_p
2017	0.0036	0.0033	0.0044	0.0023	0.0004
		（89.64%） (89.64%)	（55.78%） (55.78%)	（33.85%） (33.85%)	（10.36%） (10.36%)
2018	0.0056	0.0046	0.0045	0.0047	0.0010
		（82.54%） (82.54%)	（37.71%） (37.71%)	（44.84%） (44.84%)	（17.46%） (17.46%)
2019	0.0057	0.0053	0.0046	0.0058	0.0004
		（92.18%） (92.18%)	（37.46%） (37.46%)	（54.73%） (54.73%)	（7.82%） (7.82%)
2020	0.0024	0.0020	0.0009	0.0030	0.0004
		（83.64%） (83.64%)	（16.89%） (16.89%)	（66.76%） (66.76%)	（16.36%） (16.36%)
2021	0.0019	0.0015	0.0007	0.0023	0.0003
		（81.46%） (81.46%)	（16.10%） (16.10%)	（65.37%） (65.37%)	（18.54%） (18.54%)

注：括号内容为各部分差异对总体差异的贡献率。
Note: The content in parentheses indicates the contribution rate of each part to the overall difference.

重庆市农村集体经济组织区域内差异是总体差异的主要来源。从对总体差异的贡献率来看，区域间差异的贡献率从未超过20%，区域内差异的贡献率在80%以上，甚至在差异最大年份2019年超过了90%。区域内差异和区域间差异均遵循“先扩大、再缩小”的规律，其中区域内差异与总体差异的变化规律完全一致，在2019年差异最大，区域间差异则相对稳定。
Chongqing Cityruralcollective economic organization regional differences are the main source of overall differences.In terms of the contribution rate to the overall difference, the contribution rate of inter-regional differences has never exceeded20%, while the contribution rate of intra-regional differences is above80%, and even in the year with the largest difference2019it exceeded90%. Both intra-regional and inter-regional differences follow the pattern of“first expanding, then contracting”, where the variation pattern of intra-regional differences is completely consistent with that of overall differences, peaking in2019, while inter-regional differences remain relatively stable.

三峡库区农村集体经济组织发展的内部差异明显超过非库区。从结果导向来看，较2017年，2021年三峡库区农村集体经济组织发展差异维持稳定，泰尔指数均是0.0023；非库区的发展差异则明显缩小，泰尔指数从0.0044降低到0.0007。从对总体差异的贡献率来看，三峡库区的贡献率由33.85%提升到65.37%，非库区差异的贡献率由55.78%降低到16.1%。
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area rural collective economic organizations show internal differences that are significantly greater than those in non-reservoir areas. In terms of results orientation, compared to 2017, in 2021, the development differences of rural collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area remain stable, with a Theil index of 0.0023; the development differences in non-reservoir areas have significantly narrowed, with the Theil index decreasing from 0.0044 to 0.0007. In terms of the contribution rate to overall differences, the contribution rate of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area increased from 33.85% to 65.37%, while the contribution rate of differences in non-reservoir areas decreased from 55.78% to 16.1%.

可以初步判断，重庆市农村集体经济组织发展存在较大的区域内部差异，三峡库区与非库区发展不平衡，尤其三峡库区内部发展极不平衡。
It can be preliminarily judged that there are significant internal regional differences in the development of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing, with an imbalance between the Three Gorges Reservoir area and non-reservoir areas, especiallywithin the Three Gorges Reservoir areawhere development is extremely unbalanced。

（3）重庆市农村集体经济组织发展区县水平
(3)Chongqing CityAgriculturalDevelopment Level of Rural Collective Economic Organizations

①农村集体经济组织发展指数排名
①Ranking of Rural Collective Economic Organization Development Index

根据2017—2021年重庆市38个涉农区县农村集体经济组织发展指数排名来看（如表7-7所示），区县发展指数排名波动很大，排名的提升或降低与农村集体经济组织发展基础和发展速度两个因素相关，尤其是发展速度。三峡库区区县排名普遍靠后。
According tothe 2017—2021Chongqing38rural collective economic organization development index ranking of agricultural-related districts and counties (as shown in table7-7),the development index rankings of districts and counties fluctuate greatly, with the rise or fall in rankings related to two factors: the development foundation and development speed of rural collective economic organizations, especially the development speed. The rankings of districts and counties in the Three Gorges Reservoir area are generally lower.

相较于2017年，2021年各区县排名提升的区县有19个、不变的1个、降低的18个。通过分析排名提升幅度较大的区县可以发现，他们的初始排名不高，但是年均增长率都排在前列，在较短的年限内实现从中、下排位到中、上排位。比如，排名提升福幅度最大的城口县，从第34位提升到第2位，同时，城口县的年均增速达到9.67%，在各个区县中排第一；渝北区排名从35位提升至第18位，年均增速达7.88%；大足区从35位提升至17位，年均增速达到7.45%；丰都县从第23位提升至第5位，年均增速达到7.47%。通过分析排名降低幅度较大的区县可以发现，他们的年均增速大都比较低，比如奉节县从第16位降低至第32位，年均增速2.76%；秀山县从第7位降低至第22位，年均增速1.99%；永川区从第3位降低至第16位，年均增速1.67%。需要说明的是，九龙坡区降低了30位，年均增长率为负，主要是由于2019年重庆市发展西部科学城，导致九龙坡区管辖统计范围调整所致。
Compared to2017year,2021year, the districts and counties that improved their rankings are19of them, unchanged1of them, and decreased18of them.By analyzing the districts and counties with significant ranking improvements, it can be found that their initial rankings were not high, but their average annual growth rates ranked among the top, achieving a transition from mid to lower rankings to mid to upper rankings in a short period. For example, the district with the largest ranking improvement, Chengkou County, rose from34to2, while Chengkou County's average annual growth rate reached9.67%, ranking first among all districts and counties; Yubei District's ranking improved from35to18, with an average annual growth rate of7.88%; Dazhu District rose from35to17, with an average annual growth rate of7.45%; Fengdu County improved from23to5, with an average annual growth rate of7.47%. By analyzing the districts and counties with significant ranking declines, it can be found that their average annual growth rates are mostly relatively low, for example, Fengjie County dropped from16to32, with an average annual growth rate of2.76%; Xiushan County dropped from7th to22nd place, with an average annual growth rate of1.99%; Yongchuan District dropped from3rd to16th place, with an average annual growth rate of1.67%. It should be noted that Jiulongpo District dropped30places, with a negative average growth rate, mainly due to the2019development of the Western Science City in Chongqing, which led to adjustments in the statistical scope under the jurisdiction of Jiulongpo District.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

2021年，排名前5位的区县依次是万州区、城口县、璧山区、云阳县、丰都县，排在后5位依次的是南岸区、开州区、沙坪坝区、江北区、九龙坡区。排名在19—38位的区县中，74%的区县来自三峡库区。
2021 year, the top 5 districts are Wanzhou District, Chengkou County, Bishan District, Yunyang County, Fengdu County, while the bottom 5 districts are Nanan District, Kaizhou District, Shapingba District, Jiangbei District, Jiulongpo District. Among the districts ranked 19— 38, 74% of the districts come from the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

表7-7 重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数排名一览表
Table7-7 Chongqing CityAgriculturalRural Collective Economic Organization Development Index Ranking Overview

区县 District	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	排名增减 Ranking Increase or Decrease	指数年均增长率 Compound Annual Growth Rate	所属区域 Affiliated Area
万州区 Wanzhou District	12	19	19	4	1	11	6.44%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
黔江区 Qianjiang District	21	20	13	6	7	14	6.78%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
涪陵区 Fuling District	18	16	21	27	21	-3	4.55%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
大渡口区 Dawukou District	38	38	38	38	33	5	8.45%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
江北区 Jiangbei District	30	34	36	33	37	-7	3.26%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
沙坪坝区 Shapingba District	26	36	37	37	36	-10	3.00%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
九龙坡区 Jiulongpo District	8	11	24	35	38	-30	-1.82%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
南岸区 Nanshan District	28	23	27	36	34	-6	3.64%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
北碚区 Beibei District	24	27	31	26	19	5	5.61%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
渝北区 Yubei District	35	33	14	8	18	17	7.88%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
巴南区 Banan District	29	7	16	32	29	0	4.81%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
长寿区 Changshou District	10	12	7	23	24	-14	2.62%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
江津区 Jiangjin District	22	35	23	18	31	-9	3.92%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
合川区 Hechuan District	15	8	6	9	20	-5	4.31%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
永川区 Yongchuan District	3	1	8	13	16	-13	1.67%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
南川区 Nanchuan District	2	6	25	17	13	-11	1.76%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
綦江区 Qijiang District	25	22	9	15	12	13	6.30%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
大足区 Dazu District	33	21	28	11	17	16	7.45%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
璧山区 Bishan District	5	4	1	2	3	2	3.62%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
铜梁区 Tongliang District	1	2	2	14	6	-5	2.50%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
潼南区 Tongnan District	9	13	18	22	8	1	4.09%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
荣昌区 Rongchang District	6	14	12	7	9	-3	3.19%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
开州区 Kaizhou District	37	37	22	34	35	2	6.04%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
梁平区 Liangping District	4	5	10	19	15	-11	1.78%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
武隆区 Wulong District	14	18	20	24	25	-11	3.26%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
城口县 Chengkou County	34	29	3	1	2	32	9.67%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
丰都县 Fengdu County	23	25	5	5	5	18	7.47%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
垫江县 Dianjiang County	20	26	34	30	23	-3	4.71%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
忠县 ZhongCounty	27	31	35	21	28	-1	4.89%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
云阳县 Yunyang County	11	9	15	3	4	7	5.29%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
奉节县 Fengjie County	16	17	11	20	32	-16	2.76%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
巫山县 Wushan County	19	24	32	28	14	5	5.65%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
巫溪县 Wuxi County	31	28	30	29	30	1	4.87%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
石柱县 Shizhu County	13	15	4	12	11	2	4.46%	三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area
秀山县 Xiushan County	7	3	17	10	22	-15	1.99%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
酉阳县 Youyang County	17	10	26	25	10	7	5.57%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
彭水县 Pengshui County	36	30	29	31	27	9	7.80%	非库区 Non-reservoir area
万盛经开区 Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone	32	32	33	16	26	6	6.13%	非库区 Non-reservoir area

注：排名增减指2021年排名减去2017年排名。
Note: The increase or decrease in ranking refers tothe year 2021minusthe year 2017ranking.

②农村集体经济组织发展指数分类
②Classification of Rural Collective Economic Organization Development Index

本文运用四分位分类法，将重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数分为低质量水平（y<0.506）、中质量水平（0.506≤y<0.576）、中高质量水平（0.576≤y<0.612）、和高质量水平（y≥0.612），展现重庆市农村集体经济组织发展水平的时空变化特征，如表9所示。经过5年的发展，重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数实现了由中、低水平向中高、高水平转移，尤其是实现了低水平清零。
The article uses the quartile classification method to divide the development index of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing into low-quality level (y<0.506), medium-quality level (0.506≤y<0.576), medium-high quality level (0.576≤y<0.612), and high-quality level (y≥0.612), demonstrating the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the development level of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing, as shown in Table9.After5years of development, the development index of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing has shifted from medium and low levels tomedium-high and high levels, especially achieving a complete elimination of low levels.

具体来看，2017年86.8%的区县聚集在低质量和中质量水平，高质量水平区县数量为0；2019年57.9%的区县聚集在低质量和中质量水平，低质量水平区县仅剩8个，高质量水平区县增加到4个；2021年只有18.4%的区县聚集在中质量水平，低质量水平区县为0，高质量水平区县增加到19个，中高质量和高质量水平占比达到81.6%。除了九龙坡区、奉节县保持在中质量水平，其他区县不同程度实现了跨水平转移，比如，巫山县、城口县从低质量水平跨越到高质量水平，巴南区、江津区从低质量水平跨越到中高质量水平，南岸区、开州区从低质量水平跨越到中质量水平，长寿区、合川区从中质量水平跨越到中高质量水平。
Specifically, in 2017, 86.8% of districts and counties were concentrated at low and medium quality levels, with the number of high-quality districts and counties being 0; in 2019, 57.9% of districts and counties were concentrated at low and medium quality levels, with only 8 low-quality districts remaining, and the number of high-quality districts increased to 4; in 2021, only 18.4% of districts and counties were concentrated at medium quality levels, with 0 low-quality districts, and the number of high-quality districts increased to 19; the proportion of medium-high and high-quality levels reached 81.6%. Aside from Jiulongpo District and Fengjie County, which remained at medium quality levels, other districts and counties achieved varying degrees of cross-level transfer. For example, Wushan County and Chengkou County transitioned from low-quality to high-quality levels, while Banan District and Jiangjin District moved from low-quality to medium-high quality levels, and Nanan District and Kaizhou District transitioned from low-quality to medium quality levels, while Changshou District and Hechuan District moved from medium quality to medium-high quality levels.

2021年，三峡库区21个区县均衡的分布在中、中高、高质量水平，每个水平聚集7个区县。
2021year, the Three Gorges Reservoir area21districts and counties are evenly distributed at medium, medium-high, and high quality levels, with each level aggregating7districts and counties.

表7-8 重庆市农村集体经济组织发展水平分类（2017—2021年）
Table7-8 ChongqingRuralCollective Economic Organization Development Level Classification (2017—2021Year)

发展水平 Development level	2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
发展水平 Development level		区县 District	指数 Index	区县 District	指数 Index	区县 District	指数 Index	区县 District	指数 Index	区县 District	指数 Index
低质量 Low quality （y<0.506） (y<0.506)	黔江区 Qianjiang District	0.498	黔江区 Qianjiang District	0.502	大渡口区 Dawukou District	0.412	大渡口区 Dawukou District	0.506
		大渡口区 Dawukou District	0.413	大渡口区 Dawukou District	0.409	江北区 Jiangbei District	0.456
		江北区 Jiangbei District	0.482	江北区 Jiangbei District	0.438	沙坪坝区 Shapingba District	0.441
		沙坪坝区 Shapingba District	0.490	沙坪坝区 Shapingba District	0.430	北碚区 Beibei District	0.499
		南岸区 Nanshan District	0.487	南岸区 Nanshan District	0.496	垫江县 Dianjiang County	0.477
		北碚区 Beibei District	0.493	北碚区 Beibei District	0.492	忠县 ZhongCounty	0.465
		渝北区 Yubei District	0.453	渝北区 Yubei District	0.441	巫山县 Wushan County	0.495
		巴南区 Banan District	0.485	江津区 Jiangjin District	0.432	万盛经开区 Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone	0.478
		江津区 Jiangjin District	0.494	綦江区 Qijiang District	0.499
		綦江区 Qijiang District	0.491	大足区 Dazu District	0.500
		大足区 Dazu District	0.463	开州区 Kaizhou District	0.429
		开州区 Kaizhou District	0.436	城口县 Chengkou County	0.467
		城口县 Chengkou County	0.461	丰都县 Fengdu County	0.496
		丰都县 Fengdu County	0.493	垫江县 Dianjiang County	0.496
		垫江县 Dianjiang County	0.498	忠县 ZhongCounty	0.454
		忠县 ZhongCounty	0.488	巫山县 Wushan County	0.496
		巫山县 Wushan County	0.499	巫溪县 Wuxi County	0.476
		巫溪县 Wuxi County	0.477	彭水县 Pengshui County	0.459
		彭水县 Pengshui County	0.437	万盛经开区 Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone	0.453
		万盛经开区 Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone	0.467
		三峡库区区县13个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Districts13units 非库区区县7个 Non-reservoir districts7units		三峡库区区县12个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties12units 非库区区县7个 Non-reservoir districts7units		三峡库区区县6个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties6units 非库区区县2个 Non-reservoir districts2units		三峡库区区县1个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties1unit 非库区区县0个 Non-reservoir districts0units		三峡库区区县0个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties0units 非库区区县0个 Non-reservoir districts0units
中质量（0.506≤y<0.576） Medium quality (0.506≤y<0.576）	万州区 Wanzhou District	0.530	万州区 Wanzhou District	0.512	万州区 Wanzhou District	0.567	沙坪坝区 Shapingba District	0.517	大渡口区 Dawukou District	0.571
		涪陵区 Fuling District	0.511	涪陵区 Fuling District	0.519	涪陵区 Fuling District	0.555	九龙坡区 Jiulongpo District	0.544	江北区 Jiangbei District	0.548
		九龙坡区 Jiulongpo District	0.552	九龙坡区 Jiulongpo District	0.546	九龙坡区 Jiulongpo District	0.548	南岸区 Nanshan District	0.535	沙坪坝区 Shapingba District	0.551
		长寿区 Changshou District	0.539	长寿区 Changshou District	0.546	南岸区 Nanshan District	0.517	开州区 Kaizhou District	0.561	九龙坡区 Jiulongpo District	0.513
		合川区 Hechuan District	0.516	合川区 Hechuan District	0.575	江津区 Jiangjin District	0.550			南岸区 Nanshan District	0.562
		潼南区 Tongnan District	0.547	潼南区 Tongnan District	0.546	南川区 Nanchuan District	0.544			开州区 Kaizhou District	0.551
		荣昌区 Rongchang District	0.562	荣昌区 Rongchang District	0.530	大足区 Dazu District	0.517			奉节县 Fengjie County	0.572
		武隆区 Wulong District	0.523	武隆区 Wulong District	0.516	潼南区 Tongnan District	0.574
		云阳县 Yunyang County	0.537	云阳县 Yunyang County	0.567	开州区 Kaizhou District	0.552
		奉节县 Fengjie County	0.513	奉节县 Fengjie County	0.518	武隆区 Wulong District	0.564
		石柱县 Shizhu County	0.527	石柱县 Shizhu County	0.524	巫溪县 Wuxi County	0.508
		秀山县 Xiushan County	0.556	酉阳县 Youyang County	0.557	秀山县 Xiushan County	0.576
		酉阳县 Youyang County	0.511			酉阳县 Youyang County	0.519
						彭水县 Pengshui County	0.509
		三峡库区区县8个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties8counties 非库区区县5个 Non-reservoir districts5units		三峡库区区县8个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties8units 非库区区县4个 Non-reservoir districts4units		三峡库区区县8个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties8units 非库区区县6个 Non-reservoir districts6units		三峡库区区县4个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties4units 非库区区县0个 Non-reservoir districts0units		三峡库区区县7个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties7units 非库区区县0个 Non-reservoir districts0units
中高质量 Medium to high quality （0.576≤y<0.612） (0.576≤y<0.612)	永川区 Yongchuan District	0.580	巴南区 Banan District	0.578	黔江区 Qianjiang District	0.580	涪陵区 Fuling District	0.599	涪陵区 Fuling District	0.610
		南川区 Nanchuan District	0.584	永川区 Yongchuan District	0.611	渝北区 Yubei District	0.578	江北区 Jiangbei District	0.581	巴南区 Banan District	0.585
		璧山区 Bishan District	0.578	南川区 Nanchuan District	0.580	巴南区 Banan District	0.577	北碚区 Beibei District	0.599	长寿区 Changshou District	0.598
		铜梁区 Tongliang District	0.587	璧山区 Bishan District	0.587	长寿区 Changshou District	0.602	巴南区 Banan District	0.584	江津区 Jiangjin District	0.576
		梁平区 Liangping District	0.579	铜梁区 Tongliang District	0.592	合川区 Hechuan District	0.605	长寿区 Changshou District	0.606	合川区 Hechuan District	0.611
				梁平区 Liangping District	0.585	永川区 Yongchuan District	0.597	潼南区 Tongnan District	0.608	武隆区 Wulong District	0.595
				秀山县 Xiushan County	0.587	綦江区 Qijiang District	0.597	武隆区 Wulong District	0.605	垫江县 Dianjiang County	0.599
						荣昌区 Rongchang District	0.585	垫江县 Dianjiang County	0.589	忠县 ZhongCounty	0.590
						梁平区 Liangping District	0.596	巫山县 Wushan County	0.593	巫溪县 Wuxi County	0.577
						丰都县 Fengdu County	0.609	巫溪县 Wuxi County	0.592	秀山县 Xiushan County	0.602
						云阳县 Yunyang County	0.578	酉阳县 Youyang County	0.604	彭水县 Pengshui County	0.590
						奉节县 Fengjie County	0.594	彭水县 Pengshui County	0.587	万盛经开区 Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone	0.592
		三峡库区区县0个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties0units 非库区区县5个 Non-reservoir districts5units		三峡库区区县1个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties1unit 非库区区县6个 Non-reservoir districts6units		三峡库区区县6个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties6units 非库区区县6个 Non-reservoir districts6units		三峡库区区县8个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties8units 非库区区县4个 Non-reservoir districts4units		三峡库区区县7个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties7units 非库区区县5个 Non-reservoir districts5units
高质量 High quality （y≥0.612） (y≥0.612)					璧山区 Bishan District	0.672	万州区 Wanzhou District	0.666	万州区 Wanzhou District	0.680
						铜梁区 Tongliang District	0.647	黔江区 Qianjiang District	0.652	黔江区 Qianjiang District	0.647
						城口县 Chengkou County	0.631	渝北区 Yubei District	0.651	北碚区 Beibei District	0.613
						石柱县 Shizhu County	0.623	江津区 Jiangjin District	0.628	渝北区 Yubei District	0.614
								合川区 Hechuan District	0.649	永川区 Yongchuan District	0.620
								永川区 Yongchuan District	0.636	南川区 Nanchuan District	0.626
								南川区 Nanchuan District	0.630	綦江区 Qijiang District	0.627
								綦江区 Qijiang District	0.632	大足区 Dazu District	0.617
								大足区 Dazu District	0.642	璧山区 Bishan District	0.666
								璧山区 Bishan District	0.681	铜梁区 Tongliang District	0.648
								铜梁区 Tongliang District	0.633	潼南区 Tongnan District	0.642
								荣昌区 Rongchang District	0.651	荣昌区 Rongchang District	0.638
								梁平区 Liangping District	0.624	梁平区 Liangping District	0.621
								城口县 Chengkou County	0.688	城口县 Chengkou County	0.667
								丰都县 Fengdu County	0.655	丰都县 Fengdu County	0.658
								忠县 ZhongCounty	0.620	云阳县 Yunyang County	0.659
								云阳县 Yunyang County	0.680	巫山县 Wushan County	0.622
								奉节县 Fengjie County	0.622	石柱县 Shizhu County	0.628
								石柱县 Shizhu County	0.640	酉阳县 Youyang County	0.635
								秀山县 Xiushan County	0.644
								万盛经开区 Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone	0.630
		三峡库区区县0个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties0units 非库区区县0个 Non-reservoir districts0units		三峡库区区县0个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties0units 非库区区县0个 Non-reservoir districts0units		三峡库区区县1个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties1unit 非库区区县3个 Non-reservoir districts3units		三峡库区区县8个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties8units 非库区区县13个 Non-reservoir districts13units		三峡库区区县7个 Three Gorges Reservoir Area Counties7units 非库区区县12个 Non-reservoir districts12units

7.2.2重庆市农村集体经济组织发展分项水平
7.2.2Chongqing CityAgriculturalRural Collective Economic Organization Development Sub-item Level

（1）重庆市农村集体经济组织发展分项指数
(1)Chongqing CityAgriculturalRural Collective Economic Organization Development Sub-index

此部分分析构成重庆市农村集体经济组织发展评价系统的4个分项，对准确把握农村集体经济组织发展的管理效率、经济发展、社会稳定、政策支持的运行情况和结果具有重要意义。
This section analyzes thedevelopment evaluation system of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing4sub-items, which is of great significance for accurately understanding the management efficiency, economic development, social stability, and the operation and results of policy support for the development of rural collective economic organizations.

从重庆市整体来看（如图7-4），各分项指数呈现差异化发展，三升一降、两高两低。管理效率指数波动较大，整体呈上升趋势；社会稳定指数发展态势稳定，略有上升；经济发展指数逐年上升，尤其是2017—2020年上升较快值得注意的是，政策支持指数逐年缓慢下降。管理效率和社会稳定的发展指数在0.2—0.3之间，明显高于经济发展（不到0.1）和政策支持（不到0.01），指数排序依次是“社会稳定>管理效率>经济发展>政策支持”。
From the overall perspective of Chongqing (as shown in Figure 7-4), the various sub-indices show differentiated development, with three rising and one falling, two high and two low. The management efficiency index fluctuates significantly, showing an overall upward trend; the social stability index has a stable development trend, with a slight increase; the economic development index rises year by year, especially from 2017 to 2020, which is noteworthy for its rapid increase. It is worth noting that the policy support index has been slowly declining year by year. The development indices for management efficiency and social stability are between 0.2 and 0.3, significantly higher than economic development (less than 0.1) and policy support (less than 0.01), with the index ranking as follows: “Social Stability > Management Efficiency > Economic Development > Policy Support”.

图7-4 重庆农村集体经济组织发展分项指数（2017—2021年）
Figure7-4 Sub-index of the Development of Rural Collective Economic Organizations in Chongqing (2017—2021Year)

就管理效率指数而言，非库区具有明显的管理效率优势。如图7-5所示，2017—2021年，三峡库区与非库区管理效率指数的变化趋势与全市平均水平一致，三峡库区管理效率指数一直低于非库区，且保持0.03及以上的差距。
In terms of management efficiency index, the non-reservoir area has a significant advantage in management efficiency. As shown in Figure 7-5, from 2017 to 2021, the trend of the management efficiency index in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and the non-reservoir area is consistent with the citywide average level, with the management efficiency index of the Three Gorges Reservoir area consistently lower than that of the non-reservoir area, maintaining a gap of 0.03 and above.

图7-5 区域管理效率指数（2017—2021年）
Figure7-5 Regional Management Efficiency Index (2017—2021Year)

就经济发展指数而言，三峡库区具有微弱的经济发展优势。如图7-6所示，2017—2021年，三峡库区与非库区的变化趋势与全市平均水平一致，三峡库区的经济发展指数一直略高于非库区，且高于全市平均水平。
In terms of economic development index, the Three Gorges Reservoir area has a slight economic development advantage. As shown in Figure 7-6, from 2017 to 2021, the trend of change in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and non-reservoir areas is consistent with the citywide average level, with the economic development index of the Three Gorges Reservoir area consistently slightly higher than that of non-reservoir areas and above the citywide average level.

图7-6 区域经济发展指数（2017—2021年）
Figure7-6 Regional Economic Development Index（2017—2021Year）

就社会稳定指数而言，三峡库区的社会稳定优势在2021年开始显现。如图7-7所示，2017—2020年，三峡库区和非库区变化趋势与全市平均水平一致，非库区在社会稳定上表现更好；2021年，非库区出现了下降，且低于三峡库区。
In terms of social stability index, the social stability advantage of the Three Gorges Reservoir area began to emerge in 2021. As shown in Figure 7-7, from 2017 to 2020, the trend in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and non-reservoir area was consistent with the citywide average level, with the non-reservoir area performing better in social stability; in 2021, the non-reservoir area saw a decline, falling below the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

图7-7 区域社会稳定指数（2017—2021年）
Figure7-7 Regional Social Stability Index（2017—2021Year）

就政策支持指数而言，三峡库区具有微弱的政策支持优势。如图7-8所示，2017—2021年，三峡库区和非库区均呈下降趋势，但是三峡库区的政策支持指数略高与非库区。
In terms of policy support index, the Three Gorges Reservoir area has a slight advantage in policy support. As shown in Figure 7-8, from 2017 to 2021, both the Three Gorges Reservoir area and non-reservoir areas showed a downward trend, but the policy support index of the Three Gorges Reservoir area was slightly higher than that of the non-reservoir areas.

图7-8 区域政策支持指数（2017—2021年）
Figure7-8 Regional Policy Support Index（2017—2021Year）

根据以上分析，可以对表7-4进行佐证和完善，如表7-9所示。就目前的整体情况来看，重庆市农村集体经济组织发展的4个目标分项中，三峡库区在经济发展、社会稳定和政策支持方面具备微弱的比较优势，非库区在管理效率具备明显的比较优势。
Based on the above analysis, the table7-4 can be substantiated and improved, as shown in table7-9. In terms of the current overall situation, among the four goals for the development of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing City, the Three Gorges Reservoir area has a slight comparative advantage in economic development, social stability, and policy support, while the non-reservoir area has a significant comparative advantage in management efficiency.

表7-9 基于指数的农村集体经济组织发展区域比较
Table7-9 Index-basedRuralCollective Economic Organization Development Regional Comparison

管理效率 Management efficiency	经济发展 Economic development	社会稳定 Social stability	政策支持 Policy support
三峡库区<非库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area<Non-Reservoir Area	三峡库区>非库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area>Non-reservoir Area	三峡库区>非库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area>Non-Reservoir Area	三峡库区>非库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area>Non-Reservoir Area

（2）重庆市农村集体经济组织发展分项耦合协调度
(2)Chongqing CityAgricultureRural Collective Economic Organization Development Sub-item Coupling Coordination Degree

为了科学判断重庆市农村集体经济组织管理效率、经济发展、社会稳定、政策支持4个目标系统之间的关联，本文利用耦合度反映两两系统之间相关程度，利用耦合协调度反映系统彼此间发展协调程度和水平的高低。
In order to scientifically assessthe management efficiency, economic development, social stability, and policy support of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing4the correlation between the target systems, this article uses coupling degree to reflect the degree of correlation between pairs of systems and uses coupling coordination degree to reflect the level of coordination and development between the systems..

耦合度计算方法如下：
The method for calculating coupling degree is as follows:

$C = \sqrt{\frac{u_{1} u_{2}}{{(\frac{u_{1} + u_{2}}{2})}^{2}}}$

$C$ 代表两个系统之间的耦合度，取值在 $[0,1]$ ，值越大耦合度越高。 $u_{1} 、 u_{2}$ 分别表示两个子系统的评价指数。
$C$ Represents the degree of coupling between the two systems, with values ranging from $[0,1]$ the larger the value, the higher the degree of coupling. $u_{} 、 u_{}$ Represent the evaluation indices of the two subsystems.

耦合协调度计算方法如下：
The calculation method for coupling coordination degree is as follows:

$D= \sqrt{C×T}$

$D$ 代表两个系统之间的耦合协调度，取值在 $[0,1]$ ，值越大协调度越高。 $T$ 代表系统综合评价指数，取值在 $[0,1]$ ， $T=a u_{1} +b u_{2}$ ， $a+b=1$ ，根据两个子系统的重要程度，可取不同值，本文认为各系统同等重要，计算时取 $a=b=0.5$ 。
$D$ T imes New Roman";">represents the degree of coupling coordination between the two systems, with values ranging from $[0,1]$ , the larger the value, the higher the degree of coordination.Trepresents the comprehensive evaluation index of the system, with values ranging from $[0,1]$ , $T=a u_{} +b u_{}$ , $a+b=1$ , depending on the importance of the two subsystems, different values can be taken. This paper considers each system equally important, and during the calculation, the value is taken as $a=b=0.5$ .

本文参照陈雪原等人（2021）^[11]的做法，将耦合协调度 $D$ 划分为[0，0.4]低度、(0.4,0.5]中度、(0.5,0.8]高度、(0.8,1]极度耦合协调4个等级。
This article refers to the practices of Chen Xueyuan et al. (2021）^[11]and divides the coupling coordination degree $D$ into[0，0.4]low degree,(0.4,0.5]moderate degree,(0.5,0.8]high degree,(0.8,1]extremely coupled coordination4levels.

①全市耦合度及协调度。从目标系统的相关程度看，管理和社会的相关程度最高，经济发展与其他三项的相关度均较高。如图7-10所示，管理和社会的相关程度最高，耦合度接近1；经济与社会、管理的相关程度均在上升，耦合度分别提升到近0.8，经济与政策的相关度在降低，耦合度由0.88降到0.61，但仍相对较高；政策与社会、管理的相关程度一直不高，且持续降低到0.3左右。因此，从目标系统的相关性出发，可以认为发展集体经济是提升重庆市农村集体经济组织发展整体水平的关键力量。
①The coupling and coordination degree of the entire city. From the perspective of the relevance of the target system,the relevance between management and society is the highest, while the relevance of economic development with the other three aspects is also relatively high. As shown in Figure7-10, the relevance between management and society is the highest, with a coupling degree close to1; the relevance of economy with society and management is on the rise, with coupling degrees increasing to nearly0.8, while the relevance of economy with policy is decreasing, with the coupling degree dropping from0.88to0.61, but it remains relatively high; the relevance between policy and society, as well as management, has always been low and continues to decrease to around0.3. Therefore, based on the relevance of the target system, it can be considered that developing collective economy isthe key force to enhance the overall development level of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing.

图7-10 分项间耦合度（2017—2021年）
Figure7-10 Coupling Degree Between Subitems (2017—2021 Year)

从目标系统发展的协调度看，4个分项之间的耦合协调度均不高，基本低于0.5。如下图所示，2017—2021年，除管理与社会的耦合协调度由中度变为高度外，各分项间的耦合协调度集中在低度等级。从横向对比看，管理与社会的耦合协调度最高，水平在0.48—0.53之间；管理与经济、经济与社会的耦合协调度较接近，水平在0.27—0.36之间；管理与政策、社会与政策的耦合协调度也比较接近，水平在0.20—0.23之间；经济与政策的耦合协调度最低，水平在0.12—0.15之间。从纵向变化看，管理与社会、经济与社会、管理与经济、经济与政策的耦合协调度表现为上升趋势，管理与政策、社会与政策的耦合协调度呈现下降趋势。
From the perspective of the coordination degree of the target system's development,thecoupling coordination degree among the 4 sub-items is generally low, basically below0.5.Asshown in the figure below,from 2017 to 2021,except for the coupling coordination degree between management and society changing from moderate to high, the coupling coordination degrees among the sub-items are concentrated in the low range. In horizontal comparison, the coupling coordination degree between management and society is the highest, ranging between0.48 and 0.53; the coupling coordination degrees between management and economy, and between economy and society are relatively close, ranging between0.27 and 0.36; the coupling coordination degrees between management and policy, and between society and policy are alsorelativelyclose, ranging between0.20 and 0.23; the coupling coordination degree between economy and policy is the lowest, ranging between0.12 and 0.15. In terms of vertical changes,the coupling coordination degrees between management and society, economy and society, management and economy, and economy and policy show an upward trend,while the coupling coordination degrees between management and policy, and between society and policyexhibita downward trend.

图7
Figure 7-11 分项间耦合协调度（2017—2021年）
-11 Sub-item Coupling Coordination Degree (2017-2021)

因此，可认为经济与其他三项目标的相关度较高，虽然协同发展水平均在提升，但协同发展水平仍然不足，没有充分发挥经济发展对其他目标的带动作用；而政策支持与其他三项的协同发展水平长期较低，甚至出现降低的情况，说明政府对农村集体经济组织的人力和资金扶持并没有发挥理想的作用，政策投入与农村集体经济组织经济、社会、管理的融合效率并不高。
Therefore, it can be considered that the correlation between the economy and the other three objectives is relatively high. Although the level of coordinated development is improving, it is still insufficient, and the economic development has not fully played its role in driving the other objectives. Meanwhile, the level of coordinated development between policy support and the other three has been consistently low, and even shows a decline, indicating that the government's support in terms of manpower and funding for rural collective economic organizations has not achieved the desired effect, and the efficiency of the integration of policy investment with the economic, social, and management aspects of rural collective economic organizations is not high.

②区域耦合协调度。如表7-10所示，相较于2017年，2021年各区域分项间的耦合协调度主要表现为提升，社会与政策、管理与政策的耦合协调度有所降低。非库区管理与经济、管理与社会、管理与政策的耦合协调度稍微高于三峡库区，经济与社会、经济与政策、社会与政策的耦合协调度略低于三峡库区。
②Regional coupling coordination degree. As shown in Table7-10, compared to2017, the coupling coordination degree among various regions in2021 mainly showed an improvement, while the coupling coordination degree between society and policy, as well as management and policy, decreased slightly. The coupling coordination degree of non-reservoir management with economy, management with society, and management with policy is slightly higher than that of the Three Gorges Reservoir, while the coupling coordination degree of economy with society, economy with policy, and society with policy is slightly lower than that of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

表7-10 区域耦合协调度（2017、2021年）
Table7-10 Regional Coupling Coordination Degree (2017、2021 Year)

	管理与经济 Management and Economics		管理与社会 Management and Society		管理与政策 Management and Policy		经济与社会 Economy and Society		经济与政策 Economy and Policy		社会与政策 Society and Policy
	2017	2021	2017	2021	2017	2021	2017	2021	2017	2021	2017	2021
重庆市 Chongqing City	0.272	0.357	0.483	0.520	0.211	0.207	0.293	0.360	0.128	0.144	0.228	0.209
非库区 Non-reservoir area	0.273	0.362	0.493	0.529	0.205	0.209	0.290	0.358	0.121	0.141	0.218	0.206
三峡库区 Three Gorges Reservoir Area	0.270	0.352	0.474	0.512	0.214	0.206	0.295	0.361	0.134	0.145	0.235	0.211

③区县耦合协调度。如表7-11所示，除了管理与社会的协调发展水平相对较高外，各区县4个分项之间的协调发展在大部分的时间都处于低度协调水平。2021年，33个区县管理与社会的耦合协调度达到高度水平，5个达到中度水平；万州区、城口县2个区县管理与经济的耦合协调度达到中度水平；大渡口区、城口县2个区县经济与社会耦合协调度达到中度水平。
③Coupling coordination degree of districts and counties. As shown in Table7-11, except for the relatively high level of coordinated development between management and society, the coordinated development among the4 sub-items of each district and county has mostly been at a low level of coordination. In2021,33 districts and counties reached a high level of coupling coordination between management and society,5 reached a moderate level; Wanzhou District and Chengkou County2 districts and counties reached a moderate level of coupling coordination between management and economy; Dadukou District and Chengkou County2 districts and counties reached a moderate level of coupling coordination between economy and society.

表7-11 区县耦合协调度（2017和2021年）
Table7-11 Coupling Coordination Degree of Districts and Counties (2017 and 2021 Year)

区县 District	管理与经济 Management and Economics		管理与社会 Management and Society		管理与政策 Management and Policy		经济与社会 Economy and Society		经济与政策 Economy and Policy		社会与政策 Society and Policy
区县 District		2017	2021	2017	2021	2017	2021	2017	2021	2017	2021	2017	2021
万州区 Wanzhou District	0.298	0.402	0.492	0.545	0.187	0.138	0.317	0.395	0.121	0.100	0.199	0.135
黔江区 Qianjiang District	0.241	0.381	0.477	0.531	0.163	0.200	0.279	0.386	0.095	0.145	0.188	0.203
涪陵区 Fuling District	0.270	0.349	0.483	0.524	0.234	0.190	0.288	0.357	0.139	0.129	0.249	0.194
大渡口区 Dawukou District	0.253	0.369	0.420	0.472	0.182	0.228	0.299	0.408	0.130	0.197	0.215	0.252
江北区 Jiangbei District	0.269	0.329	0.422	0.496	0.267	0.111	0.336	0.347	0.212	0.078	0.333	0.117
沙坪坝区 Shapingba District	0.348	0.356	0.446	0.483	0.261	0.171	0.335	0.378	0.196	0.134	0.251	0.182
九龙坡区 Jiulongpo District	0.291	0.290	0.501	0.479	0.230	0.222	0.311	0.314	0.143	0.146	0.246	0.241
南岸区 Nanshan District	0.277	0.336	0.455	0.489	0.224	0.210	0.321	0.370	0.158	0.159	0.260	0.231
北碚区 Beibei District	0.242	0.381	0.482	0.513	0.182	0.210	0.262	0.379	0.099	0.155	0.197	0.208
渝北区 Yubei District	0.241	0.376	0.446	0.509	0.193	0.219	0.285	0.392	0.123	0.168	0.228	0.228
巴南区 Banan District	0.251	0.330	0.464	0.507	0.239	0.254	0.282	0.345	0.145	0.173	0.268	0.266
长寿区 Changshou District	0.250	0.312	0.505	0.529	0.215	0.172	0.265	0.319	0.113	0.104	0.228	0.176
江津区 Jiangjin District	0.281	0.334	0.474	0.508	0.237	0.254	0.288	0.320	0.144	0.160	0.243	0.243
合川区 Hechuan District	0.240	0.345	0.493	0.527	0.203	0.195	0.260	0.341	0.107	0.126	0.220	0.193
永川区 Yongchuan District	0.310	0.369	0.514	0.521	0.265	0.247	0.303	0.337	0.156	0.160	0.258	0.225
南川区 Nanchuan District	0.311	0.362	0.518	0.526	0.222	0.214	0.320	0.368	0.137	0.150	0.228	0.217
綦江区 Qijiang District	0.242	0.353	0.478	0.532	0.198	0.216	0.267	0.351	0.111	0.143	0.218	0.215
大足区 Dazu District	0.239	0.320	0.462	0.532	0.210	0.256	0.261	0.317	0.118	0.153	0.229	0.254
璧山区 Bishan District	0.305	0.372	0.517	0.545	0.193	0.242	0.320	0.361	0.120	0.160	0.203	0.235
铜梁区 Tongliang District	0.282	0.358	0.525	0.540	0.242	0.234	0.286	0.350	0.132	0.152	0.246	0.229
潼南区 Tongnan District	0.284	0.387	0.506	0.530	0.173	0.147	0.298	0.385	0.102	0.107	0.182	0.146
荣昌区 Rongchang District	0.271	0.365	0.513	0.532	0.249	0.244	0.276	0.346	0.134	0.158	0.253	0.231
开州区 Kaizhou District	0.218	0.315	0.438	0.500	0.184	0.199	0.262	0.329	0.110	0.131	0.221	0.208
梁平区 Liangping District	0.301	0.361	0.521	0.525	0.206	0.207	0.295	0.364	0.117	0.143	0.203	0.208
武隆区 Wulong District	0.297	0.362	0.485	0.507	0.183	0.196	0.325	0.377	0.122	0.145	0.200	0.204
城口县 Chengkou County	0.272	0.433	0.453	0.524	0.143	0.148	0.309	0.405	0.098	0.115	0.163	0.139
丰都县 Fengdu County	0.244	0.372	0.480	0.544	0.183	0.176	0.267	0.369	0.102	0.119	0.200	0.175
垫江县 Dianjiang County	0.246	0.346	0.480	0.519	0.188	0.169	0.275	0.355	0.108	0.115	0.210	0.173
忠县 ZhongCounty	0.247	0.331	0.476	0.519	0.173	0.177	0.274	0.340	0.099	0.116	0.192	0.182
云阳县 Yunyang County	0.211	0.392	0.511	0.538	0.197	0.164	0.215	0.381	0.083	0.116	0.201	0.159
奉节县 Fengjie County	0.281	0.300	0.487	0.517	0.194	0.214	0.297	0.300	0.118	0.125	0.205	0.214
巫山县 Wushan County	0.283	0.364	0.475	0.523	0.149	0.220	0.314	0.368	0.099	0.155	0.165	0.223
巫溪县 Wuxi County	0.237	0.336	0.466	0.507	0.202	0.186	0.270	0.353	0.117	0.129	0.229	0.195
石柱县 Shizhu County	0.251	0.379	0.501	0.523	0.169	0.205	0.267	0.376	0.090	0.147	0.180	0.203
秀山县 Xiushan County	0.275	0.277	0.510	0.537	0.221	0.196	0.286	0.275	0.124	0.100	0.230	0.195
酉阳县 Youyang County	0.263	0.352	0.486	0.539	0.144	0.175	0.293	0.346	0.087	0.113	0.161	0.172
彭水县 Pengshui County	0.245	0.363	0.451	0.506	0.169	0.175	0.265	0.376	0.100	0.130	0.183	0.182
万盛经开区 Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone	0.279	0.351	0.455	0.512	0.203	0.161	0.308	0.365	0.138	0.115	0.224	0.167

7.3主要结论
7.3Main Conclusions

（1）整体发展速度快，发展形势向好
(1)The overall development speed is fast, and the development situation is improving

重庆市在不扩大差距范围的情况下，实现了农村集体经济组织发展水平快速、整体的提升。2017—2021年，按年度推进、加快实施农村产权制度改革，发展壮大集体经济，重庆市农村集体经济组织发展指数以4.57%的年均增长率增长，2020年年增长率甚至达到了11.29%，发展指数从0.509提升到0.608。从时空演变路径来看，2017—2021年，重庆市各区县农村集体经济组织发展水平逐渐实现了由中、低质量水平向中高、高质量水平转移；2019年之后转移速度加快，实现了低水平清零，高质量水平区县数量占比达50%。管理效率、经济发展和社会稳定指数均有不同程度提升，分别提升0.065、0.034、0.003。
Chongqing City has achieved a rapid and overall improvement in the development level of rural collective economic organizations without expanding the gap.From 2017 to 2021, the rural property rights system reform was promoted annually and implemented quickly to develop and strengthen the collective economy, with the development index of rural collective economic organizations in Chongqing City growing at an average annual growth rate of4.57%, and the annual growth rate in2020even reaching11.29%, with the development index increasing from0.509to0.608.From the perspective of temporal and spatial evolution,from 2017 to 2021, the development level of rural collective economic organizations in various districts and counties of Chongqing City gradually shifted from medium and low quality levels to medium-high and high quality levels;after 2019, the speed of this shift accelerated, achieving a complete elimination of low levels, with the proportion of high-quality level districts and counties reaching50%.Management efficiency, economic development, and social stability indices have all improved to varying degrees, increasing by0.034and0.003.

（2）区域发展不平衡，发展差异缩小
(2)Unbalanced regional development, narrowing development disparities

三峡库区正以更快的发展速度追赶非库区，整体差异在缩小。一是区域间发展差距较大，三峡库区农村集体经济组织发展指数长期低于非库区0.03以上，正以高于非库区0.06%的年均增长优势实现追赶。二是区域内部发展差异较大，区域内部差异对整体差异的贡献率达到了80%以上，其中三峡库区的内部差异对整体差异的贡献率超过60%。三是各区县发展指数排名波动很大，大部分三峡库区区县排名在后半截。四是无论是整体差异、区域内差异和区域间差异，其变化主要遵循“先扩大、再缩小”的规律。
The Three Gorges Reservoir area is catching up with the non-reservoir area at a faster development pace, and the overall gap is narrowing. First, there is a significant development gap between regions, with the development index of rural collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area long being below that of the non-reservoir area0.03 above, achieving catch-up with an annual growth advantage higher than that of the non-reservoir area0.06%. Second, there are considerable internal development disparities within the region, with the contribution rate of internal differences to the overall difference reaching80% or more, among which the internal differences in the Three Gorges Reservoir area contribute over60% to the overall difference. Third, the development index rankings of various districts and counties fluctuate greatly, with most districts and counties in the Three Gorges Reservoir area ranking in the lower half. Fourth, whether it is the overall difference, internal differences, or inter-regional differences, their changes mainly follow the pattern of “first expanding, then narrowing”.

（3）发展优势需强化，发展短板明显
(3)Development advantages need to be strengthened, and development shortcomings are evident.

全市各分项的发展指数遵循“社会稳定>管理效率>经济发展>政策支持”顺序，社会稳定和管理效率对农村集体经济组织发展指数的贡献达到近90%，经济发展和政策支持指数远低于另外两项。区域发展具有自身的优势。2017—2021年，三峡库区集体经济组织在经济发展和政策支持上一直具备微弱的发展优势，其社会稳定优势在2021年开始显现；非库区在管理效率上具有较大的优势。
The development index of various sectors in the city follows“social stability>management efficiency>economic development>policy support” order, with social stability and management efficiency contributing nearly90% to the development index of rural collective economic organizations, while the economic development and policy support indices are significantly lower than the other two. Regional development has its own advantages.From 2017 to 2021, collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area have consistently had a slight development advantage in economic development and policy support, with their social stability advantage beginning to emerge in2021; non-reservoir areas have a significant advantage in management efficiency.

（4）系统协调水平低，有待持续提升
(4)System coordination level is low, requiring continuous improvement

管理效率、经济发展、社会稳定、政策支持4个分项系统的协调发展水平提升空间较大。不管从整体、区域还是从区县来看，管理效率与社会稳定相关度和协调发展水平均是最高的，说明二者已经走向了良性的互促发展模式。此外两两分项之间的耦合协调度均处在低度水平区间，说明其协同发展是不充分的。特别是，政策支持与其他三项的协同发展水平长期较低，甚至出现降低的情况，说明政府对农村集体经济组织的人力和资金扶持并没有发挥理想的作用，政策投入与农村集体经济组织经济、社会、管理的融合效率并不高。值得注意的是，经济与其他三项目标的相关度较高，虽然协同发展水平均在提升，但协同发展水平仍然不足，需要进一步强化经济发展对其它目标的带动作用。
The improvement space for the coordinated development level of the four sub-item systems: management efficiency, economic development, social stability, and policy support is quite large. Whether from an overall, regional, or district perspective, the correlation and coordinated development level between management efficiency and social stability are the highest, indicating that the two have entered a positive mutual promotion development model. Furthermore, the coupling coordination degree between each pair of sub-items is at a low level, suggesting that their collaborative development is insufficient. In particular, the level of coordinated development between policy support and the other three items has been consistently low, even showing a decline, indicating that government support in terms of manpower and funding for rural collective economic organizations has not played an ideal role, and the integration efficiency of policy investment with the economy, society, and management of rural collective economic organizations is not high. It is worth noting that the correlation between the economy and the other three objectives is relatively high; although the levels of coordinated development are improving, the level of coordinated development is still insufficient,and further strengtheningthe driving role of economic developmenton itsother objectives is needed.

8 重庆市三峡库区集体经济组织发展存在的主要问题
8ChongqingThree Gorges Reservoir Area Collective Economic OrganizationsMain Issues in Development

8.1要素支撑还不到位
8.1The element support is still not in place

农村集体经济组织发展普遍面临土地、人才、资金等要素制约。一是集体可利用资源资产有限。村级集体经济组织村均经营性资产111.6万元，经营性资产规模不足问题突出。用地矛盾也是当前制约集体经济发展的重要瓶颈。同时，村集体“三资”管理水平不高，运营能力不强，农村闲置用地、用房等资产没有有效转化为经营性资产，资产发包取得收入与资产价值不匹配，存量资产对促进集体经济发展的作用不明显。二是发展集体经济缺“能人”。集体经济组织经营管理人员普遍年龄大、学历低、兼职多，综合素质不高，难以推动村资源优势向经济优势转化。村级经营性管理人才匮乏，市场经营能力和管理经验欠缺，限制了集体经济业务拓展空间。选派的干部挂职时间有限，甚至存在“干部走、产业散”的现象。三是思想认识还不到位。个别地方发展集体经济存在重号召、轻指导，重发展、轻监管。部分干部对本镇村资源与特色底数不清，难以统筹制定长远发展规划，导致项目规划及实施不连贯、不配套。一些村干部对发展集体经济的重要性认识不足，个别村在发展项目时研究论证不充分，易盲目冒进。一些集体经济组织经济合同管理意识不强，导致承包合同难以兑现、纠纷多发。如某村集体以财政资金入股企业收取分红，2021年公司未按时支付6万元分红，村集体经济组织管理人员无意识、无动力去催要，存在财政资金流失风险。四是人才支撑不够。目前，三峡库区平均每个区县农经机构（站所）10人左右、乡镇不足3人，且很大部分属于兼职，农经队伍力量弱、承担事务多，且不够稳定，与日益繁重的农村集体经济发展指导与监管任务不相适应。
Rural collective economic organizations generally face constraints in land, talent, and funding.First, the available resources and assets for the collective are limited.The average operational assets of village-level collective economic organizationsis 1.116 million yuan,and the scale of operational assets is insufficient. The land use conflict is also an important bottleneck currently restricting the development of collective economy. At the same time, the village collectives’“three assets”management level is not high, operational capacity is weak, and idle land and housing assets in rural areas have not been effectively converted into operational assets. The income from asset leasing does not match the asset value, and the role of existing assets in promoting the development of collective economy is not obvious.Second, there is a lack of“capablepeople.”Generally, the management personnel of collective economic organizations are older, have lower educational backgrounds, hold multiple jobs, and have low overall quality, making it difficult to transform village resource advantages into economic advantages. There is a shortage of operational management talent at the village level, lacking market operational ability and management experience, which limitsthe expansion space for collective economic business.The dispatched cadres have limited tenure, and there is even a phenomenon of“cadres leaving, industries scattering”.Third, the understanding of the situation is still inadequate.In some areas, the development of collective economy emphasizes mobilization over guidance, prioritizing development over supervision. Somecadresare unclear about the resources and characteristics of their town and villages, making it difficult to formulate long-term development plans, leading to incoherent and incompatible project planning and implementation. Some village cadres lack sufficient awareness ofthe importance of developingcollective economy,and in some villages, the research and demonstration for development projects are insufficient, leading to blind advancement. Some collective economic organizations have a weak awareness of economic contract management, resulting in difficulties in fulfilling contracts and frequent disputes.If a village collective invests financial funds in a company to receive dividends, in 2021 the company failed to pay 60,000 yuan in dividends on time, and the village collective economic organization management personnel were unaware and lacked motivation to urge for payment, resulting in a risk of financial fund loss. Fourth, there is insufficient talent support. Currently, in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the average agricultural economic institution (station) in each district and county has about 10 people, with less than 3 people in townships, and a large portion of them are part-time, leading to a weak agricultural economic team that handles many affairs and is not stable enough, which does not meet the increasingly heavy tasks of guiding and supervising rural collective economic development.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

8.2运行管理还不规范
8.2Operational management is still not standardized

三峡库区78.4%的新型农村集体经济组织成立时间较短，发展基础弱，运行管理不够规范，功能作用发挥不够充分。一是权责仍不够清晰。主要表现在部分乡镇政府和农村集体经济组织权责不清、村委会和村级集体经济组织政经职能未分离。调查发现，仍有20.4%的村级集体经济组织发展受到乡镇较多干预，村财镇管变成了代为决策，存在“管家变当家”“乡镇指导变乡镇安排”的现象，农村集体经济组织的发展权和决策权表达不充分。二是管理制度还不健全。部分农村集体经济组织内部治理结构不完善，管理制度不健全，民主决策、民主监督机制落实不到位。调研发现，95%的农村集体经济组织虽制定了章程，建立了决策、运营、利益分配、财务等各项管理制度，但建而未用、管理不规范现象比较普遍。另外，财务管理有待进一步规范，有的集体经济组织账户与村委会账户未能分离，村委会与集体经济组织账户合一现象仍然存在，账务管理不规范，也难以反映集体经济的真实的运营效率。如：有的村委会的工作经费或代村民转出的土地租金计入集体经济收入中。
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area78.4%'s new type ofvillage collective economic organizations were establishedrelatively recently, with a weak development foundation, insufficiently standardized operation and management, and inadequate functionality.Firstly, the rights and responsibilities are still not clear enough.This is mainly reflected in the unclear rights and responsibilities between some township governments and rural collective economic organizations, as well as the lack of separation between the political and economic functions of village committees and village-level collective economic organizations. The survey found that20.4%of village-level collective economic organizations are still heavily interfered with by townships,where village finances are managed by the township, leading to decision-making by proxy,resulting inthe phenomenon of“the steward becoming the master” and “township guidance becoming township arrangement”,with insufficient expression of the development and decision-making rights of rural collective economic organizations.Secondly, the management system is still not sound.Some rural collective economic organizations have imperfect internal governance structures, inadequate management systems, and the mechanisms for democratic decision-making and supervision are not fully implemented. The research found that95%of rural collective economic organizations have formulated regulations and established various management systems for decision-making, operation, profit distribution, and finance,but these are often established but not utilized,and the phenomenon of non-standard managementis quite common.Additionally, financial management needs further standardization; some collective economic organizations have not separated their accounts from the village committee accounts, and the phenomenon of unified accounts between the village committee and collective economic organizations still exists, making it difficult to reflect the true operational efficiency of the collective economy.For example, somevillage committees’work funds or the land rent transferred on behalf of villagers is included in the collectiveeconomicincome.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

8.3发展质量效益不高
8.3Development QualityEffectivenessNot High

大部分农村集体经济组织发展方式传统，缺少新思路、新业态，发展质量效益水平整体不高。一是资源资产盘活还不充分。三峡库区积累了大量的扶贫资产，也拥有丰富的生态资源以及农业非物质文化遗产等，但由于“三资”底数不够清、资产评估量化不够科学、产权交易不够活跃等因素，当前农村集体资产盘活利用不充分，资源价值尚未充分发掘。二是集体经济收入较低。因集体经济发展还处于起步阶段，集体经济收入尤其是经营收入和占比依然偏低，2021年三峡库区集体经济组织村均经营收入9.3万元，仅占总收入的18.9%，低于全市平均水平。村级集体经济组织平均经营收入在3—20万元，约三分之一的村经营收入在5万元及以下，经营收入在10万元以上的较少。三是经营发展层次低。大多数集体经济组织收入来源为租金收入、光伏发电、固定分红，对财政资金和政策依赖性强。调查来看，经营收入有40%来自资产租赁，产业带动型、服务创收型发展缓慢，尤其是产业类型多数停留在一产种植，产业链延伸不够。由于项目选择单一，村集体抗风险能力较弱。另外，近三年新冠疫情对乡村旅游等产业冲击较大，如万州区太安镇凤凰社区2018年集体经济收入60万，2021年仅20万。四是地区发展不平衡。受地理位置、“三资”情况和管理水平等影响，不同地区集体经济发展不均衡，收入水平差异较大。如，2021年万州区村均集体经济经营收入12万元，其中收入超过10万元的村占56%。而巫山县村均经营收入仅3.5万元，其中经营收入3万元以下的薄弱村占58%。
The development methods of most rural collective economic organizations are traditional, lacking new ideas and new business models, resulting in an overall low level of development quality and efficiency.First, the revitalization of resource assets is still insufficient..The Three Gorges Reservoir Area has accumulated a large amount of poverty alleviation assets, as well as rich ecological resources and agricultural intangible cultural heritage, but due to“the three resources”being insufficiently clear, asset evaluation being not scientific enough, and property rights transactions being not active enough, the current utilization of rural collective assets is inadequate, and the resource value has not been fully explored.Second, collective economic income is relatively low.As the development of collective economy is still in its initial stage, collective economic income, especially operational income and its proportion, remains low.In 2021, the average operational income of collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was93,000yuan per village, accounting for only18.9%of total income, which is below the city average level. The average operational income of village-level collective economic organizations is between30,000—200,000yuan, with about one-third of villages having operational income of50,000yuan or below, and very few having operational income exceeding100,000yuan.Third, the level of operational development is low.Most collective economic organizations derive their income from rent, photovoltaic power generation, and fixed dividends, showing a strong dependence on financial funds and policies. According to the survey,40%of operational income comes from asset leasing, while development driven by industries and services is slow, especially as most industry types remain in primary agricultural planting, with insufficient extension of the industrial chain. Due to the singularity of project selection, village collectives have a weak ability to resist risks.In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic in the past three years has had a significant impact on industries such as rural tourism. For example, in the Phoenix community of Tai'an Town, Wanzhou District, the collective economic income in 2018 was 600,000, while in 2021 it was only 200,000. Fourth, there is an imbalance in regional development. Due to factors such as geographical location, “three types of capital” conditions, and management levels, the development of collective economies varies across different regions, leading to significant income disparities. For instance, in 2021, the average collective economic operating income per village in Wanzhou District was 120,000 yuan, with 56% of villages having incomes exceeding 100,000 yuan. In contrast, the average operating income per village in Wushan County was only 35,000 yuan, with 30,000 yuan or below being reported in 58% of weak villages.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

8.4发展动能不够强劲
8.4Development momentum is notstrong enough

由于三峡库区农村集体经济多数处于起步阶段，集体经济组织内生发展动力还未被充分激活。一是群众参与度不高。当前三峡库区集体经济发展中普遍存在“班子热、成员冷”的现象，集体经济组织成员参与热情不够高。三峡库区集体经济发展质量效益不高，效益好、有分红的集体经济组织比例较少。因此，集体经济组织成员无分红或少分红，对发展壮大集体经济缺乏直观感受，造成成员认同感、归属感、参与感较低，对集体经济发展思想上不关心，行动上积极性不足。二是运行机制还不健全。首先，发展集体经济激励机制不完善。仅有14.5%的村级集体经济组织经营管理人员取得薪酬或补助。报酬低、事务多、责任大、求稳心理重，导致村集体经济经营管理人员容易缺乏动力，产生畏难情绪，即使面对上级安排的项目也畏手畏脚、裹足不前。其次，缺乏相应的风险防范机制。村集体通过财政资金入股新型农业经营主体收取固定分红，但很难掌握真实的经营状况，容易导致投资与收益不成正比或财政资金流失。调查还发现，引入外来社会资本的村普遍对业主经营不善、跑路等风险没有深入思考，更没有制定应对方案。
Due to the fact that the rural collective economy in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is mostly in its initial stage, the endogenous development motivation of collective economic organizations has not yet been fully activated.First, the participation of the masses is not high.Currently, there is a common phenomenon in the development of collective economy in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of“the leadership is enthusiastic, but the members are indifferent”, with members of collective economic organizations showing insufficient enthusiasm for participation. The quality and efficiency of collective economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir area are not high, and the proportion of collective economic organizations with good benefits and dividends is relatively low. Therefore, members of collective economic organizations have little or no dividends, leading to a lack of intuitive perception of the development and growth ofcollective economy, resulting in low sense of identity, belonging, and participation among members, and a lack of concern forthe development of collective economy in thought, and insufficient enthusiasm in action.Second, the operational mechanism is still not sound.First,the incentive mechanism for developing collective economy is not perfect. Only14.5% of village-level collective economic organization management personnel receive salaries or subsidies. Low remuneration, many tasks, large responsibilities, and a strong desire for stability lead to a lack of motivation among village collective economic management personnel, creating a sense of difficulty, and even when facing projects arranged by superiors, they are hesitant and reluctant to move forward. Secondly, there is a lack of corresponding risk prevention mechanisms.The village collective invests public funds in new agricultural management entities to receive fixed dividends, but it is very difficult to grasp the true operating conditions, which easily leads to investments not being proportional to returns or the loss of public funds. The survey also found that villages introducing external social capital generally do not deeply consider the risks of poor management by owners, running away, etc., nor have they developed response plans.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

8.5政策支持不够有力
8.5PolicySupportNotStrong Enough

总体看，各地在支持集体经济发展用地保障、资金支持、人才引育等方面缺乏坚实支撑，政策扶持体系不健全，集体经济发展环境不优、活力不足。一是扶持政策不健全。尤其在财政支持、项目建设、用地保障等方面缺乏系统有效的政策，特别是实际用于支持村级集体经济组织发展项目的用地指标很少，部分村规划的滑草旅游项目、冻库项目，均因用地限制难以落地。受非粮化和基本农田保护政策影响，柑橘等经果林必须套种粮食，难以引进新业主。此外，环保、消防政策要求也对村集体发展休闲康养、民宿酒店等产业形成严格限制。二是公共服务不完善。发展集体经济是一项复杂的系统工程，需要大量的公共服务支撑。调研发现，三峡库区在发展集体经济过程中，在资产变动登记、合同纠纷管理、股份合作等方面公共服务需求缺口大。以集体产权交易为例，三峡库区区县均建有农村产权流转交易市场，部分乡镇成立了产权流转服务机构，但受到人、财、物及场地等因素限制，交易平台存在着覆盖面不宽、交易品种单一、平台交易数量偏少、实用性不强、手续繁琐等问题。更多集体经济组织还是习惯于选择自主交易，流转方式不规范，转入方和转出方的利益难以得到有效保障。
Overall, various regions lack solid support in terms of land security, financial support, and talent cultivation for the development of collective economy. The policy support system is not sound, and the environment for collective economic development is not optimal, with insufficient vitality.Firstly, the support policies are not sound.In particular in financial support, project construction, land security, etc. there is a lack of systematic and effective policies, especially as the land indicators actually used to support the development projects of village-level collective economic organizations are very few. Some villages have planned tourism projects and cold storage projects, all of which are difficult to implement due to land restrictions. Affected by the non-grain policy and the basic farmland protection policy, citrus and other economic forests must be intercropped with grain, making it difficult to introduce new owners. In addition, environmental protection, fire safety policy requirements also impose strict restrictions on the development of village collectives in leisure and health care, homestay hotels, and other industries. Secondly, public services are not 完善. Developing the collective economy is a complex system project that requires substantial public service support. Research has found that in the process of developing the collective economy in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, there is a significant gap in public service demand in areas such as asset change registration, contract dispute management, and share cooperation.Taking collective property rights trading as an example, the Three Gorges Reservoir area has established rural property rights transfer trading markets in various counties, and some towns have set up property transfer service agencies. However, due to limitations in personnel, finance, materials, and venues, the trading platforms face issues such as limited coverage, a single variety of trading products, a low number of transactions, weak practicality, and cumbersome procedures. More collective economic organizations still prefer to choose independent trading, with non-standard transfer methods, making it difficult to effectively safeguard the interests of both the transferor and the transferee.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

9 重庆市三峡库区集体经济组织可持续发展的对策建议
9 Chongqing CityThree Gorges Reservoir AreaSuggestions for the Sustainable Development of Collective Economic Organizations

9.1强化集体经济发展政策支持
9.1Strengthening Policy Support for the Development of Collective Economy

健全发展长效机制，完善支持集体经济组织高质量发展的配套政策体系，重点在提升“造血”功能上下功夫，进一步激发三峡库区集体经济组织的发展动能。一是深化农村综合改革。系统集成深入推进强村富民综合改革，重点推进落实村级规划管理机制、“强村公司”、激活农村建设用地、“三变”改革、畅通城乡要素流动等7项改革，为促进三峡库区集体经济组织发展注入强劲动能。二是完善扶持政策体系。加大财政支持。统筹整合涉农资金，常态化支持农村集体经济发展。加大项目支持。将具备条件的农村集体经济组织列为财政支农项目优先申报和实施主体，在农村环境整治、农田水利、高产创建、设施农业等项目上给予重点扶持。加大用地支持。国土空间规划坚持以“统筹兼顾、有效利用、保障供给”为基本点，保障集体经济发展用地指标。明确农村集体经济组织用地要求及技术标准，推出“标准地”供给。探索灵活用地政策，通过村庄规划调整、建设用地增减挂钩等途径，推出“点状供地”模式。加大金融支持。推出适合集体经济发展的“股权贷”“信用贷”等金融产品，拓展“银政担”适用范围。探索农村产权抵押融资实现路径，打造农村产权“互联网+交易鉴证+他项权证+抵押登记”抵押融资链，构建一体化的涉农金融延伸服务链条，解决新型农村集体经济融资难题。对符合要求的农村集体经济项目贷款给予财政贴息。三是加强发展指导。鼓励区县农村集体经济主管部门与市内外科研院所、高校开展战略合作，为发展壮大集体经济把脉问诊、提供咨询。充实和培育基层农经工作队伍，大力培育集体经济发展指导员，加强业务指导，促进集体经济发展规范有序。
Establish a sound long-term mechanism for development, improve the supporting policy system for the high-quality development of collective economic organizations, focusing on enhancing“hematopoietic” functions, and further stimulate the development momentum of collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.First, deepen comprehensive rural reform.Systematically integrate and advance comprehensive reforms to strengthen villages and enrich the people, focusing on implementing village-level planning and management mechanisms,“strong village companies”, activating rural construction land,“three transformations” reform, and facilitating the flow of urban and rural factors, among other7 reforms, to inject strong momentum into the development of collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.Second, improve the support policy system. Increase financial support.Coordinate and integrate agricultural funds, and normalize support for the development of rural collective economies.Increase project support.List eligible rural collective economic organizations as priority applicants and implementing entities for financial agricultural support projects, providing key support for projects in rural environmental remediation, farmland water conservancy, high-yield creation, facility agriculture, and more.Increase land support.Land spatial planning should adhere to“comprehensive consideration, effective utilization, and supply guarantee” as the basic point, ensuring land indicators for collective economic development. Clarify land requirements and technical standards for rural collective economic organizations, and introduce“standard land” supply.Explore flexible land use policies, and through village planning adjustments, land use increase and decrease linkage, introduce“point-based land supply” model.Increase financial support.Launch financial products suitable for the development of collective economy, such as“equity loans”and“credit loans”to expand the applicability of“bank-government guarantee”services. Explore pathways for financing through rural property mortgages, creating a rural property“Internet+transaction verification+collateral certificates+mortgage registration”mortgage financing chain, and build an integrated service chain for agricultural finance extension to solve the financing difficulties of new rural collective economies. Provide financial subsidies for loans to eligible rural collective economic projects.Third, strengthen development guidance.Encourage rural collective economic authorities in districts and counties to engage in strategic cooperation with research institutions and universities inside and outside the city, to diagnose and provide consulting for the development and expansion of collective economy. Enrich and cultivate grassroots agricultural economic work teams, vigorously train collective economic development instructors, strengthen business guidance, and promote the standardized and orderly development of collective economy.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

9.2完善集体经济组织运行机制
9.2Improvethe operation mechanism ofcollective economic organizations

完善农村党组织统领机制，建立健全农村集体经济组织内部治理、经营运行、收益分配、监督管理等机制，发挥好农村集体经济组织在管理资产、开发资源、发展经济、服务成员等方面的功能作，促进农村集体经济组织规范发展。一是完善章程和制度。加快完善农村集体经济组织章程，使其成为规范和评价集体经济发展及其管理人员行为的标准。引导集体经济组织强化管理意识，建立健全财务管理、合同管理、资产管理、收益分配等制度。严格落实集体经济组织重大事项民主决策、民主监督机制，严格落实公开公示制度，充分保障集体成员的知情权、参与权、监督权。二是健全法人治理机制。厘清集体经济组织与村民自治组织的职能关系，探索落实“政经分离”的落地形式。鼓励有条件的区县组建强村公司，推动赋予农村集体经济组织特别法人资格政策落地，鼓励农村集体经济组织依法设立公司、农民专业合作社等市场主体，融入现代市场竞争。进一步健全成员代表大会、理事会、监事会等组织机构，避免组织机构“形同虚设”，确保各机构功能作用发挥到位，提升经营管理效能。三是加强风险防控。坚守不改变村集体产权性质、不损害村集体利益、不损害农民利益“三条底线”，健全风险防范制度，特别是要积极防范用地风险、经营风险和债务风险，强化项目监管、集体“三资”监管，规范项目投资与集体资产经营管理行为，探索建立集体经济发展风险保障资金、切实维护和保障集体经济组织和成员的合法权益。
Improve the leadership mechanism of rural party organizations, establish and improveruralcollective economicorganizations' internalgovernance, operational management, profit distribution, supervision and management mechanisms, effectively utilizing the functions of rural collective economic organizations in asset management, resource development, economic development, and member services, to promote the standardizeddevelopment of rural collective economic organizations.First, improve the articles of association and systems.Accelerate the improvement of the articles of association of rural collective economic organizations, making them the standards for regulating and evaluating collective economic development and the behavior of their managers. Guide collective economic organizations to strengthen management awareness, and establish and improve systems for financial management, contract management, asset management, and profit distribution. Strictly implement democratic decision-making and supervision mechanisms for major matters of collective economic organizations, and strictly enforce the public disclosure system to fully guarantee the rights of collective members to know, participate, and supervise.Second, improve the corporate governance mechanism.Clarify the functional relationship between collective economic organizations and villagers' self-governing organizations, and explore the implementation of“separation of government and economy” in practice. Encourage qualified districts and counties to establish strong village companies, promote the implementation of policies granting special legal person status to rural collective economic organizations, and encourage rural collective economic organizations to legally establish companies, farmers' professional cooperatives, and other market entities to integrate into modern market competition. Further improve the organizational structures such as member representative assemblies, councils, and supervisory boards, to avoid organizations being“merely nominal”, ensuring that the functions of each institution are effectively utilized and enhancing operational management efficiency.Third, strengthen risk prevention and control.Adhere to not changing the nature of collective land ownership, not harming the interests of the village collective, and not harming the interests of farmers“three bottom lines”, improve the risk prevention system, especially actively prevent land use risks, operational risks, and debt risks, strengthen project supervision, and collectively“three assets”supervision, standardize project investment and collective asset management behaviors, explore the establishment of a risk guarantee fund for the development of collective economy, and effectively maintain and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of collective economic organizations and their members.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

9.3加强农村集体资产监督管理
9.3Strengthening the Supervision and Management of Rural Collective Assets

健全农村集体资产管理制度，规范集体资产的登记、保管、使用、收益、处置等程序，不断提高“三资”管理水平，提升集体资产的经营管理效率，促进集体资产保值增值。一是巩固产权制度改革成果。以抓好脱贫资产清查管理为重点，持续开展农村集体资产清理核资、集体资产年度清查等，进一步巩固“三资”清查成果，建立健全农村集体资产明细台账，确保集体资产“家底清、权属明”。二是盘活利用存量资产。加强重庆市农村产权流转交易平台建设。以“三化”（一体化、规范化、数智化）集成为抓手，建立“市—区县—乡镇—村”四级联动的标准交易体系，积极营造和培育交易环境，畅通城乡要素流通渠道。通过承包、租赁、投资入股等方式，充分挖掘、整合和全面盘活可利用的闲置和低效使用的村级资源、资产、资金，实现资产资本化、资源收益化，盘活用好存量资产，以存量换增量，拓宽集体资产增值空间。三是加强集体资产监管。推进集体资产管理规范化、信息化，加快推广应用“渝农经管”数智化平台，以财务管理为核心，将农村集体资源、经济合同、交易鉴证、融资担保等全部纳入数智平台，规范集体资产管理和交易行为，不断推进集体资源资产盘活利用。
Improve the management system of rural collective assets, standardize the procedures for the registration, safekeeping, use, income, and disposal of collective assets, and continuously enhance“the three assets” management level, increase the operational management efficiency of collective assets, and promote the preservation and appreciation of collective assets.First, consolidate the achievements of property rights system reform.Focus on managing the verification of poverty alleviation assets, continuously carry out the clearing and verification of rural collective assets, and annual inspections of collective assets, further consolidating“the three assets” inspection results, establish and improve detailed ledgers of rural collective assets, and ensure that collective assets are“clear in ownership and rights”.Second, activate and utilize existing assets.Strengthen the construction of the rural property transfer and trading platform in Chongqing. Using“three integrations” (integration, standardization, and digital intelligence) as a starting point, establish a“city—district—town—village” four-level linkage standard trading system,actively create and cultivate a trading environment, and smooth the channels for the circulation of urban and rural factors. Through contracting, leasing, investment and shareholding, fully explore, integrate, and comprehensively activate available idle and inefficiently used village-level resources, assets, and funds, achieving asset capitalization and resource profitability, effectively utilizing existing assets, exchanging existing for incremental, and broadening the appreciation space of collective assets.Third, strengthen the supervision of collective assets.Promote the standardization and informatization of collective asset management, and accelerate the promotion and application of“Yunong Economic Management” digital intelligence platform, with financial management as the core, incorporating all rural collective resources, economic contracts, transaction verification, financing guarantees, etc., into the digital intelligence platform, standardizing collective asset management and transaction behaviors, and continuously promoting the revitalization and utilization of collective resource assets.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

9.4创新集体经济组织发展模式
9.4Innovative Development Models for Collective Economic Organizations

立足三峡库区资源、生态和产业优势以及经营能力，积极探索创新集体经济发展路径和经营方式，拓展新型农村集体经济发展空间。一是探索发展路径。在探索研究资源发包、物业出租、居间服务、资产参股等新模式、新路径上下功夫，不断发展壮大三峡库区新型农村集体经济。在资源发包模式上，要鼓励三峡库区中有良好生态资源及优势产业的集体经济组织，通过入股联营等方式抓好资源资产系统开发与整合利用，促进集体经济增收。在物业出租模式上，鼓励区位条件好、市场经济活的集体经济组织，通过开发标准厂房、市场、门面等设施，通过自主经营、合作开发或出租等方式发展租赁物业。在居间服务模式上，充分发挥集体经济组织“统”的功能，面向农业农村发展需求，积极开展生产性、经营性、公益性服务，拓宽集体增收渠道。如开展生产托管、农机服务、统防统治等农业生产性服务和红白喜事“一条龙”、物业管理等现代生活性服务；承担高标准农田建设、小微型农田水利建设、土地整治等乡村基础设施的建设、运营和管护项目。在资产参股模式上，结合农村“三变”改革，鼓励三峡库区集体经济组织整合利用集体积累的资金及财政支持资金等，通过投资、参股等方式组建强村公司，壮大集体经济。二是创新经营模式。支持和鼓励三峡库区集体经济组织在符合发展需要和尊重集体成员意愿前提下，通过投资、参股等方式设立专业合作社、企业等，以完全市场主体形式开展生产和经营活动，促进集体资产保值增值，拓宽集体经济发展空间。积极探索乡镇辖区内农村集体经济组织联合组建强村公司，通过有效整合资金、聚集资源开展统一管理和经营，推动集体经济组织由“单打独斗”向“抱团联合发展”跨越，促进资源连片开发、产业抱团发展。
Based on the resources, ecology, and industrial advantages of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, as well as operational capabilities, actively explore innovative paths and methods for the development of collective economy, and expand the space for the development of new rural collective economy.First, explore development paths.Efforts should be made to explore and study new models and paths such as resource contracting, property leasing, intermediary services, and asset equity participation, continuously developing and strengthening the new rural collective economy in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.In the resource contracting model,encourage collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area with good ecological resources and advantageous industries,to effectively develop and integrate resource assets through methods such as equity participation and joint operations,promoting income growth for the collective economy.In the property leasing model,encourage collective economic organizations with good location conditions and active market economies to develop rental properties through the development of standard factories, markets, storefronts, etc., through self-management, cooperative development, or leasing.In the intermediary service model,fully leverage the function of collective economic organizations“unified”to meet the development needs of agriculture and rural areas, actively carry out productive, operational, and public welfare services, and broaden the channels for collective income growth. For example, provide production management, agricultural machinery services, unified prevention and control, and modern life services such as red and white affairs“one-stop”, property management, etc.; undertake high-standard farmland construction, small-scaleirrigation construction, land consolidation, and other rural infrastructure construction, operation, and management projects.In the asset equity participation model,combine with the rural“three transformations”reform, encourage collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area to integrate and utilize collective accumulated funds and financial support funds, etc., to establish strong village companies through investment and equity participation, strengthening the collective economy.Second, innovate operational models.Support and encourage collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area to establish professional cooperatives, enterprises, etc., through investment and equity participation, under the premise of meeting development needs and respecting the wishes of collective members, to carry out production and operational activities as fully market entities, promoting the preservation and appreciation of collective assets, and broadening the development space of the collective economy.Actively explore the joint establishment of strong village companies by rural collective economic organizations within the jurisdiction of townships, through effective integration of funds and gathering of resources for unified management and operation, promoting the transition of collective economic organizations from “fighting alone” to “joint development”, facilitating contiguous resource development and collective industrial growth.It seems there is no source text provided for translation. Please provide the text you would like to have translated

9.5增强集体经济组织发展动能
9.5Enhancing the Development Momentum of Collective Economic Organizations

要充分发挥三峡库区集体经济组织及其成员主体作用，增强发展集体经济内生动力。一是加快培育强村富民带头人。选优配强集体经济组织干部队伍，着重培养选拔一批带富能力强的乡土人才成为发展集体经济的中坚力量，激发人才引领动能。加强对集体经济组织经营管理人员的专业培训，提升经营发展能力和管理水平。鼓励有条件的集体经济组织引进职业经理人、专业化经营团队进行经营管理或开展定向资产委托，提升集体资产管理运营水平。二是发挥集体成员主体作用。发展壮大集体经济，促进农民实现共同富裕，必须充分发挥集体成员的主体作用。完善集体经济组织成员收益分配机制，通过村微平台、坝坝会等线上线下平台，拓展群众参与集体经济发展的渠道，将参与集体经济发展纳入村级积分制范畴，把群众的智慧智力等凝聚成干事创业的动力。坚持把组织群众参与、共建共治共享贯穿发展壮大村级集体经济的全过程，避免出现“干部干，群众看”“等靠要”现象，增强三峡库区集体经济组织发展活力。探索线上公开公示，让常年在外的集体成员参与监督。三是健全激励机制。加快探索实施集体经济发展奖励，提高收入待遇，激励集体经济组织管理人员在发展集体经济中担当作为、狠抓落实。建立健全容错机制，让集体经济组织经营管理人员真正卸下思想包袱，最大限度激发和保护集体经济发展的创新活力和发展动能。
Fully leverage the 主体 role of collective economic organizations and their members in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, enhancing the endogenous motivation for developing collective economy.First, accelerate the cultivation of strong village leaders who can enrich the people.Select and strengthen the cadre team of collective economic organizations, focusing on training and selecting a group of local talents with strong capabilities to lead wealth creation, thus stimulating the driving force of talent. Strengthen professional training for the management personnel of collective economic organizations to improve their operational development capabilities and management levels. Encourage capable collective economic organizations to introduce professional managers and specialized management teams for operational management or to carry out directed asset entrustment, enhancing the management and operation level of collective assets.Second, give full play to the 主体 role of collective members.To develop and strengthen the collective economy and promote farmers' common prosperity, it is essential to fully utilize the 主体 role of collective members. Improve the income distribution mechanism for members of collective economic organizations, and expand channels for public participation in collective economic development through online platforms like village micro-platforms and community meetings.Incorporate participation in collective economic development into the village-level points system, consolidating the wisdom and intelligence of the masses into the driving force for entrepreneurship. Adhere to the principle of involving the masses in participation, co-construction, co-governance, and sharing throughout the process of developing and strengthening village-level collective economies, avoiding the phenomenon of“cadres do, the masses watch”and relying on others”to enhance the vitality of collective economic organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Explore onlinepublicdisclosure to allow collective members who are away for long periods to participate in supervision.Third, improve the incentive mechanism.Accelerate the exploration and implementation of rewards for collective economic development, improve income treatment, and motivate management personnel of collective economic organizations to take responsibility and ensure implementation in the development of collective economy. Establish and improve a fault-tolerance mechanism, allowing management personnel of collective economic organizations to truly relieve their mental burdens, maximizing the stimulation and protection of the innovative vitality and development momentum of collective economic development.

参考文献
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序号 Serial Number	担任 Take on 职务 Position	姓名 Name	年龄 Age	性别 Gender	民族 Ethnicity	文化程度 Cultural level	是否在村两委任职（是/否） Are you in a position in the village's two committees (YesNo)	是否取得报酬 Whether to receive compensation （是/否） (YesNo)
1
2
3
4

类型 TypeCategory		具体名称 Specific Name	资产估价 Asset Valuation （万元） (10,000 yuan)	利用现状 Current Situation （闲置/利用） (IdleUtilization)	利用方式 Usage method （出租、入股等） (Renting, investing, etc.)	收益情况（元/年） Income situation (YuanYear)
集体资源 Collective resources （资源性资产） (Resource assets)




集体资产 Collective assets	经营性 Operational 资产 Assets




		非经营性资产 Non-operating assets

集体资金来源构成 Collective FundsSource Composition		成立当年 The year of establishment	2021年末 2021end of the year	备注 Remarks
权益资金 Equity funds	村集体自有 Village collectiveselfhave
		财政资金投入 FinanceCapital Investment
		捐赠资金 Donation funds
		小计 Subtotal
债务资金 Debt funds	集体经济组织贷款 CollectiveEconomic OrganizationLoan
		其他欠债 Other debts
		负债小计 Subtotal of Liabilities

项目 ItemSubject		2021年 2021year	2020年 2020year	2019年 2019year
总收入（元） Total Revenue (Yuan)
经营性收入（元） Operating income (yuan)
主要收入来源（元） Main sources of income (Yuan)	来源1： Source1:
		来源2： Source2:
		来源3： Source3:
分配收益（元） Distribution of earnings (Yuan)
分配结构（元） Allocation structure (element)	提取公积公益金 Extract public welfare fund
		提取应付福利费 Extract payable welfare fees
		成员分红 Member dividends
		其他 Other