Academic word list
学术词汇表
Academic Word List Coxhead (2000). The most frequent word in each family is in italics. There are 570 headwords and about 3000 words altogether. For more information see The Academic Word List. For more practice see: Schmitt & Schmitt (2005), or the Compleat Lexical Tutor.
第50集9.4 The Dog(2000)每个家族中最常见的单词是斜体字。全书共有词目570个,约3000字。欲了解更多信息,请参阅学术词汇表。更多的练习参见:施密特&施密特(2005),或完整的词汇辅导。
If you have an iPhone and want to practise these words, you could try: Flashcards Deluxe. Install the application, then search in the shared library for "Academic Word List".
如果你有一个iPhone,想练习这些单词,你可以试试:豪华抽认卡。安装应用程序,然后在共享库中搜索“学术词汇表”。
*Definitions linked to: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Used with permission)
* 定义链接到:剑桥高级学习词典(经许可使用)
Headwords | Other words in the family. | Definition* |
abandon | ||
abstract | abstraction, abstractions, abstractly, abstracts, e.g. | |
academy | academia, academic, academically, academics, academies, e.g. | |
access | accessed, accesses, accessibility, accessible, accessing, inaccessible | |
accommodate | accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation | |
accompany | accompanied, accompanies, accompaniment, accompanying, unaccompanied | |
accumulate | accumulated, accumulating, accumulation, accumulates | |
accurate | accuracy, accurately, inaccuracy, inaccuracies, inaccurate | |
achieve | achievable, achieved, achievement, achievements, achieves, achieving | |
acknowledge | acknowledged, acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledgement, acknowledgements | |
acquire | acquired, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitions | |
adapt | adaptability, adaptable, adaptation, adaptations, adapted, adapting, adaptive, adapts | |
adequate | adequacy, adequately, inadequacies, inadequacy, inadequate, inadequately | |
adjacent |
| |
adjust | adjusted, adjusting, adjustment, adjustments, adjusts, readjust, readjusted, readjusting, readjustment, readjustments, readjusts | |
administrate | administrates, administration, administrations, administrative, administratively, administrator, administrators | |
adult | adulthood, adults | |
advocate | advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating | |
affect | affected, affecting, affective, affectively, affects, unaffected | |
aggregate | aggregated, aggregates, aggregating, aggregation | |
aid | aided, aiding, aids, unaided | |
albeit |
| |
allocate | allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocations | |
alter | alterable, alteration, alterations, altered, altering, alternate, alternating, alters, unalterable, unaltered | |
alternative | alternatively, alternatives | |
ambiguous | ambiguities, ambiguity, unambiguous, unambiguously | |
amend | amended, amending, amendment, amendments, amends | |
analogy | analogies, analogous | |
analyse | analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically | |
annual | annually | |
anticipate | anticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, unanticipated | |
apparent | apparently | |
append | appendix, appended, appends, appending, appendices, appendixes | |
appreciate | appreciable, appreciably, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciation, unappreciated | |
approach | approachable, approached, approaches, approaching, unapproachable | |
appropriate | appropriacy, appropriately, appropriateness, inappropriacy, inappropriate, inappropriately | |
approximate | approximated, approximately, approximates, approximating, approximation, approximations | |
arbitrary | arbitrariness, arbitrarily | |
area | areas | |
aspect | aspects | |
assemble | assembled, assembles, assemblies, assembling, assembly | |
assess | assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessments, reassess, reassessed, reassessing, reassessment, unassessed | |
assign | assigned, assigning, assignment, assignments, assigns, reassign, reassigned, reassigning, reassigns, unassigned | |
assist | assistance, assistant, assistants, assisted, assisting, assists, unassisted | |
assume | assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptions | |
assure | assurance, assurances, assured, assuredly, assures, assuring | |
attach | attached, attaches, attaching, attachment, attachments, unattached | |
attain | attainable, attained, attaining, attainment, attainments, attains, unattainable | |
attitude | attitudes | |
attribute | attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution | |
author | authored, authoring, authors, authorship | |
authority | authoritative, authorities | |
automate | automatic, automated, automates, automating, automatically, automation | |
available | availability, unavailable | |
aware | awareness, unaware | |
behalf |
| |
benefit | beneficial, beneficiary, beneficiaries, benefited, benefiting, benefits | |
bias | biased, biases, biasing, unbiased | |
bond | bonded, bonding, bonds | |
brief | brevity, briefed, briefing, briefly, briefs | |
bulk | bulky | |
capable | capabilities, capability, incapable | |
capacity | capacities, incapacitate, incapacitated | |
category | categories, categorisation, categorise, categorised, categorises, categorising, categorizing | |
cease | ceased, ceaseless, ceases, ceasing | |
challenge | challenged, challenger, challengers, challenges, challenging | |
channel | channelled, channelling, channels | |
chapter | chapters | |
chart | charted, charting, charts, uncharted | |
chemical | chemically, chemicals | |
circumstance | circumstances | |
cite | citation, citations, cited, citing, cites | |
civil |
| |
clarify | clarification, clarified, clarifies, clarifying, clarity | |
classic | classical, classics | |
clause | clauses | |
code | coded, codes, coding | |
coherent | coherence, coherently, incoherent, incoherently | |
coincide | coincided, coincides, coinciding, coincidence, coincidences, coincident, coincidental | |
collapse | collapsed, collapses, collapsible, collapsing | |
colleague | colleagues | |
commence | commenced, commences, commencement, commencing, recommences, recommenced, recommencing | |
comment | commentaries, commentary, commentator, commentators, commented, commenting, comments | |
commission | commissioned, commissioner, commissioners, commissioning, commissions | |
commit | commitment, commitments, commits, committed, committing | |
commodity | commodities | |
communicate | communicable, communicated, communicates, communicating, communication, communications, communicative, communicatively, uncommunicative | |
community | communities | |
compatible | compatibility, incompatibility, incompatible | |
compensate | compensated, compensates, compensating, compensation, compensations, compensatory | |
compile | compilation, compilations, compiled, compiles, compiling | |
complement | complementary, complemented, complementing, complements | |
complex | complexities, complexity | |
component | componentry, components | |
compound | compounded, compounding, compounds | |
comprehensive | comprehensively | |
comprise | comprised, comprises, comprising | |
compute | computation, computational, computations, computable, computer, computed, computerised, computers, computing | |
conceive | conceivable, conceivably, conceived, conceives, conceiving, inconceivable, inconceivably | |
concentrate | concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration | |
concept | conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualisation, conceptualise, conceptualised, conceptualises, conceptualising, conceptually | |
conclude | concluded, concludes, concluding, conclusion, conclusions, conclusive, conclusively, inconclusive, inconclusively | |
concurrent | concurrently | |
conduct | conducted, conducting, conducts | |
confer | conference, conferences, conferred, conferring, confers | |
confine | confined, confines, confining, unconfined | |
confirm | confirmation, confirmed, confirming, confirms | |
conflict | conflicted, conflicting, conflicts | |
conform | conformable, conformability, conformance, conformation, conformed, conforming, conformist, conformists, conformity, conforms, nonconformist, nonconformists, nonconformity, non-conformist, non-conformists, non-conformity | |
consent | consensus, consented, consenting, consents | |
consequent | consequence, consequences, consequently | |
considerable | considerably | |
consist | consisted, consistency, consistent, consistently, consisting, consists, inconsistencies, inconsistency, inconsistent | |
constant | constancy, constantly, constants, inconstancy, inconstantly | |
constitute | constituencies, constituency, constituent, constituents, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutions, constitutional, constitutionally, constitutive, unconstitutional | |
constrain | constrained, constraining, constrains, constraint, constraints, unconstrained | |
construct | constructed, constructing, construction, constructions, constructive, constructs, reconstruct, reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructs | |
consult | consultancy, consultant, consultants, consultation, consultations, consultative, consulted, consults, consulting | |
consume | consumed, consumer, consumers, consumes, consuming, consumption | |
contact | contactable, contacted, contacting, contacts | |
contemporary | contemporaries | |
context | contexts, contextual, contextualise, contextualised, contextualising, uncontextualised | |
contract | contracted, contracting, contractor, contractors, contracts | |
contradict | contradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictions, contradictory, contradicts | |
contrary | contrarily | |
contrast | contrasted, contrasting, contrastive, contrasts | |
contribute | contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributions, contributor, contributors | |
controversy | controversies, controversial, controversially, uncontroversial | |
convene | convention, convenes, convened, convening, conventional, conventionally, conventions, unconventional | |
converse | conversely | |
convert | conversion, conversions, converted, convertible, converting, converts | |
convince | convinced, convinces, convincing, convincingly, unconvinced | |
cooperate | cooperated, cooperates, cooperating, cooperation, cooperative, cooperatively, co-operate, co-operated, co-operates, co-operation, co-operative, co-operatively | |
coordinate | coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinator, coordinators, co-ordinate, co-ordinated, co-ordinates, co-ordinating, co-ordination, co-ordinator, co-ordinators | |
core | cores, coring, cored | |
corporate | corporates, corporation, corporations | |
correspond | corresponded, correspondence, corresponding, correspondingly, corresponds | |
couple | coupled, coupling, couples | |
create | created, creates, creating, creation, creations, creative, creatively, creativity, creator, creators, recreate, recreated, recreates, recreating | |
credit | credited, crediting, creditor, creditors, credits | |
criteria | criterion | |
crucial | crucially | |
culture | cultural, culturally, cultured, cultures, uncultured | |
currency | currencies | |
cycle | cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling | |
data |
| |
debate | debatable, debated, debates, debating | |
decade | decades | |
decline | declined, declines, declining | |
deduce | deduced, deduces, deducing, deduction, deductions | |
define | definable, defined, defines, defining, definition, definitions, redefine, redefined, redefines, redefining, undefined | |
definite | definitely, definitive, indefinite, indefinitely | |
demonstrate | demonstrable, demonstrably, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstration, demonstrations, demonstrative, demonstratively, demonstrator, demonstrators | |
denote | denotation, denotations, denoted, denotes, denoting | |
deny | deniable, denial, denials, denied, denies, denying, undeniable | |
depress | depressed, depresses, depressing, depression | |
derive | derivation, derivations, derivative, derivatives, derived, derives, deriving | |
design | designed, designer, designers, designing, designs | |
despite |
| |
detect | detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detectives, detector, detectors, detects | |
deviate | deviated, deviates, deviating, deviation, deviations | |
device | devices | |
devote | devoted, devotedly, devotes, devoting, devotion, devotions | |
differentiate | differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation | |
dimension | dimensional, dimensions, multidimensional | |
diminish | diminished, diminishes, diminishing, diminution, undiminished | |
discrete | discretely, discretion, discretionary, indiscrete, indiscretion | |
discriminate | discriminated, discriminates, discriminating, discrimination | |
displace | displaced, displacement, displaces, displacing | |
display | displayed, displaying, displays | |
dispose | disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing | |
distinct | distinction, distinctions, distinctive, distinctively, distinctly, indistinct, indistinctly | |
distort | distorted, distorting, distortion, distortions, distorts | |
distribute | distributed, distributing, distribution, distributional, distributions, distributive, distributor, distributors, redistribute, redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution | |
diverse | diversely, diversification, diversified, diversifies, diversify, diversifying, diversity | |
document | documentation, documented, documenting, documents | |
domain | domains | |
domestic | domestically, domesticate, domesticated, domesticating, domestics | |
dominate | dominance, dominant, dominated, dominates, dominating, domination | |
draft | drafted, drafting, drafts, redraft, redrafted, redrafting, redrafts | |
drama | dramas, dramatic, dramatically, dramatise, dramatised, dramatising, dramatises, dramatisation, dramatisations, dramatist, dramatists, dramatization, dramatizations, dramatizing | |
duration |
| |
dynamic | dynamically, dynamics | |
economy | economic, economical, economically, economics, economies, economist, economists, uneconomical | |
edit | edited, editing, edition, editions, editor, editorial, editorials, editors, edits | |
element | elements | |
eliminate | eliminated, eliminates, eliminating, elimination | |
emerge | emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging | |
emphasis | emphasise, emphasised, emphasising, emphatic, emphatically | |
empirical | empirically, empiricism | |
enable | enabled, enables, enabling | |
encounter | encountered, encountering, encounters | |
energy | energetic, energetically, energies | |
enforce | enforced, enforcement, enforces, enforcing | |
enhance | enhanced, enhancement, enhances, enhancing | |
enormous | enormity, enormously | |
ensure | ensured, ensures, ensuring | |
entity | entities | |
environment | environmental, environmentalist, environmentalists, environmentally, environments | |
equate | equated, equates, equating, equation, equations | |
equip | equipment, equipped, equipping, equips | |
equivalent | equivalence | |
erode | eroded, erodes, eroding, erosion | |
error | erroneous, erroneously, errors | |
establish | disestablish, disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, disestablishment, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, establishments | |
estate | estates | |
estimate | estimated, estimates, estimating, estimation, estimations, over-estimate, overestimate, overestimated, overestimates, overestimating, underestimate, underestimated, underestimates, underestimating | |
ethic | ethical, ethically, ethics, unethical | |
ethnic | ethnicity | |
evaluate | evaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluations, evaluative, re-evaluate, re-evaluated, re-evaluates, re-evaluating, re-evaluation | |
eventual | eventuality, eventually | |
evident | evidenced, evidence, evidential, evidently | |
evolve | evolution, evolved, evolving, evolves, evolutionary, evolutionist, evolutionists | |
exceed | exceeded, exceeding, exceeds | |
exclude | excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusionist, exclusions, exclusive, exclusively | |
exhibit | exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitions, exhibits | |
expand | expanded, expanding, expands, expansion, expansionism, expansive | |
expert | expertise, expertly, experts | |
explicit | explicitly | |
exploit | exploitation, exploited, exploiting, exploits | |
export | exported, exporter, exporters, exporting, exports | |
expose | exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, exposures | |
external | externalisation, externalise, externalised, externalises, externalising, externality | |
extract | extracted, extracting, extraction, extracts | |
facilitate | facilitated, facilitates, facilities, facilitating, facilitation, facilitator, facilitators, facility | |
factor | factored, factoring, factors | |
feature | featured, features, featuring | |
federal | federation, federations | |
fee | fees | |
file | filed, files, filing | |
final | finalise, finalised, finalises, finalising, finality, finally, finals | |
finance | financed, finances, financial, financially, financier, financiers, financing | |
finite | infinite, infinitely | |
flexible | flexibility, inflexible, inflexibility | |
fluctuate | fluctuated, fluctuates, fluctuating, fluctuation, fluctuations | |
focus | focused, focuses, focusing, refocus, refocused, refocuses, refocusing | |
format | formatted, formatting, formats | |
formula | formulae, formulas, formulate, formulated, formulating, formulation, formulations, reformulate, reformulated, reformulating, reformulation, reformulations | |
forthcoming |
| |
found | founded, founder, founders, founding, unfounded | |
foundation | foundations | |
framework | frameworks | |
function | functional, functionally, functioned, functioning, functions | |
fund | funded, funder, funders, funding, funds | |
fundamental | fundamentally | |
furthermore |
| |
gender | genders | |
generate | generated, generates, generating | |
generation | generations | |
globe | global, globally, globalisation, globalization | |
goal | goals | |
grade | graded, grades, grading | |
grant | granted, granting, grants | |
guarantee | guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees | |
guideline | guidelines | |
hence |
| |
hierarchy | hierarchical, hierarchies | |
highlight | highlighted, highlighting, highlights | |
hypothesis | hypotheses, hypothesise, hypothesised, hypothesises, hypothesising, hypothetical, hypothetically | |
identical | identically | |
identify | identifiable, identification, identified, identifies, identifying, identities, identity, unidentifiable | |
ideology | ideological, ideologically, ideologies | |
ignorant | ignorance, ignore, ignored, ignores, ignoring | |
illustrate | illustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrations, illustrative | |
image | imagery, images | |
immigrate | immigrant, immigrants, immigrated, immigrates, immigrating, immigration | |
impact | impacted, impacting, impacts | |
implement | implementation, implemented, implementing, implements | |
implicate | implicated, implicates, implicating, implication, implications | |
implicit | implicitly | |
imply | implied, implies, implying | |
impose | imposed, imposes, imposing, imposition | |
incentive | incentives | |
incidence | incident, incidentally, incidents | |
incline | inclination, inclinations,inclined, inclines, inclining | |
income | incomes | |
incorporate | incorporated, incorporates, incorporating, incorporation | |
index | indexed, indexes, indexing | |
indicate | indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indications, indicative, indicator, indicators | |
individual | individualised, individuality, individualism, individualist, individualists, individualistic, individually, individuals | |
induce | induced, induces, inducing, induction | |
inevitable | inevitability, inevitably | |
infer | inference, inferences, inferred, inferring, infers | |
infrastructure | infrastructures | |
inherent | inherently | |
inhibit | inhibited, inhibiting, inhibition, inhibitions, inhibits | |
initial | initially | |
initiate | initiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiations, initiative, initiatives, initiator, initiators | |
injure | injured, injures, injuries, injuring, injury, uninjured | |
innovate | innovation, innovated, innovates, innovating, innovations, innovative, innovator, innovators | |
input | inputs | |
insert | inserted, inserting, insertion, inserts | |
insight | insightful, insights | |
inspect | inspected, inspecting, inspection, inspections, inspector, inspectors, inspects | |
instance | instances | |
institute | instituted, institutes, instituting, institution, institutional, institutionalise, institutionalised, institutionalises, institutionalising, institutionally, institutions | |
instruct | instruction, instructed, instructing, instructions, instructive, instructor, instructors, instructs | |
integral |
| |
integrate | integrated, integrates, integrating, integration | |
integrity |
| |
intelligent | intelligence, intelligently, unintelligent | |
intense | intensely, intenseness, intensification, intensified, intensifies, intensify, intensifying, intension, intensity, intensive, intensively | |
interact | interacted, interacting, interaction, interactions, interactive, interactively, interacts | |
intermediate |
| |
internal | internalise, internalised, internalises, internalising, internally | |
interpret | interpretation, interpretations, interpretative, interpreted, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, misinterpretation, misinterpretations, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets, reinterpret, reinterpreted, reinterprets, reinterpreting, reinterpretation, reinterpretations | |
interval | intervals | |
intervene | intervened, intervenes, intervening, intervention, interventions | |
intrinsic | intrinsically | |
invest | invested, investing, investment, investments, investor, investors, invests, reinvest, reinvested, reinvesting, reinvestment, reinvests | |
investigate | investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigations, investigative, investigator, investigators | |
invoke | invoked, invokes, invoking | |
involve | involved, involvement, involves, involving, uninvolved | |
isolate | isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation, isolationism | |
issue | issued, issues, issuing | |
item | itemisation, itemise, itemised, itemises, itemising, items | |
job | jobs | |
journal | journals | |
justify | justifiable, justifiably, justification, justifications, justified, justifies, justifying, unjustified | |
label | labelled, labelling, labels | |
labour | laboured, labouring, labours | |
layer | layered, layering, layers | |
lecture | lectured, lecturer, lecturers, lectures, lecturing | |
legal | illegal, illegality, illegally, legality, legally | |
legislate | legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislators, legislature | |
levy | levies | |
liberal | liberalise, liberalism, liberalisation, liberalised, liberalises, liberalising, liberalization, liberate, liberated, liberates, liberation, liberations, liberating, liberator, liberators, liberally, liberals | |
licence | licences, license, licensed, licensing, licenses, unlicensed | |
likewise |
| |
link | linkage, linkages, linked, linking, links | |
locate | located, locating, location, locations, relocate, relocated, relocates, relocating, relocation | |
logic | illogical, illogically, logical, logically, logician, logicians | |
maintain | maintained, maintaining, maintains, maintenance | |
major | majorities, majority | |
manipulate | manipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulations, manipulative | |
manual | manually, manuals | |
margin | marginal, marginally, margins | |
mature | immature, immaturity, maturation, maturational, matured, matures, maturing, maturity | |
maximise | max, maximised, maximises, maximising, maximisation, maximum | |
mechanism | mechanisms | |
media |
| |
mediate | mediated, mediates, mediating, mediation | |
medical | medically | |
medium |
| |
mental | mentality, mentally | |
method | methodical, methodological, methodologies, methodology, methods | |
migrate | migrant, migrants, migrated, migrates, migrating, migration, migrations, migratory | |
military |
| |
minimal | minimalisation, minimalise, minimalises, minimalised, minimalising, minimalist, minimalists, minimalistic, minimally | |
minimise | minimised, minimises, minimising | |
minimum |
| |
ministry | ministered, ministering, ministerial, ministries | |
minor | minorities, minority, minors | |
mode | modes | |
modify | modification, modifications, modified, modifies, modifying, unmodified | |
monitor | monitored, monitoring, monitors, unmonitored | |
motive | motivate, motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivations, motives, unmotivated | |
mutual | mutually | |
negate | negative, negated, negates, negating, negatively, negatives | |
network | networked, networking, networks | |
neutral | neutralisation, neutralise, neutralised, neutralises, neutralising, neutrality | |
nevertheless |
| |
nonetheless |
| |
norm | norms | |
normal | abnormal, abnormally, normalisation, normalise, normalised, normalises, normalising, normality, normally | |
notion | notions | |
notwithstanding |
| |
nuclear |
| |
objective | objectively, objectivity | |
obtain | obtainable, obtained, obtaining, obtains, unobtainable | |
obvious | obviously | |
occupy | occupancy, occupant, occupants, occupation,occupational, occupations, occupied, occupier, occupiers, occupies, occupying | |
occur | occurred, occurrence, occurrences, occurring, occurs, reoccur, reoccurred, reoccurring, reoccurs | |
odd | odds | |
offset | offsets, offsetting | |
ongoing |
| |
option | optional, options | |
orient | orientate, orientated, orientates, orientation, orientating, oriented, orienting, orients, reorient, reorientation | |
outcome | outcomes | |
output | outputs | |
overall |
| |
overlap | overlapped, overlapping, overlaps | |
overseas |
| |
panel | panelled, panelling, panels | |
paradigm | paradigms | |
paragraph | paragraphing, paragraphs | |
parallel | paralleled, parallels, unparalleled | |
parameter | parameters | |
participate | participant, participants, participated, participates, participating, participation, participatory | |
partner | partners, partnership, partnerships | |
passive | passively, passivity | |
perceive | perceived, perceives, perceiving, perception, perceptions | |
percent | percentage, percentages | |
period | periodic, periodical, periodically, periodicals, periods | |
persist | persisted, persistence, persistent, persistently, persisting, persists | |
perspective | perspectives | |
phase | phased, phases, phasing | |
phenomenon | phenomena, phenomenal | |
philosophy | philosopher, philosophers, philosophical, philosophically, philosophies, philosophise, philosophised, philosophises, philosophising | |
physical | physically | |
plus | pluses | |
policy | policies | |
portion | portions | |
pose | posed, poses, posing | |
positive | positively | |
potential | potentially | |
practitioner | practitioners | |
precede | preceded, precedence, precedent, precedes, preceding, unprecedented | |
precise | imprecise, precisely, precision | |
predict | predictability, predictable, predictably, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictions, predicts, unpredictability, unpredictable | |
predominant | predominance, predominantly, predominate, predominated, predominates, predominating | |
preliminary | preliminaries | |
presume | presumably, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptions, presumptuous | |
previous | previously | |
primary | primarily | |
prime | primacy | |
principal | principally | |
principle | principled, principles, unprincipled | |
prior |
| |
priority | priorities, prioritisation, prioritise, prioritised, prioritises, prioritising | |
proceed | procedural, procedure, procedures, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, proceeds | |
process | processed, processes, processing | |
professional | professionally, professionals, professionalism | |
prohibit | prohibited, prohibiting, prohibition, prohibitions, prohibitive, prohibits | |
project | projected, projecting, projection, projections, projects | |
promote | promoted, promoter, promoters, promotes, promoting, promotion, promotions | |
proportion | disproportion, disproportionate, disproportionately, proportional, proportionally, proportionate, proportionately, proportions | |
prospect | prospective, prospects | |
protocol | protocols | |
psychology | psychological, psychologically, psychologist, psychologists | |
publication | publications | |
publish | published, publisher, publishers, publishes, publishing, unpublished | |
purchase | purchased, purchaser, purchasers, purchases, purchasing | |
pursue | pursued, pursues, pursuing, pursuit, pursuits | |
qualitative | qualitatively | |
quote | quotation, quotations, quoted, quotes, quoting | |
radical | radically, radicals | |
random | randomly, randomness | |
range | ranged, ranges, ranging | |
ratio | ratios | |
rational | irrational, rationalisation, rationalisations, rationalise, rationalised, rationalises, rationalising, rationalism, rationality, rationally | |
react | reacted, reacts, reacting, reaction, reactionaries, reactionary, reactions, reactive, reactivate, reactivation, reactor, reactors | |
recover | recoverable, recovered, recovering, recovers, recovery | |
refine | refined, refinement, refinements, refines, refining | |
regime | regimes | |
region | regional, regionally, regions | |
register | deregister, deregistered, deregistering, deregisters, deregistration, registered, registering, registers, registration | |
regulate | deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation,regulations, regulator, regulators, regulatory, unregulated | |
reinforce | reinforced, reinforcement, reinforcements, reinforces, reinforcing | |
reject | rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejects, rejections | |
relax | relaxation, relaxed, relaxes, relaxing | |
release | released, releases, releasing | |
relevant | irrelevance, irrelevant, relevance | |
reluctance | reluctant, reluctantly | |
rely | reliability, reliable, reliably, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying, unreliable | |
remove | removable, removal, removals, removed, removes, removing | |
require | required, requirement, requirements, requires, requiring | |
research | researched, researcher, researchers, researches, researching | |
reside | resided, residence, resident, residential, residents, resides, residing | |
resolve | resolution, resolved, resolves, resolving, unresolved | |
resource | resourced, resourceful, resources, resourcing, unresourceful, under-resourced | |
respond | responded, respondent, respondents, responding, responds, response, responses, responsive, responsiveness, unresponsive | |
restore | restoration, restored, restores, restoring | |
restrain | restrained, restraining, restrains, restraint, restraints, unrestrained | |
restrict | restricted, restricting, restriction, restrictions, restrictive, restrictively, restricts, unrestricted, unrestrictive | |
retain | retained, retaining, retainer, retainers, retains, retention, retentive | |
reveal | revealed, revealing, reveals, revelation, revelations | |
revenue | revenues | |
reverse | reversal, reversed, reverses, reversible, reversing, reversals, irreversible | |
revise | revised, revises, revising, revision, revisions | |
revolution | revolutionary, revolutionaries, revolutionise, revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising, revolutionist, revolutionists, revolutions | |
rigid | rigidities, rigidity, rigidly | |
role | roles | |
route | routed, routes, routing | |
scenario | scenarios | |
schedule | reschedule, rescheduled, reschedules, rescheduling, scheduled, schedules, scheduling, unscheduled | |
scheme | schematic, schematically, schemed, schemes, scheming | |
scope |
| |
section | sectioned, sectioning, sections | |
sector | sectors | |
secure | insecure, insecurities, insecurity, secured, securely, secures, securing, securities, security | |
seek | seeking, seeks, sought | |
select | selected, selecting, selection, selections, selective, selectively, selector, selectors, selects | |
sequence | sequenced, sequences, sequencing, sequential, sequentially | |
series |
| |
sex | sexes, sexism, sexual, sexuality, sexually | |
shift | shifted, shifting, shifts | |
significant | insignificant, insignificantly, significance, significantly, signified, signifies, signify, signifying | |
similar | dissimilar, similarities, similarity, similarly | |
simulate | simulated, simulates, simulating, simulation | |
site | sites | |
so-called |
| |
sole | solely | |
somewhat |
| |
source | sourced, sources, sourcing | |
specific | specifically, specification, specifications, specificity, specifics | |
specify | specifiable, specified, specifies, specifying, unspecified | |
sphere | spheres, spherical, spherically | |
stable | instability, stabilisation, stabilise, stabilised, stabilises, stabilising, stability, unstable | |
statistic | statistician, statisticians, statistical, statistically, statistics | |
status |
| |
straightforward |
| |
strategy | strategic, strategies, strategically, strategist, strategists | |
stress | stressed, stresses, stressful, stressing, unstressed | |
structure | restructure, restructured, restructures, restructuring, structural, structurally, structured, structures, structuring, unstructured | |
style | styled, styles, styling, stylish, stylise, stylised, stylises, stylising | |
submit | submission, submissions, submits, submitted, submitting | |
subordinate | subordinates, subordination | |
subsequent | subsequently | |
subsidy | subsidiary, subsidies, subsidise, subsidised, subsidises, subsidising | |
substitute | substituted, substitutes, substituting, substitution | |
successor | succession, successions, successive, successively, successors | |
sufficient | sufficiency, insufficient, insufficiently, sufficiently | |
sum | summation, summed, summing, sums | |
summary | summaries, summarise, summarised, summarises, summarising, summarisation, summarisations | |
supplement | supplementary, supplemented, supplementing, supplements | |
survey | surveyed, surveying, surveys | |
survive | survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor, survivors | |
suspend | suspended, suspending, suspends, suspension | |
sustain | sustainable, sustainability, sustained, sustaining, sustains, sustenance, unsustainable | |
symbol | symbolic, symbolically, symbolise, symbolises, symbolised, symbolising, symbolism, symbols | |
tape | taped, tapes, taping | |
target | targeted, targeting, targets | |
task | tasks | |
team | teamed, teaming, teams | |
technical | technically | |
technique | techniques | |
technology | technological, technologically | |
temporary | temporarily | |
tense | tension, tensely, tenser, tensest, tensions | |
terminate | terminal, terminals, terminated, terminates, terminating, termination, terminations | |
text | texts, textual | |
theme | themes, thematic, thematically | |
theory | theoretical, theoretically, theories, theorist, theorists | |
thereby |
| |
thesis | theses | |
topic | topical, topics | |
trace | traceable, traced, traces, tracing | |
tradition | non-traditional, traditional, traditionalist, traditionally, traditions | |
transfer | transferable, transference, transferred, transferring, transfers | |
transform | transformation, transformations, transformed, transforming, transforms | |
transit | transited, transiting, transition, transitional, transitions, transitory, transits | |
transmit | transmission, transmissions, transmitted, transmitting, transmits | |
transport | transportation, transported, transporter, transporters, transporting, transports | |
trend | trends | |
trigger | triggered, triggering, triggers | |
ultimate | ultimately | |
undergo | undergoes, undergoing, undergone, underwent | |
underlie | underlay, underlies, underlying | |
undertake | undertaken, undertakes, undertaking, undertook | |
uniform | uniformity, uniformly | |
unify | unification, unified, unifies, unifying | |
unique | uniquely, uniqueness | |
utilise | utilisation, utilised, utilises, utilising, utiliser, utilisers, utility, utilities | |
valid | invalidate, invalidity, validate, validated, validating, validation, validity, validly | |
vary | invariable, invariably, variability, variable, variables, variably, variance, variant, variants, variation, variations, varied, varies, varying | |
vehicle | vehicles | |
version | versions | |
via |
| |
violate | violated, violates, violating, violation, violations | |
virtual | virtually | |
visible | visibility, visibly, invisible, invisibility | |
vision | visions | |
visual | visualise, visualised, visualised, visualising, visualisation, visually | |
volume | volumes, vol | |
voluntary | voluntarily, volunteer, volunteering, volunteered, volunteers | |
welfare |
| |
whereas |
| |
whereby |
| |
widespread |
|
The Academic Word List
学术词汇表
Introduction
介绍
The Academic Word List was developed at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, . The list contains 570 word families which were selected according to principles outlined below. The list does not include words that are in the most frequent 2000 words of English. The AWL was primarily made so that it could be used by teachers as part of a programme preparing learners for tertiary level study or used by students working alone to learn the words most needed to study at tertiary institutions. The Academic Word List replaces the University Word List.
学术词汇表是由惠灵顿的维多利亚大学语言学和应用语言研究学院开发的。该列表包含570个单词家族,这些家族是根据以下原则选择的。nbsp;该列表不包括最常见的2000个英语单词中的单词。AWL的主要目的是让教师将其用作为高等教育学习做准备的课程的一部分,或者让学生独自学习在高等教育机构学习最需要的单词。学术词汇表取代了大学词汇表。
Principles of selection used in developing the AWL
开发AWL时使用的选择原则
The word families of the Academic Word List were selected according to several principles. In order of importance, these selection principles were:
学术词汇表中的词族是根据几个原则选择的。按重要性排序,这些选择原则是:
Range. The AWL families had to occur in the Arts, Commerce, Law and Science faculty sections of the Academic Corpus (see below for details on the Academic Corpus). The word families also had to occur in over half of the 28 subject areas of the Academic Corpus (see Table 2 below). Just over 94% of the words in the AWL occur in 20 or more subject areas. This principle ensures that the words in the AWL are useful for all learners, no matter what their area of study or what combination of subjects they take at tertiary level.
范围 AWL家族必须出现在学术语料库的艺术,商业,法律和科学教师部分(见下文关于学术语料库的详细信息)。 在学术语料库的28个学科领域中,有一半以上的领域都出现了“家族”一词(见下表2)。 AWL中超过94%的单词出现在20个或更多的主题领域。 这一原则确保AWL中的单词对所有学习者都有用,无论他们的学习领域或他们在高等教育中学习的科目组合如何。
Frequency. The AWL families had to occur over 100 times in the 3,500,000 word Academic Corpus in order to be considered for inclusion in the list. This principle ensures that the words will be met a reasonable number of times in academic texts.
频率. AWL家族必须在3,500,000字的学术语料库中出现超过100次才能被考虑列入名单。这一原则确保了这些词在学术文本中会出现合理的次数。
Uniformity of frequency. The AWL families had to occur a minimum of 10 times in each faculty of the Academic Corpus to be considered for inclusion in the list. This principle ensures that the vocabulary is useful for all learners.
频率的均匀性。nbsp; AWL家族必须在学术语料库的每个学院中至少出现10次才能被考虑列入列表。这一原则确保词汇对所有学习者都有用。
Words excluded from the Academic Word List
排除在学术词汇表之外的词汇
Words occurring in the first 2,000 words of English. The AWL assumes knowledge of West's General Service List (GSL) (1953) as the basic vocabulary any learner should have before starting to learn academic vocabulary.
出现在英语前2,000个单词中的单词。AWL假设西方的一般服务列表(GSL)(1953)的知识作为任何学习者在开始学习学术词汇之前应该掌握的基本词汇。
Narrow range words. Words which occurred in fewer than 4 faculty sections of the Academic Corpus or which occurred in fewer than 15 of the 28 subject areas of the Academic Corpus were excluded because they had narrow range. Technical or specialist words often have narrow range and were excluded on this basis
狭义的词。出现在学术语料库中少于4个教师部分或出现在学术语料库的28个学科领域中少于15个的词被排除在外,因为它们的范围很窄。nbsp;技术或专业词汇通常范围狭窄,因此被排除在外
Proper nouns. The names of places, people, countries, for example, , Jim Bolger and were excluded from the list.
专有名词。地名、人名、国家名,例如,Jim Bolger和被排除在名单之外。
Latin forms. Some of the most common Latin forms in the Academic Corpus were et al, etc, ie, and ibid.
拉丁语形式。学术语料库中一些最常见的拉丁语形式是et al等,即和ibid。
How to use this list
如何使用此列表
The headwords of the Academic Word List (AWL) are the stem form of the words. The number after each headword is the sublist the word family is in. The sublists have the word families of the AWL with the most frequently used member of the family in italics. Table 1 below shows the coverage of the sublists over the Academic Corpus* (see for more details of the Academic Corpus) and the number of pages of text a learner needs to read in order to encounter the words.
学术词汇表(AWL)的词目是词的词干形式。每个词目后面的数字是该词族所在的子列表。& nbsp;子列表包含AWL的单词家族,家族中最常用的成员用斜体表示。下面的表1显示了子列表在学术语料库中的覆盖率 *(有关学术语料库的更多详细信息,请参阅)以及学习者需要阅读的文本页数。
* A corpus is a body or collection of texts.
* 语料库是文本的主体或集合。
The words in the Academic Word List should be learned in several ways:
学术词汇表中的单词应该通过以下几种方式学习:
Learners should read academic texts and listen to academic lectures and discussions. Where possile, the written and spoken texts should not be too difficult for learners, with no more than about 5% of the running words in the texts being new words for the learners.
学习者应该阅读学术文章,听学术讲座和讨论。在可能的情况下,书面和口语文本不应该对学习者来说太难,文本中不超过5%的流动词是学习者的新词。
Learners should have the chance to speak in academic discussion and write academic texts using academic vocabulary.
学习者应该有机会在学术讨论中发言,并使用学术词汇撰写学术文章。
Learners should directly study words from the list using word cards and doing intensive study of short academic texts.
学习者应该直接使用单词卡学习单词表中的单词,并对简短的学术文章进行深入学习。
Learning the words in the Academic Word List
学习学术词汇表中的单词
Choosing words
选词
Start with Sublist 1. If these words are known, move on to Sublist 2 down to Sublist 10.
从子列表1开始。如果这些单词是已知的,则移动到子列表2向下到子列表10。
Don't start with the headwords starting with the letter 'A' and work down the list, but choose words that do not look like each other and are not related in meaning.
不要从字母“A”开头的词目开始,沿着列表往下走,而是选择看起来不像的词,意思也不相关。
Check the list for words you find in texts. If the words are in the AWL, you should learn them. If they are not in the list, then check West's General Service List. If the words are not in the most frequent 2000 words of English or the AWL, then think carefully about whether or not you need to learn them.
检查你在文本中找到的单词。如果单词在AWL中,你应该学习它们。nbsp;如果不在列表中,则检查West的一般服务列表。&如果这些单词不在英语或AWL中最常见的2000个单词中,那么请仔细考虑是否需要学习它们。
Learning words
学习单词
Focus on retrieving the words rather than recognizing them. Every time you retrieve a word the connection between the form of the word and its meaning is made stronger. Using word cards with the word to be learned on one side and the translations on the other forces you to retrieve the word.
专注于检索单词,而不是识别它们。每当你检索一个单词时,单词的形式和它的含义之间的联系就会变得更强。使用单词卡,一面是要学习的单词,另一面是翻译,迫使你回忆单词。
Space the number of repetitions of the words you are learning because spacing repetitions results in longer lasting memory. The best spacing is to review the words a few minutes after first looking at them, then an hour or so later, then the next day, then a week later and then a couple of weeks after that.
间隔你正在学习的单词的重复次数,因为间隔重复会导致更持久的记忆。最好的间隔是在第一次看单词后几分钟复习,然后是一个小时左右,然后是第二天,然后是一周后,然后是几周后。
Process the words thoughtfully so that the depth of learning is better. Use techniques which encourage you to make a lot of associations with the words you are learning. For example, think of language contexts and situational contexts in which you could use the words.
仔细地处理单词,以便更好地学习深度。使用一些技巧,鼓励你与你正在学习的单词进行大量的联想。例如,想想你可以使用这些词的语言语境和情景语境。
Avoid interference between the words you are learning by choosing words which are spelled differently and start with different letters. Don't learn words with similar meanings at the same time. Words which look the same or share similar meanings are easy to confuse and make your learning less effective.
避免你正在学习的单词之间的干扰,选择拼写不同的单词,并以不同的字母开始。不要同时学习意思相近的单词。看起来相同或意思相似的单词很容易混淆,使你的学习效率降低。
The sublists of the Academic Word List
学术词汇表的子表
The word list has been divided into sublists based on the frequency of occurrence of the words in the Academic Corpus. The words in Sublist 1 occur more frequently in the corpus than the other words in the list. Sublist 2 occurs with the next highest frequency. The more frequent the words in the list, the more likely they are to occur in academic texts. When the frequencies of the words in the Academic Corpus are added together, we get a percentage of coverage of the words in the corpus. Words with higher frequency cover more of the corpus. Table 1 below shows the coverage of each of the sublists of the Academic Word List. It is clear that the coverage of the sublists starts very high with Sublist 1 (3.6%) and drops quite quickly to Sublist 9 (0.2%). The figures in column 3 indicate how many pages on average a learner would need to read in order to meet each word again. It is assumed that there are 400 running words on a page. The figures are only averages.
根据词汇在学术语料库中出现的频率,将词汇表分为子表。子列表1中的词在语料库中出现的频率高于列表中的其他词。 子列表2以次高频率出现。列表中出现频率越高的单词,它们在学术文章中出现的可能性就越大。 当学术语料库中的词的频率加在一起时,我们得到语料库中的词的覆盖率。 使用频率高的词覆盖了更多的语料。下面的表1显示了学术词汇表每个子表的覆盖范围。很明显,子列表的覆盖率从子列表1(3.6%)开始非常高,然后很快下降到子列表9(0.2%)。第三栏中的数字表示学习者平均需要阅读多少页才能再次遇到每个单词。假设一页上有400个连续的单词。这些数字只是平均数。
Table 1: Coverage and pages per repetition of the items in the Academic Word List sublists in the Academic Corpus
表1:学术语料库中学术词汇表子表中项目的覆盖率和重复页数
AWL sublist | Coverage of the Academic Corpus (%) | Pages per repetition in the Academic Corpus |
1 (60 families) | 3.6% | 4 |
2 (60 families) | 1.8% | 8 |
3 (60 families) | 1.2% | 12 |
4 (60 families) | 0.9% | 15 |
5 (60 families) | 0.8% | 19 |
6 (60 families) | 0.6% | 24 |
7 (60 families) | 0.5% | 30 |
8 (60 families) | 0.3% | 49 |
9 (60 families) | 0.2% | 67 |
10 (30 families) | 0.1% | 82 |
The AWL has 570 word families. Word families are used because most regularly formed family members can be understood from knowledge of the stem and the affixes. For example, the word family analyse includes the regular inflections of the verb, analysed, analysing, analyses and the derivations of the word, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytical, analytically etc., and the American spelling, analyze, analyzed, analyzes, analyzing.
AWL有570个单词家族。 之所以使用词族,是因为大多数有规律地形成的族成员都可以从词干和词缀的知识中理解。nbsp;例如,单词家族analyze包括动词的规则屈折变化,analyzed,analyzing,analyses和单词analysis,analyzer,analystically等的派生词,还有美式拼法分析
The Academic Corpus
学术语料库
A written corpus of academic English was developed for the purpose of finding out which words occurred in a wide range of academic texts from a variety of subject areas. The Academic Corpus contained approximately 3,500,000 running words. It was divided into four faculty sections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science. Each of these faculty sections contained approximately 875,000 running words. Each faculty section was divided into seven subject areas of approximately 125,000 running words.
为了找出哪些词出现在来自不同学科领域的广泛的学术文章中,我们开发了一个学术英语书面语料库。学术语料库包含大约3,500,000个单词。它分为四个院系:艺术,商业,法律和科学。这些教师部门中的每一个都包含大约875,000个单词。每个院系分为7个学科领域,约125,000个连续单词。
Table 2: Subject areas in the Faculty Sections of the Academic Corpus
表2:学术语料库中学院部分的学科领域
Arts | Commerce | Law | Science |
Education | Accounting | Constitutional Law | Biology |
History | Economics | Criminal Law | Chemistry |
Linguistics | Finance | Family Law and Medico-Legal | Computer Science |
Philosophy | Industrial Relations | International Law | Geography |
Politics | Management | Pure Commercial Law | Geology |
Psychology | Marketing | Quasi-Commercial Law | Mathematics |
Sociology | Public Policy | Rights and Remedies | Physics |
The Academic Corpus contained journal articles, book chapters, course workbooks, laboratory manuals, and course notes. The texts were selected according to whether they were of suitable length (over 2,000 running words long) and were representative of the academic genre in that they were written for an academic audience. Any text not meeting these selection criteria was not included in the Academic Corpus. There were 414 texts in the Academic Corpus. Where possible, a balance was maintained between the number of texts in the four faculty sections.
学术语料库包含期刊文章,书籍章节,课程练习册,实验室手册和课程笔记。这些文本是根据它们是否具有适当的长度(超过2,000个连续单词)来选择的,并且它们是为学术受众而写的,因此具有学术体裁的代表性。任何不符合这些选择标准的文本都不包括在学术语料库中。学术语料库中有414篇文章。在可能的情况下,在四个院系的文本数量之间保持平衡。
Where possible, the texts were kept at their original length, although their bibliographies were removed. Whole texts provide greater opportunities for words to reoccur and longer texts allow for greater frequency of occurrence as well as variety of vocabulary. Where possible, a balance between the number of short texts (2,000 - 5,000 running words), medium length texts (5,000 - 10,000 running words) and long texts (over 10,000 running words) was kept between the four faculty areas. This was to ensure that the faculty sections were as similar in make up as possible.
在可能的情况下,案文保持原来的长度,但其参考书目被删除。整个文本为单词的重复出现提供了更大的机会,而较长的文本允许更大的出现频率和词汇的多样性。在可能的情况下,在四个教师领域之间保持短文本(2,000 - 5,000个连续单词),中等长度文本(5,000 - 10,000个连续单词)和长文本(超过10,000个连续单词)之间的平衡。这是为了确保教师部门尽可能相似的弥补。
The following page from an academic text shows how many of the words in such texts are from the Academic Word List. The words from the Academic Word List are underlined in the text.
下面的一页来自学术文章,显示了这些文章中有多少单词来自学术词汇表。学术词汇表中的单词在课文中画了下划线。
DATING BUSINESS CYCLES I. Introduction Dating the turning points and duration of business cycles has long been associated with the construction of aggregate reference cycle indexes, and their associated leading, coincident and lagging indicators. This was along lines originally developed by Burns and Mitchell (1946), and subsequently by colleagues at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), e.g. Klein (1990). More recently, identifying the turning points and duration of business cycles has been an important aspect of two further areas of business cycle research: the evaluation of theoretical and associated empirical business cycle models, e.g. King and Plosser (1994), Simkins (1994); and the analysis of the time varying characteristics of business cycles, e.g. Diebold and Rudebusch (1992), Watson (1994). The Burns and Mitchell technique of dating business cycles relied primarily on two sorts of information: the descriptive evidence from business publications and general business conditions indices, and the "specific cycles" found in many individual series and the tendency for turning points to sometimes cluster at certain dates. Based on this information, a set of reference cycle dates were selected that specified the turning points in "aggregate economic activity". A key feature of the Burns and Mitchell approach was to focus on the amount of cyclical co-movement or coherence among a large number of economic variables. This co-movement is the prime characteristic of their definition of the business cycle: "...a cycle consists of expansions occurring at about the same time in many economic activities, followed by similarly general recessions, contractions, and revivals which merge into the expansion phase of the next cycle;...in duration business cycles vary from more than one year to ten or twelve years..." (Burns and Mitchell, 1946, p 3). The NBER approach is based on the view that there is no unique way of combining all these activities, and accordingly the business cycle cannot be fully depicted by a single measure, e.g. Burns (1969, p 13). Burns and Mitchell, and subsequent NBER researchers, intended therefore, before the computer age, to provide a standard technique with a set of decision rules for deriving business cycle turning points based on these two sorts of information. In practice, this involved the application of a standard format of filtering procedures to extract the turning points in each data series, and then combining this information in a judgmental way to determine a single turning point date. Other procedures, notably reference cycle indexes and coincident indexes, subsequently emerged as supplementary procedures for combining a large number of data series including various measures of output, production inputs, price series, monetary aggregates, etc, into a single composite index which have also been used to identify turning points. Source: Buckle, R., Kim, K. and Hall, V. B. (1994) 'Dating business cycles' GSBGM Working Paper 6 : of |
References
引用
Academic vocabulary and the Academic Word List
学术词汇和学术词汇表
Coxhead, Averil and Nation, Paul (2001) 'The Specialised Vocabulary of English for Academic Purposes'. In Flowerdew, J. and Peacock, M. Research Perspectives on English for Academic Purposes. Press:
Coxhead,Averil和Nation,Paul(2001)“学术英语专业词汇”。在Flowerdew,J.和Peacock,M. 学术英语研究展望。印刷:
Coxhead, Averil (2000) A New Academic Word List. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2): 213-238.
Coxhead, Averil (2000) A New Academic Word List. TESOL Quarterly,34(2):213-238.
For further reading on vocabulary:
关于词汇的进一步阅读:
Nation, P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. ,
Nation, P. (2001). 用另一种语言学习词汇。,
Press.
Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in Language Teaching. : Press.
Schmitt, N.(2000年)的第10/2000号决议。语言教学中的词汇。:Press.
For more on the Vocabulary Levels Test
有关词汇水平测试的更多信息
Schmitt, N. Schmitt, D. and Clapham, C. (2001) 'Developing and exploring the behavior of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test'. Language Testing, 18, 1: 55 - 88.
施密特,N.施密特,D.和Clapham,C.(2001)“开发和探索两个新版本的词汇水平测试的行为”。语言测试,18,1:55 - 88。
Headwords of the Academic Word List
学术词汇表的词目
This list contains the head words of the families in the Academic Word List. The numbers indicate the sublist of the Academic Word List, with Sublist 1 containing the most frequent words, Sublist 2 the next most frequent and so on. For example, abandon and its family members are in Sublist 8 of the Academic Word List.
这个列表包含了学术词汇表中各家族的中心词。数字表示学术词汇表的子列表,子列表1包含最频繁的单词,子列表2包含次频繁的单词,依此类推。例如,abandon及其家族成员在学术词汇表的子列表8中。
abandon | 8 | abstract | 6 | academy | 5 |
access | 4 | accommodate | 9 | accompany | 8 |
accumulate | 8 | accurate | 6 | achieve | 2 |
acknowledge | 6 | acquire | 2 | adapt | 7 |
adequate | 4 | adjacent | 10 | adjust | 5 |
administrate | 2 | adult | 7 | advocate | 7 |
affect | 2 | aggregate | 6 | aid | 7 |
albeit | 10 | allocate | 6 | alter | 5 |
alternative | 3 | ambiguous | 8 | amend | 5 |
analogy | 9 | analyse | 1 | annual | 4 |
anticipate | 9 | apparent | 4 | append | 8 |
appreciate | 8 | approach | 1 | appropriate | 2 |
approximate | 4 | arbitrary | 8 | area | 1 |
aspect | 2 | assemble | 10 | assess | 1 |
assign | 6 | assist | 2 | assume | 1 |
assure | 9 | attach | 6 | attain | 9 |
attitude | 4 | attribute | 4 | author | 6 |
authority | 1 | automate | 8 | available | 1 |
aware | 5 | behalf | 9 | benefit | 1 |
bias | 8 | bond | 6 | brief | 6 |
bulk | 9 | capable | 6 | capacity | 5 |
category | 2 | cease | 9 | challenge | 5 |
channel | 7 | chapter | 2 | chart | 8 |
chemical | 7 | circumstance | 3 | cite | 6 |
civil | 4 | clarify | 8 | classic | 7 |
clause | 5 | code | 4 | coherent | 9 |
coincide | 9 | collapse | 10 | colleague | 10 |
commence | 9 | comment | 3 | commission | 2 |
commit | 4 | commodity | 8 | communicate | 4 |
community | 2 | compatible | 9 | compensate | 3 |
compile | 10 | complement | 8 | complex | 2 |
component | 3 | compound | 5 | comprehensive | 7 |
comprise | 7 | compute | 2 | conceive | 10 |
concentrate | 4 | concept | 1 | conclude | 2 |
concurrent | 9 | conduct | 2 | confer | 4 |
confine | 9 | confirm | 7 | conflict | 5 |
conform | 8 | consent | 3 | consequent | 2 |
considerable | 3 | consist | 1 | constant | 3 |
constitute | 1 | constrain | 3 | construct | 2 |
consult | 5 | consume | 2 | contact | 5 |
contemporary | 8 | context | 1 | contract | 1 |
contradict | 8 | contrary | 7 | contrast | 4 |
contribute | 3 | controversy | 9 | convene | 3 |
converse | 9 | convert | 7 | convince | 10 |
cooperate | 6 | coordinate | 3 | core | 3 |
corporate | 3 | correspond | 3 | couple | 7 |
create | 1 | credit | 2 | criteria | 3 |
crucial | 8 | culture | 2 | currency | 8 |
cycle | 4 | data | 1 | debate | 4 |
decade | 7 | decline | 5 | deduce | 3 |
define | 1 | definite | 7 | demonstrate | 3 |
denote | 8 | deny | 7 | depress | 10 |
derive | 1 | design | 2 | despite | 4 |
detect | 8 | deviate | 8 | device | 9 |
devote | 9 | differentiate | 7 | dimension | 4 |
diminish | 9 | discrete | 5 | discriminate | 6 |
displace | 8 | display | 6 | dispose | 7 |
distinct | 2 | distort | 9 | distribute | 1 |
diverse | 6 | document | 3 | domain | 6 |
domestic | 4 | dominate | 3 | draft | 5 |
drama | 8 | duration | 9 | dynamic | 7 |
economy | 1 | edit | 6 | element | 2 |
eliminate | 7 | emerge | 4 | emphasis | 3 |
empirical | 7 | enable | 5 | encounter | 10 |
energy | 5 | enforce | 5 | enhance | 6 |
enormous | 10 | ensure | 3 | entity | 5 |
environment | 1 | equate | 2 | equip | 7 |
equivalent | 5 | erode | 9 | error | 4 |
establish | 1 | estate | 6 | estimate | 1 |
ethic | 9 | ethnic | 4 | evaluate | 2 |
eventual | 8 | evident | 1 | evolve | 5 |
exceed | 6 | exclude | 3 | exhibit | 8 |
expand | 5 | expert | 6 | explicit | 6 |
exploit | 8 | export | 1 | expose | 5 |
external | 5 | extract | 7 | facilitate | 5 |
factor | 1 | feature | 2 | federal | 6 |
fee | 6 | file | 7 | final | 2 |
finance | 1 | finite | 7 | flexible | 6 |
fluctuate | 8 | focus | 2 | format | 9 |
formula | 1 | forthcoming | 10 | foundation | 7 |
found | 9 | framework | 3 | function | 1 |
fund | 3 | fundamental | 5 | furthermore | 6 |
gender | 6 | generate | 5 | generation | 5 |
globe | 7 | goal | 4 | grade | 7 |
grant | 4 | guarantee | 7 | guideline | 8 |
hence | 4 | hierarchy | 7 | highlight | 8 |
hypothesis | 4 | identical | 7 | identify | 1 |
ideology | 7 | ignorance | 6 | illustrate | 3 |
image | 5 | immigrate | 3 | impact | 2 |
implement | 4 | implicate | 4 | implicit | 8 |
imply | 3 | impose | 4 | incentive | 6 |
incidence | 6 | incline | 10 | income | 1 |
incorporate | 6 | index | 6 | indicate | 1 |
individual | 1 | induce | 8 | inevitable | 8 |
infer | 7 | infrastructure | 8 | inherent | 9 |
inhibit | 6 | initial | 3 | initiate | 6 |
injure | 2 | innovate | 7 | input | 6 |
insert | 7 | insight | 9 | inspect | 8 |
instance | 3 | institute | 2 | instruct | 6 |
integral | 9 | integrate | 4 | integrity | 10 |
intelligence | 6 | intense | 8 | interact | 3 |
intermediate | 9 | internal | 4 | interpret | 1 |
interval | 6 | intervene | 7 | intrinsic | 10 |
invest | 2 | investigate | 4 | invoke | 10 |
involve | 1 | isolate | 7 | issue | 1 |
item | 2 | job | 4 | journal | 2 |
justify | 3 | label | 4 | labor | 1 |
layer | 3 | lecture | 6 | legal | 1 |
legislate | 1 | levy | 10 | liberal | 5 |
license | 5 | likewise | 10 | link | 3 |
locate | 3 | logic | 5 | maintain | 2 |
major | 1 | manipulate | 8 | manual | 9 |
margin | 5 | mature | 9 | maximize | 3 |
mechanism | 4 | media | 7 | mediate | 9 |
medical | 5 | medium | 9 | mental | 5 |
method | 1 | migrate | 6 | military | 9 |
minimal | 9 | minimize | 8 | minimum | 6 |
ministry | 6 | minor | 3 | mode | 7 |
modify | 5 | monitor | 5 | motive | 6 |
mutual | 9 | negate | 3 | network | 5 |
neutral | 6 | nevertheless | 6 | nonetheless | 10 |
norm | 9 | normal | 2 | notion | 5 |
notwithstanding | 10 | nuclear | 8 | objective | 5 |
obtain | 2 | obvious | 4 | occupy | 4 |
occur | 1 | odd | 10 | offset | 8 |
ongoing | 10 | option | 4 | orient | 5 |
outcome | 3 | output | 4 | overall | 4 |
overlap | 9 | overseas | 6 | panel | 10 |
paradigm | 7 | paragraph | 8 | parallel | 4 |
parameter | 4 | participate | 2 | partner | 3 |
passive | 9 | perceive | 2 | percent | 1 |
period | 1 | persist | 10 | perspective | 5 |
phase | 4 | phenomenon | 7 | philosophy | 3 |
physical | 3 | plus | 8 | policy | 1 |
portion | 9 | pose | 10 | positive | 2 |
potential | 2 | practitioner | 8 | precede | 6 |
precise | 5 | predict | 4 | predominant | 8 |
preliminary | 9 | presume | 6 | previous | 2 |
primary | 2 | prime | 5 | principal | 4 |
principle | 1 | prior | 4 | priority | 7 |
proceed | 1 | process | 1 | professional | 4 |
prohibit | 7 | project | 4 | promote | 4 |
proportion | 3 | prospect | 8 | protocol | 9 |
psychology | 5 | publication | 7 | publish | 3 |
purchase | 2 | pursue | 5 | qualitative | 9 |
quote | 7 | radical | 8 | random | 8 |
range | 2 | ratio | 5 | rational | 6 |
react | 3 | recover | 6 | refine | 9 |
regime | 4 | region | 2 | register | 3 |
regulate | 2 | reinforce | 8 | reject | 5 |
relax | 9 | release | 7 | relevant | 2 |
reluctance | 10 | rely | 3 | remove | 3 |
require | 1 | research | 1 | reside | 2 |
resolve | 4 | resource | 2 | respond | 1 |
restore | 8 | restrain | 9 | restrict | 2 |
retain | 4 | reveal | 6 | revenue | 5 |
reverse | 7 | revise | 8 | revolution | 9 |
rigid | 9 | role | 1 | route | 9 |
scenario | 9 | schedule | 8 | scheme | 3 |
scope | 6 | section | 1 | sector | 1 |
secure | 2 | seek | 2 | select | 2 |
sequence | 3 | series | 4 | sex | 3 |
shift | 3 | significant | 1 | similar | 1 |
simulate | 7 | site | 2 | so-called | 10 |
sole | 7 | somewhat | 7 | source | 1 |
specific | 1 | specify | 3 | sphere | 9 |
stable | 5 | statistic | 4 | status | 4 |
straightforward | 10 | strategy | 2 | stress | 4 |
structure | 1 | style | 5 | submit | 7 |
subordinate | 9 | subsequent | 4 | subsidy | 6 |
substitute | 5 | successor | 7 | sufficient | 3 |
sum | 4 | summary | 4 | supplement | 9 |
survey | 2 | survive | 7 | suspend | 9 |
sustain | 5 | symbol | 5 | tape | 6 |
target | 5 | task | 3 | team | 9 |
technical | 3 | technique | 3 | technology | 3 |
temporary | 9 | tense | 8 | terminate | 8 |
text | 2 | theme | 8 | theory | 1 |
thereby | 8 | thesis | 7 | topic | 7 |
trace | 6 | tradition | 2 | transfer | 2 |
transform | 6 | transit | 5 | transmit | 7 |
transport | 6 | trend | 5 | trigger | 9 |
ultimate | 7 | undergo | 10 | underlie | 6 |
undertake | 4 | uniform | 8 | unify | 9 |
unique | 7 | utilize | 6 | valid | 3 |
vary | 1 | vehicle | 8 | version | 5 |
via | 8 | violate | 9 | virtual | 8 |
visible | 7 | vision | 9 | visual | 8 |
volume | 3 | voluntary | 7 | welfare | 5 |
whereas | 5 | whereby | 10 | widespread | 8 |
The Academic Word List
学术词汇表
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in families
学术词汇表的子表1-家庭中最常见的单词
This sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 1 are listed below.
这个子表包含了学术语料库中学术词汇表中最常见的词汇。下面列出了子表1中最常见的单词家族成员。