Shanghai Sieyuan ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear LCA Report
上海西元 ZHW58A-145 混合气体绝缘开关设备 LCA 报告
Shanghai Sieyuan High Voltage Switchgear Co.,Ltd
上海市源高压开关柜有限公司.
Shanghai Sieyuan ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear LCA Report
上海西元 ZHW58A-145 混合气体绝缘开关设备 LCA 报告
Shanghai Sieyuan High Voltage Switchgear Co.,Ltd
上海市源高压开关柜有限公司.
Organization Name: | Shanghai Sieyuan High Voltage Switchgear Co.,Ltd |
Organization Address: | E Zone, Building 2, No. 999 Zhuanxing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai |
Production address: | No. 1,Dengyuan Road,Rugao City,Jiangsu,China |
Products: | ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear |
Declare unit: | a single unit of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear operating for 20 years |
Product Description: | The design of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear including circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches,bushings, operating mechanism and all other components as in service.It is of three-phase binning structure and designed for outdoor application, each of which is equipped with a spring operating mechanism that can realize a three-phase mechanical linkage. It applies SF6 gas as insulation and arc extinguishing media and is applied with pointer-type density relay for monitoring its pressure and density. |
Product Model: | ZHW58A-145(0107-0106/150020/150033/150798) |
Primary data collection period: Age of data: Reference documents: | January 2023–December 2023 Primary data: 1 year. Secondary data: Maximal 10 years ISO 14040:2006 Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework ISO 14044:2006 Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidance EN 50693:2019 – Product category rules for life cycle assessment of electronic and electrical products and systems EPDItaly007 – PCR for Electronic and electrical products and systems, Rev. 3, 2023/01/13 EPDItaly012 – Electronic and electrical products and systems – Switchs, Rev. 0, 2020/03/16 |
LCA Consultant | Jean.Yang@sgs.com SGS-CSTC Standards Technical Services Co., Ltd. |
Date of the report | 2024.08.15 |
Report version | 3.0 |
Content
内容
1. Purpose of the study 4
1. 研究目的 4
2. Company and Product Information 5
2. 公司和产品信息 5
2.1 Company Introduction 5
2.1 公司介绍 5
2.2 Product Description 5
2.2 产品描述 5
4. Goal and Scope Definition 7
4. 目标和范围定义 7
3.2 Scope of Study 7
3.2 研究范围 7
3.2.1 Product System, Functional Unit and Reference Flow 7
3.2.1 产品系统、功能单元和参考流程 7
3.2.2 System Boundary 7
3.2.2 系统边界 7
3.2.3 Allocation Rules 9
3.2.3 分配规则 9
3.2.4 Cut-off Criteria 9
3.2.4 截止标准 9
3.2.5 Relevant Assumptions 10
3.2.5 相关假设 10
3.2.6 Impact Category and Assessment Method 11
3.2.6 影响类别和评估方法 11
3.2.7 Software and Database 12
3.2.7 软件和数据库 12
3.2.8 Data Quality Requirement 12
3.2.8 数据质量要求 12
5. Life Cycle Inventory Analysis 13
5. 生命周期清单分析 13
5.1 Upstream module 14
5.1 上游模块 14
4.5 USE & Maintenance 17
4.5 使用和维护 17
4.6 End of life 17
4.6 生命周期结束 17
6. Impact Assessment 19
6. 影响评估 19
7. Result Interpretation 26
7. 结果解读 26
6.1 Identification of Significant Issues 26
6.1 重大问题的识别 26
6.2 Completeness, Sensitivity, Uncertainty and Consistency Evaluation 27
6.2 完整性、敏感性、不确定性和一致性评估 27
6.2.1 Completeness 27
6.2.1 完备性 27
6.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis 28
6.2.2 敏感性分析 28
6.2.3 Uncertainty Analysis 28
6.2.3 不确定性分析 28
6.2.4 Consistency Evaluation 28
6.2.4 一致性评价 28
8. Conclusion and Recommendation 29
8. 结论与建议 29
Purpose of the study
研究目的
In recent years, the degradation of ecological systems has become a pressing global issue, with human industrial activities playing a significant role in exacerbating environmental pollution and degradation. As the world grapples with the consequences of climate change, deforestation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity, there has been a growing realization among businesses of the need to address their environmental footprint.
近年来,生态系统退化已成为一个紧迫的全球性问题,人类工业活动在加剧环境污染和退化方面发挥了重要作用。随着世界努力应对气候变化、森林砍伐、污染和生物多样性丧失的后果,企业越来越意识到需要解决其环境足迹问题。
Enterprises nowadays are increasingly recognizing the importance of assessing the entire lifecycle of their products to identify areas where environmental impacts can be reduced or mitigated. Lifecycle assessment, a methodology that evaluates the environmental impacts of a product from extraction of raw materials to its disposal, has emerged as a valuable tool in this endeavor. Understanding the environmental impact of products across their lifecycle allows companies to make informed decisions regarding product design, sourcing of materials, manufacturing processes, distribution methods, and end-of-life management. By incorporating sustainability principles into their operations, businesses can not only minimize negative environmental impacts but also enhance their reputation, meet regulatory requirements, and appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.
如今,越来越多的企业认识到评估其产品整个生命周期以识别可减少或减轻环境影响领域的重要性。生命周期评估是一种评估产品从原材料提取到处置的全过程环境影响的方法,已成为这项工作中宝贵的工具。了解产品在其整个生命周期中的环境影响,使公司能够就产品设计、材料采购、制造工艺、分销方法和产品生命周期管理做出明智的决策。通过将其业务纳入可持续发展原则,企业不仅可以最大限度地减少负面环境影响,还可以提升其声誉,满足法规要求,并吸引具有环保意识的消费者。
In alignment with the principles of sustainable development and environmental stewardship, Shanghai Sieyuan High Voltage Switchgear Co.,Ltd has embarked on a comprehensive lifecycle assessment of its product. This initiative aims to assess the product's environmental performance, identify areas for improvement, and ultimately contribute to the company's commitment to producing environmentally responsible products as well as complying with requirement of type III Environmental Product Declaration.
上海西元高压开关有限公司秉承可持续发展和环境管理的原则,对其产品开展了全面的生命周期评估。这项工作旨在评估产品的环境绩效,找出改进领域,最终为公司致力于生产环保产品以及符合 III 型环境产品声明要求做出贡献。
In this report, Shanghai Sieyuan High Voltage Switchgear Co.,Ltd. conducted a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of its Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear.
本报告中,上海市西元高压开关有限公司对其混合气体绝缘开关设备进行了从摇篮到坟墓的全生命周期评估。
Company and Product Information
公司和产品信息
Company Introduction
公司介绍
Shanghai Siyuan High Voltage Switchgear Co., Ltd. has more than 1200 employees and has two major production bases that are advanced in China and world-class in the world, covering an area of 110kV GIS equipment production base in Shanghai and 252kV to 550kV GIS production base in Rugao City, Nantong, Jiangsu. The total area is 300000 square meters, and the production plant and office area is more than 100000 square meters. It has professional production, logistics, development, design A professional system of testing and services. The company independently develops and produces 72.5kV to 550kV high-voltage and ultra-high-voltage GIS, HGIS, GIL, and tank circuit breaker products. With an annual production capacity of over 4800 intervals for 110kV voltage grade GIS/DTCB products, over 3600 intervals for 252kVGIS/DTCB products, and over 800 intervals for 420kV/550kVGIS/DTCB products, the company can achieve sales of 4 billion yuan. The company has four high-voltage test halls with full shielding of 500kV and 1000kV, and is equipped with 1500kV and 3000kV impulse voltage generators and automatic measurement systems. The main production equipment is imported from abroad, and the production conditions and manufacturing technology have reached the international advanced level. The company's business covers domestic and overseas industries such as electricity, metallurgy, mining, transportation, and public utilities.
上海思源高压开关设备有限公司拥有 1200 多名员工,拥有两大生产基地,均达到国内先进、国际一流水平,占地面积达 30 万平方米,包括上海 110kV GIS 设备生产基地和南通如皋市 252kV 至 550kV GIS 生产基地,厂房及办公面积超过 10 万平方米。拥有专业的生产、物流、研发、设计、试验和服务体系。公司自主研发制造 72.5kV 至 550kV 高压及超高压 GIS、HGIS、GIL 及油浸式断路器产品。年生产能力超过 4800 间隔 110kV 电压等级 GIS/DTCB 产品,超过 3600 间隔 252kV GIS/DTCB 产品,超过 800 间隔 420kV/550kV GIS/DTCB 产品,实现销售收入 40 亿元。公司拥有四个全屏蔽 500kV 和 1000kV 高压试验大厅,配备 1500kV 和 3000kV 冲击电压发生器及自动测试系统。主要生产设备均为国外进口,生产条件和制造技术已达到国际先进水平。公司业务涵盖电力、冶金、矿山、交通、公用事业等国内外行业。
Figure 2.1.1 – Shanghai Sieyuan High Voltage Switchgear Co.,Ltd
图 2.1.1——上海思源高压开关设备有限公司.
The company has also obtained ISO9001, ISO14001 and ISO45001 management system certifications.
2.2 产品描述
Product Description
产品描述
The design of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear including circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches,bushings, operating mechanism and all other components as in service.It is of three-phase binning structure and designed for outdoor application, each of which is equipped with a spring operating mechanism that can realize a three-phase mechanical linkage. It applies SF6 gas as insulation and arc extinguishing media and is applied with pointer-type density relay for monitoring its pressure and density.
ZHW58A-145 混合气体绝缘开关设备的设计,包括断路器、隔离开关、接地开关、套管、操作机构以及所有其他在役组件。它采用三相仓结构,设计用于户外应用,每个单元都配备弹簧操作机构,可实现三相机械联动。它采用 SF6 气体作为绝缘和灭弧介质,并采用指针式密度继电器监测其压力和密度。.
Specifications:
技术参数:
- Nominal Voltage: 145kV
- 标称电压:145kV
- Rated Frequency: 50/60Hz
- 额定频率:50/60Hz
- Nominal Current: 2500A
- 额定电流:2500A
- Number of poles of the switch:3
- 开关极数:3
- Nominal short-circuit breaking current: 40kA
- 标称短路开断电流:40kA
The calculation report contains product configurations that match GSCH002 code 0107-0106, 150020, 150033, 150798, and are applicable to these numbers and products of the same type.
计算报告包含与 GSCH002 代码 0107-0106、150020、150033、150798 匹配的产品配置,并适用于这些编号和相同类型的产品。
Figure 2.2.1 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear ZHW58A-145, Product code 0107-0106
图 2.2.1 混合气体绝缘开关设备 ZHW58A-145,产品代码 0107-0106
The product manufacturing process is as follows:
产品制造流程如下:
Step 1: Main Assembly
步骤 1:主装配
This process focuses on assembling the arc extinguishing unit, isolation switch, and grounding switch within the product.
此过程侧重于组装产品内的灭弧单元、隔离开关和接地开关。
Step 2: Actuator Mechanism Assembly
步骤 2:执行机构装配
This process involves assembling the circuit breaker mechanism, as well as the mechanisms for the isolation switch and grounding switch.
此过程涉及组装断路器机构,以及隔离开关和接地开关的机构。
Step 3: Integration of Actuator Mechanism with Main Assembly
步骤 3:执行机构与主装配的集成
This process involves assembling the main body with the support frame, connecting the support frame with the mechanism, and connecting the mechanism with the main body's bending arm.
此过程涉及将主体与支撑架组装,将支撑架与机构连接,并将机构与主体的弯臂连接。
Step 4: SF6 Gas Filling
步骤 4:SF6 气体充填
This process involves injecting SF6 gas into the product's interior to reach the specified pressure.
此过程涉及将 SF6 气体注入产品内部,直至达到规定的压力。
Step 5: Testing
步骤 5:测试
This process focuses on testing the product's mechanical characteristics and confirming whether its insulation performance meets design requirements.
此过程侧重于测试产品的机械特性,并确认其绝缘性能是否符合设计要求。
Step 6: Inspection
步骤 6:检验
This process involves conducting a visual inspection of the product before packaging, in accordance with specified requirements.
此过程涉及根据规定的要求,在包装前对产品进行目视检查。
Step 7: Packaging
第 7 步:包装
The finished products are packaged in specified quantities for transportation and sale
成品按规定数量包装,用于运输和销售。.
Chart 2.2.1 - Manufacturing flow chart
图 2.2.1 - 制造流程图
The product can be divided into the following main parts, weights are as follows.
产品可分为以下主要部件,重量如下。
Table 2.2.1 – Total weight of the ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear
表 2.2.1 – ZHW58A-145 混合气体绝缘开关设备总重量
Module Weight(kg/Model | ZHW58A-145 Single-bay CB+DS+DES+VD+CT+2*BSG (0107-0106) | ZHW58A-145 Single-bay CB+DS+DES+CT+2*BSG (150020) | ZHW58A-145 Single-bay CB+DES+VD+CT+2*BSG (150033) | ZHW58A-145 Single-bay CB+DS+DES+VD+CT+2*BSG (150798 |
CB | 926 | 926 | 926 | 926 |
DS | 262 | 262 | 0 | 262 |
DES | 266 | 266 | 266 | 266 |
VD | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
CT | 346 | 378 | 403 | 622 |
BSG | 386 | 386 | 694 | 386 |
Steel bracket | 407 | 407 | 407 | 407 |
Secondary components | 351 | 351 | 351 | 351 |
LCP cabinets | 176 | 176 | 176 | 176 |
Accessories | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
Packaging | 1155 | 1155 | 1155 | 1155 |
Total | 4344 | 4373 | 4446 | 4620 |
Goal and Scope Definition
目标和范围定义
3.1 Goal of Study
3.1 研究目标
The reason for this LCA study is to conduct life cycle assessment in accordance with EPDItaly007 – PCR for Electronic and electrical products and systems, and EPDItaly012 – Electronic and electrical products and systems - Switches.
本次 LCA 研究的目的是根据 EPDItaly007(电子电气产品和系统 PCR)和 EPDItaly012(电子电气产品和系统-开关)进行生命周期评估。
The intended audience is the head of Shanghai Sieyuan High Voltage Switchgear Co.,Ltd. and the business partners, the communication is focused on the above-mentioned audience.
目标受众是上海思源高压开关柜有限公司的负责人和业务合作伙伴,沟通重点是上述受众。
According to the PCR the declared unit related to the functional unit is a single switch which establishes or interrupts the electrical continuity of the circuit to which it is applied, during a service life of 20 years. The type of EPD is “from cradle to grave”.
根据 PCR,与功能单元相关的声明单元是一个单一开关,在 20 年的使用寿命内,建立或中断其所应用电路的电气连续性。EPD 类型为“从摇篮到坟墓”。
The system boundaries include the following processes classified in life cycle phases according to EN 50693:2019 (Manufacturing, Distribution, Installation, Use and maintenance, End of life) and the Regulations of the EPD Italy (Upstream, Core, Downstream).
系统边界包括根据 EN 50693:2019(制造、分销、安装、使用和维护、报废)和 EPD 意大利法规(上游、核心、下游)将生命周期阶段分类的以下过程。
3.2 Scope of Study
3.2 研究范围
The life cycle assessment in this study is conducted according to international standards and PCRs as follows:
本研究中的生命周期评估是根据以下国际标准和 PCR 进行的:
ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines
ISO 14040:2006 环境管理——生命周期评价——要求和指南
ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework
ISO 14044:2006 环境管理——生命周期评价——原则和框架
EPDItaly007 – PCR for Electronic and electrical products and systems, Rev. 3, 2023/01/13
EPDItaly007 – 电子和电气产品及系统 PCR,修订版 3,2023/01/13
EPDItaly012 – Electronic and electrical products and systems – Switchs, Rev. 0, 2020/03/16
EPDItaly012 – 电子和电气产品及系统 – 开关,修订版 0,2020/03/16
EN 50693:2019 Product category rules for life cycle assessments of electronic and electrical products and systems
EN 50693:2019 电子和电气产品及系统的生命周期评价产品类别规则
3.2.1 Product System, Declared Unit and Reference Flow
3.2.1 产品系统、声明单元和参考流程
According to PCR EPDItaly012, a single switch is adopted as the declared unit which establishes or interrupts the electrical continuity of the circuit to which it is applied, during a service life of 20 years.
根据 PCR EPDItaly012,采用单个开关作为声明单元,在 20 年的使用寿命内建立或中断其所应用电路的电气连续性。
The declared unit is therefore defined as a single unit of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear operating for 20 years. Reference flow is one single unit of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear.
因此,所声明的单元定义为单个 ZHW58A-145 混合气体绝缘开关设备运行 20 年的单元。参考流量为单个 ZHW58A-145 混合气体绝缘开关设备。
Specifications:
技术参数:
- Nominal Voltage: 145kV
- 标称电压:145kV
- Rated Frequency: 50/60Hz
- 额定频率:50/60Hz
- Nominal Current: 2500A
- 额定电流:2500A
- Number of poles of the switch:3
- 开关极数:3
- Nominal short-circuit breaking current: 40kA
- 标称短路开断电流:40kA
3.2.2 System Boundary
3.2.2 系统边界
The system boundary covers the entire life cycle stage from cradle to grave in accordance with PCR EPDItaly012:
系统边界涵盖从摇篮到坟墓的整个生命周期阶段,符合 PCR EPDItaly012:
Table 3.2.1 - Life cycle modules
表 3.2.1 - 生命周期模块
The system boundary of the Product life cycle is shown in Figure blow
产品生命周期的系统边界如下图所示:
Figure 3.2.1: Lifecycle Flow chart
图 3.2.1:生命周期流程图
3.2.3 Allocation Rules
3.2.3 分配规则
The energy and resources usage per functional unit in the production stage of the product is calculated by dividing the annual energy or resource consumption by the total output of the company’s product, In detail, the allocation of energy resources for plant processing use is calculated using the units of Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear produced to the total energy and resources consumption in the Shanghai Sieyuan plant during the reference period. That is, the physical allocation method is used for allocation.
产品生产阶段每个功能单元的能源和资源消耗量是通过将年度能源或资源消耗量除以公司产品的总产量来计算的。具体而言,工厂加工使用的能源资源分配是使用生产的混合气体绝缘开关设备的单位数与参考期间上海西元工厂的能源和资源总消耗量进行计算。也就是说,采用实物分配法进行分配。
The principle of "modularity" is also followed in the study. In addition, the default distribution rule for the environmental impacts and benefits of reuse, recovery and/or recycling is based on the polluter pays principle (PPP), which means that the recovery or reuse beneficiary bears the environmental impacts and benefits associated with the recovery or reuse treatment, and the original product manufacturer does not have to bear this part of the impact burden. It also does not participate in the sharing of benefits (environmental impact of the production of the same product avoided by recycling and reuse).
本研究也遵循“模块化”原则。此外,报废利用和/或回收的环境影响和效益的默认分配规则基于污染者付费原则(PPP),这意味着回收或再利用受益者承担与回收或再利用处理相关的环境影响和效益,而原始产品制造商无需承担这部分影响负担。也不参与收益分享(回收和再利用避免了相同产品生产的环境影响)。
3.2.4 Cut-off Criteria
根据意大利 EPD 法规和 PCR EPDItaly007,以下流程和操作被终止:
According to EPD Italy Regulations and PCR EPDItaly007, the following flows and operations are cut-offed:
零部件包装和半成品中间体的包装的生产、使用和处置。
Production, use and disposal of the packaging of components and the packaging of semi-finished intermediates.
零部件包装和半成品包装的生产、使用和处置。
Material and energy flows related to dismantling phase which is performed by adopting manual tools (e.g. screwdrivers, hammers, etc.).
与采用手动工具(例如螺丝刀、锤子等)进行的拆卸阶段相关的材料和能源流动。
Manufacture of equipment used in production, buildings or any other capital goods;
用于生产的设备、建筑物或任何其他资本货物的制造;
The transportation of personnel to the plant;
人员往返工厂的运输;
Transportation of personnel within the plant;
工厂内部人员的运输;
Research and development activities;
研究与开发活动;
Long-term emissions.
长期排放。
During the production process, auxiliary materials such as alcohol (used for cleaning agents), machine oil, and cutting oil are utilized. However, due to their minimal consumption and the resulting waste generation being less than 1% of the weight of the raw materials per unit of product produced, they have negligible impact on the overall results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) and are therefore cut-offed in accordance with cut-off principle from the calculation.
在生产过程中,使用了酒精(用于清洁剂)、机器油和切削油等辅助材料。但是,由于其消耗量极少,产生的废物少于每单位产品原材料重量的 1%,因此根据截止原则,将其从计算中剔除,对生命周期评估(LCA)的整体结果影响可以忽略不计。
3.2.5 Relevant Assumptions
3.2.5 相关假设
The following assumptions are used in this assessment:
本评估采用以下假设:
Table 3.2.2 - Assumptions for each stage of the life cycle
表 3.2.2 - 生命周期各阶段的假设
Life cycle module | Life cycle stage | Assumption |
MANUFACTURING STAGE | Upstream Module | • Raw material information is provided by Shanghai Sieyuan according to product’s bill of material. • The density of wood package is assumed to be 768kg/m3 as plywood is used. |
Core Module | • In the context of China, a market-based approach is not applicable due to the absence of a Guarantee of Origin system. Therefore, a location-based approach is employed to assess the environmental impact of electricity in this EPD. Regional production mix from medium voltage (production of transmission lines, in addition to direct emissions and losses in grid) of applied electricity for the manufacturing process (A3). China consumption electricity mix from East Centre China Grid was used in the core module. For 1kWh electricity used, upstream CO2 emission is 0.881kgCO2e • Assume same amount of energy and resource consumption were used to produce each unit of rated power of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear(0107-0106) in the manufacturing phase. • Assume same amount of waste were produced to produce each unit of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear in the manufacturing phase. • The distance from the Shanghai Sieyuan plant to the downstream waste disposal site is assumed to be 200 km(in line with published EPD-EPDITALY0202) | |
DISTRIBUTION STAGE | Downstream Module | • • The product is to be used in Argentina (0107-0106), Romania (150020), Colombia(150033), Brazil(150798). Downstream distribution distances are estimated from the GAODE map and SEARATE website for shipment distances using worse case scenario(Argentina), inland transport is by truck freight and sea transport is by ship. • The distance from port to the client is a ssumed to be 1000km. |
INSTALLATION STAGE | • Energy and resources needed during installation are provided by Shanghai Sieyuan, it is assumed the same amount were used to install each unit of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear. • The distance from the user installation site to the downstream waste disposal site is also assumed to be 200 km(in line with published EPD-EPDITALY0202) • In this stage, package of the ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear were disposed, of which 80% of steel and 0% of wood is assumed to be recycled in accordance with EN 50693 annex G table G.4, 20% of steel is assumed to be landfilled and 100% of waste wood package is assumed to be incinerated. | |
USE & Maintenance STAGE | • Energy used during the product service life is provided by Shanghai Sieyuan in accordance with PCR EPDItaly012, it is assumed the same amount of energy were used to install each unit of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear. • According to expert judgement and from various users provided by Shanghai Sieyuan, inspection and maintenance do not require replacement parts during the service life, and ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated SwitchgearSF6 changes are not necessary or foreseen, therefore are not considered in the study. | |
END-OF-LIFE STAGE De-installation | • During the end-of-life disposal stage, the product is transported for 200km to treatment facility (in line with published EPD-EPDITALY0202) and then dismantled into components and then sorted for further processing. Some metals or plastics are recycled according to EN50693 standards, while the remaining materials are either landfilled or incinerated. |
3.2.6 Impact Category and Assessment Method
3.2.6 影响类别和评估方法
Based on the definition of the goal of study, the LCIA methodology for indicators/impact category used in this study is choose in accordance with EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021. Detailed impact categories are shown below.
根据研究目标的定义,本研究中使用的指标/影响类别的 LCIA 方法是根据 EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 选择的。详细的影响类别如下所示。
Table 3.2.3 - Category of environmental impacts and assessment models
表 3.2.3 - 环境影响类别和评估模型
Indicator name and abbrevation (EN) | Unit (EN) |
Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) | kg CO2 eq. |
Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) | kg CO2 eq. |
Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) | kg CO2 eq. |
Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total) | kg CO2 eq. |
Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) | kg CFC-11 eq. |
Acidifcation potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) | mol H+ eq. |
Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) | kg P eq. |
Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) | kg N eq. |
Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) | mol N eq. |
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) | kg NMVOC eq. |
Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) | kg Sb eq. |
Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) | MJ, net calorific value |
Water Use | m3 eq. |
Note: eq is short for equivalent, meaning equivalent. For example, the indicator of climate change is CO2 as reference material, other greenhouse gases have their own CO2 equivalent factors according to the strength of the greenhouse effect, so the product life cycle of all kinds of greenhouse gas emissions can be multiplied by the equivalent factor, cumulative climate change index total, unit is kg CO2 eq. For details, see Appendix a.
注意:eq 是 equivalent 的缩写,意为当量。例如,气候变化指标以 CO 2 为参考物质,其他温室气体根据温室效应强度具有其自身的 CO 2 当量因子,因此各种温室气体排放的全生命周期可以乘以当量因子,累积气候变化指数总和,单位为 kg CO2 eq。详情见附录 a。
3.2.7 Software and Database
3.2.7 软件和数据库
In the study, SimaPro 9.5 software was used to establish the model for the life cycle of products and calculate LCA results. SimaPro is a specialized LCA program developed by the Dutch company PRé Consultants. It supports analysis on LCA stages with built-in databases including Swiss Ecoinvent Dataset, European Reference Life Cycle Reference Database (ELCD), Agri-footprint, USLCI and etc. In this study, datasets from the Ecoinvent v3.9 were used.
在本研究中,使用 SimaPro 9.5 软件建立产品生命周期模型并计算 LCA 结果。SimaPro 是由荷兰公司 PRé Consultants 开发的专业 LCA 程序。它支持对 LCA 阶段进行分析,并内置数据库,包括瑞士 Ecoinvent 数据集、欧洲参考生命周期数据库(ELCD)、Agri-footprint、USLCI 等。在本研究中,使用了 Ecoinvent v3.9 的数据集。
In terms of the choice of background data, the system model chosen in this study is cut-off by classification, as required by EPD.
关于背景数据的选择,本研究选择的系统模型按照 EPD 的要求进行了分类截止。
3.2.8 Data Quality Requirement
3.2.8 数据质量要求
As far as possible, the entire calculation is based primarily on primary data, and secondary data is obtained based on life-cycle databases or literature, among them, energy consumption is mainly geographical, that is, refer to local data.
计算尽可能主要基于原始数据,次要数据基于生命周期数据库或文献获得,其中能源消耗主要按地域,即参考当地数据。
Data quality represents the difference between LCA study target representation and the actual data representation, and four dimensions of data was used to evaluate the data quality in this report. The consumption and emission inventory data in the model were evaluated from four aspects: inventory data source and algorithm, representative of time, geography and technical. The consumption of the associated background database was also evaluated to assess the uncertainty by matching with the upstream background process.
数据质量代表着 LCA 研究目标表示与实际数据表示之间的差异,本报告使用数据的四个维度来评估数据质量。模型中的消耗和排放清单数据从四个方面进行评估:清单数据来源和算法、时间代表性、地理位置和技术代表性。还评估了相关背景数据库的消耗情况,通过与上游背景过程匹配来评估不确定性。
Shows data quality requirements in the following table:
下表显示数据质量要求:
Table 3.2.4 - Data quality requirements of LCA
表 3.2.4 - LCA 数据质量要求
Parameter | Describe | Requirements |
Time Representation | Priority is given to the year of the data and the minimum time span for data collection, as well as time data for specific evaluated carton | Primary data were collected from Shanghai Sieyuan as average production data from January to December 2023. While the secondary data were mainly acquired from database and cover a relatively broad period, generally within 10 years. |
Geographical Representation | Priority is given to the geographical area where the data is located (e.g., city, province, country, region), as well as specific data for geographically specific products | The primary data are the manufacturing data provided by Shanghai Sieyuan Electricity data from the China region of the Ecoinvent database was used for the upstream electricity data. For other secondary data, priority is given to data from the China region of the database, followed by data from the global region, and in the absence of data from both China and the global region, data from the remaining regions are then used. |
Technical Representation | Priority should be given to whether the data is targeted at a specific technology or a set of mixed technologies, as well as product specific technical data | The primary data are all the manufacturing data provided by Shanghai Sieyuan Secondary data are mainly used based on global average technology levels. |
Data algorithms (calculation accuracy, precision, completeness, consistency and reproducibility) | Priority should be given to representative data. A range of variability (e.g., variance) for each type of data as well as more accurate data (e.g., with the lowest statistical variance) should be given priority; Prioritize the percentage of the measured data and the representativeness of the data (e.g., allows independent practitioners to repeat report results in sampling range, the periodicity of the measurements, etc.); Data selection should be considered in a uniform manner in each part of the analysis; Information about methodology and data should allow independent practitioners to replicate reported results to the greatest extent possible. | Allow independent practitioners to reproduce report results. |
To fulfil above requirements and ensure the reliability of the calculated results, priority was given to the site-specific data provided by the manufacturers and suppliers during the data collection process. Secondary data was used from the Ecoinvent database, which has been strictly reviewed and widely applied in LCA studies internationally.
为了满足上述要求并确保计算结果的可靠性,在数据收集过程中优先采用制造商和供应商提供的特定场地数据。次要数据来自 Ecoinvent 数据库,该数据库经过严格审查,并在国际 LCA 研究中得到广泛应用。
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
生命周期清单分析
The life cycle data for this study includes both primary data and secondary data.
本研究的生命周期数据包括一手数据和二手数据。
Primary data - collected and provided by Shanghai Sieyuan from January to December 2023.
一手数据——由上海思源公司于 2023 年 1 月至 12 月收集并提供。
Secondary data - Ecoinvent v3.9 database.
二手数据——Ecoinvent v3.9 数据库。
Upstream module
上游模块
Raw material consumption and transportation data are shown in the table 4.1.1 and table 4.1.2 below.
原材料消耗和运输数据分别显示在下表 4.1.1 和表 4.1.2 中。
Table 4.1.1 – Raw material inventory(0107-0106)
表 4.1.1 – 原材料清单(0107-0106)
Module | Material | Weight(kg) |
CB | steel | 96.62 |
copper | 9.27 | |
ABS | 0.21 | |
plastics | 1.60 | |
adsorbent | 3.00 | |
rubber | 0.82 | |
epoxy resin | 50.46 | |
stainless steel | 354.89 | |
silastic | 0.68 | |
Unalloyed steels | 103.44 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 3.87 | |
Aluminum alloy | 278.60 | |
Zinc alloy | 3.75 | |
Electromagnets | 0.46 | |
Cold-rolled steel | 8.47 | |
Copper alloys | 1.59 | |
Nitrile rubber | 0.00 | |
toughened glass | 0.48 | |
aluminium | 0.08 | |
Polyvinylidene Fluoride | 0.15 | |
Chemicals | 0.57 | |
Motor | 7.43 | |
DS | steel | 35.68 |
stainless steel | 22.09 | |
epoxy resin | 5.49 | |
Unalloyed steels | 22.38 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.04 | |
Motor | 3.38 | |
resistance | 0.36 | |
PET | 0.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 169.02 | |
copper | 1.27 | |
rubber | 0.35 | |
ABS | 0.24 | |
plastics | 1.31 | |
PC | 0.12 | |
nylon | 0.18 | |
DES | steel | 35.68 |
stainless steel | 22.09 | |
epoxy resin | 5.49 | |
Unalloyed steels | 21.96 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.04 | |
Motor | 3.38 | |
resistance | 0.36 | |
PET | 0.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 173.64 | |
rubber | 0.35 | |
ABS | 0.24 | |
plastics | 1.31 | |
copper | 0.73 | |
PC | 0.12 | |
nylon | 0.18 | |
VD | plastics | 3.60 |
CT | steel | 231.19 |
rubber | 0.75 | |
Aluminum alloy | 65.79 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 1.80 | |
stainless steel | 0.27 | |
plastics | 0.06 | |
Aluminum alloy | 45.87 | |
BSG | Aluminum alloy | 116.40 |
FRP:16.5kg | 261.00 | |
rubber | 0.55 | |
steel | 8.53 | |
Steel support | Unalloyed steels | 390.59 |
steel | 11.51 | |
stainless steel | 0.78 | |
copper | 3.82 | |
Secondary circuit | button | 0.03 |
Relays | 2.53 | |
Contactors | 0.18 | |
plastics | 0.50 | |
Terminal | 7.82 | |
lamp | 0.52 | |
copper | 13.34 | |
switch | 1.89 | |
heater | 1.25 | |
receptacle | 0.19 | |
steel | 71.08 | |
aluminium | 0.25 | |
connector | 14.67 | |
cable | 236.82 | |
LCP | steel | 1.44 |
stainless steel | 157.30 | |
copper | 1.12 | |
Unalloyed steels | 16.32 | |
Accessories | Unalloyed steels | 1.34 |
steel | 1.47 | |
stainless steel | 8.40 | |
adsorbent | 3.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 1.14 | |
rubber | 0.05 | |
SF6 | 50.00 | |
Packing | wood | 850.60 |
steel | 35.60 | |
rubber | 0.77 | |
Unalloyed steels | 267.80 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.12 |
Table 4.1.2 – Raw material inventory (150020)
表 4.1.2 – 原材料清单 (150020)
Module | Material | Weight(kg) |
CB | steel | 96.62 |
copper | 9.27 | |
ABS | 0.21 | |
plastics | 1.60 | |
adsorbent | 3.00 | |
rubber | 0.82 | |
epoxy resin | 50.46 | |
stainless steel | 354.89 | |
silastic | 0.68 | |
Unalloyed steels | 103.44 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 3.87 | |
Aluminum alloy | 278.60 | |
Zinc alloy | 3.75 | |
Electromagnets | 0.46 | |
Cold-rolled steel | 8.47 | |
Copper alloys | 1.59 | |
Nitrile rubber | 0.00 | |
toughened glass | 0.48 | |
aluminium | 0.08 | |
Polyvinylidene Fluoride | 0.15 | |
Chemicals | 0.57 | |
Motor | 7.43 | |
DS | steel | 35.68 |
stainless steel | 22.09 | |
epoxy resin | 5.49 | |
Unalloyed steels | 22.38 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.04 | |
Motor | 3.38 | |
resistance | 0.36 | |
PET | 0.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 169.02 | |
copper | 1.27 | |
rubber | 0.35 | |
ABS | 0.24 | |
plastics | 1.31 | |
PC | 0.12 | |
nylon | 0.18 | |
DES | steel | 35.68 |
stainless steel | 22.09 | |
epoxy resin | 5.49 | |
Unalloyed steels | 21.96 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.04 | |
Motor | 3.38 | |
resistance | 0.36 | |
PET | 0.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 173.64 | |
rubber | 0.35 | |
ABS | 0.24 | |
plastics | 1.31 | |
copper | 0.73 | |
PC | 0.12 | |
nylon | 0.18 | |
VD | plastics | 0.00 |
CT | steel | 25.72 |
rubber | 0.75 | |
Aluminum alloy | 89.40 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 1.80 | |
steel | 225.00 | |
plastics | 11.46 | |
Aluminum alloy | 0.00 | |
BSG | Aluminum alloy | 116.40 |
FRP:16.5kg | 261.00 | |
rubber | 0.55 | |
steel | 8.53 | |
Steel bracket | Unalloyed steels | 390.59 |
steel | 11.51 | |
stainless steel | 0.78 | |
copper | 3.82 | |
Secondary components | button | 0.03 |
Relays | 2.53 | |
Contactors | 0.18 | |
plastics | 0.50 | |
Terminal | 7.82 | |
lamp | 0.52 | |
copper | 13.34 | |
switch | 1.89 | |
heater | 1.25 | |
receptacle | 0.19 | |
steel | 71.08 | |
aluminium | 0.25 | |
connector | 14.67 | |
cable | 236.82 | |
LCP cabinets | steel | 1.44 |
stainless steel | 157.30 | |
copper | 1.12 | |
Unalloyed steels | 16.32 | |
Accessories | Unalloyed steels | 1.34 |
steel | 1.47 | |
stainless steel | 8.40 | |
adsorbent | 3.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 1.14 | |
rubber | 0.05 | |
SF6 | 50.00 | |
Packaging | wood | 850.60 |
steel | 35.60 | |
rubber | 0.77 | |
Unalloyed steels | 267.80 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.12 |
Table 4.1.3 – Raw material inventory (150033)
表 4.1.3 – 原材料清单 (150033)
Module | Material | Weight(kg) |
CB | steel | 96.62 |
copper | 9.27 | |
ABS | 0.21 | |
plastics | 1.60 | |
adsorbent | 3.00 | |
rubber | 0.82 | |
epoxy resin | 50.46 | |
stainless steel | 354.89 | |
silastic | 0.68 | |
Unalloyed steels | 103.44 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 3.87 | |
Aluminum alloy | 278.60 | |
Zinc alloy | 3.75 | |
Electromagnets | 0.46 | |
Cold-rolled steel | 8.47 | |
Copper alloys | 1.59 | |
Nitrile rubber | 0.00 | |
toughened glass | 0.48 | |
aluminium | 0.08 | |
Polyvinylidene Fluoride | 0.15 | |
Chemicals | 0.57 | |
Motor | 7.43 | |
DS | steel | 0.00 |
stainless steel | 0.00 | |
epoxy resin | 0.00 | |
Unalloyed steels | 0.00 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.00 | |
Motor | 0.00 | |
resistance | 0.00 | |
PET | 0.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 0.00 | |
copper | 0.00 | |
rubber | 0.00 | |
ABS | 0.00 | |
plastics | 0.00 | |
PC | 0.00 | |
nylon | 0.00 | |
DES | steel | 35.68 |
stainless steel | 22.09 | |
epoxy resin | 5.49 | |
Unalloyed steels | 21.96 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.04 | |
Motor | 3.38 | |
resistance | 0.36 | |
PET | 0.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 173.64 | |
rubber | 0.35 | |
ABS | 0.24 | |
plastics | 1.31 | |
copper | 0.73 | |
PC | 0.12 | |
nylon | 0.18 | |
VD | plastics | 3.60 |
CT | steel | 310.72 |
rubber | 0.75 | |
Aluminum alloy | 89.40 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 1.80 | |
steel | 0.00 | |
plastics | 0.06 | |
Aluminum alloy | 0.00 | |
BSG | Aluminum alloy | 145.73 |
FRP:16.5kg HTV:14.2kg Aluminum alloy: 12.8kg | 261.00 | |
rubber | 0.19 | |
steel | 267.96 | |
stainless steel | 18.95 | |
Steel bracket | Unalloyed steels | 390.59 |
steel | 11.51 | |
stainless steel | 0.78 | |
copper | 3.82 | |
Secondary components | button | 0.03 |
Relays | 2.53 | |
Contactors | 0.18 | |
plastics | 0.50 | |
Terminal | 7.82 | |
lamp | 0.52 | |
copper | 13.34 | |
switch | 1.89 | |
heater | 1.25 | |
receptacle | 0.19 | |
steel | 71.08 | |
aluminium | 0.25 | |
connector | 14.67 | |
cable | 236.82 | |
LCP cabinets | steel | 1.44 |
stainless steel | 157.30 | |
copper | 1.12 | |
Unalloyed steels | 16.32 | |
Accessories | Unalloyed steels | 1.34 |
steel | 1.47 | |
stainless steel | 8.40 | |
adsorbent | 3.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 1.14 | |
rubber | 0.05 | |
SF6 | 50.00 | |
Packaging | wood | 850.60 |
steel | 35.60 | |
rubber | 0.77 | |
Unalloyed steels | 267.80 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.12 |
Table 4.1.4 – Raw material inventory (150798)
表 4.1.4 – 原材料清单 (150798)
Module | Material | Weight(kg) |
CB | steel | 96.62 |
copper | 9.27 | |
ABS | 0.21 | |
plastics | 1.60 | |
adsorbent | 3.00 | |
rubber | 0.82 | |
epoxy resin | 50.46 | |
stainless steel | 354.89 | |
silastic | 0.68 | |
Unalloyed steels | 103.44 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 3.87 | |
Aluminum alloy | 278.60 | |
Zinc alloy | 3.75 | |
Electromagnets | 0.46 | |
Cold-rolled steel | 8.47 | |
Copper alloys | 1.59 | |
Nitrile rubber | 0.00 | |
toughened glass | 0.48 | |
aluminium | 0.08 | |
Polyvinylidene Fluoride | 0.15 | |
Chemicals | 0.57 | |
Motor | 7.43 | |
DS | steel | 35.68 |
stainless steel | 22.09 | |
epoxy resin | 5.49 | |
Unalloyed steels | 22.38 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.04 | |
Motor | 3.38 | |
resistance | 0.36 | |
PET | 0.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 169.02 | |
copper | 1.27 | |
rubber | 0.35 | |
ABS | 0.24 | |
plastics | 1.31 | |
PC | 0.12 | |
nylon | 0.18 | |
DES | steel | 35.68 |
stainless steel | 22.09 | |
epoxy resin | 5.49 | |
Unalloyed steels | 21.96 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.04 | |
Motor | 3.38 | |
resistance | 0.36 | |
PET | 0.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 173.64 | |
rubber | 0.35 | |
ABS | 0.24 | |
plastics | 1.31 | |
copper | 0.73 | |
PC | 0.12 | |
nylon | 0.18 | |
VD | plastics | 3.60 |
CT | steel | 529.72 |
rubber | 0.75 | |
Aluminum alloy | 89.40 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 1.80 | |
steel | 0.00 | |
plastics | 0.06 | |
Aluminum alloy | 0.00 | |
BSG | Aluminum alloy | 116.40 |
FRP:16.5kg | 261.00 | |
rubber | 0.55 | |
steel | 8.53 | |
Steel bracket | Unalloyed steels | 390.59 |
steel | 11.51 | |
stainless steel | 0.78 | |
copper | 3.82 | |
Secondary components | button | 0.03 |
Relays | 2.53 | |
Contactors | 0.18 | |
plastics | 0.50 | |
Terminal | 7.82 | |
lamp | 0.52 | |
copper | 13.34 | |
switch | 1.89 | |
heater | 1.25 | |
receptacle | 0.19 | |
steel | 71.08 | |
aluminium | 0.25 | |
connector | 14.67 | |
cable | 236.82 | |
LCP cabinets | steel | 1.44 |
stainless steel | 157.30 | |
copper | 1.12 | |
Unalloyed steels | 16.32 | |
Accessories | Unalloyed steels | 1.34 |
steel | 1.47 | |
stainless steel | 8.40 | |
adsorbent | 3.00 | |
Aluminum alloy | 1.14 | |
rubber | 0.05 | |
SF6 | 50.00 | |
Packaging | wood | 850.60 |
steel | 35.60 | |
rubber | 0.77 | |
Unalloyed steels | 267.80 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | 0.12 |
Table 4.1.5 – Upstream transport distance of major components
表 4.1.5——主要部件的上游运输距离
Module | Ton·km transport |
CB | 108.57 |
DS | 25.56 |
DES | 26.42 |
VD | 0.29 |
CT | 51.87 |
BSG | 28.72 |
Steel bracket | 69.05 |
Secondary components | 54.65 |
LCP cabinets | 2.12 |
Accessories | 101.13 |
Packaging | 23.55 |
Total | 491.93 |
4.2 Core Module
4.2 核心模块
In this stage, inputs are the energy used during production in Shanghai Sieyuan while outputs are the waste generated.
在此阶段,输入为上海协远生产过程中使用的能源,输出为产生的废物。
The product consumes electricity and water during the manufacturing phase, of which all were being supplied externally. All of Shanghai Sieyuan's electricity consumption comes from grid electricity and no additional green power or green certificates are purchased. According to the China Energy Yearbook, grid electricity is supplied from all major power plants in China, with a mix of fossil, natural gas, wind, solar, and nuclear energy sources.
产品在制造阶段消耗电力和水,所有这些都由外部供应。上海思源电力消耗全部来自电网电力,未额外购买绿电或绿证。根据《中国能源年鉴》,电网电力来自中国所有主要发电厂,能源构成包括化石能源、天然气、风能、太阳能和核能。
The energy and resources usage per functional unit in the production stage of the product is calculated by dividing the annual energy or resource consumption by the total output of the company’s product, In detail, 265633kWh electricity were used, 58kg of solid waste is produced during 2023 and 633 units of products in total, thus the electricity and water used per unit of product is:
产品生产阶段每功能单元的能源和资源消耗量,是通过将年度能源或资源消耗量除以公司产品的总产量来计算的。具体来说,2023 年使用了 265633 千瓦时的电力,产生了 58 公斤固体废物,共生产了 633 个产品单元,因此每个产品单元的电力和用水量为:
Table 4.2.1 – Core Module inventory
表 4.2.1 – 核心模块库存
Lifecycle stage | Activity | Usage per functional unit | Unit |
Energy and resource consumption during manufacturing | Grid Power | 419.64 | kWh |
Waste produced during manufacturing | Waste(waste wrench) | 0.09 | kg |
During the production process, auxiliary materials such as alcohol (used for cleaning agents), machine oil are utilized. However, due to their minimal consumption and the resulting waste generation being less than 1% of the weight of the raw materials per unit of product produced, they have negligible impact on the overall results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) and are therefore cut-offed in accordance with cut-off principle from the calculation.
生产过程中使用了酒精(用作清洁剂)、机器油等辅助材料。但由于其消耗量极少,产生的废物少于单位产品原材料重量的 1%,因此对生命周期评估(LCA)的整体结果影响可忽略不计,故根据界限原则将其从计算中剔除。
4.3 Distribution
该产品在中国制造,并在阿根廷使用(最坏情况)。下游分销距离
The product is manufactured in China and to be used in Argentina(worse case scenario). Downstream distribution distances are estimated from the GAODE map and SEARATE website for shipment distances, inland transport is by truck freight and sea transport is by ship. The weight of single piece of ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear (including package and oil tank) is approximately 4.4t.
该产品在中国制造,用于阿根廷(最坏情况)。下游配送距离根据高德地图和 SEARATE 网站的运输距离估算,内陆运输采用卡车运输,海运采用船运。ZHW58A-145 混合气体绝缘开关设备(包括包装和油箱)单件重量约 4.4 吨。
Table 4.3.1 – Downstream transportation inventory
表 4.3.1 – 下游运输清单
Lifecycle stage | Activity | Distance | Usage per functional unit(ton•km) |
Downstream transportation | Freight by truck(lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO5) | Shanghai Sieyuan to port:190 km Port to Client:1000 km | 5236 |
Freight by ship(container ship) | Shanghai port to Argentina port: 20640 km | 90816 |
4.4 Installation
4.4 安装
Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear(0107-0106)is hoisted with a 5T crane with an engine power of 85kW, and the service time is 4.8h. According to the calculation, the lower value of diesel is 43MJ/kg, and 34 kg diesel is needed during installation.
混合气体绝缘开关设备(0107-0106)用一台发动机功率为 85kW 的 5T 起重机吊装,作业时间为 4.8 小时。经计算,柴油低位发热值为 43MJ/kg,安装过程中需消耗柴油 34kg。
At this stage, as the installation was completed, the product packaging (850.60 kg wood) and steel (303.40kg steel) was discarded, of which 80% of steel and 0% of wood is assumed to be recycled in accordance with en 50693 annex G table G.4, 20% of steel is assumed to be landfilled as inert material and 100% of waste wood package is assumed to be incinerated to achieve a biogenic carbon balance. Other packaging material such as waste rubber and plastic are treated in mix treatment method.
此阶段,由于安装完成,产品包装(850.60 公斤木材)和钢材(303.40 公斤钢材)被丢弃,根据 EN 50693 附录 G 表 G.4,假设其中 80%的钢材和 0%的木材被回收利用,20%的钢材被作为惰性材料填埋,100%的废木包装被焚烧以实现生物碳平衡。其他包装材料如废橡胶和塑料采用混合处理方法。
Table 4.4.1 – Installation inventory
表 4.4.1 – 安装清单
Lifecycle stage | Activity | Usage per functional unit | Unit |
Installation | Diesel consumed by crane | 34 | kg |
SF6 | 50 | kg | |
Waste Packaging | Wood packaging to be incinerated | 850.60 | kg |
Steel to be landfilled(recycle content not included) | 60.68 | kg | |
Waste Plastics(mix treatment) | 0.89 | kg | |
Transportation of waste to waste management | Waste Packaging | 231 | ton*km |
4.5 USE & Maintenance
4.5 使用和维护
Energy used during the product service life is1208 kWh.
产品使用寿命期间使用的能量为 1208 千瓦时。
where: ( is the power consumed by the switch at a given value of current; RSL is the service life of the product, assumed to be 20 years; 8760 is the number of hours in a year; α is a coefficient describing the amount of time in which the switch is requested to operate its function, according to PCR, 30% is selected for high voltage equipment; 1000 is the conversion factor that allows the energy consumed in kWh over the product’s service life to be expressed. ( can be calculated by the following formula. The referenced current specified in PCR is 50% of the nominal current, while according to Shanghai Sieyuan, the real testing current normally is only 10% of the nominal current. Thus, in this study the reference current Ir is calculated as 10% of the nominal current In. The of hybrid gas-insulated switchgear is calculated and listed in table 4.5.1.
式中:(为开关在给定电流值下的功耗;RSL 为产品的使用寿命,假设为 20 年;8760 为一年中的小时数;α为描述开关在其功能运行所需时间的系数,根据 PCR,高压设备选择 30%;1000 是将产品使用寿命内消耗的能量(千瓦时)进行表达的转换系数。(可以用以下公式计算。PCR 中指定的参考电流为额定电流的 50%,而根据上海西元公司的数据,实际测试电流通常仅为额定电流的 10%。因此,在本研究中,参考电流 Ir 计算为额定电流 In 的 10%。混合气体绝缘开关设备的计算结果列于表 4.5.1 中。
Table 4.5.1 – Power consumption of hybrid gas-insulated switchgear
表 4.5.1 – 混合气体绝缘开关设备的功耗
Hybrid gas-insulated switchgear | Nominal current, | Single phase resistance, | |
ZHW58A-145 | 2500 | 122.61 | 27.79 |
For the maintenance of the electric products, the Shanghai Sieyuan high-voltage electric equipments are designed to be free of maintenance during its service life. Meanwhile, the hybrid gas-insulated switchgear has reliable sealing performance, thus requires no additional recharge of SF6 during its service life. Therefore, no inputs and outputs are taken place in maintenance stage in this study
对于电力产品的维护,上海西元高压电气设备的设计使其在使用寿命内无需维护。同时,混合气体绝缘开关设备具有可靠的密封性能,因此在其使用寿命内无需额外补充 SF6。因此,在本研究中,维护阶段没有投入和产出。.
4.6 End of life
4.6 使用寿命结束
According to EN50693, the inputs and outputs associated with all relevant steps from deinstallation to the disposal or the point of substitution, shall be included in the end-of-life stage. In this study, it is assumed that same as installation, a 5T crane with an engine power of 85kW, and the service time is 4.8h. According to the calculation, the lower value of diesel is 43MJ/kg, and 34 kg diesel is needed during deinstallation.
根据 EN50693 标准,从卸载到处置或替换点的所有相关步骤相关的输入和输出都应包含在报废阶段。在本研究中,假设与安装相同,使用一台 5T 起重机,发动机功率为 85kW,服务时间为 4.8 小时。根据计算,柴油低热值为 43MJ/kg,拆卸过程中需要 34kg 柴油。
After disassembling, it is assumed that the disposal components will be transported to corresponding waste management factory, the distance is assumed to be 200km by truck. The weight of the waste ZHW58A-145 Hybrid Gas-Insulated Switchgear(0107-0106)is approximately 3.2ton.
拆卸后,假设处置组件将被运输到相应的废物管理工厂,假设卡车运输距离为 200 公里。ZHW58A-145 混合气体绝缘开关设备(0107-0106)的废物重量约为 3.2 吨。
Table 4.6.1 – Eol transportation inventory
表 4.6.1 – 报废运输清单
Lifecycle stage | Activity | Usage per functional unit | Unit |
Disassemble | Diesel used by crane | 34 | kg |
Eol transportation | Transportation by truck | 640 | ton•km |
During the end-of-life disposal stage, the product is dismantled into components and then sorted for further processing. Some metals or plastics are recycled according to EN50693 standards, while the remaining materials are either landfilled or incinerated. The details of the disposal methods and their respective weights are as follows:
在报废处置阶段,产品被拆解成组件,然后分类进行进一步处理。根据 EN50693 标准,一些金属或塑料会被回收利用,其余材料则被填埋或焚烧。处置方法及其各自重量的详细信息如下:
Table 4.6.2 – Eol treatment inventory(0107-0106)
表 4.6.2 – 产品生命周期末期处理清单(0107-0106)
Material | Weight of material to be disposal(kg) | Material recovery rate | Weight of material being recycled(kg) | Weight of material being treated(kg) | Treatment method | |
Metals | Steel | 1623.54 | 80% | 1298.83 | 324.71 | Landfilled |
Other ferrous metals | 0.46 | 80% | 0.37 | 0.09 | Landfilled | |
Aluminum | 850.79 | 70% | 595.55 | 255.24 | Incineration | |
Copper | 31.14 | 60% | 18.68 | 12.46 | Incineration | |
Other non-ferrous metals | 3.75 | 60% | 2.25 | 1.50 | Incineration | |
Plastics | ABS | 0.68 | 20% | 0.14 | 0.54 | Treatment mix |
Rubber | 64.98 | 0% | 0.00 | 64.98 | Treatment mix | |
Other Plastics | 14.90 | 0% | 0.00 | 14.90 | Treatment mix | |
Minerals | Glass | 0.48 | 60% | 0.29 | 0.19 | Incineration |
Others | Cables | 236.82 | 0% | 0.00 | 236.82 | Open burnings |
Electronics | 304.97 | 0% | 0.00 | 304.97 | Incineration | |
SF6 | 50.00 | 0% | 0.00 | 50.00 | Treatment mix |
Table 4.6.3 – Eol treatment inventory(150020)
表 4.6.3 – 废弃物处理清单(150020)
Material | Weight of material to be disposal(kg) | Material recovery rate | Weight of material being recycled(kg) | Weight of material being treated(kg) | Treatment method | |
Metals | Steel | 1642.80 | 80% | 1314.24 | 328.56 | Landfilled |
Other ferrous metals | 0.46 | 80% | 0.37 | 0.09 | Landfilled | |
Aluminum | 828.53 | 70% | 579.97 | 248.56 | Incineration | |
Copper | 31.14 | 60% | 18.68 | 12.46 | Incineration | |
Other non-ferrous metals | 3.75 | 60% | 2.25 | 1.50 | Incineration | |
Plastics | ABS | 0.68 | 20% | 0.14 | 0.54 | Treatment mix |
Rubber | 64.98 | 0% | 0.00 | 64.98 | Treatment mix | |
Other Plastics | 22.70 | 0% | 0.00 | 22.70 | Treatment mix | |
Minerals | Glass | 0.48 | 60% | 0.29 | 0.19 | Incineration |
Others | Cables | 236.82 | 0% | 0.00 | 236.82 | Open burnings |
Electronics | 304.97 | 0% | 0.00 | 304.97 | Incineration | |
SF6 | 50.00 | 100% | 0.00 | 50.00 | Treatment mix |
Table 4.6.4 – Eol treatment inventory(150033)
表 4.6.4 – 废弃物处理清单(150033)
Material | Weight of material to be disposal(kg) | Material recovery rate | Weight of material being recycled(kg) | Weight of material being treated(kg) | Treatment method | |
Metals | Steel | 1901.03 | 80% | 1520.82 | 380.21 | Landfilled |
Other ferrous metals | 0.46 | 80% | 0.37 | 0.09 | Landfilled | |
Aluminum | 688.85 | 70% | 482.19 | 206.65 | Incineration | |
Copper | 29.87 | 60% | 17.92 | 11.95 | Incineration | |
Other non-ferrous metals | 3.75 | 60% | 2.25 | 1.50 | Incineration | |
Plastics | ABS | 0.44 | 20% | 0.09 | 0.35 | Treatment mix |
Rubber | 58.78 | 0% | 0.00 | 58.78 | Treatment mix | |
Other Plastics | 13.24 | 0% | 0.00 | 13.24 | Treatment mix | |
Minerals | Glass | 0.48 | 60% | 0.29 | 0.19 | Incineration |
Others | Cables | 236.82 | 0% | 0.00 | 236.82 | Open burnings |
Electronics | 301.24 | 0% | 0.00 | 301.24 | Incineration | |
SF6 | 50.00 | 100% | 0.00 | 50.00 | Treatment mix |
Table 4.6.5 – Eol treatment inventory(150798)
表 4.6.5 – 废弃物处理清单(150798)
Material | Weight of material to be disposal(kg) | Material recovery rate | Weight of material being recycled(kg) | Weight of material being treated(kg) | Treatment method | |
Metals | Steel | 1921.80 | 80% | 1537.44 | 384.36 | Landfilled |
Other ferrous metals | 0.46 | 80% | 0.37 | 0.09 | Landfilled | |
Aluminum | 828.53 | 70% | 579.97 | 248.56 | Incineration | |
Copper | 31.14 | 60% | 18.68 | 12.46 | Incineration | |
Other non-ferrous metals | 3.75 | 60% | 2.25 | 1.50 | Incineration | |
Plastics | ABS | 0.68 | 20% | 0.14 | 0.54 | Treatment mix |
Rubber | 64.98 | 0% | 0.00 | 64.98 | Treatment mix | |
Other Plastics | 22.70 | 0% | 0.00 | 22.70 | Treatment mix | |
Minerals | Glass | 0.48 | 60% | 0.29 | 0.19 | Incineration |
Others | Cables | 236.82 | 0% | 0.00 | 236.82 | Open burnings |
Electronics | 304.97 | 0% | 0.00 | 304.97 | Incineration | |
SF6 | 50.00 | 100% | 0.00 | 50.00 | Treatment mix |
As for end-of-life treatment of circuit breakers, the major concern is the treatment of SF6, since SF6 is a highly potent and long-lasting greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) of 22800 CO2 equivalences. To the best of our knowledge, SF6 can be reused after purification for the reproduction of new SF6 after its decomposition to its raw components. However, there is a lack of industrial data about treatment of SF6. In this study, the end-of-life treatment of SF6 is modelled by referring to the literature (Shiojiri et al. 2006). First, the SF6 is recovered from the devices through a vacuum pump. From the study, a 1.5kW vacuum pump is operated for 480 mins to recover 1300 kg of SF6. During the recovery process, a 3% leakage is assumed in the literature.
关于断路器的报废处理,主要关注的是 SF6 的处理,因为 SF6 是一种高效且持久存在的温室气体,其全球变暖潜能值(GWP)为 22800 个二氧化碳当量。据我们所知,SF6 在分解成其原始成分后,经过净化后可以重复使用以生产新的 SF6。然而,关于 SF6 处理的工业数据缺乏。在本研究中,SF6 的报废处理是参考文献(Shiojiri 等人,2006 年)进行建模的。首先,通过真空泵从设备中回收 SF6。根据研究,一台 1.5 千瓦的真空泵运行 480 分钟可以回收 1300 公斤的 SF6。在回收过程中,文献中假设有 3%的泄漏。
After SF6 is recovered, a purification process through a membrane separation is conducted. The energy required processes for membrane separation operation are the heating and the pressuring, with an energy requirement of 2.77 and 10.75 kJ/mol-SF6, respectively. The off-gas SF6 emission from membrane separation process is 0.25%. At last, a low-temperature plasma decomposition process is used to decompose SF6. The evacuation power required for operating at 0.5 Torr is 13.3 kJ/mol-SF6. The emission of SF6 during decomposition process is 1.3%. All the electricity consumption is calculated via the mole density of SF6 (=8901mol/1300kg). The LCI of treatment of 1kg SF6 is listed in table below.
回收 SF6 后,通过膜分离进行纯化过程。膜分离操作所需的能量是加热和加压,能量需求分别为 2.77 kJ/mol-SF6 和 10.75 kJ/mol-SF6。膜分离过程的 SF6 废气排放量为 0.25%。最后,采用低温等离子体分解工艺分解 SF6。在 0.5 Torr 下运行所需的抽真空功率为 13.3 kJ/mol-SF6。分解过程中的 SF6 排放量为 1.3%。所有电力消耗均通过 SF6 的摩尔密度(=8901mol/1300kg)计算。1kg SF6 处理的 LCI 列在下表中。
Table 4.6.6 –Waste treatment of SF6 (per kg)
4.7 收集的附加数据
4.7 Additional data collected
下表列出了产品生命周期中用作原材料和辅助燃料的主要能源。
Table below listed the primary energy resources used as raw material and secondary fuels during product lifecycle.
表 4.7.1 –用作原材料的主要能源(0107-0106)
Table 4.7.1 –Primary energy resources used as raw material (0107-0106)
上游
Upstream Module | Core | Downstream | ||||||
Material | Manufacturing | Distribution | Installation | Use | End of Life | Unit | LHV | |
Plastic | 88.35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | kg | 43MJ/kg |
Wood | 850.60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | kg | 18MJ/kg |
Table 4.7.2 –Primary energy resources used as raw material (150020)
表 4.7.2 –用作原材料的一次能源(150020)
Upstream Module | Core | Downstream | ||||||
Material | Manufacturing | Distribution | Installation | Use | End of Life | Unit | LHV | |
Plastic | 81.44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | kg | 43MJ/kg |
Wood | 850.60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | kg | 18MJ/kg |
Table 4.7.3 –Primary energy resources used as raw material (150033)
表 4.7.3 –用作原材料的一次能源(150033)
Upstream Module | Core | Downstream | ||||||
Material | Manufacturing | Distribution | Installation | Use | End of Life | Unit | LHV | |
Plastic | 72.46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | kg | 43MJ/kg |
Wood | 850.60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | kg | 18MJ/kg |
Table 4.7.4 –Primary energy resources used as raw material (150798)
表 4.7.4 –用作原材料的一次能源(150798)
Upstream Module | Core | Downstream | ||||||
Material | Manufacturing | Distribution | Installation | Use | End of Life | Unit | LHV | |
Plastic | 81.44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | kg | 43MJ/kg |
Wood | 850.60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | kg | 18MJ/kg |
Impact Assessment
影响评估
5.1 0107-0106
Potential Environmental impact of each lifecycle stage are shown below.
下面显示了每个生命周期阶段的潜在环境影响。
Table 5.1.1 – Environmental impact descriptive parameters
表 5.1.1 – 环境影响描述参数
Impact Category | Unit | Total | Manufacturing Stage | Distribution Stage | Installation Stage | Use & Maintenance Stage | End of Life Stage | |
Upstream | Core | Downstream | ||||||
Climate change | kg CO2 eq | 3.58E+04 | 1.88E+04 | 3.70E+02 | 1.93E+03 | 8.59E+03 | 8.45E+02 | 5.24E+03 |
Climate change - Fossil | kg CO2 eq | 3.57E+04 | 2.03E+04 | 3.71E+02 | 1.93E+03 | 7.02E+03 | 8.39E+02 | 5.23E+03 |
Climate change - Biogenic | kg CO2 eq | 5.36E+00 | -1.56E+03 | -1.99E+00 | 1.48E-01 | 1.56E+03 | 4.25E+00 | 2.95E+00 |
Climate change - Land use and LU change | kg CO2 eq | 3.70E+01 | 3.26E+01 | 2.16E-01 | 1.23E+00 | 1.06E+00 | 1.75E+00 | 1.48E-01 |
Ozone depletion | kg CFC11 eq | 1.19E-01 | 1.19E-01 | 8.41E-07 | 2.90E-05 | 8.19E-06 | 5.01E-06 | 4.51E-06 |
Acidification | mol H+ eq | 2.82E+02 | 2.36E+02 | 1.98E+00 | 3.10E+01 | 6.25E+00 | 4.08E+00 | 2.62E+00 |
Eutrophication, freshwater | kg P eq | 1.83E+01 | 1.74E+01 | 7.18E-02 | 1.12E-01 | 2.54E-01 | 3.79E-01 | 3.67E-02 |
Eutrophication, marine | kg N eq | 3.98E+01 | 2.79E+01 | 4.10E-01 | 8.04E+00 | 1.51E+00 | 8.21E-01 | 1.15E+00 |
Eutrophication, terrestrial | mol N eq | 4.34E+02 | 3.05E+02 | 4.36E+00 | 8.83E+01 | 1.60E+01 | 8.22E+00 | 1.20E+01 |
Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq | 1.39E+02 | 1.02E+02 | 1.17E+00 | 2.53E+01 | 4.66E+00 | 2.43E+00 | 4.36E+00 |
Resource use, minerals and metals | kg Sb eq | 2.31E+00 | 2.29E+00 | 1.64E-03 | 4.11E-03 | 9.54E-03 | 2.89E-04 | 6.55E-04 |
Resource use, fossils | MJ | 2.82E+05 | 2.28E+05 | 4.07E+03 | 2.55E+04 | 8.94E+03 | 1.09E+04 | 3.91E+03 |
Water use | m3 depriv | 6.59E+03 | 6.14E+03 | 4.94E+01 | 8.81E+01 | 1.39E+02 | 1.41E+02 | 3.17E+01 |
Parameters describing resource use are shown below.
下面显示的是描述资源使用的参数。
Table 5.1.2 – Parameters describing resource use
表 5.1.2 – 描述资源使用的参数
Parameters | Unit | Total | Manufacturing Stage | Distribution Stage | Installation Stage | Use & Maintenance Stage | End of Life Stage | End of Life Stage |
Upstream | Core | Downstream | ||||||
Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw material (PENRE) | MJ, net calorific value | 2.78E+05 | 2.25E+05 | 4.07E+03 | 2.55E+04 | 8.94E+03 | 1.09E+04 | 3.91E+03 |
Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw material (PERE) | MJ, net calorific value | 4.58E+04 | 4.31E+04 | 2.55E+02 | 2.60E+02 | 7.59E+02 | 1.33E+03 | 8.49E+01 |
Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw material (PENRM) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.50E+03 | 3.50E+03 | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 |
Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw material (PERM) | MJ, net calorific value | 1.53E+04 | 1.53E+04 | 0.00E+00 |