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First published online October 14, 2022 2022 年 10 月 14 日首次在线发布

Social Space as a Theory of Society: Scientific Arguments Regarding the Figuration of the Social in Bourdieu’s Distinction
社会空间作为一种社会理论:关于布迪厄区分中社会形象的科学论证

Hervé Glevarec https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4752-5774 herve.glevarec@cnrs.frView all authors and affiliations
Hervé Glevarec https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4752-5774 herve.glevarec@cnrs.fr 查看所有作者和隶属关系

Abstract 抽象

At the core of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory lies the notion of ‘social space’, which in Distinction is embodied under the headings ‘the space of social positions’ and ‘the space of life-styles’. Social space is not a product of correspondence analysis, and yet it is deemed to be a true representation of a national society with ‘universal validity’. Contemporary sociology has not tested the scientific foundation of the Bourdieusian social space, or challenged it using contemporary factorial plans for culture practices. The purpose of this article is therefore to examine social space in four steps: (1) review the supposedly factorial character of the ‘social space’ diagram, and basic concepts, such as ‘lifestyle’ and ‘relative structure of the capital’; (2) analyse the representativeness of the ad hoc cultural survey; (3) critique the interpretation of the two ‘variants of tastes’; and (4) rethink the ‘variant of dominant taste’. What we suggest from our findings is that social space should no longer be considered as a well-founded representation of society.
皮埃尔·布迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu)的社会学理论的核心是“社会空间”的概念,在《区别》中,它体现在“社会地位的空间”和“生活方式的空间”的标题下。社会空间不是对应分析的产物,但它被认为是具有“普遍有效性”的民族社会的真实代表。当代社会学没有检验过布迪厄斯社会空间的科学基础,也没有用当代文化实践的因子计划来挑战它。因此,本文的目的是分四个步骤来研究社会空间:(1)回顾“社会空间”图的因子特征,以及“生活方式”和“资本的相对结构”等基本概念;(2)分析特设文化调查的代表性;(3)批判对两种“口味变体”的解释;(4)重新思考“主导口味的变体”。我们从研究结果中得出的结论是,社会空间不应再被视为社会的有根据的代表。

Introduction 介绍

The notion of social space was used by Bourdieu in the 1970s to conceptualise society as a set of ‘social positions’ determined both by their coordinates on a plan (in terms of ‘economic’ and ‘cultural capital’, two concepts referring mainly to revenues and diplomas) and by their relations of interdependence and competition.1 It is represented visually in Distinction in the form of a diagram aggregating ‘the space of social position’ with ‘the space of life-styles’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 128–129), and justified by geometric data analysis that was developed in the 1970s (Benzecri, 1992; Cibois, 1983; Escoffier-Cordier, 1965; Lebart, 1969a, 1969b; Van Meter et al., 1994).
布迪厄在1970年代使用社会空间的概念将社会概念化为一组“社会地位”,这些“社会地位”既由它们在计划中的坐标(就“经济”和“文化资本”而言,这两个概念主要指收入和文凭)以及它们的相互依存和竞争关系决定。 1 它在《区别》中以图表的形式直观地表示,将“社会地位的空间”与“生活方式的空间”(Bourdieu,1984:128-129)结合在一起,并通过1970年代开发的几何数据分析来证明其合理性(Benzecri,1992;Cibois,1983年;Escoffier-Cordier,1965 年;Lebart, 1969a, 1969b;Van Meter等人,1994)。
However, this social space is not a product of correspondence analysis. It is, in fact, a ‘theoretical diagram’, as Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin (1976: 9) pointed out when it was first presented in 1976. In Distinction, which takes up the concept anew, Bourdieu (1984: 126) writes:
然而,这种社会空间并不是对应分析的产物。事实上,正如布迪厄和德圣马丁(1976:9)在1976年首次提出时所指出的那样,这是一个“理论图”。布迪厄(1984:126)在《区别》一书中重新提出了这一概念:
The figures presented here are not plane diagrams of correspondence analyses, although various such analyses were drawn on in order to construct them, and although a number of these are organized in accordance with a similar structure (including the analyses of the survey data which are presented below).
这里提供的数字不是对应分析的平面图,尽管为了构建它们而利用了各种此类分析,尽管其中一些是按照类似的结构组织的(包括下面介绍的调查数据的分析)。
The ‘although’ in Bourdieu’s methodological note on social space attests that he nonetheless allows himself to make use of correspondence analyses. They provide his scientific justification. However, no surveys at that time, including the one specific to Distinction, could have been used to perform factorial analysis with the variables (cars, drinks, music, etc.) mentioned in this diagram. Blasius et al. (2019: 2) wrote that ‘in La Distinction, (. . .) he described the correspondence between professional fractions and lifestyle information based on statistical analyses of survey data’. However, there is no factor analysis, nor are there statistical data to test the ‘social space of lifestyles’ because there are no data that cover all the goods Bourdieu put on the diagram. The factorial status of social space is putative, and yet the figurative status of the French social space as a representation with ‘universal validity’ (Bourdieu, 1991, 1996: 13) of what is a National Society throughout the world remains untouched, especially in the sociology of culture. One of the reasons for this confusion in status is that Distinction links correspondence analysis on cultural tastes used for a specific survey (i.e. ‘variants of tastes’) to a diagram on social space. This hand-drawn graph representing how French society was structured at the time hence needs to be examined afresh. Indeed, scientific criticism has focused on the data and left the social space untouched.
布迪厄关于社会空间的方法论注释中的“虽然”证明他仍然允许自己使用对应分析。他们为他提供了科学依据。但是,当时没有任何调查,包括特定于 Distinction 的调查,可用于对图中提到的变量(汽车、饮料、音乐等)进行因子分析。Blasius 等人(2019:2)写道,“在 La Distinction 中,他根据对调查数据的统计分析描述了职业分数和生活方式信息之间的对应关系”。然而,没有因子分析,也没有统计数据来测试“生活方式的社会空间”,因为没有涵盖布迪厄在图表上的所有商品的数据。社会空间的因子地位是假定的,但法国社会空间作为具有“普遍有效性”(Bourdieu,1991,1996:13)的表征的具象地位仍然没有受到影响,特别是在文化社会学中。造成这种地位混淆的原因之一是,Distinction将用于特定调查的文化品味(即“品味变体”)的对应分析与社会空间图联系起来。这张手绘图表代表了当时法国社会的结构,因此需要重新审视。事实上,科学批评一直集中在数据上,而没有触及社会空间。
Distinction has attracted criticism of two kinds: interpretative and methodological. Interpretative criticism relates to the interpretation of the statistical data, whereas methodological criticism relates to the relationship between the survey data and their analysis. As early as 1980, Herpin (1980: 445) examined the factorial spaces of the ‘variants of the dominant taste’ and ‘petit-bourgeois taste’, stating that it is equally legitimate that his observations ‘should lead to the formulation of alternative interpretations’. On the subject of ‘dominant’ culinary tastes, he noted that differences are not owing to position in the class structure, but to the effects of ‘age’. De Saint Martin (2014: 25), Bourdieu’s co-author, comments retrospectively:
区分招致了两种批评:解释和方法论。解释性批评涉及对统计数据的解释,而方法论批评涉及调查数据与其分析之间的关系。早在1980年,Herpin(1980:445)就研究了“主流口味的变体”和“小资产阶级口味”的阶乘空间,指出他的观察“应该导致替代解释的形成”同样是合理的。关于“主导”烹饪口味的问题,他指出,差异不是由于阶级结构中的地位,而是由于“年龄”的影响。布迪厄的合著者De Saint Martin(2014:25)回顾性地评论道:
in several cases, it would have been possible to suggest alternative interpretations of the correspondence analyses, and to pay particular attention to variations by age, or by place of residence. As far as gender is concerned, there seems to have been something of a blind spot.
在一些情况下,本来可以对通信分析提出其他解释,并特别注意按年龄或居住地划分的差异。就性别而言,似乎存在一些盲点。
A second methodological and epistemological criticism of Distinction points to a discontinuity between some of the data found in the survey and the subsequent analysis. ‘In the great majority of cases,’ writes Lahire (1996: 73–74), ‘Bourdieu describes scenes that are very keenly observed, but which are not based on a systematic observational study of behaviour. They are not part of a theoretically and methodologically constructed corpus.’ Elster (1982: 444) adds that ‘the qualities of his book are those of a great novel’ that considers the fundamental incompatibility between the causal explanation of preferences by the social environment and the functional explanation of preferences by their consequences (1982: 449). Lieberson (1992: 7) rebukes Bourdieu for ‘not paying closer attention to his data’.
对Distinction的第二种方法论和认识论批评指出,调查中发现的一些数据与随后的分析之间存在不连续性。“在绝大多数情况下,”拉希尔(1996:73-74)写道,“布迪厄描述的场景非常敏锐地观察,但不是基于对行为的系统观察研究。它们不是理论和方法论上构建的语料库的一部分。埃尔斯特(1982:444)补充说,“他的书的品质是一部伟大小说的品质”,它考虑了社会环境对偏好的因果解释与其后果对偏好的功能解释之间的根本不相容性(1982:449)。Lieberson(1992:7)斥责布迪厄“没有更密切地关注他的数据”。
On the question of the social space, it appears that a number of authors consider their conclusions to confirm the representation (and the ‘structural homology’ of ‘volume’ and ‘structure’ of the capital thesis related to social space) (Brisson and Bianchi, 2017; Grenfell and Lebaron, 2014). First, it appears that contemporary sociology has only examined cultural items rather than lifestyles, and not shown that cultural and economic variables are the main structuring variables of the cultural field. Second, rather than considering the two variables as descriptive, some sociologists have taken them to be prestructured and active in their bid to find an a priori social space.
关于社会空间的问题,似乎许多作者认为他们的结论证实了与社会空间相关的资本论点的表征(以及“体积”和“结构”的“结构同源性”)(Brisson和Bianchi,2017;Grenfell 和 Lebaron,2014 年)。首先,当代社会学似乎只考察了文化项目而不是生活方式,并没有表明文化和经济变量是文化领域的主要结构变量。其次,一些社会学家不认为这两个变量是描述性的,而是认为它们是预先构建的,并且积极地试图找到一个先验的社会空间。
Recent studies have not managed to replicate the structuring of the social space in terms of the ‘volume’, followed by the ‘structure’ of economic and cultural variables, but in terms of diploma followed by age (Bonnet et al., 2015: 103, 105–107; Combes and Glevarec, 2021; Coulangeon, 2013: 188; Glevarec and Cibois, 2020; Glevarec and Pinet, 2017; Glevarec et al., 2020). The results do not confirm the two axes of the social space; for example, for ‘cultural space’ in the UK, the first axis ‘of cultural commitment’ is linked ‘to income and to a lesser extent to professional groups’ while the second, which pits ‘classical and intellectual taste’ against ‘emerging cultural capital’, is ‘mainly associated with age’ (Savage et al., 2015: 190–192). However, this has not resulted in any revision or alternative theorisation. It is almost as if a sociological prenotion has led the authors to make their data correspond to the two axes of the Bourdieusian social space (see, for example, Blasius and Friedrichs (2019: 73, Figure 5.2)).
最近的研究并没有设法从“数量”的角度来复制社会空间的结构,其次是经济和文化变量的“结构”,而是从文凭和年龄的角度来复制(Bonnet et al., 2015: 103, 105–107;Combes 和 Glevarec,2021 年;Coulangeon,2013:188;Glevarec 和 Cibois,2020 年;Glevarec 和 Pinet,2017 年;Glevarec 等人,2020 年)。结果并不能证实社会空间的两个轴线;例如,对于英国的“文化空间”,第一个轴“文化承诺”与“收入有关,在较小程度上与专业群体有关”,而第二个轴将“古典和知识品味”与“新兴文化资本”对立起来,“主要与年龄有关”(Savage et al., 2015: 190–192)。然而,这并没有导致任何修订或替代理论化。就好像社会学的先入之见导致作者使他们的数据与布迪厄斯社会空间的两个轴相对应(例如,参见Blasius和Friedrichs(2019:73,图5.2))。
In some studies, the procedure that consists of turning the ‘cultural’ and ‘economic’ capital variables into the active variables of a correspondence analysis reverses the logic of the scientific approach by presupposing that the observed practice is thus structured: it does not demonstrate that the practices (the observed variables) are organised according to the principles of ‘volume’ and ‘structure’ (Flemmen et al., 2018; Prieur et al., 2008). It also appears problematic to conduct comparative tests between ‘classes’ by selecting two criteria while ignoring others, such as gender and age. Flemmen et al. (2018: 132) note that ‘earlier studies have found age to be of considerable importance for lifestyles. [. . .] To go beyond [the fact that] age is linked to capital composition, we have run our analysis only for those aged 40–67.’ The analysis of Norwegians’ lifestyles supposes the sociological exclusion of half of the country’s population.
在一些研究中,将“文化”和“经济”资本变量转化为对应分析的主动变量的过程颠倒了科学方法的逻辑,它假定观察到的实践是这样结构化的:它没有证明实践(观察到的变量)是根据“数量”和“结构”的原则组织的(Flemmen et al., 2018;Prieur 等人,2008 年)。通过选择两个标准而忽略其他标准(例如性别和年龄)来进行“阶级”之间的比较测试似乎也是有问题的。Flemmen等人(2018:132)指出,“早期的研究发现,年龄对生活方式具有相当重要的意义。[. . .]为了超越年龄与资本构成相关的事实,我们只对40-67岁的人进行了分析。对挪威人生活方式的分析假设该国一半人口在社会学上被排除在外。
It would probably also be better for sociology if more of those in the field accepted that Bourdieu’s work may not be infallible.2 This brings us back to the purpose of this article, which is to examine the arguments Bourdieu uses to establish the social space of lifestyles and how he interprets the cultural practices related to a specific survey on cultural items. This examination will proceed in four steps: (1) review the supposedly factorial character of the ‘social space’ diagram, and basic concepts such as ‘lifestyle’ and ‘relative structure of the capital’; (2) analyse the representativeness of the ad hoc cultural survey; (3) critique the interpretation of the two ‘variants of tastes’; and (4) rethink the ‘variant of dominant taste’.
如果该领域有更多的人接受布迪厄的工作可能不是万无一失的,那么对社会学来说可能也会更好。 2 这让我们回到了本文的目的,即研究布迪厄用来建立生活方式的社会空间的论据,以及他如何解释与文化项目的特定调查相关的文化实践。本研究将分四个步骤进行:(1)复习“社会空间”图的因子特征,以及“生活方式”和“资本的相对结构”等基本概念;(2)分析特设文化调查的代表性;(3)批判对两种“口味变体”的解释;(4)重新思考“主导口味的变体”。

Scientific Status of the Social Space
社会空间的科学地位

Factor analysis is a mathematical method used to treat large datasets (with many variables) and in order to calculate associations and differentiations among the variables. The axes of differentiation of a factorial plan – axis 1 (horizontal) and axis 2 (vertical) – represent the first major differentiations of the modalities of the variables by order of significance. It is completed by the projection on the plane of the so-called supplementary variables, which do not count in the representation, but qualify the points represented on the factorial plane by their proximity or their distance. This is the case with socio-demographic variables for sociologists. Thus, the factorial method, because it is a visual representation, is decisive when sociologists want to build a spatial representation of society.
因子分析是一种数学方法,用于处理大型数据集(具有许多变量)并计算变量之间的关联和差异。因子计划的微分轴(轴 1(水平)和轴 2(垂直))表示变量模态按显著性顺序进行的第一次主要区分。它通过在平面上投影所谓的补充变量来完成,这些补充变量不计入表示中,而是通过它们的接近或距离来限定阶乘平面上表示的点。对于社会学家来说,社会人口变量就是这种情况。因此,当社会学家想要建立社会的空间表征时,阶乘方法是一种视觉表征,因此具有决定性意义。

A Social Space Treated as a Factorial Space
被视为阶乘空间的社会空间

First, we will focus our critical reflection on the scientific approach, which was dedicated to the principle of ‘social space’ in Distinction.
首先,我们将把批判性反思的重点放在科学方法上,该方法致力于区分中的“社会空间”原则。
The theoretical diagram of social space superimposes a ‘space of social positions’ on a ‘space of lifestyles’ (Figure 1).3
社会空间的理论图将“社会地位空间”叠加在“生活方式空间”上(图1)。 3
Figure 1. The spaces of social positions and of lifestyles (Bourdieu, 1984: 128–129).
图 1.社会地位和生活方式的空间(布迪厄,1984:128-129)。
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To produce ‘the social space’, Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin (1976: 9, emphasis added):
为了创造“社会空间”,布迪厄和德圣马丁(1976:9,强调后加):
made use of the factorial analysis of distributions by socio-occupational category taken from different surveys in order to try to evaluate more realistically the positions occupied by these categories in the structured space that we sought to construct. In the resulting theoretical diagram we evoked, alongside the volume and structure of the capital – indicated by position relative to the two axes – firstly, the distribution of the occupants of each class of positions in terms of the social trajectory that led them there, with histograms representing the proportion of individuals from each social class within each fraction, and secondly, the history of the fraction as a whole.
利用从不同调查中获取的社会职业类别分布的因子分析,以尝试更现实地评估这些类别在我们试图构建的结构化空间中占据的位置。在由此产生的理论图中,除了资本的数量和结构(由相对于两个轴的位置表示)之外,首先,根据将他们带到那里的社会轨迹,每个职位的居住者分布,直方图表示每个社会阶层的个人在每个部分中的比例, 其次,分数作为一个整体的历史。
This reading of the social space ‘as if’ it were a factorial plane is found in the commentary that Bourdieu provides, whether alone or with de Saint-Martin, in three different forms.
这种对社会空间的解读“仿佛”是一个阶乘平面,在布迪厄以三种不同的形式提供的评论中,无论是单独还是与圣马丁一起。
The first form of ‘the social space’, published in 1976 in Bourdieu’s own journal, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976) superimposes a paper layer of ‘lifestyles’ on ‘the space of social positions’, as if the two spaces had been produced independently, just as one would expect in a factorial analysis, by distinguishing the plane of active variables from the plane of projected illustrative variables. This is an imitation of a procedure that can only be employed legitimately in factorial analysis: it starts from a mathematical link between active and passive variables derived from the same analysis.
1976年,布迪厄在自己的期刊《社会科学研究法案》(Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales,Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin,1976)上发表了第一种形式的“社会空间”,在“社会地位空间”上叠加了一层“生活方式”,就好像这两个空间是独立产生的,就像人们在阶乘分析中所期望的那样, 通过区分活动变量的平面和投影说明变量的平面。这是对只能在因子分析中合法使用的程序的模仿:它从从同一分析得出的主动变量和被动变量之间的数学联系开始。
The second form of the theoretical diagram being assimilated to a factorial plane is the affirmation that every relevant piece of information in the social space ‘most strongly characterises the category to which it is closest’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 131; Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 12). However, if the social space is not a factorial space, there is no justification for attributing statistical significance to relative distances or to a geometrical reading of points on a graph.
理论图的第二种形式被同化为阶乘平面,是肯定社会空间中的每一条相关信息“最强烈地表征它最接近的类别”(Bourdieu,1984:131;布迪厄和圣马丁,1976:12)。但是,如果社会空间不是阶乘空间,则没有理由将统计显著性归因于相对距离或图形上点的几何读数。
In the final form, Bourdieu places the two factorial spaces of the ‘variants of the dominant taste’ and ‘variants of petit-bourgeois taste’ in a mathematical relationship with the theoretical diagram of the social space by asserting that ‘the first factor of the factorial analysis [of the factorial spaces of dominant and petit-bourgeois taste] corresponds to the second dimension of the social space, and the second to the third’ (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 45). Nonetheless, it is not possible to establish a statistical relationship between either of these ‘factorial spaces’ and the theoretical social space – between a ‘factor’ and a ‘dimension’ – as the social space is not a factorial plane. In so doing, he seeks to establish a commensurability that is not justified by the status of the spaces themselves.
在最后的形式中,布迪厄将“主导品味的变体”和“小资产阶级品味的变体”这两个阶乘空间置于与社会空间理论图的数学关系中,断言“[主导和小资产阶级品味的阶乘空间]的阶乘分析的第一个因素对应于社会空间的第二个维度, 第二到第三“(布迪厄和德圣马丁,1976:45)。尽管如此,由于社会空间不是阶乘平面,因此不可能在这些“因子空间”和理论社会空间之间建立统计关系。在这样做的过程中,他试图建立一种可比性,而这种可比性并不能由空间本身的地位来证明。
These three uses of the ‘social space’ diagram clearly suggest that it is supposed to be understood as if it were a factorial plane, which contradicts the methodology.
“社会空间”图的这三种用法清楚地表明,它应该被理解为一个阶乘平面,这与方法论相矛盾。

De-Correlation of Spending Practices and Cultural Practices as Opposed to Unity of Lifestyle
消费实践和文化实践的去相关性与生活方式的统一性

The theoretical ‘social space’ associates cultural, culinary and sporting practices, and tastes on the one hand, with the spending practices and durable goods (cars, household appliances, etc.) that exemplify the ‘lifestyle’ of individuals on the other.
理论上的“社会空间”一方面将文化、烹饪和体育实践以及口味与体现个人“生活方式”的消费实践和耐用品(汽车、家用电器等)联系起来。
One might reasonably ask what justification there is for constructing this sociological object called ‘lifestyle’ as a ‘unitary set of distinctive preferences’ that captures the ‘same expressive intention’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 173) from such an association of tastes, practices and possessions, whose dimensions are shaped by a very different rationale and set of explanatory factors. Visiting a museum is an expression of cultural competence, whereas buying a car is a manifestation of purchasing power, which is why the former is explained mainly by level of education, and the latter by level of income, as Bourdieu’s own data in Distinction show (Bourdieu, 1984: 117–118, Tables 6 and 7).
人们可能会合理地问,有什么理由将这种称为“生活方式”的社会学对象构建为“一组独特的偏好”,它从这种品味、实践和财产的关联中捕捉到“相同的表达意图”(布迪厄,1984:173),其维度是由非常不同的原理和一组解释因素塑造的。参观博物馆是文化能力的表达,而买车是购买力的体现,这就是为什么前者主要由教育水平来解释,而后者主要由收入水平来解释,正如布迪厄自己的数据在《区别》中显示的那样(布迪厄,1984:117-118,表6和表7)。
Moreover, does it make sense to characterise the determinant of cultural tastes (dominant and petit-bourgeois) as a ‘structure’? It is educational level that explains the cultural practices in the survey rather than economic resources or a combination of the two. The cultural practices of teachers are explained by their level of education. The costly possessions and sporting pursuits of industrial and commercial employers are explained by their level of economic resources. There is no structural or compositional principle that underpins these practices, because their determining principle is specific to each case and depends on its nature.
此外,将文化品味的决定因素(主流和小资产阶级)描述为“结构”是否有意义?在调查中解释文化习俗的是教育水平,而不是经济资源或两者的结合。教师的文化习俗是由他们的教育水平来解释的。工商业雇主的昂贵财产和体育活动是由他们的经济资源水平来解释的。这些做法没有结构性或构成性原则,因为它们的决定原则是针对每个案件的,并取决于其性质。
Correlatively, Bourdieu (1984) argues that there is a chiasmatic structure of capital. He writes about the factorial space of ‘the dominant taste’: ‘The indicators measuring cultural capital (which vary, of course, in approximately inverse ratio to the indicators of economic capital) make the strongest contribution to the constitution of the first factor’ (1984: 262–263). The affirmation that ‘cultural capital’ varies inversely to ‘economic capital’ is statistically erroneous for the 1960s – and increasingly so as time goes on. The two indicators vary in the same direction, as can be seen from the socio-demographic data available from the 1967 INSEE survey of French leisure activities (Table 1). Level of education correlates positively with income (significant p-value of 5%), and the figure of the highly qualified low-paid individual hardly features at all. Differences in the composition of capital exist only in the triangle formed by the values 6.9% (top left), 6.1% (bottom right) and 5.7% (bottom left). Among the higher incomes there is a clear heterogeneity of levels of education.
与此相对应,Bourdieu(1984)认为资本存在交叉结构。他写到“主导品味”的因子空间:“衡量文化资本的指标(当然,与经济资本的指标大致成反比)对第一个因素的构成做出了最强的贡献”(1984:262-263)。在1960年代,“文化资本”与“经济资本”成反比的断言在统计学上是错误的——而且随着时间的推移,这种说法越来越严重。这两个指标在同一个方向上有所不同,这可以从1967年INSEE对法国休闲活动的调查中获得的社会人口数据中看出(表1)。受教育程度与收入呈正相关(显著的p值为5%),高素质的低收入个人的数字几乎没有任何特征。资本构成的差异只存在于由6.9%(左上)、6.1%(右下)和5.7%(左下)组成的三角形中。在收入较高的人中,教育水平存在明显的异质性。
Table 1. Structure of the sample from the survey of French leisure behaviours (INSEE, 1967).
表 1.法国休闲行为调查样本的结构(INSEE,1967年)。
Annual income 年收入Educational qualification
学历
None 没有Certificat d’études Certificat d'étudesBrevet* 布雷维特 *Baccalauréat and higher 学士学位及更高Total 
Less than 6000 Francs 少于6000法郎6.93.10.30.210.5
From 6000F to 10,000F 从6000F到10,000F8.15.91.30.515.8
From 10,000F to 15,000F 从 10,000F 到 15,000F9.09.83.91.123.8
From 15,000F to 20,000F 从 15,000F 到 20,000F6.77.83.91.519.9
Over 20,000F 超过 20,000F5.77.06.06.124.8
Not declared 未申报1.62.10.90.65.2
Total 38.035.716.310.0100
Notes: Leisure behaviours in France (1967 survey). Detailed results. Les comportements de loisirs des Français (enquête de 1967) Résultats détaillés, Les collections de l’INSEE, vol. M 25. Paris: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, p. 13. N = 6637; population: 14+. Italic numbers correspond to high values in line.
注:法国的休闲行为(1967年调查)。详细结果。法国人的休闲行为(1967年调查) 详细结果,Les collections de l'INSEE,第M卷,第25卷。巴黎:国家统计和经济研究所,第13页。N = 6637;人口: 14+.斜体数字对应于行中的高值。
*
The column ‘Brevet’ includes the answers ‘Junior Secondary Education Certificate (BEPC, ex-BEPS)’ as well as ‘vocational diplomas (CAP)’ and ‘Brevet d’enseignement industriel, commercial, hôtelier’.
“Brevet”一栏包括“初中教育证书(BEPC,前BEPS)”以及“职业文凭(CAP)”和“Brevet d'enseignement industriel, commercial, hôtelier”的答案。
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The Metaphorical Concept of the ‘Relative Structure of Capital’
“资本的相对结构”的隐喻概念

When Bourdieu refers to ‘structure of capital’, he means the ‘relative volume of the different types of capital’ (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 14) based on an opposition ‘between groups which have relatively more cultural capital than economic capital and other groups which hold relatively more economic capital than cultural capital’ (De Saint Martin, 2014: 20). What might the adverb ‘relatively’ mean in the expression ‘teachers, relatively richer in cultural capital than in economic capital’ (Lenoir, 2004: 394–395)? How could we have more or less milk than, say, shrubs, unless there is some common metric? A level of cultural capital cannot be compared with a level of economic capital because an educational qualification cannot be compared with income. Normalising (mathematically speaking) the two types of capital does not make them more comparable, since the process consists in coding them in relation to an average.
当布迪厄提到“资本结构”时,他指的是“不同类型资本的相对体积”(布迪厄和德圣马丁,1976:14),基于“文化资本相对多于经济资本的群体与其他拥有相对多于文化资本的群体之间的对立”(德圣马丁,2014:20)。副词“相对”在“教师,文化资本比经济资本更丰富”(Lenoir,2004:394-395)的表达中可能意味着什么?除非有一些共同的指标,否则我们怎么能比灌木拥有更多或更少的牛奶呢?文化资本水平不能与经济资本水平相提并论,因为教育资格不能与收入相提并论。规范化(从数学上讲)这两种类型的资本并不能使它们更具可比性,因为该过程包括将它们与平均值进行编码。
Moreover, any digitisation of ‘cultural capital’ presupposes a homogeneous and linear conception of this variable, which in the context of the analysis of cultural practices, raises an acute sociological question. Bourdieu and Darbel perceive ‘cultural capital’ as a competence that is attached to a level of diploma. In The Love of Art, which precedes Distinction, they write: ‘Artistic competence is thus defined as prior knowledge’ (Bourdieu et al., 1991: 40). By definition, the notion of ‘volume of cultural capital’ amalgamates, instead of distinguishing them sociologically, on the one hand, the different natures of skills (those of a professor of physics are not those of a doctor) and, on the other hand, skills and values (acquiring knowledge and acquiring values are different) (Glevarec, 2018).
此外,任何“文化资本”的数字化都以这一变量的同质和线性概念为前提,在分析文化实践的背景下,这提出了一个尖锐的社会学问题。布迪厄和达贝尔认为“文化资本”是一种与文凭水平相关的能力。在《艺术之爱》一书中,他们写道:“艺术能力因此被定义为先验知识”(Bourdieu et al., 1991: 40)。根据定义,“文化资本量”的概念融合在一起,而不是在社会学上区分它们,一方面,技能的不同性质(物理学教授的技能不是医生的技能)以及另一方面的技能和价值观(获取知识和获得价值是不同的)(Glevarec,2018)。
A formula like ‘having more diploma than money’ acquires a meaning only in its reformulation as ‘having more diploma than the average diploma of the French’ or ‘having more diploma than the average diploma individuals who have equivalent resources’. Only these formulations have a meaning and they are used by the authors:
像“拥有比金钱更多的文凭”这样的公式只有在重新表述为“拥有比法国人的平均文凭更多的文凭”或“拥有比拥有同等资源的普通文凭个人拥有更多的文凭”时才有意义。只有这些表述才有意义,作者使用它们:
the same industrial and commercial employers (. . .) appear to be (relatively) poor in cultural capital when compared to the professors who, because their heritage is structured according to a reverse profile, appear to be rich in cultural capital and (relatively) poor in economic capital. (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 17)
同样的工商业雇主(......)似乎(相对)缺乏文化资本,而教授们由于他们的遗产是按照相反的轮廓构建的,似乎拥有丰富的文化资本而(相对)缺乏经济资本。(布迪厄和德圣马丁,1976:17)
This shift from ‘relatively’ to ‘relative structure’ is problematic. If ‘structure’ implies nothing more than a convenient way of isolating and associating two variables (education and income) that determine practices, then it is not a specific operator; that is, the specific and primary effects of economic and cultural capital and of their relative weight. It is not, in fact, a sociological ‘structure’ but a composite of a general nature, and hence applicable to any variables: numerous variables (gender, age, etc.) concatenate their effects and come together to form a ‘structure’. The word ‘structure’ in this case is not analytical – and specific to a particular object – but simply designates a correlation of variables.4
这种从“相对”到“相对结构”的转变是有问题的。如果“结构”只不过是一种隔离和关联决定实践的两个变量(教育和收入)的便捷方式,那么它就不是一个特定的操作者;也就是说,经济和文化资本的具体和主要影响及其相对权重。事实上,它不是一个社会学的“结构”,而是一个普遍性质的复合体,因此适用于任何变量:许多变量(性别、年龄等)将它们的影响连接起来,形成一个“结构”。在这种情况下,“结构”一词不是分析性的,也不是特定于特定对象的,而只是指定变量的相关性。 4
Additionally, when a factorial analysis is applied to two active variables – income and level of education – it will not produce a secondary axis of ‘structure’ that distinguishes between the ‘opposing values’ of this relationship, but rather an opposition between the ‘mean values’ and the ‘extreme values’ of the cultural capital/economic capital ratio. Axis 2 represents a difference, or a weighted deviation, rather than a ‘structure’.
此外,当对收入和教育水平这两个活动变量进行因子分析时,它不会产生区分这种关系的“对立值”的“结构”的次轴,而是文化资本/经济资本比率的“平均值”和“极端值”之间的对立。轴 2 表示差异或加权偏差,而不是“结构”。
In the second part of Distinction, the theoretical social space is shown in relation to the two factorial plans resulting from the survey on the cultural domain stricto sensu. We will first examine the conditions of production, then the interpretation given by Bourdieu.
在《区分》的第二部分,理论社会空间与严格意义上的文化领域调查产生的两个因子计划有关。我们将首先考察生产条件,然后考察布迪厄的解释。

The Distinction Survey on Cultural Practices and Tastes
关于文化习俗和品味的区别调查

The Socio-Demographic Representativeness of the Survey: The Dominant Trope
调查的社会人口代表性:主导比喻

The Distinction survey, which is based on the results of two successive questionnaires – one conducted in 1963 on 692 individuals, and the other in 1967–1968 on 525 individuals (Bourdieu, 1984: 503), giving a total of 1217 respondents – is not, as Bourdieu explicitly reminds us, representative of the social categories of 1960s France. Farming categories are absent (at least from the data presented), working-class categories are strongly under-represented, while certain middle- and upper-class categories are heavily over-represented (see the comparison of the left and right parts of Table 2) (Bourdieu, 1984: 505). If we are to believe de Saint-Martin, it is the under-representation of workers and the exclusion of farmers and farm workers that accounts for the absence of any factorial space on the leisure activities of their members.5 The upper and middle classes, by contrast, were over-represented ‘so as to give an adequate sample of each of their fractions without distorting the composition of the class’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 505).
区别调查基于连续两份问卷的结果——一份于 1963 年对 692 人进行,另一份于 1967-1968 年对 525 人进行(布迪厄,1984:503),总共有 1217 名受访者——正如布迪厄明确提醒我们的那样,它并不代表 1960 年代法国的社会类别。农业类别不存在(至少从提供的数据来看),工人阶级类别的代表性严重不足,而某些中产阶级和上层阶级类别的代表性严重过高(见表2左右部分的比较)(Bourdieu,1984:505)。如果我们相信圣马丁的话,那就是工人的代表性不足以及农民和农场工人的排斥,导致了其成员的休闲活动没有任何因素空间。 5 相比之下,上层阶级和中产阶级的代表性过高,“以便在不扭曲阶级构成的情况下为他们的每个部分提供足够的样本”(布迪厄,1984:505)。
Table 2. Numbers per socio-occupational category: 1968 census (active population) compared with Distinction.
表 2.每个社会职业类别的数字:1968年人口普查(活跃人口)与Distinction的比较。
Survey Distinction* 调查区别 *Numbers in each category in the 1968 census**
1968 年人口普查中每个类别的数字 **
Distinction survey (1963–1967/1968)
区别调查(1963-1967/1968)
N%Difference in % 百分比差异Ratio of % % 的比率Grouped % 分组 %%N (thousands) N(千)1968 survey 1968年调查
‘Working classes’a
“工人阶级” a
16613.6−43.8−4.257.4   
Farmers and farm labourers
农民和农场工人
00  15.22.9588Farm labourers 农场工人
  12.32460Farmers 农民
Unskilled, semi-skilled 不熟练,半熟练665.4  21.47.91575Unskilled workers 非熟练工人
  13.52706Semi-skilled workers 半熟练工人
Skilled, foremen 熟练的工头695.7  14.813.02607Skilled workers 技术工人
  1.8360Foremen 工头
Domestic servants 家仆313  5.95.91171Domestic servants 家仆
‘Middle classes’ “中产阶级”58448.011.91.336.1   
Craftsmen, small shopkeepers
工匠、小店主
1008.2  8.33.1623Craftsmen 工匠
  5.11028Small shopkeepers 小店主
Clerical, junior executives
文员、初级管理人员
28723.6  18.93.1620Commercial employees 商业员工
  12.12410Clerical employees 文职员工
  3.7739Junior administrative managers
初级行政经理
Technicians, primary teachers
技术人员、小学教师
786.4  5.52.7534Technicians 技术人员
  2.8564Primary teachers 小学教师
     0.90.9177Medical and social services
医疗和社会服务
     2.62.6523Other (artists, clergy, armed forces, etc.)
其他(艺术家、神职人员、武装部队等)
New petite bourgeoisieb
新小资产阶级 b
1199.8      
‘Upper classes’ “上层阶级”46738.431.85.96.5   
Industrial and comm. employers
工业和通信雇主
1028.4  1.61.2232Commercial employers 商业雇主
   0.479Industrial employers 工业雇主
Executives, engineers 高管、工程师23219.1  3.22.3451Senior administrative managers
高级行政经理
  1.0190Engineers 工程师
Secondary and high ed. teachers, artistic producers
中学和高等教育教师、艺术制作人
816.7  1.01.0209Higher-ed teachers 高等教育教师
Professions 专业524.3  0.70.7143Professionals 专业 人士
Total respondents (18 years+)
受访者总数(18岁+)
1217100  10010019,989Active population 活跃人口
Notes: aExcluding farmers and farm labourers.
注: a 不包括农民和农场工人。
b
Includes social and medical services, cultural intermediaries, art craftsmen and dealers, secretaries and junior commercial excutives.
包括社会和医疗服务、文化中介、艺术工匠和经销商、秘书和初级商业执行人员。
*
Bourdieu (1984: 504); **Données sociales 1974, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Paris: INSEE, p. 20.
布迪厄(1984:504);**社会数据,1974年,国家统计和经济研究所。巴黎:INSEE,第20页。
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In Table 2, the striking differences between the sample and the 1968 census, which acts as the baseline (here, the active population), are clear. Compared with the French population as a whole, the working classes are under-represented by a factor of 4 in the sample, while the middle classes are over-represented by a factor of 1.3, and the upper classes by a factor of 6.
在表2中,样本与1968年人口普查(此处为活跃人口)之间的显着差异是显而易见的。与整个法国人口相比,工人阶级在样本中的代表性不足4倍,而中产阶级的代表性高出1.3倍,上层阶级代表性高出6倍。
The effect of the non-representativeness of the different socio-occupational categories on the statistical analysis, and indeed the sociological analysis, is to amplify the diversity of over-represented groups and limit that of under-represented groups.
不同社会职业类别的非代表性对统计分析,实际上是对社会学分析的影响,是扩大了代表性过高的群体的多样性,限制了代表性不足的群体的多样性。
As regards representativeness within categories, where the (French) ‘socio-professional classification’ (PCS)6 acts as a stratum of crossed quotas (PCS x age / PCS x gender / PCS x level of education / PCS x residence), Bourdieu (1984: 506) states that for:
关于类别内的代表性,其中(法国)“社会专业分类”(PCS) 6 充当交叉配额的层次(PCS x 年龄 / PCS x 性别 / PCS x 教育水平 / PCS x 居住地),Bourdieu (1984: 506) 指出:
each socio-occupational category, the distribution by sex, age and qualifications was checked against the results of the 1968 census for the whole of France. This verification was not possible in the case of the categories constituting the new petite bourgeoisie, which the censuses do not break down by age and qualification.
每个社会职业类别,按性别、年龄和资格划分的分布情况都与1968年全法国人口普查的结果进行了核对。在构成新小资产阶级的类别中,这种验证是不可能的,人口普查没有按年龄和资格细分。
We are also told that the ‘sample contained approximately the same number of Parisians and provincials’ (1984: 505). The data available in Distinction do not enable us to verify this cross-representativeness of variables that Bourdieu asserts, and how it might affect the construction of the correspondence analysis factors of the ‘variants’. All we have to go on is the socio-demographic composition of the class aggregates (Table 3).
我们还被告知,“样本中含有大致相同数量的巴黎人和外省人”(1984:505)。《区别》中可用的数据无法让我们验证布迪厄断言的变量的这种交叉代表性,以及它如何影响“变体”的对应分析因子的构建。我们所要做的就是阶级聚合的社会人口构成(表3)。
Table 3. Main characteristics of survey sample: Percentage of each total class fraction, by sex, age, education and social origin.
表 3.调查样本的主要特征:按性别、年龄、教育程度和社会出身分列的每类总分的百分比。
 NSex Age 年龄
  Male Female 女性<3131–4546+%
Total working class 工人阶级总数166623836.734.927.1100
Total established petite bourgeoisie
完全成熟的小资产阶级
465495136.33231.6100
Total new petite bourgeoisie
新小资产阶级总数
119425838.743.717.6100
Total dominant class 总优势阶级46774.525.517.939.342.8100
Echantillon – Sample Echantillon – 样品121756.943.132.437.529.8100
 Highest educational qualification
最高学历
Social origin (father’s class)
社会出身(父亲的阶级)
%
 CEP, CAP CEP、CAPBEPCBac 巴克Incomplete higher ed. 高等教育不完整。Licence 执照>Licence >许可证Working classes 工人阶级Middle classes 中产阶级Upper classes 
Total working class 工人阶级总数88.211.20.600061.837.40.8100
Total established petite bourgeoisie
完全成熟的小资产阶级
48.727.32130019.772.77.6100
Total new petite bourgeoisie
新小资产阶级总数
15.519.837.919.86.9011.443.844.8100
Total dominant class 总优势阶级5.56.816.717.537.915.6829.462.6100
Echantillon – Sample Echantillon – 样品39.516.219.110.111.23.925.245.829.0100
Source: Bourdieu (1984: 504).
资料来源:布迪厄(1984:504)。
Notes: <31 corresponds to the 18–30 age bracket. Those with no qualifications are not present in the data. CEP: Primary School Certificate; CAP: vocational diplomas; BEPC: Junior Secondary Education Certificate.
注:<31对应于18-30岁年龄段。那些没有资格的人不存在于数据中。CEP: 小学毕业证书;CAP:职业文凭;BEPC:初中教育证书。
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Comparison between the Distinction survey (Table 3) and the structure of the French population aged 18 and over in the 1968 census (Table 4) points to an under-sampling of female respondents (43.1% vs. 52.3%) and also of people aged 46 and over (29.8% vs. 48.5%). Furthermore, those with good educational qualifications are over-represented relative to those with few qualifications or none, and the territorial structure of the Distinction sample significantly favours Parisians (far more numerous than those classed simply as ‘inhabitants of the Paris region’, which is the category shown here). Table 4 shows, by comparing the gender structures of each ‘class’, the privilege given to men of the ‘dominant class’. The Distinction sample is skewed not only by a dominant trope, but by a dominant masculine trope.
区别调查(表3)与1968年人口普查中18岁及以上的法国人口结构(表4)之间的比较表明,女性受访者(43.1%对52.3%)和46岁及以上人口(29.8%对48.5%)的抽样不足。此外,与那些几乎没有学历或没有学历的人相比,那些具有良好教育资格的人所占比例过高,而且区别样本的地域结构明显有利于巴黎人(远远多于那些被简单地归类为“巴黎地区居民”的人,这是这里显示的类别)。表4通过比较每个“阶级”的性别结构,显示了给予“统治阶级”男子的特权。区别样本不仅被一个占主导地位的比喻所扭曲,而且被一个占主导地位的男性比喻所扭曲。
Table 4. Socio-demographic structure of socio-occupational categories in the 1968 census.
表 4.1968年人口普查中社会职业类别的社会人口结构。
Individual occupational category
个人职业类别
Sex Age 年龄
 Male Female 女性18–3031–4546+
Farming 农业62.137.913.732.553.8
Manual 手动80.819.236.235.927.9
Clerical/commercial 文书/商业38.761.340.030.529.4
Craftsmen, shopkeepers, business owners
工匠、店主、企业主
65.035.012.135.752.2
Intermediate occupations 中级职业63.136.931.537.930.6
Executives and professionals
高管和专业人士
80.319.718.042.639.4
Inactive and unemployed, not previously employed
不活跃和失业,以前没有工作
23.676.412.120.467.5
Total 18 years+ 总计 18 年+47.752.322.728.848.5
Individual occupational category
个人职业类别
Educational qualification
学历
Area of residence 居住区
None 没有CEP–CAPBEPC or equiv. BEPC或同等产品。BaccalauréatUniversity degree 大学学历Paris region 巴黎地区Rest of France 法国其他地区
Farming 农业55.241.01.32.10.31.099.0
Manual 手动52.743.91.31.70.419.180.9
Clerical/commercial 文书/商业27.255.010.06.51.231.168.9
Craftsmen, shopkeepers, business owners
工匠、店主、企业主
32.053.75.56.82.117.882.2
Intermediate occupations 中级职业11.741.410.026.410.529.670.4
Executives and professionals
高管和专业人士
8.717.97.215.450.939.660.4
Inactive and unemployed, not previously employed
不活跃和失业,以前没有工作
55.735.04.73.21.415.784.3
Total 18 years+ 总计 18 年+45.241.04.95.53.319.380.7
Source: Harmonised data from the 1968 population census. Données harmonisées du recensement de la population 1968, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Population des 18 ans et plus. Paris: INSEE.
资料来源:1968年人口普查的统一数据。1968年人口普查的统一数据,国家统计和经济研究所。18岁及以上的人口。巴黎:INSEE。
Note: Population aged 18 years and over.
注:18岁及以上人口。
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The deviations from the representativeness of the statistical survey, which has to be shown to be as complete as possible, can be found in a number of sociological surveys, and are known by their authors; they do not invalidate an analysis. We would now like to examine the situation with regard to the cultural representativeness of the survey – an area where the choices seem more decisive on an intellectual level.
在一些社会学调查中可以找到与统计调查的代表性的偏差,这些调查必须被证明是尽可能完整的,并且其作者也知道;它们不会使分析无效。我们现在想从调查的文化代表性的角度来研究一下情况——在这个领域,选择在知识层面上似乎更具决定性。

The Cultural Representativeness of the Survey: Cultural Distinction versus Cultural Diversity
调查的文化代表性:文化差异与文化多样性

The statistical data available in the appendix of Distinction7 are incomplete: for one thing, the variables (the questions in the questionnaire) are not all indicated, or not in full8preferred types of film, films seen, films for which the director or actors are known, TV programmes watched, musical works known, museums visited are absent – for another, the selected questions are subdivided solely according to the PCS variable – gender, age, level of education (with the exception of the ‘aesthetic disposition’ variable), income and place of residence are absent. A number of cultural fields have also been left out, particularly those to do with live shows, theatre, concerts, dance, opera and operetta, historic monuments, the daily press and magazines. This makes it impossible to assess the distribution of survey questions in terms of the set of socio-demographic variables.
附录中提供的统计数据 7 并不完整:一方面,变量(问卷中的问题)没有全部标明,或者没有全部 8 标明——首选的电影类型、看过的电影、导演或演员所熟知的电影、观看的电视节目、已知的音乐作品、参观的博物馆都不存在——另一方面, 所选问题仅根据 PCS 变量进行细分——性别、年龄、教育水平(“审美倾向”变量除外)、收入和居住地不存在。一些文化领域也被排除在外,特别是与现场表演、戏剧、音乐会、舞蹈、歌剧和轻歌剧、历史古迹、日报和杂志有关的文化领域。这使得无法根据一组社会人口变量来评估调查问题的分布。
It appears on closer analysis that the Distinction questionnaire favours, by its choice of categories, conclusions that will fit in with its own logic. By focusing on cultural categories structured by social environment, the questionnaire encourages an interpretation in terms of social environment. Table 5 demonstrates this, filling in additional cultural items to reflect the cultural diversity of the day. The fact remains however that cultural diversity is not the structuring principle behind the Distinction survey questionnaire: jazz and rock are absent. What actually structures the design of the questionnaire is a model of distinction: the selected items are much more highbrow and aged than they are common and youth. Despite the lack of items from the culture of diversity, youth culture is detectable in ‘the dominant taste’, as we will see (through Françoise Hardy, for example).
经过仔细分析,区别调查表似乎通过选择类别而倾向于得出符合其自身逻辑的结论。通过关注由社会环境构成的文化类别,调查问卷鼓励从社会环境的角度进行解释。表 5 证明了这一点,并填写了额外的文化项目以反映当时的文化多样性。然而,事实仍然是,文化多样性并不是区别调查问卷背后的结构原则:爵士乐和摇滚乐缺席。调查问卷设计的实际结构是一个区分模型:所选项目比普通和年轻项目更高级和更古老。尽管缺乏来自多样性文化的物品,但正如我们将看到的那样,青年文化可以在“主流品味”中被发现(例如,通过弗朗索瓦丝·哈代)。
Table 5. Categories from the Distinction survey questions (selection), with potential categories (in italic).
表 5.来自 Distinction 调查问题的类别(选择),以及潜在的类别(斜体)。
Distinction survey 区别调查Cultural diversity 文化多样性Distinction survey 区别调查Cultural diversity 文化多样性Distinction survey 区别调查Cultural diversity 文化多样性
Preferred singers 首选歌手Preferred musical works 首选音乐作品Radio 收音机
Guétary 盖塔里The Beatles 披头士乐队ArlésienneRock Around the Clock (B. Haley), 1954
昼夜摇滚 (B. Haley), 1954
Light music 轻音乐Programmes for young people
青年方案
Mariano 马里亚诺The Rolling Stones 滚石乐队Blue Danube 蓝色多瑙河That’s All Right (E. Presley) 1956
没关系 (E. Presley) 1956
Cultural programmes 文化节目Game shows 游戏节目
Clark 克拉克Ella Fitzgerald 艾拉·菲茨杰拉德Traviata 茶花女Ella & Louis (E. Fitzgerald), 1956
艾拉和路易斯(E.菲茨杰拉德),1956年
News, classical music 新闻, 古典音乐Audience interaction programmes
观众互动节目
Aznavour 阿兹纳沃尔Marvin Gaye 马文·盖伊Sabre Dance 军刀舞My Baby Just Cares for Me (N. Simone), 1958
My Baby Just Cares for Me (N. Simone), 1958
Current affairs 时事Sport 运动
Hallyday 哈利戴 Rhapsody in Blue 蓝色狂想曲Hit the Road Jack (Ray Charles), 1961
Hit the Road Jack (Ray Charles), 1961
Other (specify) 其他(请注明) 
Brel 布雷尔Claude François 克劳德·弗朗索瓦Hungarian Rhapsody 匈牙利狂想曲Bob Dylan (B. Dylan), 1962
鲍勃·迪伦(B.迪伦),1962年
  
Brassens 布拉森斯Tino Rossi 蒂诺·罗西Twilight of the Gods 众神的黄昏Surfin’ USA (Beach Boys), 1963
Surfin' USA (Beach Boys), 1963年
  
Ferré 费雷Gene Vincent 吉恩·文森特Eine Kleine NachtmusikSomething Stupid (Frank & Nancy Sinatra), 1967
Something Stupid(弗兰克和南希·辛纳屈),1967年
  
Douai 杜埃France Gall 法国加仑Four Seasons 四季   
Aznavour 阿兹纳沃尔Sylvie Vartan 西尔维·瓦尔坦Firebird Suite 火鸟套房 (Firebird Suite)   
Piaf 琵雅芙 Enfant et sortilèges   
Françoise Hardy 弗朗索瓦丝·哈代 Art of Fugue 赋格艺术   
Bécaud 贝考 Well-Tempered Clavier 脾气暴躁的克拉维尔   
  Concerto for Left Hand
左手协奏曲
   
  Scheherazade 舍赫拉扎德   
  The Masterless Hammer 无主之锤   
Preferred painters 首选画家 Books  Activities 活动
Raphaël 拉斐尔 Love stories 爱情故事Comic books/graphic novels
漫画书/图画小说
Do-it-yourself 自己动手Going out with friends 和朋友一起出去玩
Buffet 自助餐 Travel, exploration 旅行、探索Magazines 杂志Sport (specify) 运动(请注明)Going dancing 去跳舞
Utrillo 乌特里洛 Thrillers 惊悚 片 Camping 露营Going to the cinema 去电影院
Vlaminck 弗拉明克 Historical novels 历史小说 Walking  
Watteau 瓦托 Modern authors 现代作家 Painting or sculpture 绘画或雕塑 
Renoir 雷诺阿 Classical authors 古典作家 Playing a musical instrument (specify)
演奏乐器(请注明)
 
Van Gogh  Poetry 诗歌 Parlour games (specify) 客厅游戏 (指定) 
Dali 达利 Philosophical essays 哲学论文 Watching TV 看电视 
Braque 布拉克 Scientific 科学的   
Goya 戈雅 Political 政治   
Bruegel 勃鲁盖尔     
Kandinsky 康定     
Picasso 毕加索     
Da Vinci 达芬奇     
Rousseau 卢梭     
Source: Bourdieu (1984). 资料来源:Bourdieu(1984年)。
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Problematic Interpretation of the Two Spaces of ‘the Dominant Taste’ and ‘Petit-Bourgeois Taste’
对“主流品味”和“小资产阶级品味”这两个空间的解释有问题

Two genuine factorial sub-spaces are produced in Distinction: ‘variants of the dominant taste’ and ‘variants of petit-bourgeois taste’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 262, 340). Two other ‘simplified’ spaces are represented by axes 1 and 3 of these same spaces (Bourdieu, 1984: 266, 343). The two factorial spaces of the ‘variants’ represent, in superimposed layers, the (active) cultural taste variables and the (illustrative) socio-demographic variables.
在《区别》中产生了两个真正的阶乘子空间:“主导品味的变体”和“小资产阶级品味的变体”(Bourdieu,1984:262,340)。另外两个“简化”空间由这些相同空间的轴 1 和 3 表示(Bourdieu,1984:266,343)。“变体”的两个阶乘空间在叠加层中代表(活跃的)文化品味变量和(说明性的)社会人口变量。

The Relationship between the Factorial Spaces and ‘the Social Space’
阶乘空间与“社会空间”的关系

The factorial space of ‘the dominant taste’ is presented thus:
“主导味道”的阶乘空间如下:
Given that the differences relating to the overall volume of capital are partially neutralized [. . .], each individual’s position in the space defined by the first two factors depends essentially on the structure of his assets, that is, on the relative weights of the economic capital and cultural capital he possesses (axis 1), and his social trajectory (axis 2), which, through the corresponding mode of acquisition, governs his relationship to those assets. This means that the first factor in the factorial analysis corresponds to the second dimension of the social space and the second factor to the third dimension. (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 44–45, emphases added)
鉴于与资本总量有关的差异被部分抵消了,每个人在前两个因素所界定的空间中的地位主要取决于他的资产结构,即他所拥有的经济资本和文化资本的相对权重(轴1)和他的社会轨迹(轴2)。 通过相应的收购模式,管理他与这些资产的关系。这意味着因子分析中的第一个因素对应于社会空间的第二个维度,第二个因素对应于第三个维度。(布迪厄和圣马丁,1976:44-45,强调后加)
The factorial space of ‘petit-bourgeois’ taste is presented similarly:
“小资产阶级”品味的阶乘空间以类似的方式呈现:
Because both the volume of capital (cultural capital, in particular) and the structure of capital enter into the composition of the first factor, the plane diagram presents as a systematic distortion of the social space as it appears in the theoretical diagram above, where the volume and structure of capital are expressed by two different dimensions (whereas, here, the first factor corresponds to the second dimension of the social space, but also, in part, to the first, and the second to the third). (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 67, emphasis added)
由于资本的数量(特别是文化资本)和资本结构都进入了第一个因素的构成,因此平面图表现为社会空间的系统性扭曲,如上图所示,其中资本的数量和结构由两个不同的维度表示(而, 在这里,第一个因素对应于社会空间的第二个维度,但也部分地对应于第一个维度,第二个因素对应于第三个维度)。(布迪厄和德圣马丁,1976:67,强调后加)
Two statistical assertions are made here about the two factorial spaces: (1) the first factor is said to represent the ‘structure’ rather than the ‘volume’ of capital, unlike the first dimension of the theoretical social space, which represents ‘volume’; (2) the first factor of both factorial spaces is said to correspond to the second dimension of ‘the social space’, and the second factor to its third dimension. In concrete terms, the two factorial spaces of the dominant taste and petit-bourgeois taste cannot be graphically superimposed on the theoretical social space. In the absence of a correspondence analysis of the whole data set (on the upper, middle and ‘popular’ categories) there is no statistical justification for the authors to make the two correspondence analyses (dominant and petit-bourgeois taste) into sub-spaces of the theoretical social space. How can a statistical argument be made to support the claim that the first dimension of the ‘volume of capital’ is a hidden, invisible axis, which reduces to a single undifferentiated block (‘the differences relating to the overall volume of capital are partially neutralised’) in the two ‘variants’, and reveals what are supposedly the second and third dimensions of the theoretical social space?
这里对两个因子空间提出了两个统计断言:(1)第一个因子被说成代表资本的“结构”而不是“数量”,这与理论社会空间的第一个维度代表“数量”不同;(2)两个阶乘空间的第一个因子对应于“社会空间”的第二个维度,第二个因子对应于其第三个维度。具体而言,主流品味和小资产阶级品味这两个因子空间不能图形地叠加在理论社会空间上。由于缺乏对整个数据集(上层、中层和“流行”类别)的对应分析,作者没有统计学理由将两种对应分析(主流和小资产阶级品味)纳入理论社会空间的子空间。如何才能提出统计学论据来支持这样一种说法,即“资本量”的第一个维度是一个隐藏的、看不见的轴,它在两个“变体”中简化为一个单一的无差别块(“与资本总量有关的差异被部分抵消”),并揭示了理论社会空间的第二和第三维度?
It is hard to see why ‘volume’ should not also structure these sub-spaces, which relate to several occupational categories rather than a particular one. Yet, as we can see for ourselves, cultural taste continues to be structured vertically and hierarchically in a manner that is strictly homologous with axis 1 of the social space (the two can be superimposed). Far from representing a distortion, the factorial spaces of the ‘variants’ can be read directly from ‘the social space’. If axis 1 of the theoretical social space (that of ‘volume’) is neutralised in both factorial spaces (the ‘variants’), how is it that the top–down opposition of professions versus intermediate occupations is maintained, but interpreted as ‘seniority in the bourgeoisie’ (with inherited capital as the differentiator) in the ‘variants’? That is simply impossible. Dimension 3 of the ‘variants’ (‘social origin’) cannot be identical to Dimension 1 of the social space (‘volume’), as they are, by statistical definition, de-correlated in a factorial analysis.
很难理解为什么“体积”不应该也构建这些子空间,这些子空间与几个职业类别而不是特定职业类别有关。然而,正如我们亲眼所见,文化品味继续以一种与社会空间的轴线1严格同源的方式垂直和分层地构建(两者可以叠加)。“变体”的阶乘空间远非扭曲,而是可以直接从“社会空间”中读取。如果理论社会空间的轴1(“数量”的轴线)在两个阶乘空间(“变体”)中都被中和了,那么职业与中间职业的自上而下的对立是如何保持的,而在“变体”中被解释为“资产阶级的资历”(以继承的资本为差异因素)呢?这根本不可能。“变体”(“社会起源”)的维度 3 不能与社会空间的维度 1(“体积”)相同,因为根据统计定义,它们在因子分析中是去相关的。
Bourdieu assembles a representation and an interpretation of the upper categories (‘the social space’, its ‘volume’ and its ‘structure’), followed by another representation and another interpretation of the same categories (the ‘variants’, their ‘structure’ and their ‘social origin’). More simply, if the two factorial spaces of the ‘variants’ do indeed represent the variants of dominant and petit-bourgeois taste – as intended and as claimed – what then does the (theoretical) social space represent about these same classes? How can the tastes of these two ‘classes’ be represented twice? How, moreover, can they be represented twice by two spaces, one of which is a ‘distortion’ of the other?
布迪厄对上层范畴(“社会空间”、其“体积”和“结构”)进行了表征和解释,然后对同一范畴(“变体”、其“结构”和“社会起源”)进行了另一种表征和另一种解释。更简单地说,如果“变体”的两个阶乘空间确实代表了主流和小资产阶级品味的变体——正如预期和声称的那样——那么(理论上的)社会空间代表了这些相同的阶级吗?这两个“阶级”的口味怎么能被表现两次?此外,它们如何用两个空间表示两次,其中一个是另一个空间的“扭曲”?
We now focus on the ‘variants of tastes’, beginning with the ‘variants of the dominant taste’.
我们现在专注于“口味的变体”,从“主导口味的变体”开始。

The Scotomisation of Age in the Interpretation of the ‘Dominant Taste’
对“主导品味”的解释中对年龄的误解

In 1976, the factorial space of the ‘variants of the dominant taste’ bears the following legend (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 46):
1976 年,“主导口味的变体”的阶乘空间带有以下传说(Bourdieu 和 de Saint-Martin,1976:46):
– ‘In underlined capitals, items corresponding to the strongest absolute contributions to the 1st factor’: ‘age 60+’; ‘age 18–30’;
– “在带下划线的大写字母中,对应于 1 st 因素最强绝对贡献的项目”: “年龄 60+”;“18-30岁”;
– ‘In capitals, items corresponding to the strongest absolute contributions to the 2nd factor’: ‘< 30,000 Francs’; ‘30 to 40,000F’; ‘40 to 50,000F’; ‘50 to 60,000F’; ‘60,000F +’; ‘age 31–45’; ‘age 46–60’;
– “以大写字母表示,对应于 2 nd 因素最强绝对贡献的项目”:“< 30,000 法郎”;“30 至 40,000F”;“40 至 50,000F”;“50 至 60,000F”;'60,000华氏度+';“31-45岁”;“46-60岁”;
– ‘In boxes: the two indicators that make the strongest contribution to the 1st factor (educational level) and to the 2nd factor (father’s occupation).’
– “在盒子里:对 1 st 个因素(教育水平)和 2 nd 个因素(父亲的职业)贡献最大的两个指标。”
This legend is not found in Distinction, but there is an indication that these categories (‘variables’ modalities’) have been converted into illustrative – that is, supplementary – variables (Bourdieu, 1984: 261, 341).
这个图例在《区别》中找不到,但有迹象表明,这些类别(“变量”模式“)已被转换为说明性变量,即补充变量(Bourdieu,1984:261,341)。
According to Bourdieu, the level of education indicator contributes most to the 1st factor, while the father’s occupation indicator contributes most to the 2nd factor. Clearly, the statistical interpretation of ‘the dominant taste’ differs from the theoretical interpretation: with reference to the space of ‘the dominant taste’, Bourdieu qualifies axis 1 in terms of the structure of capital (+/–), and he writes that the ‘class fraction constitutes the most powerful explanatory factor’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 261). Income is not a contributor. The factorial plane of the illustrative categories is represented in Figure 2.
根据布迪厄的说法,教育水平指标对第一个因素的贡献最大,而父亲的职业指标对第二个因素的贡献最大。显然,对“主导品味”的统计解释与理论解释不同:关于“主导品味”的空间,布迪厄根据资本结构(+/–)限定了轴1,他写道,“阶级比例构成了最有力的解释因素”(布迪厄,1984:261)。收入不是贡献者。图 2 表示了说明性类别的阶乘平面。
Figure 2. Illustrative variables of the ‘variants of the dominant taste – MCA [multiple correspondence analysis] – Plane of the 1st and 2nd axes of inertia’ (connecting up the categories of the illustrative variables).
图2.“主导口味的变体 – MCA [多重对应分析] – 惯性 1 st 轴和 2 nd 轴的平面”的说明性变量(连接说明性变量的类别)。
Source: Bourdieu (1984: 262); the categories of the PCSs associated with the ‘ellipses’ (their barycentre) are added in brackets.
资料来源:Bourdieu (1984: 262);与“椭圆”(它们的重心)相关的 PCS 类别被添加到括号中。
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How are we to interpret this space? Judging by the illustrative variables alone (Figure 2), the space of ‘the dominant taste’ seems to be structured by level of education, income and age on axis 1, and by origin and age on axis 2; an age ‘axis’ links the age 18–30 category, bottom left, to the modality ‘age 60+’, top right; partly perpendicular to it runs an education ‘axis’, from ‘[qualifications] > degree [French licence]’ top left to ‘CEP, CAP, no qualifications’ bottom right. This link between age structure and diploma structure is not considered analytically or theoretically by Bourdieu.
我们如何解释这个空间?仅从说明性变量(图2)来看,“主导品味”的空间似乎是按轴1的教育水平、收入和年龄以及轴2的出身和年龄构成的;年龄“轴”将左下角的 18-30 岁类别与右上角的“60 岁+”模式联系起来;部分垂直于它运行一个教育“轴”,从左上角的“[资格]>学位[法国执照]”到右下角的“CEP,CAP,无资格”。布迪厄没有从分析或理论上考虑年龄结构和文凭结构之间的这种联系。
Bourdieu qualifies axis 2 of the factorial space of ‘the dominant taste’ in terms of ‘seniority in the bourgeoisie’ (descending from top to bottom) based on the variable of the father’s socio-occupational category. This second factor separates those who ‘have long been members of the bourgeoisie to those who have recently entered it’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 265). Should we not stay within the sociologically more modest limits of class mobility? Did Bourdieu not miss an opportunity here to explore the hypothesis that age might be a marker of class mobility in 1960s France?
布迪厄根据父亲的社会职业类别的变量,根据“资产阶级的资历”(从上到下)来限定“主导品味”的阶乘空间的轴2。第二个因素将那些“长期是资产阶级成员的人与那些最近进入资产阶级的人”区分开来(布迪厄,1984:265)。我们难道不应该停留在社会学上更适度的阶级流动范围内吗?布迪厄在这里没有错过一个机会来探索年龄可能是1960年代法国阶级流动的标志这一假设吗?

The Misinterpretation of the ‘Petit-Bourgeois Taste’ as ‘Structure of Capital’
将“小资产阶级品味”误解为“资本结构”

On the analysis of petit-bourgeois taste, Bourdieu writes: ‘Projection of the illustrative variables shows that, as with the dominant class, educational qualifications are distributed in linear fashion along the first axis.’ A little later, he indicates: ‘when the “objective” characteristics are projected as illustrative variables, they show that, as in the case of the dominant taste, the second factor expresses an opposition by age’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 341).
在分析小资产阶级的品味时,布迪厄写道:“对说明性变量的预测表明,与统治阶级一样,教育资格沿第一轴线性分布。不久之后,他指出:“当”客观“特征被投射为说明性变量时,它们表明,就像在主导品味的情况下一样,第二个因素表达了年龄的对立”(布迪厄,1984:341)。
The space of the ‘variants of petit-bourgeois taste’ bears the following legend (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 68):
“小资产阶级品味的变体”的空间带有以下传说(布迪厄和德圣马丁,1976:68):
– ‘In underlined capitals, items corresponding to the strongest absolute contributions to the 1st factor’: no modality corresponds to this format;
– “在带下划线的大写字母中,对应于 1 st 因素的最强绝对贡献的项目”:没有一种模式与这种格式相对应;
– ‘In capitals, items corresponding to the strongest absolute contributions to the 2nd factor’: ‘< 15,000 Francs’; ‘15 to 20,000F’;9 ‘20 to 25,000F’; ‘25 to 30,000F’; ‘30,000F +’; ‘age 46–60’;
– “以大写字母表示,对应于对 2 nd 因素最强的绝对贡献的项目”:“< 15,000 法郎”; “15 至 20,000F”; 9 “20 至 25,000F”;“25 至 30,000F”;'30,000华氏度+';“46-60岁”;
– ‘In boxes: the two indicators that make the strongest contribution to the 1st factor (educational level) and to the 2nd factor (father’s occupation)’.
– “方框:对 1 st 个因素(教育水平)和 2 nd 个因素(父亲的职业)贡献最大的两个指标”。
Categories of socio-demographic variables are also shown in lower case. The factorial plane of the illustrative categories is represented in Figure 3. If we only look at the illustrative variables plane (Figure 3), ‘petit-bourgeois taste’ seems to be structured on axis 1 by level of education, origin and age, and on axis 2 by age alone.
社会人口变量的类别也以小写形式显示。图 3 表示了说明性类别的阶乘平面。如果我们只看说明变量平面(图3),“小资产阶级品味”似乎是按教育水平、出身和年龄在轴1上构建的,在轴2上仅按年龄构建的。
Figure 3. Illustrative variables of the ‘variants of petit-bourgeois taste – Analysis of correspondences – Plane diagram of 1st and 2nd axes of inertia’ (linking up the categories of the illustrative variables).
图3.“小资产阶级品味的变体”的说明性变量 - 对应关系分析 - 1 st 轴和 2 nd 轴惯性的平面图“(连接说明性变量的类别)。
Source: Bourdieu (1984: 340); the categories of the PCSs associated with the ‘ellipses’ (their barycentre) are added in brackets.
资料来源:Bourdieu (1984: 340);与“椭圆”(它们的重心)相关的 PCS 类别被添加到括号中。
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The factorial space of ‘petit-bourgeois taste’ is also characterised by Bourdieu in terms of a ‘cross-structure’ combining ‘economic capital’ and ‘cultural capital’ – that of the general theoretical model of ‘the social space’. Yet the lower categories of the income variable are on the right of the factorial space, while the higher income categories are on the left, the reverse of the ‘structural’ interpretation, according to which the economic capital is higher to the right than to the left. Moreover, Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin’s legend highlights the variable of education, not that of economic resources: ‘It is the indicators of cultural competence and weight of cultural capital that make the strongest contribution to the first factor’ (Bourdieu and de Saint-Martin, 1976: 67). In light of such a comment, it is the interpretation of this space in terms of the ‘structure’ of capital that seems odd. As we have seen, the theoretical interpretation of the two ‘variants’ in terms of capital structure is unjustified, even erroneous, with reference to an axis that seems to be determined by level of education alone, and not by economic capital or a blend of the two types of capital.
布迪厄将“小资产阶级品味”的因子空间描述为“经济资本”和“文化资本”的“交叉结构”,即“社会空间”的一般理论模型。然而,收入变量的较低类别位于因子空间的右侧,而较高收入类别位于左侧,这与“结构性”解释相反,根据“结构”解释,经济资本向右高于向左。此外,布迪厄和德圣马丁的传说强调了教育的变量,而不是经济资源的变量:“文化能力的指标和文化资本的权重对第一个因素的贡献最大”(布迪厄和德圣马丁,1976:67)。鉴于这样的评论,从资本的“结构”的角度来解释这个空间似乎很奇怪。正如我们所看到的,从资本结构的角度对这两种“变体”的理论解释是不合理的,甚至是错误的,因为轴心似乎只由教育水平决定,而不是由经济资本或两种资本的混合决定。
Bourdieu’s characterisation of axes 1 and 2 does not take account of age, although a clear generational effect, which was already noted by Herpin (1980: 445), can be observed. The age variable displays a fairly clear generational dimension in the choice of favourite singers. On the ‘Variants of petit-bourgeois taste’ graph (Bourdieu, 1984: 340), we find, near the high age brackets (between 60+ and 46–60), Luis Mariano (born 1914), Georges Guétary (born 1915); between the 46–60 and 30–45 brackets, Edith Piaf (born 1915); close to the 30–45 group, Georges Brassens (born 1921), Jacques Brel (born 1929); and, finally, next to the under 20s, Françoise Hardy (born 1944). A similar structure is visible near the age categories of ‘the dominant taste’, from Françoise Hardy (bottom left) to Georges Guétary (right) and Luis Mariano (top).
布迪厄对轴1和轴2的特征没有考虑到年龄,尽管可以观察到明显的世代效应,Herpin(1980:445)已经注意到了这一点。年龄变量在选择最喜欢的歌手时显示出相当明显的代际维度。在“小资产阶级品味的变体”图(Bourdieu,1984:340)上,我们发现,在高年龄段(60+和46-60之间)附近,路易斯·马里亚诺(生于1914年),乔治·盖塔里(生于1915年);在 46-60 和 30-45 括号之间,伊迪丝·琵雅芙(生于 1915 年);接近 30-45 组,Georges Brassens(生于 1921 年)、Jacques Brel(生于 1929 年);最后,紧挨着20岁以下的弗朗索瓦丝·哈迪(Françoise Hardy,生于1944年)。从弗朗索瓦丝·哈迪(Françoise Hardy)(左下)到乔治·盖塔里(Georges Guétary)(右)和路易斯·马里亚诺(Luis Mariano)(上)等“主导口味”的年龄类别附近也可以看到类似的结构。
Age is identified by Bourdieu as a correlate of the second factor of both factorial spaces, but is treated in a very particular way, being sidelined in favour of an opposition based either on social origin or on seniority in social class:
布迪厄将年龄确定为两个阶乘空间的第二个因素的相关性,但以一种非常特殊的方式处理,被边缘化,以支持基于社会出身或社会阶层资历的反对:
The second factor expresses an opposition by age (the oldest are at the top of the second axis and towards the economic pole, the youngest at the bottom of this axis and towards the cultural pole) and, inseparable from this, an opposition by social origin. (Bourdieu, 1984: 341, emphasis added)
第二个因素表达了年龄的对立(最年长的在第二轴的顶端,朝向经济极点,最年轻的在这条轴线的底部,朝向文化极点),与此不可分割的是社会出身的对立。( Bourdieu, 1984: 341, 强调后加)
Nothing is less obvious, on reading the positions of the categories of the ‘father’s profession’ variable, than this substitution of the age variable by social origin. Given the position of the ‘father manual worker’ point – between ‘father junior executive’ and ‘father clerical worker’, below, and ‘father senior executive’, ‘father professional’, ‘father employer’ and ‘father craftsman’, above – a linear characterisation of the two factorial spaces in terms of social origin is too simplistic. Can axis 2 really be characterised by social origin (the variable of the father’s occupation) in a linear fashion, when the categories themselves do not follow the line?
在阅读“父亲的职业”变量类别的位置时,没有什么比按社会出身替换年龄变量更明显的了。鉴于“父亲体力劳动者”的位置——在下文的“父亲初级行政人员”和“父亲文职人员”之间,以及上文的“父亲高级管理人员”、“父亲专业人士”、“父亲雇主”和“父亲工匠”之间——从社会出身的角度对两个因子空间进行线性描述过于简单化。当类别本身不遵循这条线时,轴 2 真的可以以线性方式以社会出身(父亲职业的变量)来表征吗?

Reinterpreting the Space of Cultural Practices
重新诠释文化实践的空间

The primary contention here is that we should break any link between the theoretical social space (which has no statistical grounding and concerns ‘lifestyles’) and the two factorial spaces (which concern cultural tastes). This break is intellectually necessary because of the methodological heterogeneity of the two types of representation. It opens up the possibility of allowing the two genuine factorial spaces to be interpreted as they should have been from a statistical point of view.
这里的主要论点是,我们应该打破理论社会空间(没有统计学基础,涉及“生活方式”)和两个因子空间(涉及文化品味)之间的任何联系。这种中断在智力上是必要的,因为这两种表征在方法论上存在异质性。它开辟了一种可能性,允许从统计的角度解释两个真正的阶乘空间。
As for the ‘variants’ of taste, a coherent (re)interpretation of the factorial spaces is called for, making axis 1 vertical, for example, for the dominant taste, for a different reading of how the tastes of the upper classes are structured (see Figure 4 where the original factorial space of the dominant taste has undergone a 90° rotation). The now vertical axis 1 is an axis of education and age, from classical culture on the right to youth culture on the left. The horizontal axis 2 is an axis of social mobility (social reproduction to the right, upward mobility to the left). Its correlation with the age variable on the left should be understood in the context of an upward mobility that applied to classes of engineers and cultural intermediaries in the 1960s. The professions are not dominant in this field, which is, above all, cultural, because its variables are. Culturally, it is the higher-education teachers and the artistic producers that dominate in a space of practices where they have greater competence (cultural knowledge) than the other categories. As noted earlier regarding the socio-demographic variables (also by Bourdieu), economic capital is not the determining factor of the 1st axis of this space, and for the 2nd axis it should be associated with age. This is a cultural universe whose structuring principle is primarily level of education.
至于味道的“变体”,需要对阶乘空间进行连贯(重新)解释,例如,使轴 1 垂直,例如,对于主导口味,用于对上层阶级口味结构的不同解读(见图 4,其中主导口味的原始阶乘空间经历了 90° 旋转)。现在的纵轴1是教育和年龄的轴线,从右边的古典文化到左边的青年文化。横轴2是社会流动的轴(社会再生产向右,向上流动向左)。它与左边年龄变量的相关性应该在1960年代适用于工程师和文化中介阶层的向上流动的背景下来理解。职业在这个领域并不占主导地位,这首先是文化的,因为它的变量是。在文化上,高等教育教师和艺术制作人在实践空间中占主导地位,他们比其他类别具有更大的能力(文化知识)。如前所述,关于社会人口变量(也是布迪厄),经济资本不是这个空间第一轴的决定因素,对于第二轴,它应该与年龄相关联。这是一个文化世界,其结构原则主要是教育水平。
Figure 4. Variants of the dominant taste reinterpreted.
图4.重新诠释了主导口味的变体。
Note: Variants of the dominant taste after a 90° rotation and with a new characterisation of the axes.
注意:旋转 90° 后的主要味道的变体,并具有新的轴特征。
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Such a reinterpretation no longer treats the factorial space of dominant tastes as a sub-space of the social space, but as the space of these cultural practices and tastes in their own right. By reintroducing age, it reincorporates both history and social mobility. Finally, it shows that this cultural space is not structured by the ‘volume’ or ‘structure’ of capital, but primarily by level of education (‘cultural capital’ in other words) and age, and secondarily by social mobility.
这种重新诠释不再将主导品味的因子空间视为社会空间的子空间,而是将其视为这些文化实践和品味本身的空间。通过重新引入年龄,它重新融入了历史和社会流动性。最后,它表明,这种文化空间不是由资本的“数量”或“结构”构成的,而主要是由教育水平(换句话说是“文化资本”)和年龄构成的,其次是由社会流动性构成的。

Conclusion: The Intellectual Shaping of Society as Social Space
结论:作为社会空间的社会的智力塑造

According to Bourdieu, social space is a pre-structured representation of what a society is. To put it very prosaically, the data in Distinction are unable – methodologically speaking – to corroborate statistically significant correspondences between ‘social position’ and ‘lifestyle’. They can however, at a more modest scale, reveal that what primarily structures the cultural practices of the upper and middle classes (the two factorial spaces), are level of education and age – leaving aside their sociological and cultural scope within the survey. Another interpretation of the survey on culture in Distinction is possible. The two specific factorial analyses illustrate a historic time: the manifestation of a new generation who were educated, holders of post-materialist values in terms of mores, and avant-garde in terms of art, which sits in contrast to older generations who were attached to a more traditional world (Inglehart, 1977). This means that social space is a cultural space rather than another name for society.
根据布迪厄的说法,社会空间是社会是什么的预先结构化的表示。说得非常平淡无奇,从方法论上讲,《区别》中的数据无法证实“社会地位”和“生活方式”之间具有统计学意义的对应关系。然而,他们可以在更适度的范围内揭示,主要构成上层和中产阶级文化实践(两个因子空间)的是教育水平和年龄——在调查中撇开他们的社会学和文化范围。对《区别》中的文化调查的另一种解释是可能的。这两个具体的因子分析说明了一个历史时期:受过教育的新一代的表现,在习俗方面持有后物质主义价值观,在艺术方面具有前卫性,这与依附于更传统世界的老一代形成鲜明对比(Inglehart,1977)。这意味着社会空间是一种文化空间,而不是社会的另一个名称。
Why then has the Bourdieusian model of social space been so successful, despite its lack of evidence? Two main hypotheses can be put forward: (1) it is an interested representation coming from intellectual professions placing professors at the top of the society; (2) it is a manifestation of the growth of the diploma in professions during the last 50 years in European and North American societies (Collins, 1979). The representation of social space deserves attention, both on a sociological level and an institutional level, because of its possible effects on what a society is.10 This suggests that sociology should stop taking the notion of social space at face value as a means for capturing the past, but it should remain sensitive to the specific variables that structure the factorial spaces of the practices that it produces and analyses as a means for capturing the present.
那么,为什么布迪厄斯的社会空间模型在缺乏证据的情况下如此成功呢?可以提出两个主要假设:(1)这是一个来自知识分子的职业将教授置于社会顶端的利益代表;(2)它是过去50年欧洲和北美社会职业文凭增长的体现(Collins,1979)。无论是在社会学层面还是在制度层面,社会空间的表现都值得关注,因为它可能对社会产生影响。 10 这表明,社会学应该停止将社会空间的概念作为捕捉过去的手段,而应该对构建其产生和分析的实践的因子空间的特定变量保持敏感,作为捕捉现在的手段。

Acknowledgments 确认

I thank Raphaël Nowak (University of York) for his readings.
我感谢拉斐尔·诺瓦克(约克大学)的朗诵。

Funding 资金

The author received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
作者没有为本文的研究、作者身份和/或出版提供任何经济支持。

ORCID iD

Footnotes 脚注

1. The definition of ‘social space’ (and ‘social position’) by Sorokin (1959) in 1959 is different from Bourdieu’s: social space is a ‘universe of many dimensions’ (family status, nationality, religious, occupation, politics, economic status and race) (Sorokin, 1959: 5, 7); the ‘vertical’ axis denotes social hierarchy, and the ‘horizontal’ axis denotes group proximity.
1.索罗金(1959)在1959年对“社会空间”(和“社会地位”)的定义与布迪厄的定义不同:社会空间是一个“多维度的宇宙”(家庭地位、国籍、宗教、职业、政治、经济地位和种族)(索罗金,1959:5,7);“垂直”轴表示社会等级,“水平”轴表示群体接近程度。
2. We can make a scientific observation that the elements from Distinction first appeared in a personal review (Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales founded in 1975) before being published in a book.
2. 我们可以做一个科学的观察,在出版成书之前,《区别》中的元素首先出现在个人评论(Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales,成立于 1975 年)中。
3. Bourdieu (1994: 21) proposed a simplified version in the 1990s (without mentioning that it was originally produced by hand).
3. 布迪厄(1994:21)在1990年代提出了一个简化版本(没有提到它最初是手工制作的)。
4. Also in Flemmen et al. (2018), axis 2 is not an axis of ‘capital composition’ according to a ‘chiasmatic structure’ but of the respective volume of the two capitals. Two isometric individuals A and B at the top left on both side of axis 1 have a globally equivalent level of income and qualification. The individual on the left has additional cultural capital (coming, for example, from his family) and the one on the right has additional economic capital (coming perhaps from his fund saving).
4. 同样在 Flemmen 等人(2018 年)中,轴 2 不是根据“交叉结构”的“资本构成”轴,而是两个资本各自体积的轴。轴 1 两侧左上角的两个等距个体 A 和 B 具有全球相当的收入和资格水平。左边的人有额外的文化资本(例如,来自他的家庭),右边的人有额外的经济资本(可能来自他的基金储蓄)。
5. ‘In the survey on taste the farm workers and farmers were not included, and amongst the workers the unskilled and semi-skilled workers were under-represented. Thus the survey on taste did not permit a correspondence analysis on the variants of taste in the working classes’ (De Saint Martin, 2014: 23).
5. “在口味调查中,农场工人和农民不包括在内,在工人中,非熟练和半熟练工人的代表性不足。因此,对味觉的调查不允许对工人阶级的味觉变体进行对应分析“(De Saint Martin,2014:23)。
6. ‘Professions et catégories socio-professionnelles.’
6.“专业和社会专业类别”。
7. ‘Statistical Data. The Survey’ (1984: 525–526).
7.“统计数据。调查“(1984:525-526)。
8. Some of the categories of some of the variables mentioned are probably omitted owing to low numbers.
8. 由于数量较少,所提到的一些变量的某些类别可能被省略了。
9. This modality appears twice in the diagram. We have retained the one used in Distinction.
9. 此模式在图中出现两次。我们保留了 Distinction 中使用的那个。
10. The overhaul of France’s socio-professional classification in the 1980s is a manifestation of Bourdieu’s theory of social space, in contrast with the Anglophone classification that emphasises the level of education and professional hierarchy.
10. 1980 年代对法国社会职业分类的彻底改革是布迪厄社会空间理论的体现,与强调教育水平和职业等级的英语分类形成鲜明对比。

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Biographies 列传

Hervé Glevarec is Research Director in sociology at French National Center of Scientific research, CERLIS, University of Paris Cité, Paris. Current research interests comprise cultural differentiation, media practices and epistemology of sociology. His work has been published in the journals Cultural Trends, Media, Culture and Society, Cultural Sociology, Revue française de sociologie, L’Année sociologique and Revue européenne des sciences sociales.
埃尔韦·格列瓦雷茨(Hervé Glevarec)是法国国家科学研究中心社会学研究主任,CERLIS,巴黎城市大学,巴黎。目前的研究兴趣包括文化分化、媒体实践和社会学认识论。他的作品发表在《文化趋势》、《媒体、文化与社会》、《文化社会学》、《法国社会学评论》、《社会学年》和《欧洲社会科学评论》等期刊上。

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Article first published online: October 14, 2022
Issue published: February 2023

Keywords

  1. age
  2. cultural practices
  3. distinction
  4. factor analysis
  5. social space
  6. society

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Hervé Glevarec, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, CERLIS, Paris, F-75006, France. Email: herve.glevarec@cnrs.fr

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Figures and tables

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Tables

Table 1. Structure of the sample from the survey of French leisure behaviours (INSEE, 1967).
Table 2. Numbers per socio-occupational category: 1968 census (active population) compared with Distinction.
Table 3. Main characteristics of survey sample: Percentage of each total class fraction, by sex, age, education and social origin.
Table 4. Socio-demographic structure of socio-occupational categories in the 1968 census.
Table 5. Categories from the Distinction survey questions (selection), with potential categories (in italic).

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View figure
Figure 1
Figure 1. The spaces of social positions and of lifestyles (Bourdieu, 1984: 128–129).
View figure
Figure 2
Figure 2. Illustrative variables of the ‘variants of the dominant taste – MCA [multiple correspondence analysis] – Plane of the 1st and 2nd axes of inertia’ (connecting up the categories of the illustrative variables).
Source: Bourdieu (1984: 262); the categories of the PCSs associated with the ‘ellipses’ (their barycentre) are added in brackets.
View figure
Figure 3
Figure 3. Illustrative variables of the ‘variants of petit-bourgeois taste – Analysis of correspondences – Plane diagram of 1st and 2nd axes of inertia’ (linking up the categories of the illustrative variables).
Source: Bourdieu (1984: 340); the categories of the PCSs associated with the ‘ellipses’ (their barycentre) are added in brackets.
View figure
Figure 4
Figure 4. Variants of the dominant taste reinterpreted.
Note: Variants of the dominant taste after a 90° rotation and with a new characterisation of the axes.
Table 1
Table 1. Structure of the sample from the survey of French leisure behaviours (INSEE, 1967).
Table 2
Table 2. Numbers per socio-occupational category: 1968 census (active population) compared with Distinction.
Table 3
Table 3. Main characteristics of survey sample: Percentage of each total class fraction, by sex, age, education and social origin.
Table 4
Table 4. Socio-demographic structure of socio-occupational categories in the 1968 census.
Table 5
Table 5. Categories from the Distinction survey questions (selection), with potential categories (in italic).