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常规
常规

专业论文写作 概论

专题亮点
专题亮点

Ø 专业论文分类:报告论文、研究论文、课程论文、学位论文(学位论文)等。
Ø 专业论文分类:报告论文、研究论文、课程论文、学位论文(学位论文)等。

O 准备专业论文的方法:寻找好主意,寻找主题,考虑受众和目的,从头脑风暴转向起草、编辑和提炼
O 准备专业论文的方法:寻找好主意,寻找主题,考虑受众和目的,从头脑风暴转向起草、编辑和提炼

O 专业论文写作风格:习惯性和奇特的语言使用方式,正式与非正式的表达方式,专业与非专业论文写作
O 专业论文写作风格:习惯性和奇特的语言使用方式,正式与非正式的表达方式,专业与非专业论文写作

O 特别注意:专业论文的语言表示
O 特别注意:专业论文的语言表示

主题演示
主题演示

1. 专业论文的分类
1. 专业论文的分类

专业论文是一份正式的印刷文件,专业人士在其中展示他们对任何精心选择的主题的看法和研究结果。它被称为“研究论文”、“课程论文”、“论文论文”或“图书馆论文”。不“什么论文实际上可能属于什么类型,作者的任务可能。是一样的:对任何特定主题进行研究,然后”~”
专业论文是一份正式的印刷文件,专业人士在其中展示他们对任何精心选择的主题的看法和研究结果。它被称为“研究论文”、“课程论文”、“论文论文”或“图书馆论文”。不“什么论文实际上可能属于什么类型,作者的任务可能。是一样的:对任何特定主题进行研究,然后”~”

·2·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

报告他的研究结果。
报告他的研究结果。

专业论文永远不能以随机¹格式编写,而应该以特定的格式编写。该格式将使论文成为一个完整的整体从标题的位置到页边距的宽度,以及用于承认从其他来源提取的材料或他人提供的帮助的符号。 论文的写作过程可以帮助初学者学习如何使用图书馆资源并熟悉所有学者都同意在他们的论文中采用的格式。
专业论文永远不能以随机¹格式编写,而应该以特定的格式编写。该格式将使论文成为一个完整的整体从标题的位置到页边距的宽度,以及用于承认从其他来源提取的材料或他人提供的帮助的符号。 论文的写作过程可以帮助初学者学习如何使用图书馆资源并熟悉所有学者都同意在他们的论文中采用的格式。

专业论文与任何其他非专业著作的不同之处在于,它们涉及使用图书馆资源,从中得出事实、引文和他人的意见来解释和支持他们自己的研究结果和观点,作为论文中经过验证的²想法。这些资源必须通过编号注释来识别,这些注释位于论文的末尾或页面底部。由于上述原因,专业论文必须始终包含参考书目,即按字母顺序排列的所有引用来源的列表。
专业论文与任何其他非专业著作的不同之处在于,它们涉及使用图书馆资源,从中得出事实、引文和他人的意见来解释和支持他们自己的研究结果和观点,作为论文中经过验证的²想法。这些资源必须通过编号注释来识别,这些注释位于论文的末尾或页面底部。由于上述原因,专业论文必须始终包含参考书目,即按字母顺序排列的所有引用来源的列表。

大专院校或者其他研究机构分配的专业论文一般分为以下四种类型:(1)报告论文;(2) 研究论文;(3) 课程论文,以及 (4) 论文(dissertation)。
大专院校或者其他研究机构分配的专业论文一般分为以下四种类型:(1)报告论文;(2) 研究论文;(3) 课程论文,以及 (4) 论文(dissertation)。

1) 报告纸³
1) 报告纸³

报告论文总结并报告了作者对特定主题的发现。授权者可能不会对这个问题发表自己的意见,也不得评估调查结果,而只是按照合理的顺序对它们进行分类。例如,列出政治家或政治家在关于某个事件的辩论中的观点的论文将是一份报告论文。同样,按时间顺序叙述一个人格最后的日子的论文也是一篇报告论文。
报告论文总结并报告了作者对特定主题的发现。授权者可能不会对这个问题发表自己的意见,也不得评估调查结果,而只是按照合理的顺序对它们进行分类。例如,列出政治家或政治家在关于某个事件的辩论中的观点的论文将是一份报告论文。同样,按时间顺序叙述一个人格最后的日子的论文也是一篇报告论文。

2) 研究论文⁴
2) 研究论文⁴

一篇研究论文可以是聪明的、消息灵通的、有趣的和原创的结论。它从许多来源汲取材料。它的目的是汇集事实和想法,并通过研究它们得出关于事实或解释的新结论,或者根据新的兴趣来呈现材料。
一篇研究论文可以是聪明的、消息灵通的、有趣的和原创的结论。它从许多来源汲取材料。它的目的是汇集事实和想法,并通过研究它们得出关于事实或解释的新结论,或者根据新的兴趣来呈现材料。

研究论文是或可以成为教科书、专著和所有其他文献作品最重要和最可靠的来源。一篇完整的研究论文通常由以下元素组成:标题、作者、单位、摘要、
研究论文是或可以成为教科书、专著和所有其他文献作品最重要和最可靠的来源。一篇完整的研究论文通常由以下元素组成:标题、作者、单位、摘要、

专业论文写作概论 ·3·
专业论文写作概论 ·3·

关键词、引言、理论分析和/或实验描述、结果和讨论或结论、致谢、参考文献等。研究论文通常涉及一个相对具体的主题,并且涉及一个相对狭窄的主题。
关键词、引言、理论分析和/或实验描述、结果和讨论或结论、致谢、参考文献等。研究论文通常涉及一个相对具体的主题,并且涉及一个相对狭窄的主题。

3) 课程论文
3) 课程论文

与报告论文和研究论文不同,课程论文主要是指在学习了特定课程之后或学期结束时写的论文。因此,其内容通常应符合课程要求并在课程讲师的指导下进行。由于这种类型的论文总是在学期结束时写好并上交,因此也称为“学期论文”。5
与报告论文和研究论文不同,课程论文主要是指在学习了特定课程之后或学期结束时写的论文。因此,其内容通常应符合课程要求并在课程讲师的指导下进行。由于这种类型的论文总是在学期结束时写好并上交,因此也称为“学期论文”。5

4) 论文⁶(Dissertation⁷)
4) 论文⁶(Dissertation⁷)

论文的撰写和提交通常是在部分满足特定学科的硕士或硕士(或博士)学位的要求的情况下撰写
论文的撰写和提交通常是在部分满足特定学科的硕士或硕士(或博士)学位的要求的情况下撰写和提交的。
和提交的。

与报告论文不同,论文对一个问题采取明确的立场。论文是作者或演讲者愿意反对或捍卫的命题或观点。因此,用于论证批准某个事件的论文将是论文。写论文需要作者做出判断、评估证据和构建逻辑论点,而写报告论文则不需要。 在提交论文或学位论文之前,硕士或博士课程的候选人必须完成所有必要的考试。一般来说,学位论文是一篇冗长而正式的论文,8 尤其是由大学或研究机构的硕士或博士学位候选人撰写的论文。博士论文代表了对知识建构的原创性贡献,是对研究问题的更详细的研究比硕士或硕士学位的要求更详细。
与报告论文不同,论文对一个问题采取明确的立场。论文是作者或演讲者愿意反对或捍卫的命题或观点。因此,用于论证批准某个事件的论文将是论文。写论文需要作者做出判断、评估证据和构建逻辑论点,而写报告论文则不需要。 在提交论文或学位论文之前,硕士或博士课程的候选人必须完成所有必要的考试。一般来说,学位论文是一篇冗长而正式的论文,8 尤其是由大学或研究机构的硕士或博士学位候选人撰写的论文。博士论文代表了对知识建构的原创性贡献,是对研究问题的更详细的研究比硕士或硕士学位的要求更详细。

论文(dissertation)或多或少包括致谢、摘要(中英文)、引言和/或文献综述、方法、数据收集和数据分析、发现和结论、建议或未来工作等部分。正如通常要求的那样,硕士或硕士学位的论文应该是新的东西,而博士学位的论文应该是原创和创造性的。论文或学位论文应在导师的指导下由候选人本人独立完成,以反映候选人自己的研究成果。
论文(dissertation)或多或少包括致谢、摘要(中英文)、引言和/或文献综述、方法、数据收集和数据分析、发现和结论、建议或未来工作等部分。正如通常要求的那样,硕士或硕士学位的论文应该是新的东西,而博士学位的论文应该是原创和创造性的。论文或学位论文应在导师的指导下由候选人本人独立完成,以反映候选人自己的研究成果。

研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

笔记
笔记

1. 随机:没有任何计划、目标或模式
1. 随机:没有任何计划、目标或模式

2. authenticate:证明(某事)是真实的
2. authenticate:证明(某事)是真实的

3. 报告论文:报告论文是指在报纸或杂志上发表或通过广播或电视
3. 报告论文:报告论文是指在报纸或杂志上发表或通过广播或电视广播的对某些特定主题或问题的描述。
广播的对某些特定主题或问题的描述。

4. 研究论文:它也被称为图书馆论文或论文,指的是正式的、相当长的和有据可查的文章,旨在探索、讨论、分析并最终找到关于某个事实或理论问题的新观点和结果。
4. 研究论文:它也被称为图书馆论文或论文,指的是正式的、相当长的和有据可查的文章,旨在探索、讨论、分析并最终找到关于某个事实或理论问题的新观点和结果。

5. 学期论文:是指学校或大学课程中代表学生在特定学期内取得的成就或成就的主要作业,也称为课程论文。
5. 学期论文:是指学校或大学课程中代表学生在特定学期内取得的成就或成就的主要作业,也称为课程论文。

6. 论文:论文作为一个术语可能具有不同的含义。在这部分文本中,论文是指一种想法或理论,它被表达为表明其作者对某些特定问题的立场或信念的陈述。然而,论文一词也可以用来暗示与学位论文具有同等价值或正式性的研究论文,尽管其形式通常可能比论文或学位论文更简短或不详尽。当 thesis 被用来代替 dissertation 时,它会给听众或读者一种非正式的感觉。
6. 论文:论文作为一个术语可能具有不同的含义。在这部分文本中,论文是指一种想法或理论,它被表达为表明其作者对某些特定问题的立场或信念的陈述。然而,论文一词也可以用来暗示与学位论文具有同等价值或正式性的研究论文,尽管其形式通常可能比论文或学位论文更简短或不详尽。当 thesis 被用来代替 dissertation 时,它会给听众或读者一种非正式的感觉。

7. 学位论文:该术语通常是指关于特定主题的长篇报告或演讲,尤其是为大学硕士或博士学位而写的论文。
7. 学位论文:该术语通常是指关于特定主题的长篇报告或演讲,尤其是为大学硕士或博士学位而写的论文。

8. 论文:研究特定主题的严肃书籍或文章
8. 论文:研究特定主题的严肃书籍或文章

2. 专业论文的准备方法
2. 专业论文的准备方法

为了撰写研究论文并被国际期刊接受,作者必须花费数月甚至更长的时间来准备。一般来说,其最终提交需要采取五个步骤。
为了撰写研究论文并被国际期刊接受,作者必须花费数月甚至更长的时间来准备。一般来说,其最终提交需要采取五个步骤。

1) 寻找好主意
1) 寻找好主意

研究论文与普通论文的不同之处在于,它们必须在主题上非常具体,并且确实具有一定的实用、科学或经济价值。因此,准备和完成研究论文的整个过程必须,
研究论文与普通论文的不同之处在于,它们必须在主题上非常具体,并且确实具有一定的实用、科学或经济价值。因此,准备和完成研究论文的整个过程必须,

专业论文写作概论 ·5·
专业论文写作概论 ·5·

或者应该遵循一般规则:从练习中回到练习。仅出于此目的和其他目的,将根据实验室或社会实践以及图书馆搜索进行调查。根据一些有经验的作者的说法,他们必须花三分之一或/甚至一半的时间来寻找好的想法或主题,以使他们的研究真正有价值。
或者应该遵循一般规则:从练习中回到练习。仅出于此目的和其他目的,将根据实验室或社会实践以及图书馆搜索进行调查。根据一些有经验的作者的说法,他们必须花三分之一或/甚至一半的时间来寻找好的想法或主题,以使他们的研究真正有价值。

2) 寻找主题
2) 寻找主题

一旦构思出来,就应该对其进行分析、补充,最后经过漫长的批判性阅读和彻底的重新考虑后整理出来。通常,可以按照五个一般规则制定并最终决定一个合适的主题。(1) 应为作者可触及的主题,并能在指定或建议的时限内完成。过于雄心勃勃的话题往往会导致时间和精力的浪费。2) 它应该是对专业或一般经济或科学发展具有实用价值的话题。有些主题在实践中可能具有很大的意义,尽管它们从表面上看可能根本没有相关性。(3) 该主题应为该主题提供足够的材料和文件,无论是通过阅读还是调查。研究工作本质上是发现和创造。为了在他的工作中找到新的东西,作者必须根据与给定主题相关的所有现有材料和文件得出结论。否则,他的结论就没有根据。(4) 如果他的研究是在自然界中进行实验和调查,那么应该经得起理论和实验的检验,因为科学要求彻底、准确和客观。(5) 它应该是一个没有作者个人偏见或偏好的话题,即使它可能是一个人文性质的话题。例如,像 Albert Einstein — My favorite Scientist 这样的主题可以成为一般论文的好主题,但不是研究领域客观处理的主题。仅出于上述和许多其他原因,开始漫长的研究过程之前仔细选择主题是值得的。
一旦构思出来,就应该对其进行分析、补充,最后经过漫长的批判性阅读和彻底的重新考虑后整理出来。通常,可以按照五个一般规则制定并最终决定一个合适的主题。(1) 应为作者可触及的主题,并能在指定或建议的时限内完成。过于雄心勃勃的话题往往会导致时间和精力的浪费。2) 它应该是对专业或一般经济或科学发展具有实用价值的话题。有些主题在实践中可能具有很大的意义,尽管它们从表面上看可能根本没有相关性。(3) 该主题应为该主题提供足够的材料和文件,无论是通过阅读还是调查。研究工作本质上是发现和创造。为了在他的工作中找到新的东西,作者必须根据与给定主题相关的所有现有材料和文件得出结论。否则,他的结论就没有根据。(4) 如果他的研究是在自然界中进行实验和调查,那么应该经得起理论和实验的检验,因为科学要求彻底、准确和客观。(5) 它应该是一个没有作者个人偏见或偏好的话题,即使它可能是一个人文性质的话题。例如,像 Albert Einstein — My favorite Scientist 这样的主题可以成为一般论文的好主题,但不是研究领域客观处理的主题。 仅出于上述和许多其他原因,开始漫长的研究过程之前仔细选择主题是值得的。

3) 考虑受众和目的
3) 考虑受众和目的

通过考虑受众和目的,我们指的是分析“论文征集”,以及你的论文要投稿的期刊的潜在读者,或者你将要参加的会议的可能参与者。一般来说,作者必须考虑的因素可能包括:建议读者的分类/
通过考虑受众和目的,我们指的是分析“论文征集”,以及你的论文要投稿的期刊的潜在读者,或者你将要参加的会议的可能参与者。一般来说,作者必须考虑的因素可能包括:建议读者的分类/

·6·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·6·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

根据读者的实际需求和专业水平;作者通过论文所针对的意图和倾向;他的研究可能带来的建议用途和/或潜在应用等。在许多情况下,这些因素至少可以成为他准备论文的起点的一部分。
根据读者的实际需求和专业水平;作者通过论文所针对的意图和倾向;他的研究可能带来的建议用途和/或潜在应用等。在许多情况下,这些因素至少可以成为他准备论文的起点的一部分。

4) 从头脑风暴转向起草
4) 从头脑风暴转向起草

“头脑风暴”已经成为科研界的流行名词之一,可以指“一群专业人士开会,提出一些聪明的想法”。为此,作者通常会要求他的一群密友聚会,以帮助他提出有用的建议或对他的想法的评论。“头脑风暴”也可以意味着作者在为文章起草之前经历
“头脑风暴”已经成为科研界的流行名词之一,可以指“一群专业人士开会,提出一些聪明的想法”。为此,作者通常会要求他的一群密友聚会,以帮助他提出有用的建议或对他的想法的评论。“头脑风暴”也可以意味着作者在为文章起草之前经历的艰苦思考过程。
的艰苦思考过程。

一份好的草稿是必要的,因为有必要以合乎逻辑和系统的方式将所有相关的事实和想法组织在一起,也就是说,所有细节和相关事实都作为一个整体出现在论文中。起草只能在完美的轮廓的基础上开始。但是,起草过程也有助于改进大纲。当作者准备初稿时,他学到的所有写作技巧以及将在本单元和下一个单元中讨论的所有写作技巧都可以派上用场。必须提醒的是,一个成功的作者必须在某种程度上完成他自己的整稿——他自己的想法、他自己的组织、他自己的语言习惯和风格,不用说。在许多情况下,一篇好的研究论文可能必须通过不止一个草稿来完成。
一份好的草稿是必要的,因为有必要以合乎逻辑和系统的方式将所有相关的事实和想法组织在一起,也就是说,所有细节和相关事实都作为一个整体出现在论文中。起草只能在完美的轮廓的基础上开始。但是,起草过程也有助于改进大纲。当作者准备初稿时,他学到的所有写作技巧以及将在本单元和下一个单元中讨论的所有写作技巧都可以派上用场。必须提醒的是,一个成功的作者必须在某种程度上完成他自己的整稿——他自己的想法、他自己的组织、他自己的语言习惯和风格,不用说。在许多情况下,一篇好的研究论文可能必须通过不止一个草稿来完成。

5) 编辑和完善
5) 编辑和完善

按照大纲准备完成研究论文的写作时。 作者必须记住,即使他是一位非常熟练的作者,他也必须进行大量的修改。在大多数情况下,修订工作会一直持续到提交论文的最后一刻。建议将论文从总体布局修改为语言使用中的微小遗漏和事故²。由于修改很繁琐,因此有必要强调最终稿件要从头到尾进行检查和校对³,以确保作者所做的更改不需要在其他地方进行额外的修改。在某一时刻的许多改进使得有必要改变之前或之后的事情。也。 最后一项任务总是要执行;仔细检查整篇论文
按照大纲准备完成研究论文的写作时。 作者必须记住,即使他是一位非常熟练的作者,他也必须进行大量的修改。在大多数情况下,修订工作会一直持续到提交论文的最后一刻。建议将论文从总体布局修改为语言使用中的微小遗漏和事故²。由于修改很繁琐,因此有必要强调最终稿件要从头到尾进行检查和校对³,以确保作者所做的更改不需要在其他地方进行额外的修改。在某一时刻的许多改进使得有必要改变之前或之后的事情。也。 最后一项任务总是要执行;仔细检查整篇论文

专业论文写作概述 ·
专业论文写作概述 ·

手稿、形式、细节安排、引用引文的真实性甚至页数顺序等日常事务上的错误。在复制过程中,图形中的错误特别容易漏掉,并且很容易逃避检测。这些小问题并不引人注目,如果作者想真正成功地写出他打算写的东西
手稿、形式、细节安排、引用引文的真实性甚至页数顺序等日常事务上的错误。在复制过程中,图形中的错误特别容易漏掉,并且很容易逃避检测。这些小问题并不引人注目,如果作者想真正成功地写出他打算写的东西,那么仔细审查*是必要的。
,那么仔细审查*是必要的。

Notes
笔记

1. replenish: to fill up again, to put new supplies into
1. replenish:再次加满,放入新的补给品

2. omissions and mishaps: Omissions mean something that is omitted or neglected(疏漏 ); mishaps refers to something that is undesirable(不幸的事故).
2. 遗漏和事故:遗漏是指被遗漏或忽视的事情(疏漏);mishaps 是指不受欢迎的事情(不幸的事故)。

3. proofread: to read and correct the printer's proofs of (a book, etc.)校对(书刊等出版物的校样)
3. 校对:阅读和更正(一本书等)的印刷校样。校对(书刊等出版物的校样)

4. scrutiny: very careful study or observation
4. 审查:非常仔细的研究或观察

3. Styles of Professional Papers Writing
3. 专业论文写作风格

1) Ways of Using Language: Habitual and/ or Peculiar
1) 语言使用方式:习惯性和/或奇特的

The word“style” has several meanings: it may refer to a writer's habitual or peculiar way of using language, for example, the lean and economical style of Ernest Miller Hemingway (1898—1961), the famous American writer; or the prevalent features of the language of a certain period, say, the features of English language in the age of Shakespeare(1564—1616). It may also refer to the characteristic aspects of the language of a certain type of writing. We, therefore, agree to the saying by Jonathan Swift (1667—1745) that“Proper words in proper places make the true definition of a style.”
“风格”一词有几种含义:它可能是指作家习惯性或奇特的语言使用方式,例如,美国著名作家欧内斯特·米勒·海明威(Ernest Miller Hemingway,1898—1961 年)精简而经济的风格;或某个时期语言的普遍特征,例如莎士比亚(1564—1616 年)时代的英语特征。它也可以指某种类型写作的语言的特征方面。因此,我们同意乔纳森·斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift,1667—1745)的一句话,即“在适当的地方使用适当的词语,才是风格的真正定义。

To exhaust the subject of style would be impossible even in a book length treatment. Our discussion of style will be confined to the characteristic aspects of the language in formal writing, especially in professional paper writing.
即使在一本书的篇幅处理中,穷尽风格这个主题也是不可能的。我们对风格的讨论将仅限于正式写作中语言的特点方面,尤其是在专业论文写作中。

2) Ways of Expression: Formal vs. Informal
2) 表达方式:正式与非正式

In general, all writings can be categorized into two main groups: formal and
一般来说,所有作品都可以分为两大类:正式的和

研究生英语系列数程·英语论文写作与发表

informal. The former prefers to utilize an informal tone, colloquial language, and the writer will always speak in the first person, as in letters, diaries, stories and novels, etc.. whereas the latter, on the contrary, is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance, and the writer will employ a formal tone and avoid all colloquial expressions. Professional paper writing belongs to the latter, and is actually a kind of formal writing.
便。前者喜欢使用非正式的语气、口语作者总是用第一人称说话,如在信件、日记、故事和小说等中。而后者相反,对非常重要的主题采取更严肃的方法,作者会采用正式的语气,避免所有口语表达。 专业论文写作属于后者,其实就是一种正规的写作。

As we mentioned previously, research papers are aimed at displaying the author's research results, or rather, reporting findings in a national or international professional magazine or journal. The desired effect of publishing a research paper is secured, however, not so much by aiming at formality' as by avoiding noticeable informality. To achieve this effect, the author has to relate everything to his readers in a clear-cut manner objectively and systematically by ruling out slang or dialectic expressions or colloqui alisms² or informal contractions. The formality and impersonality prevail to such an extent in a formal research paper that little, if any, use is made of the first and second persons“T” and“you”. And“we” is used only when it means the origination in which both the reader and the writer are included.
正如我们之前提到的,研究论文旨在展示作者的研究成果,或者更确切地说,在国内或国际专业杂志或期刊上报告研究结果。然而,发表研究论文的预期效果不是通过以形式为目标,而是通过避免明显的非正式 为了达到这种效果,作者必须以客观和系统的方式将所有内容与他的读者联系起来,排除俚语或辩证法表达或口语化²或非正式的缩略语。正式和非人格化在正式的研究论文中占主导地位,以至于很少使用第一人称和第二人称“T”和“你”。并且“我们”仅在表示同时包含读者和作者的起源时使用。

Another point is that, in spite of the strong objection to using colloquialisms, it is necessary to point out, too, that the readers would also be made to feel bored to see too many“the writers”, “the authors”, “they” as the subject of the sentences. Anyway. formal style is not the unique feature for research paper writings. The fact is that they can only show the surface and that they might sometimes unavoidably present both significant and non-significant facts with equal emphasis.
另一点是,尽管强烈反对使用口语,但有必要指出,如果看到太多的“作者”、“作者”、“他们”作为句子的主语,读者也会感到无聊。无论如何。 正式的风格并不是研究论文写作的独特之处。事实是,它们只能显示表面,并且它们有时可能不可避免地同等的重点呈现重要和非重要的事实。

Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually high value on objectivity.meticulous³ accuracy and restraint.⁴ It is directed to the reader's mind and makes little effort to appeal to his emotions. Its purposes are utilitarian,’ and it is usually intended for readers who already have, to some degree, a special interest in the subject matter or even their experienced colleagues in the same field. Consequently, though it sets a high value on interest, it does not try to be so colorful and entertaining that it runs the risk of becoming flashy⁶ and flowery.
一般来说,正式写作对客观性的要求异常高。它直指读者的思想,几乎不费吹灰之力地吸引他的情感。它的目的是功利性的“,它通常适用于在某种程度上已经对主题有特殊兴趣的读者,甚至是同一领域经验丰富的同事。因此,尽管它非常重视兴趣,但它并没有试图变得如此丰富多彩和娱乐,以至于它冒着变得浮华⁶和华丽的风险。

3) Ways of Writing: Professional vs. Non-professional
3) 写作方式:专业与非专业

A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems、and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. This is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry, and it should
专业的论文涉及对一些客观事实或问题的研究、得出的结论应该基于相关数据,而不是个人的好恶。这在任何类型的科学探究中都尤为重要,而且应该

General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 9
专业论文写作一般介绍 9
·

not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features of professional writing. The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects objective facts, and is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomes a matter of special concern whenever a research or an investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes. The focus of professional writing is upon the data and upon the analysis of the data. For example, instead of writing:
无论谁在进行实验或调查。没有人情味和不受情感因素的影响是专业写作的重要特征之一。 需要正式是因为科学反映了客观事实,并且没有偏见和偏见。 每当研究或调查涉及人类的行为或态度时,对客观性的需求就成为一个特别关注的问题。 专业写作的重点是数据和数据分析。例如,不要编写:

I carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.
我进行了一项实验,以研究光照对植物生长的影响。

It would be more conventional to say:
更传统的做法是:

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.
进行了一项实验来研究光对植物生长的影响。

As we know, the function of professional papers is to reveal creative research achievements, exchange the latest research information, and further the development of science and technology. The argument will be convincing if it is presented concisely and concretely, and the thoughts and ideas are acceptable when arranged consistently and coherently. (Detailed description and actual examples of this will be given in the sections of Special Attention from Unit Eight to Unit Fourteen.)
众所周知,专业论文的作用是揭示创造性的研究成果,交流最新的研究信息,促进科学技术的发展。如果论点简洁具体地提出,它将具有说服力,并且思想和想法在一致和连贯地安排时是可以接受的。(详细说明和实际示例将在 特别注意部分从第 8 单元到第 14 单元。

In some cases, the subject matter of a discourse restricts the language used so that it becomes fully comprehensible only to people familiar with that particular topic or specialization. Read the following sample abstract and see how well you can understand.
在某些情况下,话语的主题限制了所使用的语言因此只有熟悉该特定主题或专业的人才能完全理解它。阅读以下示例摘要,看看您的理解程度如何

Abstract
抽象

The paper argues that proximity to and remoteness from normalcy of utterance respectively give rise to general and specific implicatures under the jurisdiction of comexture. Conventional implicatures are non-truth-functional、 unpredictable, incalculable, detachable from the sense of expression and hence different from conversational implicatures in general.(Foreign Language Teaching and Research No.2 1997p.80)
本文认为,接近和远离话语的常态分别导致了 comexture 管辖下的一般和特定暗示。 传统的暗示是非真理功能的、不可预测的、不可计算的、与表达意义分离的,因此与一般的对话暗示不同。(外语教学与研究 No.2 1997 p.80)

摘要:语境大,话语的质和量就可以偏离常规值(即把话说清楚、说明白),产生特殊含义;语境量小,话语的重和量就比较接近常规值,产生一般含义。此外,虽不属直义,但与语句真值无关、无法预测、无法取消、可以与词语本义分离、不必推导的那部分语义可以视为规约含义,以区别于(一般)会话含义。

——《外语教学与研究》1997,第2 期第80 页

Now read another sample abstract:
现在阅读另一个示例摘要:

·10· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·10·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

In this way the distinction between heavy current electrical engineering and light current electrical engineering can be said to have disappeared, but we still have the conceptual difference m that in power engineering the primary concern is to transport energy between distant points in space; while with communications systems the primary objective is to convey, extract and process information in which process considerable amounts of power may be consumed.
这样,大电流电气工程和轻电流电气工程之间的区别可以说已经消失了,但我们仍然存在概念上的差异 m 在电力工程中,主要关注点是在空间中的遥远点之间传输能量;而对于通信系统,主要目标是传输、提取和进程信息,其中进程可能会消耗大量功率。

(Chinese Science & Technology Translators Journal No.4 1997p.27)
(中国科技翻译杂志 No.4 1997p.27)

在这方面、强电工程和弱电工程之间的区别可以说已经消逝了;但是我们仍旧认为它们在概念上有所不同,因为电力工程的主要任务是在空间相距较远的各地之间输送能量,而通讯系统的主要目的则是传递、提取和处理信息,尽管在这个过程中或许消耗相当大的电力。

——《中国科技翻译》1997,第4期第27页

Obviously, it is rather difficult for non-professional readers to get full understanding of all the points in the passage because of the particular topic, the feature of their vocabulary(e. g., unambiguous7implication, high specialization, fixed sense of the word, etc.) and that of their sentence structures(rigorous⁸grammatical structures, unity, etc.).
显然,由于特定的主题、词汇的特点(例如,明确7暗示、高度专业化、单词的固定含义等)和句子结构(严谨的语法结构、统一性等),非专业读者很难完全理解文章中的所有要点。

To some extent, we would say that the English used has its own vocabulary and favorite grammatical patterns which are often a necessary part of professional communication. Just as Firth, a famous British linguist, puts it, “A restricted language serves a circumscribed field of experience or action and can be said to have its own grammar and dictionary.”(Firth, 1957)(一种限定的语言往往服务于一种限定领域的经验或行为,而这种语言可以说有其自身的语法和词汇特征。)
在某种程度上,我们会说所使用的英语有自己的词汇和最喜欢的语法模式,这通常是专业交流的必要组成部分。正如英国著名语言学家 Firth 所说,“受限语言服务于一个限定的经验或行动领域,可以说有自己的语法和词典。(Firth,1957 年)(一种限定的语言往往服务于一种限定领域的经验或行为,而这种语言可以说有其自身的语法和词汇特征。)

Needless to say, to be able to write effective professional papers, it is very important to have an overview of their linguistic features. We will, therefore, pay special attention to the linguistic features, to be more exact, to their vocabulary, sentence structures as well as other writing skills, which will be dealt with in detail in the following units.
毋庸置疑,要写出有效的专业论文,了解他们的语言特征是非常重要的。因此,我们将特别注意语言特征,更准确地说,注意它们的词汇、句子结构以及其他写作技巧,这将在接下来的单元中详细介绍。

Notes
笔记

1. formality: being formal
1. 正式性:正式

2. colloquialism: informality in language use, especially the use of a language in a familiar or informal conversation 口语化
2. 口语化:语言使用的非正式性,尤其是在熟悉或非正式的对话中使用语言口语化

General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing
专业论文写作概述

3. meticulous: extremely careful
3. 一丝不苟:极其细致

4. restraint: the quality of being restrained 制约, 抑制
4. restraint: 被约束的品质 制约, 抑制

5. utilitarían: made to be useful rather than decorative 实用的
5. utilitarían: Made to be useful instead not decorative 实用的

6. flashy: unpleasantly big, bright 华面不实的
6. 华丽的 ,令人不快的大,亮华面不实的

7. unambiguous: having one possible meaning or interpretation
7. unambiguous:具有一种可能的含义或解释

8. rigorous: careful, thorough and exact
8. 严谨:细致、彻底、准确

Reflections and Practice
反思与实践

I. Work with your partner to discuss the classification of professional papers.
I. 与您的合作伙伴一起讨论专业论文的分类。

II. Summarize your own ways of preparing a professional paper.
II. 总结自己准备专业论文的方法。

Ⅲ. Find a major journal in your field and analyze the requirements and specifications laid down by the Editorial Board of the journal or periodical for submission.
三、寻找本领域的主要期刊,分析期刊或期刊编辑委员会制定的要求和规范,以便投稿。

IV. Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each.
IV. 阅读以下两段经文,并尝试找出每段经文的文体特征。

The American wife stood at the window looking out. Outside right under their window a cat was crouched under one of the dripping green tables. The cat was trying to make herself so compact that she would not be dripped on.
美国妻子站在窗前向外望去。在他们窗外的窗户下,一只猫蹲在一张滴水的绿色桌子下。这只猫试图让自己变得如此紧凑,以免被滴到身上。

“I'm going down and get that kitty,” the American wife said.
“我要下去把那只小猫弄回来,”这位美国妻子说。

“I` ll do it.” her husband offered from the bed.
“我来做。”她的丈夫从床上提议道。

“No, I' ll get it. The poor kitty out trying to keep dry under a table.”
“不,我会得到它。那只可怜的小猫在外面试图在桌子底下保持干燥。

The husband went on reading, lying propped up with the two pillows at the foot of the bed.
丈夫继续读书,躺在床脚上,两个枕头支撑着。

“Don't get wet,” he said.
“别弄湿了,”他说。

The wife went downstairs and the hotel owner stood up and bowed to her as she passed the office. His desk was at the far end of the office. He was an old man and very tall
妻子下楼了,酒店老板站起来,在她经过办公室时向她鞠躬。他的办公桌在办公室的尽头。他是个老人,个子很高

—— Excerpt from Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway
—— 节选自欧内斯特·海明威 (Ernest Hemingway) 的《雨中猫》

All the experiments draw on the observations made during the First Global GARP Experiment (FGGE) of 1979, when an intonsive international effort acquired as complete a set of global observations as was ever made before or since. In each set of experiments, forecasts
所有实验都借鉴 1979 年第一次全球 GARP 实验 (FGGE) 期间的观察结果,当时一项国际努力获得了一套与以前或之后所做的一样完整的全球观测。在每组实验中,预测

·12· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·12·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

were made drawing on all of the observing systems available — satellite temperatures, satellite cloud-track winds, winds and temperatures from commercial aircraft, surface observations(land and ship), and balloon observations. Then new sets of forecasts drew on this maximum system with one or more observing systems deleted from it.
是利用所有可用的观测系统制作的——卫星温度、卫星云轨迹风、商用飞机的风和温度、地面观测(陆地和船舶)和气球观测。然后,新的预报集利用这个最大系统并从中删除一个或多个观测系统。

——“Weather Satellites Coming of Age”, Science, Vol.229, July 1995,p.256
——“气象卫星的成熟”,《科学》,第 229 卷,1995 年 7 月,第 256 页

V. Find an original professional paper in a major international journal in your field and briefly analyze its vocabulary, sentence structures as well as its writing style.
V. 在您所在领域的主要国际期刊上找到一篇原创专业论文,并简要分析其词汇、句子结构和写作风格。

VI. Brainstorm ideas for one of the topics below. Then write down the outline for a professional paper on the topic.
VI. 为以下主题之一集思广益。然后写下有关该主题的专业论文的大纲。

(1) Fighting Air Pollution
(1) 对抗空气污染

(2) Pushing Our University Up to the World Level
(2) 将我们的大学推向世界水平

(3) Writing a Professional Paper
(3) 撰写专业论文

Special Attention: Language Representation of Professional Papers
特别注意:专业论文的语言表示

Language issues, undoubtedly, can be the most important points for attention in professional paper writing. Therefore they are specially arranged in the sections on Special Attention in each unit. Included in these sections are specific points such as the basic features of vocabulary and sentence structure of professional papers, the variety of English expressions, as well as ways on how to achieve conciseness, concreteness, coherence, and unity, etc. If you pay special attention to these sections, especially if you study them in combination with the sections of Theme Presentation, you will benefit much from this coursebook, and it would be possible for you to write good professional papers in English and to get them published in international journals.
毫无疑问,语言问题可能是专业论文写作中最重要的关注点。因此,它们被特别安排在每个单元的特别注意部分。这些部分包括具体的观点,例如专业论文的词汇和句子结构的基本特征、英语表达的多样性,以及如何实现简洁、具体、连贯和统一等。如果你特别注意这些部分,特别是如果你把它们与主题演示的部分结合起来学习,你会从这本课本中受益匪浅,你将有可能用英语写出好的专业论文,并在国际期刊上发表。

Title, Author/
标题、作者/

Affiliation and
隶属关系和

Keywords
关键字

Topical Highlights
专题亮点

◯ Title: general functions, linguistic features, writing requirements
◯ 标题:通用功能、语言特性、写作要求

O Author/ Affiliation: general functions, linguistic features, writing requirements
O 作者/单位:一般功能、语言特征、写作要求

◯ Keywords: general functions, linguistic features, writing requirements
◯ 关键词:通用功能、语言特性、写作要求

○ Special Attention: vocabulary (I)— typically professionalized terms, specifically concentrated meaning, Latin and Greek words
○ 特别注意:词汇 (I)— 典型的专业术语,特别是集中含义、拉丁语和希腊语单词

Theme Presentation
主题演示

1. Title: General Functions/ Linguistic Features/ Writing Requirements
1. 标题:通用功能/语言特性/写作要求

If we regard a paper as a commodity, then, the title is its brand. The similarity of the relation between a title and the paper to that of a name and the person is obvious. However, the analogy between these two pairs does not reveal the function of a title entirely, because a title usually means more than a name to the person. A title can be vividly described as the“Abstract of an Abstract.”
如果我们将纸张视为商品,那么标题就是它的品牌。 标题和论文之间的关系与姓名和人之间的关系相似性是显而易见的。 然而,这两对之间的类比并不能完全揭示头衔的功能,因为头衔对人来说通常比名字更重要。标题可以生动地描述为“Abstract of an Abstract”。

1) General Functions
1) 一般功能

(1) Generalizing the Text
(1) 概括文本

·14· 研究主英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·14·研究主英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

A title should summarize the central idea of the paper concisely and correctly. It must be consistent with the contents of the document, and be highly representative of the central idea of the paper. By glancing at the title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainly dealt with in the paper. Therefore, the title should distinguish the paper from other treatments of the same general subject so as to strengthen the influence of the paper in a given field.
标题应简洁正确地总结论文的中心思想。它必须与文档的内容保持一致,并且高度代表论文的中心思想。通过看一眼标题,读者将立即知道,结合摘要,论文中主要涉及什么。因此,标题应将论文与同一一般主题的其他处理区分开,以加强论文在特定领域的影响力。

(2) Attracting the Reader
(2) 吸引读者

An interesting title may draw particular attention among professionals, for only when readers are interested in the title will they decide to read the whole paper. Therefore, a less attractive title will cause the loss of a large number of readers of the paper. Ideally, the title should be such that, by reading it, any professional reader can see whether the paper is worth reading at all.
一个有趣的标题可能会引起专业人士的特别关注,因为只有当读者对标题感兴趣时,他们才会决定阅读整篇论文。 因此,一个不那么吸引人的标题会导致论文的大量读者流失。理想情况下,标题应该是这样的,通过阅读它,任何专业读者都可以看出这篇论文是否值得阅读。

(3) Facilitating the Retrieval¹
(3) 方便检索¹

A good title can help the reader in his search for information. During the process of paper retrieval the title is always the first piece of information the reader acquires. So. a title serves as an important index of information retrieval to meet the needs of extensive paper communication and information dissemination.²
一个好的标题可以帮助读者搜索信息。在论文检索过程中,标题始终是读者获得的第一条信息。 因此,标题是信息检索的重要索引,可以满足广泛的纸张通信和信息传播的需要。²

2) Linguistic Features
2) 语言特征

(1) Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases and Gerunds
(1) 使用更多的名词、名词短语和动名词

The words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text. For example, we may easily find such titles as Database Logic, Growth Mechanism of Whiskers and Treatment for Defect Removal, Writing and Publishing Professional Papers, etc.
标题中使用的单词或短语通常是名词、名词短语或动名词,名词化,通常是论文的关键词,具有总结整篇文章的能力。例如,我们可以很容易地找到 Database Logic、Growth Mechanism of Whiskers 和 Treatment for Defect Removal、Writing and Publishing Professional Papers 等标题。

(2) Using an Incomplete Sentence
(2) 使用不完整的句子

A title is just a label or appellation³ of the paper, reflecting the main idea of the contents, so even when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentence.
标题只是纸张的标签或名称³,反映了内容的主要思想,因此即使需要以句子的形式给出标题,也不需要是一个完整的句子。

3) Writing Requirements
3) 写作要求

(1) Be Brief and Concise
(1) 简洁明了

The title of a paper should be concise and succinct. “Generally, a title is composed
论文的标题应该简洁明了。“一般来说,一个标题是由

Title, Author/ Affiliation and Keywords ·15·
标题、作者/单位和关键词 ·15·

of no more than twenty words. It is advisable to avoid such a title of thirty-two words as the one in the British Journal of Microscopi es⁵ of Royal Society: On the addition to the method of microscopic research by a new way of producing color-contrast between an object and its background or between definite parts of the object itself, which may be shortened as A new way of producing color-contrast in microscopic examination.
不超过 20 个字。建议避免使用像英国皇家学会《英国显微镜杂志》中那样的 32 个字的标题:关于通过一种在物体与其背景之间或物体本身的确定部分之间产生颜色对比的新方法添加到显微研究方法中,可以缩短为在显微镜检查中产生颜色对比的新方法。

If a title is too long, it would be difficult for readers to catch the meaning of the content and remember it. If the writer fails to state his idea clearly in a few words, he can use a subtitle, for example, International Communication Pragmatics⁶——A New Branch of Learning of Language. To be brief and concise, professional papers seldom use such decorative locutions’ as“on the...”, “regarding...”, “investigation on...”, “the method of...”, “some thoughts on...”, “a research of...”, which lead to redundaney. Of course, the title must be long enough to describe the content of the paper too short a title, sometimes, may bring about confusion.
如果标题太长,读者将很难抓住内容的含义并记住它。如果作者不能用几句话清楚地表达他的想法,他可以使用一个副标题,例如,国际交流语用学⁶——语言学习的新分支。简而言之,专业论文很少使用诸如“on the...”、“about...”、“investigation on...”、“the method of...”、“some thoughts on...”、“a research of...”之类的装饰性词语,这导致了 redundaney。 当然,标题必须足够长,才能描述论文的内容,标题太短,有时,可能会带来混淆。

(2) Be Specific
(2) 具体

In preparing the title of a paper, a general and abstract title should be avoided. For example, such a title as Computer Retrieval will be regarded as too general and global, vague and empty, telling the reader nothing specific. It would be better to change the title into something like Computer Retrieval on Literature of Physics, or Computer Retrieval on International Conference Information, according to the content of the paper. Similarly, the title Using of Barkhausen Signal in Plain Steel may, according to its contents, be changed into An Application of Fourier Transform on Barkhausen⁸ Emission Signal Analysis. The above revised titles can greatly highlight the emphasis and particularity of the work.
在准备论文标题时,应避免笼统和抽象的标题。例如,像 Computer Retrieval 这样的标题会被认为过于笼统和笼统、模糊和空洞,没有告诉读者任何具体的东西。根据论文内容,最好将标题改成 Computer Retrieval on Literature of Physics 或 Computer Retrieval on International Conference Information。同样,根据其内容,标题 Using of Barkhausen Signal in Plain Steel 可以更改为 An Application of Fourier Transform on Barkhausen⁸ Emission Signal Analysis。以上修改后的标题可以极大地突出作品的重点和特殊性。

(3) Avoid Question Titles
(3) 避免使用题目

A question title means a complete sentence in the question form. Such titles are usually not used in an academic paper (especially in natural sciences), because they always include some redundant question words and marks, for example, “Is there...?”“When does...?”“Should the...?”“Is it ...?” and so on. What is worse, such a title creates inconvenience for information retrieval. If your title really contains an interrogation, you may adopt the form of“question word + infinitive”, for example, Essential Steps for Writing a Title Page: How to Prepare the Title, Authors/ Affiliations and Keywords.
问题标题是指问题表单中的完整句子。这样的标题通常不会在学术论文中使用(尤其是在自然科学中),因为它们总是包含一些多余的问词和标记,例如,“Is there ...?”“什么时候......?”应该......?“”是......“等等。更糟糕的是,这样的标题给信息检索带来了不便。如果你的标题确实包含询问你可以采用“疑问词 + 不定式”的形式,例如,写扉页的基本步骤:如何准备标题、作者/单位和关键词。

(4) Being Unified
(4) 统一

The parallel parts of a title should be grammatically symmetrical. That is to say,
标题的平行部分在语法上应该是对称的。也就是说,

·16· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

nouns should be matched with nouns, gerunds with gerunds, etc. In general, nouns and gerunds should not be mixed in a given title. For instance, the title The Treatment of Bonding and Eutecticum of Steel should be changed into Bonding and Eutecticuming Steel;’ and the title The Design and Preparing of Si₃N₄ should be replaced by The Design and Preparation of Si₃N₄-
名词应与名词匹配,动名词应与动名词匹配,等等。一般来说,名词和动名词不应该在给定的标题中混合。例如,标题 The Treatment of Bonding and Eutecticum of Steel 应改为 Bonding and Eutecticum Steel;' 标题 The Design and Preparation of Si₃N₄ 应改为 The Design and Preparation of Si₃N₄-

(5) Being Standard
(5) 标准

In general, nonstandard abbreviations and symbols, and/ or any terms or phraseology intelligible only to the specialist should be avoided, because the use of them could be inimical¹⁰ to efficient information retrieval.
一般来说,应避免使用非标准的缩写和符号,和/或任何只有专家才能理解的术语或短语,因为使用它们可能不利于有效的信息检索¹⁰。

Whether all the first letters of the principal words in a title should be capitalized or not, may depend upon the specific requirements set forth by the journal to which your manuscript is to be submitted.
标题中主要单词的所有首字母是否都应该大写,可能取决于你的稿件要投递的期刊的具体要求。

Sample Analysis
样品分析

Title 1 Reduction of Motion Artifacts Using a Two-frequency Impedance Plethysmograph and Adaptive Filtering'I
标题 1 使用双频阻抗体积描记器和自适应滤波减少运动伪影

Analysis: This is a good title. Being concise and easy to understand, it functions prefectly, with a small number of words to introduce the main content of the paper. Besides, the title conforms to the writing requirements stated above.
分析:这是个不错的标题。简洁易懂,功能完美,用少量的文字介绍论文的主要内容。此外,标题符合上述写作要求。

Title 2 A new frequency domain speech scrambling system which does not require frame synchronization¹²
标题 2 不需要帧同步的新型频域语音加扰系统¹²

Analysis: This seems a poor title. It is not concise, for it contains a subordinate clause, which is usually not encouraged. A more concise version could be:A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Not Requiring Frame Synchronization
分析:这似乎是一个糟糕的标题。它不简洁,因为它包含一个从句,这通常是不鼓励的。更简洁的版本可以是:不需要帧同步的新频域语音加扰系统

Title 3 Effects of Acute Changes in Canine LV-Chamber Volume and Shape on Accuracy of Impedance Catheter Estimates of LV-Chamber Volume
标题 3 犬 LV 腔室体积和形状急性变化对阻抗导管估计 LV 腔室体积准确性的影响

Analysis: Again, this is not a satisfied title. First, it seems a bit too long. Second, the abbreviated word“LV” is unfavorably used in the title, which may hinder the reader from immediate and correct understanding of its specific meaning,
分析:同样,这不是一个令人满意的标题。首先,它似乎有点太长了。其次,缩写词“LV”在标题中被不利地使用,这可能会阻碍读者立即正确理解其具体含义,

Title, Author/ Affiliation and Keywords 17·
标题、作者/单位和关键词 17·

especially when the title appears separately in the title indexing. Third, the same expression“LV-Chamber Volume” is used twice in the same title.
尤其是当标题单独出现在标题索引中时。第三,相同的表达式“LV-Chamber Volume”在同一标题中使用了两次。

Notes
笔记

1. retrieval:(technical term) a process of getting information back from a computer system 检索
1. 检索:(技术术语)从计算机系统取回信息的过程 检索

2. dissemination: the action or process of distribution of information or knowledge to more people or organizations 传播
2. 传播:将信息或知识分发给更多人或组织的行为或过程 传播

3. appellation:(fml.)a name or title
3. 产区名称:(fml.)名称或标题

4. succinct: clearly expressed in a few words
4. 简洁:用几句话清楚地表达出来

5. microscopies: the technology for displaying very fine or extremely small things 显微技术
5. microscopyies: the technology for display very fine or extremely small things 显微技术

6. pragmatics: the study of the way language is used 语用学
6. Pragmatics: The study of the way language is used (语用学)

7. locution:(fml.)a way of speaking
7. 语言:(fml.)一种说话方式

8. Fourier… Barkhausen: 均为人名
8. 傅里叶...Barkhausen: 均为人名

9. Boriding and Eutecticuming Steel:《钢的硼化与晶化处理》
9. Borides and Eutecticuming Steel:《钢的硼化与晶化处理》

10. inimical: very unfavorable (to)
10. inimical:非常不利 (to)

11. Two-frequency Impedance Plethysmograph and Adaptive Filtering: 双频阻抗体积描图仪及适应性滤波
11. Two-frequency Impedance Plethysmograph and Adaptive Filtering: 双频阻抗体积描图仪及适应性滤波

12. synchronization: the action or function to make two things or phenomena occur exactly at the same time
12. 同步:使两个事物或现象完全同时发生的动作或函数

2. Author/ Affiliation: General Functions/ Linguistic Features/ Writing Requirements
2. 作者/单位: 一般功能/ 语言特征/ 写作要求

1) General Functions
1) 一般功能

(1) Bearing Author's Responsibility
(1) 承担作者的责任

Definitely, the author(s) must perform the entire work of paper writing in person and be responsible for the content of the paper. That means if any consequence should arise from the publication of the paper, the author(s) should take it, without affecting the other members of the research team or people other than the author(s).
当然,作者必须亲自完成论文写作的全部工作,并对论文的内容负责。这意味着如果论文发表会产生任何后果,作者应该承担,而不会影响研究团队的其他成员或作者以外的人。

(2) Facilitating Retrieval and Correspondence
(2) 方便检索和通信

·18· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·18·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

The names of author(s) and institutional affiliations¹ are usually used as author indexing, designed in the information referencing network. Readers can correspond with the author, according to the affiliation.
作者姓名和机构隶属关系¹ 通常用作作者索引,在信息引用网络中设计。读者可以根据隶属关系与作者通信。

(3) Heightening Celebrity
(3) 提升名人

The publication of a research paper is regarded as a norm for valuing the professional level of the researcher and/ or the academic institution concerned. Therefore this section should be written clearly so as to publish the paper in a given international journal.
研究论文的发表被视为重视研究人员和/或相关学术机构专业水平的标准。因此,这一部分应该写得清楚,以便在给定的国际期刊上发表论文。

The affiliation has two main functions. The first function is to facilitate correspondence; the second, to bring the reputation gained through the publication of the paper to the author's institution and his country.
该联盟有两个主要功能。第一个功能是促进通信;第二个功能是通过论文出版获得的声誉带到作者的机构和他的国家。

2) Linguistic Features
2) 语言特征

Rules of Spelling
拼写规则

The name of a Chinese author is preferably spelt in accordance with the Chinese pinyin,
中文作者的姓名最好按照中文音拼写,

Nowadays, a two-character name is quite popular among the Chinese authors, for example, Zhang Ming, Wang Wei, Li Ning, Zhao Bin, et al, which often leads to difficulty for Westerners to pronounce the name, especially the family name, because they customarily take the last name as the family name. Under such circumstances, all the letters of the family name are preferably capitalized so as to distinguish the family name from the given or personal name. For example, the above names can be rewritten as ZHANG Ming, WANG Wei, LI Ning, and ZHAO Bin.
如今,两个字的名字在中国作家中相当流行,例如张明、王伟、李宁、赵斌等,这往往导致西方人难以发音,尤其是姓氏,因为他们习惯于以姓氏作为姓氏。在这种情况下,姓氏的所有字母最好大写,以便将姓氏与名字或个人姓名区分开来。例如,上述姓名可以改写为 ZHANG Ming、WANG Wei、LI Ning 和 ZHAO Bin。

Besides, use no abbreviations in the section of affiliation. Give adequate postal address, including ZIP or other postal codes and the name of the country.
此外,在隶属关系部分不要使用缩写。提供足够的邮政地址,包括邮政编码或其他邮政编码以及国家/地区名称。

3) Writing Requirements
3) 写作要求

(1) Printing Format Unified
(1) 统一打印格式

If a writer intends to send his paper to an international journal, he should prepare his name and affiliation according to the specific requirements of the journal. To be exact, the format and the printing style, as well as all the other aspects should be unified and standardized.
如果作者打算将他的论文投递给国际期刊,他应该根据期刊的具体要求准备他的姓名和单位。 准确地说,格式和打印样式,以及所有其他方面都应该统一和标准化。

(2) Number of Authors
(2) 作者人数

In general, it is advised that the number of authors should not be over four. In case
一般来说,建议作者人数不应超过 4 人。倘

Title, Author/ Affiliation and Keywords ·19·
标题、作者/单位和关键词 ·19·

of real need, it is advisable to use“et al.”² after the principal authors. Too many authors listed may lead to inconvenience in author indexing.
真正需要的,建议使用“et al.”² 在主要作者之后。列出的作者过多可能会导致作者索引不便。

(3) Professional Title Omitted
(3) 省略了职称

The professional title, administrative rank or academic degree such as“Professor”,“President”, “Chief Manager”, “Doctor”, etc. are preferably omitted before the name of an author.
专业职称、行政职级或学位,如“教授”、“校长”、“总经理”、“博士”等,最好在作者姓名前省略

If there must be a title included, it can be put together with the affiliation. For example:
如果必须包含标题,则可以将其与隶属关系放在一起。例如:

Xin Qinghua
辛清华

Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084; the People's Republic of China
清华大学外语系教授 北京 100084; 中华人民共和国

(4) Address)
(4) 地址)

The institutional affiliation (an employer) should be written from the smaller unit to the larger ones, just as those written on an envelope. In case you are in a foreign country pursuing advanced study, you are advised to write your present address and your permanent address at home when you send your paper for publication.
机构隶属关系(雇主)应该从较小的单位到较大的单位书写,就像写在信封上的一样。如果您在国外寻求深造,建议您在寄送论文发表时写下您现在的地址和您在国内的永久地址。

For multiple authors or multiple affiliations, follow the instructions given by the editor of the journal to which your paper is submitted.
对于多个作者或多个隶属关系,请按照论文投稿期刊编辑的说明进行操作。

(5) Internal Units,³ etc.
(5) 内部单位³ 等

The exact internal unit-or too small a unit of the authors should not be written in the section of affiliation, especially those units that are incomprehensible for foreigners, such as“Technical Innovation Group of...”, “Research Office of...”, “Task-force Team of...”, etc. These units are too internal and too small to be understood by foreign readers, and are also difficult for author indexing.(They may be put in the footnote s if necessary.)
作者的确切内部单位或太小的单位不宜写在隶属关系部分,尤其是那些外国人难以理解的单位,如“技术创新组...”、“研究室...”、“工作组组...”等。这些单位太内部、太小,外国读者无法理解,而且也很难进行作者索引。如有必要,可以将它们放在脚注 s 中。

Notes
笔记

1. affiliation: Close connection (with) or attachment (to). Here the word is used to refer to the institution one works in (工作单位 ).
1. 隶属关系:紧密联系 (with) 或附件 (to)。 这里这个词用来指代一个人工作的机构 (工作单位 )。

2. et al.: The phrase is originated from Latin, et alii (masc.) and et aliae (fem.), meaning“and the others”, or“also in names after.”
2. et al.: 这个短语起源于拉丁语,et alii (masc.) 和 et aliae (fem.),意思是 “和其他人”,或者 “也在名字之后”。

3. internal unit: the concrete unit one works in; that is 具体单位或内部的小单位
3. 内部单元:工作的具体单元;即具体单位或内部的小单位

·20· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·20·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

3. Keywords: General Functions/ Linguistic Features/ Writing Requirements
3. 关键词:通用功能 / 语言特征 / 写作要求

1) General Functions
1) 一般功能

(1) Easiness of Retrieval
(1) 检索的简便性

As the name implies, keywords are the most important words and phases representative of the theme or subject matter of the paper, and frequently used in a paper. Readers can find out the theme of the paper by looking at the keywords.
顾名思义,关键词是代表论文主题或主题的最重要的词和阶段,在论文中经常使用。读者可以通过查看关键字来了解论文的主题。

(2) Easiness of Highlighting
(2) 高亮的易用性

The function of keywords is to facilitate the information retrieval and accentuate¹ the gist of the paper.
关键词的作用是促进信息检索,突出¹论文的要点。

2) Linguistic Features
2) 语言特征

(1) Nominalization
(1) 名词化

Keywords are usually used in the form of nouns, not verbs. For example,“investigation” is used instead of“investigate”;“fabricate” should be replaced by“fabrication”; and“educate” ought to be replaced by“education.”
关键字通常以名词的形式使用,而不是动词。例如,使用“investigation”而不是“investigate”;fabricate“应替换为”fabrication“;”educate“应替换为”education”。

(2) Limited Number
(2) 数量有限

The number of keywords for a paper should be limited. Four to six keywords are the average. In general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.
论文的关键字数量是有限的。四到六个关键词是平均值。一般来说,至少应该有 2 个,最多有 8 个。

(3) Designated Choice
(3) 指定选择

The keywords of a paper usually come from the title and/ or the abstract, where the key terms of words and phrases are usually contained.
论文的关键词通常来自标题和/或摘要,其中通常包含单词和短语的关键术语。

3) Writing Requirements
3) 写作要求

(1) Using Required Terms
(1) 使用必要条款

The terms of“keywords” should be consistent with the requirements of the journal to which you submit your paper. The section“keywords”, is also variously called“keywords index”, “keywords and phrases”, “indexing terms”, etc.
“关键词”的术语应与您提交论文的期刊的要求一致。“keywords”部分也被称为“keywords index”、“keywords and phrases”、“indexing terms”等。

(2) Placing in Right Location
(2) 放置在正确的位置

Though keywords can be either above or below the abstract of a paper, they are yet, in most cases, placed below the abstract.
尽管关键词可以位于论文摘要的上方或下方,但在大多数情况下,它们仍位于摘要下方。

(3) Spacing the Keywords
(3) 分隔关键字

Keywords are not necessarily all capitalized, except the first letter of keywords as a
关键字不一定全部大写,除了关键字的第一个字母为

Title, Author/ Affiliation and Keywords ·21·
标题、作者/单位和关键字 ·21·

heading. Use comma (,) or semicolon(;) to separate the words. Larger partition² or space can also be used instead of punctuation. Do not use full stop (.) after the last keyword.
标题。使用逗号 (,) 或分号 (;) 分隔单词。也可以使用更大的分区²或空间来代替标点符号。不要在最后一个关键字后使用句号 (.)。

(4) Adopting Standard Abbreviations, etc.
(4) 采用标准缩写等。

Standard abbreviations are preferred in the section of keywords. All abbreviated words should be in conformity with the ISO norms.³ Since the keywords are often used as indexing to retrieve the paper, they must be intelligible,⁴ at least, by professionals in the field.
在关键字部分首选标准缩写。所有缩写词都应符合 ISO 规范。³ 由于关键字经常用作检索论文的索引,因此它们必须至少被该领域的专业人士理解

Notes
笔记

1. accentuate: to. stress or emphasize
1. 强调:到。强调或强调

2. partition: separation or spacing
2. 隔断:分隔或间隔

3. ISO norms:ISO, abbreviation of International Standard Organization
3. ISO规范:ISO,国际标准组织的缩写

4. intelligible:(esp. of speech or writing) which can be understood
4. 可理解的(尤其是语音或写作)

Reflections and Practice (1)
反思与实践 (1

I. Work with your partner to discuss the following questions.
I. 与您的伙伴一起讨论以下问题。

1. What are the general functions of a title in a professional paper?
1. 专业论文中标题的一般功能是什么?

2. What are the general writing requirements for the author (s) and affiliation in a professional paper?
2. 专业论文对作者和单位的一般写作要求是什么

3. What is your understanding of the keywords to a paper?
3. 你对论文的关键词有什么理解?

II. Give your comments on the following titles and keywords or revise them if necessary.
II. 对以下标题和关键词发表评论,或在必要时进行修改。

1. Title
1. 标题

l) On Learning Foreign Languages and Cultural Background Teaching
l) 关于学习外语和文化背景教学

2) A Research on the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Applied in th
2) 人工神经网络 (ANN) 的研究应用于

22· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
22·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

of Structural Mechanics
结构力学

3) Developing Computer Internet and the Spread of Culture and Information
3) 计算机互联网的发展和文化信息传播

4) Inputting Cross-cultural Information for More Effective English Teaching by Means of Inputting Cross-cultural Communication in General College English Teaching
4) 在普通大学英语教学,通过输入跨文化交际输入跨文化信息,提高英语教学效率

5) Is Literature Useless in TOEFL?
5) 文学在托福中没有用吗?

6) Innovation and the Materials Revolution
6) 创新和材料革命

7) Phase Equilibria(平衡) Between Fluorothene (聚氯三氟乙烯) and Organic Solvents
7) Fluorothene(聚氯三氟乙烯)和有机溶剂之间的相平衡(平衡)

8) Can the Rate of Wash Load Be Predicted from the Bed Load Function?
8) 可以从 Bed Load 函数预测洗涤负荷率吗?

9) Focusing on the Communicative Skills — Advanced English Communication Course for Non-English Major Postgraduates in Tsinghua University
9) 注重交际技巧 — 清华大学非英语专业研究生高级英语交际课程

10) A Bridge between Two Worlds
10) 两个世界之间的桥梁

2. Keywords
2. 关键词

1) Keywords: English, vocabulary, tendency.
1) 关键词:英语、词汇、倾向。

2) Keywords: Collocation Context Connotation
2) 关键词: 搭配 上下文 内涵

3) Keywords: Five-year plans; economic conditions; industry statistical data; foreign investment; chemical industry
3) 关键词:五年计划;经济状况;行业统计数据; 外商投资;化工行业

4) Keywords: water transfer, system analysis, DSS
4) 关键词:水输送 / 系统分析, DSS

5) Keywords: mass media
5) 关键词:大众传媒

6) Keywords: nuclear waste, nuclear fuel cycle, remediation, bioremediation, citrobacter, heavy metal accumulation, uranium transuranic elements, tecnetium, tributylphosphate, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)
6) 关键词:核废料, 核燃料循环, 修复, 生物修复, 柠檬酸杆菌, 重金属积累, 铀超铀元素, 构造层, 磷酸三丁酯, 乙二胺四乙酸 (EDTA)

III. Write out the titles and keywords on the basis of the following abstracts.
III. 根据以下摘要写出标题和关键词。

Abstract 1
摘要 1

With the development of multimedia technology, more and more people get information by“reading” computer's screen and it results in a new communication problem. When developing a multimedia presentation program, it is very important to organize the multimedia materials in the way that the“reader” could control the program conveniently, concentrate on the main point quickly and enjoy the presentation easily.
随着多媒体技术的发展,越来越多的人通过“阅读”计算机的屏幕来获取信息,这导致了新的通信问题。在开发多媒体演示程序时,以“读者”可以方便地控制程序、快速专注于要点并轻松享受演示的方式组织多媒体材料非常重要。

Title, Author/ Affiliation and Keywords ·23·
标题、作者/单位和关键词 ·23·

XAbstract2

This paper examines usage of Chinese typography(印刷排版式样) in a selection of recent award-winning advertisements from the Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. It argues that the visual expression of“Chinese,” identity through typography reflects the three distinct cultural contexts in which the advertisements were produced.
本文研究了中文排版式在中国大陆、香港和台湾最近获奖广告中的使用。它认为,通过排版对“中国”身份的视觉表达反映了广告制作的三种不同的文化背景。

✔Abstract3
✔摘要 3

The Chinese cuisine(烹饪) naming has its specific cultural implications. Its primary motivation is characterized with straightforwardness, as the name of a Chinese dish usually contains four parts: main raw material, subsidiary raw materials, way of cutting and way of cooking. Its literal translation into English generally doesn't cause much misunderstanding. The secondary motivations of Chinese cuisine naming consist of the initiator's name, the animal's name and the plant's name, which are characterized with associativeness. The Chinese cuisine naming after the initiator's involves cultural background knowledge. As an animal's or a plant's name may cause different associations between the Chinese people and the English-speaking people, the cuisine naming after the animal's or a plant's name may give rise to different cultural implications. Its translation into English often forms a cross-language and cross- cultural issue. Recently, with more cultural background knowledge involved, Chinese cuisine naming has tended to become diversified. We should follow the principles of stability and consistency in cuisine naming and its translation.
Chinese cuisine(烹饪) 命名有其特定的文化含义。它的主要动机是直截了当,因为中菜的名字通常包含四个部分:主要原料、辅助原料、切割方式和烹饪方式。它的直译成英文通常不会引起太多误解。中餐命名的次要动机包括发起者的名字、动物的名字和植物的名字,它们具有联想性的特点。以发起者的名字命名中餐涉及文化背景知识。由于动物或植物的名字可能引起中国人和说英语的人之间的不同联想,因此以动物或植物的名字命名的菜系可能会产生不同的文化含义。将其翻译成英文往往是一个跨语言和跨文化的问题。近年来,随着文化背景知识的引入,中餐命名趋于多样化。我们应该遵循菜系命名和翻译的稳定性和一致性原则。

VAbstract4

In the 21st century, the most fierce competitions are in the supply of talented people of high quality, not in industry and scientific technology. If, to say, the 20th century is still an era in which“wealth conies from material resource”, then the 21st century is going to be a completely new era in which“wealth comes from human resources.” To transform the“Examination-oriented Education” into the“Quality- oriented Education” is not a partial adjustment of teaching methods, rather, it is a systematic program that involves various concepts such as the change of education thinking, the reform of educational structure and the renovation of teaching methods.
在 21 世纪,最激烈的竞争在于高素质人才的供应,而不是工业和科学技术。如果说 20 世纪仍然是一个“财富来自物质资源”的时代,那么 21 世纪将是一个“财富来自人力资源”的全新时代。把“应试教育”转变为“素质教育”,不是对教学方法的局部调整,而是一个涉及教育思想转变、教育结构改革、教学方法革新等各种概念的系统性规划

✔Abstract5
✔摘要 5

The global market competition and the development of new technologies have
全球市场竞争和新技术的发展

·24· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·24·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

brought about challenges to manufacturing engineering. How to adapt the shop floor structure to the advent of the revolution of manufacturing philosophy becomes more and more important. This paper presents a policy based on a production-oriented software platform (POSP) which is supported by a real-time operating system and database. The structure includes four parts: user interface, application management, communication device and real-time database. The design strategy and realization ofPOSP are illustrated. It shows that software platform can provide good flexibility to systems design and reconfiguration.
给制造工程带来了挑战。如何使车间结构适应制造理念革命的到来变得越来越重要。本文提出了一种基于面向生产的软件平台 (POSP) 的策略,该平台由实时操作系统和数据库提供支持。该结构包括四个部分:用户界面、应用程序管理、通信设备和实时数据库。说明了 POSP 的设计策略和实现。它表明软件平台可以为系统设计和重新配置提供良好的灵活性。

Abstract 6
摘要 6

The paper describes the design of the underwater laser communication system. In our system, the light pulse produced by the LD pumped solid laser is modulated by the voice coder in the transmitter and reconvered to voice in the receiver. The peak power of light pulse is 1000Kw at the rate of 16Kb/s.
本文介绍了水下激光通信系统的设计。 在我们的系统中,LD 泵浦固体激光器产生的光脉冲由发射器中的语音编码器调制,并在接收器中重新汇合成语音。 光脉冲的峰值功率为 1000Kw,速率为 16Kb/s。

Abstract 7
摘要 7

In this paper we examine a number of hypotheses stemming from the market microstructure literature. In particular, we use a desegregate survey data base, consisting of the foreign exchange expectations of over 150 forecasters, to construct both aggregate(组合) and desegregate(分解) measures of dispersion. These measures are then used to examine the relationship between volatility, volume and heterogeneity(差量). GARCH modeling techniques are also employed to test a set of hypotheses related to the conditional volatility of exchange rate returns. The tenor of the results described in this paper may be interpreted as supportive of the usefulness of market microstructure concepts in analyzing foreign exchange markets.
在本文中,我们研究了源自市场微观结构文献的许多假设。特别是,我们使用一个由 150 多名预测者的外汇预期组成的 deegregate 调查数据库来构建 aggregate(组合)和 deegregate(分解)离散度的度量。然后使用这些指标来检查波动性、成交量和异质性 (差量) 之间的关系。GARCH 建模技术还用于检验一组与汇率回报的条件波动性相关的假设。 本文描述的结果的主旨可以解释为支持市场微观结构概念在分析外汇市场中的有用性。

Special Attention: Vocabulary (1)
特别注意:词汇 (1)

As discussed in Unit One, the vocabulary of a professional paper has its own specific features. They can be summed up as follows.
正如第一单元所讨论的,专业论文的词汇有其自身的特定特征。它们可以总结如下。

Title, Author/ Affiliation and Keywords ·25·
标题、作者/单位和关键词 ·25·

1) Typically Professionalized Terms
1) 典型的专业化术语

The terms or words used in professional papers are typically professionalized. Let's take the word“normal” as an example. Generally, it means“正常的”; but as a mathematical term, it means“法线”; and in the field of chemistry, it is“当量”. Again the word“power”. In electronics, it is rendered as“电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, it is translated as“幕”.
专业论文中使用的术语或词语通常是专业化的。 让我们以 “normal” 这个词为例。一般来说,它的意思是“正常的”;但作为一个数学术语,它的意思是“法线”;而在化学领域,它是“当量”。 再次出现“力量”这个词。在电子学中,它被翻译为“电源”;在力学中,被翻译为“动力”;而在数学中,它被翻译为“幕”。

Even in the same field, the meanings of a word may vary slightly due to its different collocations, for example:
即使在同一个字段中,一个词的含义也可能因其不同的搭配而略有不同,例如:

filter 滤波器,滤色器 tramp filter 干扰滤除器

amplitude filter 振辐滤波器 filter paper 滤纸
振幅滤波器 振辐滤波器 filter paper 滤纸

primary filter 基色滤色器

What is more, a great number of professional words and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields, e. g., decoder(译码器), photophor(磷光核 ), multi-quantum transition(多量子跃迁 ), Read Only Memory(只读储存器) and conversational implicatures(会话含义 ), etc. Examples like these are too numerous to mention one by one. It can be of help to have the clear awareness of this lexical feature in writing professional papers.
更重要的是,大量的专业词汇和术语只有领域的专家才能理解,例如,译码器(译码器)、光phor(磷光核)、多量子跃迁(多量子跃迁)、只读存储器(只读储存器)和会话含义(会话含义)等。像这样的例子太多了,不能一一列举。撰写专业论文时,清楚地了解这个词汇特征可能会有所帮助。

2) Specifically Concentrated Meaning
2) 特别集中的含义

In English, verb phrases made up of“verb+ adv./ prep.” are quite many, but these verb phrases often have more than one meaning. So their meanings are sometimes not easy to determine. In these cases, we often replace a verbal phrase by a single word of a specific meaning. For instance, we use“absorb” to replace“take in” or“take up”, and“discover” to substitute for“find out”, for these single verbs have much more specific and accurate meaning, and appear much more formal and effective in creating an academic atmosphere. Again, the verb“observe” is more specific and accurate than the phrase“look at” in expressing the professional concept of“观察”. Thus, making good use of this feature will be beneficial to writing accurate and concise English.
在英语中,由“verb+ adv./ prep.”组成的动词短语相当多,但这些动词短语通常具有不止一种含义。因此,它们的含义有时不容易确定。在这些情况下,我们通常会用具有特定含义的单个单词替换口头短语。例如,我们用“吸收”来代替“吸收”或“吸收”,用“发现”来代替“发现”,因为这些动词具有更具体、更准确的含义,在营造学术氛围方面显得更加正式和有效。同样,动词“观察”在表达“观察”的专业概念时,比短语“观察”更具体、更准确。因此,善用此功能将有助于写出准确简洁的英语。

Listed below are more examples of words and expressions (on the right side) which are more acceptable in professional writing:
下面列出了更多在专业写作中更容易接受 的单词和表达示例(右侧):

to take up, to take in —— to absorb to push into — to insert
拿起来,拿进去——吸收进去——推进去——插入

to speed up — to accelerate to increase in amount— to accumulate
to speed up — 加速 to 增加数量 — to accumulate

to behave like — to act as to throw back— to reflect
to beact like — 行为像 throw back— 反思

·26· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·26·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

to put in — to add to take up and use— to assimilate
to put in — 添加 to take up and use— 同化

to pull towards — to attract to join together — to combine
to pull towards — 吸引 join together — 结合

to be made up of — to be composed of to use up— to consume
to be composed of — 组成 to use up— to consume

to breathe in — to inhale to use up, to finish — to exhaust
吸气 — 吸气 用完 — 耗尽 — 耗尽

to think about — to consider to spread out— to diffuse
想 — 考虑 摊开 — 扩散

to find out— to discover to throw out, to get rid of— to eliminate
找出来——发现 扔掉—— 摆脱—— 消除

to take away— to remove to push away— to repel
To take away— 移除 to push away— 排斥

to pour out over the top — to overflow to get together— to concentrate
倾倒在顶部 — 溢出 聚集 — 集中精力

to hang up — to suspend to pass on — to transmit, to transfer
挂断 — 暂停 传递 — 传输

There are also many other words and phrases which have more specific meanings, for example:“suitable for” is more accurate than“all right for” in expressing“适合于”. Thus, they prove to be more formal and acceptable in professional papers.
还有许多其他词语和短语具有更具体的含义,例如:“suitable for”在表达“适合于”时比“all right for”更准确。 因此,它们在专业论文中被证明更加正式和可接受。

More examples are listed below:
下面列出了更多示例:

without— in the absence of
without— 在没有

not natural — artificial
非自然 — 人工

to do a sum— to calculate
to do a sum— 计算

to make less, to become less— to decrease
减少,减少

places round about, surroundings—— environment
周围地方、周围环境—— 环境

to do, to act— to behave
去做,去行动——去行为

to get bigger— to expand
变得更大 — 为了扩展

about, more or less — approximately
about, 或多或少 — 大约

not as good(as)— inferior (to)
不如(as)— 劣(to)

upside down— inverted
Upside Down(倒置)

light from the moon— moonlight
月光 — 月光

sometimes — occasionally
有时 — 偶尔

before this— previously
在此之前 - 以前

a little — slightly
一点 — 稍微

all right for, enough for —— suitable for
都对 for , 够 for —— 适合

better(than)—— superior (to)
better(than)—— superior (to)

without stopping —— unceasingly
不停 —— 不断

to give, to supply—— to provide
给予,供应—— 提供

today, now—— nowadays, at present
今天,现在—— 现在,现在

Title, Author/ Affiliation and Keywords ·27·
标题、作者/单位和关键字 ·27·

to do this—(for this) purpose
执行此操作 - (为此)目的

to carry— to transport
携带— 运输

to do — to achieve
To Do — 实现

to stay alive — to survive
To Stay Alive(活着——为了生存)

in the end— eventually
最终

3) Latin and Greek Words
3) 拉丁语和希腊语单词

Many English words of Greek and Latin origin are still used as part of academic English vocabulary especially in scientific and technical terminology. Words like analysis, formula, symposium, stimulus, focus, antenna, which come from Greek and Latin, are familiar to most of us. It is also a fact that both Greek and Latin words are used as affixes from which quite a few new words can be derived. Such prefixes as micro-, auto-, multi-, and suffixes as - logy, - ion,-graph, etc. can be easily seen in professional papers. Hence, if you get familiar with this feature of word-formation, it will help enlarge your English vocabulary, improve your writing ability.
许多源自希腊语和拉丁语的英语单词仍然被用作学术英语词汇的一部分,尤其是在科学和技术术语中。 分析、公式、研讨会、刺激、焦点、天线等来自希腊语和拉丁语的词,我们大多数人都很熟悉。希腊语和拉丁语单词都被用作词缀,从中可以衍生出相当多的新单词,这也是一个事实。 micro-、auto-、multi- 等前缀以及 - logy、- ion、-graph 等后缀在专业论文中很容易看到。因此,如果你熟悉了这个构词的特点,将有助于扩大你的英语词汇量,提高你的写作能力。

Reflections and Practice (2)
反思与实践 (2)

I. Choose from Column A the verbs similar in meaning to the verb phrases in Column B. Note there are more verbs in Column A.
I. 从 A 列中选择与 B 列中的动词短语含义相似的动词。请注意,A 列中还有更多动词。

A B

1. transmit a/ use up
1. 传输 A/ 用完

2. assimilate b pass on
2. 同化 B 传

3、consume c. get rid of
3、食用 c. 摆脱

4. diffuse d. put off
4. 漫射 D. 推迟

5. transfer e. spread out
5. 转移 E. 展开

6. eliminate f. take in and use
6. 消除 F. 接收和使用

7. suspend
7. 暂停

8. increase
8. 增加

9. exhausted
9. 筋疲力尽

10. Postpone
10. 推迟

·28· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

JI. Make the underlined parts of the following sentences more acceptable in professional papers.
集。使以下句子的下划线部分在专业论文中更容易被接受。

1. After a hole was made in a cork, a narrow glass tube was pushed into it and the cork was pushed into the neck of a bottle filled with colored water.
1. 在软木塞上打个洞后,将一根狭窄的玻璃管 推入其中,然后将软木塞 推入装满有色水的瓶子的颈部。

2. A reservoir is nearly always higher than the town to which it sends the water, so that gravity gives the push which carries the water through pipes to houses.
2. 水库几乎总是高于它输送水的城镇,因此重力会推动 水通过管道输送到房屋。

3. Archimedes watched and noticed that the water in his bath overflowed when he got in.
3. 阿基米德观察并注意到他进去时浴缸里的水溢出了。

4. People get natural rubber from rubber trees as a white milky liquid, which is called latex.
4. 人们从橡胶树上获得天然橡胶,是一种白色的乳白色液体,称为乳胶。

5. But by experiment they found out that it is made of two important gases and very small amounts of others.
5. 但通过实验他们发现它由两种重要的气体和极少量的其他气体组成

6. The body then gets rid of this carbon dioxide by breathing out
6. 然后身体通过呼气来排出这些二氧化碳
.

7. The moon can be said to be like a large mirror which throws back the sun's light to the earth.
7. 月亮可以说就像一面大镜子,将太阳的光芒反射 到地球上。

8. The reason is that the heat at the end of the silver spoon is passed on quickly from one molecule of silver to the next.
8. 原因是银勺末端的热量从一个银分子迅速传递到下一个银分子。

9. As explained previously, electrons travel round the nucleus, just as planets travel round the sun.
9. 如前所述,电子绕原子核运动,就像行星太阳运动一样。

10. The molecules of a substance are in continual motion. They try to spread out.
10. 物质的分子在不断运动。他们试图分散开来。

III. Try to work out the meaning of the given words and supply two or three other examples that you know.
III. 试着弄清楚给定单词的含义,并提供两三个你知道的其他例子。

prefix/ suffix word meaning your examples
prefix/ suffix 表示 您的示例的单词

micro- microclimate
微 - 小气候

hydro- hydrolyze

auto- autonomous
自动 - 自动驾驶

multi- multiversity
元宇宙

-ion absorption
-离子吸收

-graph monograph
-图专

-logy biology
-logy 生物学

-tude amplitude
-tude 振幅

Abstract (1)
摘要 (1)

Topical Highlights
局部亮点s

) General Functions of Abstract: miniaturizing the text, deciding“yes” or“no”, expanding the circulation
Abstract 的一般功能:将文本缩小,决定“是”或“否”,扩大流通

Linguistic Features of Abstract: limited length, categories of abstracts, complete content, formalized structure
摘要的语言特征:长度有限、摘要类别、内容完整、结构形式化

O Writing Requirements for Abstract: integrated, concise, consistent, and concentrated
O 摘要写作要求:整合、简洁、一致、集中

O Special Attention: vocabulary (2) — frequent use of compound words, commonly- used contracted words and frequent use of antonyms
O 特别注意:词汇 (2) — 经常使用复合词、常用的缩略词和经常使用反义词

Theme Presentation
主题演示

1. General Functions of Abstract
1. Abstract 的一般功能

The successful circulation of a professional paper depends to a great extent on its abstract. As a matter of fact of the abstract is usually regarded as the most important component of a professional paper owing to its unique functions.
专业论文的成功发行在很大程度上取决于其摘要。事实上,由于其独特的功能,摘要通常被认为是专业论文中最重要的组成部分。

1) Miniaturizing the Text
1) 将文本微型化

Being the very first part of a professional paper and a self-contained entity, the abstract
作为专业论文的第一部分和一个独立的实体,摘要

·30· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·30·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

holds a critical role compared with other parts of the whole manuscript. Essentially, an abstract is a condensed statement of the contents of a paper. As a short, concise and highly generalized text, an abstract is viewed as a mini-version or a miniature of the document, summarizing the content of the main body. A well-prepared abstract, which serves as a useful tool in searching for information, enables readers to identify the basic content of a document more quickly and conveniently, to determine its relevance to their interest, and finally to decide whether they need to read the whole document.
与整篇手稿的其他部分相比,它起着至关重要的作用。从本质上讲,摘要是对论文内容的浓缩陈述。作为简短、简洁和高度概括的文本,摘要被视为文件的迷你版或缩影,总结了主体的内容。一份精心准备的摘要可以作为搜索信息的有用工具,使读者能够更快、更方便地识别文档的基本内容,确定其与兴趣的相关性,并最终决定是否需要阅读整个文档。

2) Deciding“Yes” or“No”
2) 决定“是”或“否”

The abstract of a paper is important because it may directly influence the paper's acceptance to a learned journal: the reviewer or editor may be perilously² close to a final judgment of the manuscript after reading the abstract alone. What makes a justification³ crucial is that many international conference sponsors just review the abstract and make the decision without referring to the whole text. So if the abstract fails to generalize the whole paper or to meet the requirements of the conference, the submission of the full manuscript and the qualification of the attendance would be affected. Further, the submitted and accepted abstracts also serve as an important guide for the conference participants to determine which session they are going to attend. A good abstract should attract audiences and promote thorough discussion on the relevant subject.
论文的摘要很重要,因为它可能直接影响论文被学术期刊接受:审稿人或编辑在单独阅读摘要后,可能会危险地²接近手稿的最终判断。使理由³至关重要的是,许多国际会议赞助商只是审查摘要并做出决定,而不参考整个文本。因此,如果摘要不能概括整篇论文或不符合会议要求,将影响完整稿件的提交和出席资格。此外,提交和接受的摘要还可以作为会议参与者确定他们将要参加哪个会议的重要指南。一个好的摘要应该吸引听众并促进对相关主题的深入讨论。

3) Expanding the Circulation
3) 扩大发行量

An abstract usually precedes the whole paper and appears separately. With the growth of electronic data storage, abstracts dramatically facilitate information retrieval. It may be recorded, sometimes verbatim,⁴ by various abstracting services that publish reference volumes used for literature searching, e. g., Science Abstract, Engineering Abstracts, Linguistics Abstracts, etc. So, an abstract will be more widely read than the document itself. It can be circulated much wider and farther than the paper itself, thus producing wider and deeper academic influence than the full text of the paper.
摘要通常位于整篇论文之前,并单独出现。随着电子数据存储的增长,摘要极大地促进了信息检索。 它可能被各种摘要服务记录下来,有时是逐字记录的⁴,这些服务机构发布用于文献检索的参考卷,例如,科学文摘、工程文摘、语言学文摘等。因此,摘要将比文档本身更广泛地阅读。它可以比论文本身更广泛、更远地传播,从而产生比论文全文更广泛、更深的学术影响。

To sum up, a good choice of information elements makes the abstract a potent and influential piece of“microliterature”’ in two kinds of situations. First, it frames the writer's ideas for those who are beginning to read his paper. Second, it identifies the writer's contribution for those who are using an information-retrieval service.
总而言之,信息元素的良好选择使摘要在两种情况下成为有力且有影响力的“微文学”作品。首先,它为那些开始阅读他的论文的人构建了作者的想法。其次,它确定了作者对使用信息检索服务的用户的贡献。

Abstract(1) ·31·
摘要(1) ·31·

Notes
笔记

1. miniature: a very small copy or representation of anything
1. 微型:任何事物的非常小的副本或表示

2. perilously: very dangerously
2. dangerlously:非常危险

3. justification: proving what is said in the abstract to be rational or reasonable or justifiable
3. 理由:证明摘要中所说的是合理的或合理的或合理的

4. verbatim: following the exact words; or trying to explain the meaning of something literally, or word for word
4. 逐字记录:遵循确切的单词;或试图按字面意思或逐字逐句地解释某事的含义

5. microliterature: a small piece of written or printed matter, such as an abstract or a miniaccount of some event
5. 缩微文献:一小段书面或印刷品,例如某个事件的摘要或迷你记录

2. Linguistic Features of Abstract
2. Abstract 的语言特征

1) Limited Length
1) 限长

An abstract is a miniature of the paper with a strictly limited number of words. Normally, 200 words should be a sensible maximum for a relatively long paper or report, but never more than 500 words;50—100 words may suffice for a short article. The length of an abstract greatly varies depending on the length of the paper and where the abstract appears: each journal and/ or abstracting index has a different requirement. As a general rule, an abstract will be approximately 3—5% of the length of the paper, but is seldom more than 2/3rds of a page. Keep the length of the abstract to a required percentage of that of the paper.
摘要是论文的缩影,字数严格限制。 通常,对于相对较长的论文或报告来说,200 字应该是合理的最大值,但不要超过 500 字;50—100 字可能就足够写一篇短文了。 摘要的长度因论文的长度和摘要的出现位置而有很大差异:每个期刊和/或摘要索引都有不同的要求。 作为一般规则,摘要大约为论文长度的 3-5%,但很少超过一页的 2/3。将摘要的长度保持在论文长度的要求百分比。

2) Categories of Abstracts
2) 摘要的类别

Abstracts can be classified into three categories: descriptive, informational, and informational-indicative.
摘要可分为三类:描述性、信息性和信息指示性。

(1) Descriptive (Indicative) Abstracts
(1) 描述性(指示性)摘要

A descriptive, or indicative, abstract usually states the general subject matter of the document that follows. It tells in a qualitative way what the paper or report contains.
描述性或指示性摘要通常说明后续文档的一般主题。它以定性的方式说明论文或报告包含什么。

The following is a descriptive abstract entitled The Design of a High-efficiency Solar Energy System.
以下是标题为“高效太阳能系统的设计”的描述性摘要。

·32· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·32·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

Ex.5-1
例 5-1

Abstract
抽象

The successful design of cost-effective solar energy systems depends mainly on the development of higher conversion efficiencies. A theory is given for the thermal performance of a new solar collector array’ that combines reflected and refracted² light rays. The theory is applied to the design of a complete system for solar heating of a building. Dynamic operating characteristics of a one-month interval are given for the collector array and heat transfer devices. and cost efficiency is compared with that of the conventional design.(85 words)
经济高效的太阳能系统的成功设计主要取决于更高转换效率的开发。给出了一种新的太阳能集热器阵列的热性能理论,该阵列结合了反射和折射²光线。该理论应用于建筑物太阳能供暖的完整系统的设计。 给出了集热器阵列和传热装置的一个月间隔的动态运行特性。 并将成本效率与传统设计进行比较。(85 字)

This descriptive abstract has several desirable qualities: being short and self- contained in nature, it provides key information elements; it also serves as a miniature table of contents. A professional scanning by a journal can tell at a glance whether it will be worthwhile to read the full paper.
这个描述性摘要有几个理想的品质:简短且自成一体,它提供了关键的信息元素;它还是一个微型目录。期刊的专业扫描可以一目了然地判断是否值得阅读全文。

(2) Informational (Informative) Abstract
(2) 信息(信息)摘要

An informational, or informative, abstract highlights the findings and results, briefly but quantitatively. It is a condensed version of the research work, without discussion or interpretation. An informational abstract, instead of indicating the whole content in general, should be specific and quantitative, giving only essential data. The following example shows how this type of abstract should be written for the foregoing paper mentioned in Ex.3-1.
信息性或信息性摘要简要但定量地突出了发现和结果。它是研究工作的浓缩版,没有讨论或解释。信息摘要不是一般地指出全部内容,而应该是具体和定量的,只提供基本数据。 以下示例显示了应如何为 Ex.3-1 中提到的上述论文编写这种类型的摘要。

Ex.5-2
例 5-2

Abstract
抽象

In the design of a solar energy system using arrays of multiple solar panels, the Hottel- Whillier-Bliss (HWB) model is generally used to evaluate steady state efficiency. The HWB equation did not accurately predict dynamic thermal performance for the present system, which uses a novel collector array. The theoretical limit of energy gain for this new array is BTU,’ which extends into the nonlinear mode of the HWB equation. A modified form of the equation was, therefore, developed for improved linearity, effective for collector efficiencies up to 54%. The new collector array, using the principle of successive concentrations, was incorporated into the design of a complete system of solar heating of buildings. The transport fluid for transferring energy from the solar array to the storage tank was important to overall efficiency. An optimum ratio of 64/36 was determined for the proportion of propylene glycol“to water. Dynamic performance tests during the month of July 1980 in Phoenix, Arizona, yielded an average
在使用多个太阳能电池板阵列的太阳能系统设计中,通常使用 Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) 模型来评估稳态效率。HWB 方程并不能准确预测当前系统的动态热性能,该系统使用新型集电极阵列。这个新阵列的能量增益理论极限是 BTU“,它延伸到 HWB 方程的非线性模式。因此,开发了该方程的修改形式以提高线性度,对高达 54% 的集电极效率有效。 新的集热器阵列利用连续集中的原理,被纳入建筑物太阳能供暖的完整系统的设计中。将能量从太阳能电池阵列传输到储罐的运输液对整体效率非常重要。 确定了丙二醇“与水的比例的最佳比例为 64/36。 1980 年 7 月在亚利桑那州凤凰城进行的动态性能测试得出的平均

Abstract(1) ·33·
摘要(1) ·33·

efficiency of 49% for a gross collector area of 721 m²when the array faced south at an angle of35° from the horizontal. Losses between collector and storage tank were 3.8×10⁸J per month. The cost efficiency of the system was a 9% improvement over that of the SOLTHERM system operating in Phoenix during the same month.(222 words)
当阵列与水平面成 49° 角朝南时,总集热器面积为 721 m²,效率为35%。集热器和储水箱之间的损失为每月 3.8×10⁸J。该系统的成本效率比同月在凤凰城运行的 SOLTHERM 系统高出 9%。222 字)

This is an example that shows how net results can be cited from various portions of a paper to give a clear picture of the significant contents.
这是一个示例,展示了如何从论文的各个部分引用最终结果,以清楚地了解重要内容。

(3) Informational-indicative Abstracts
(3) 信息指示性摘要

An informational-indicative abstract is a combined form that bears specific information about the principal findings and results and general information about the rest of the document. This type of abstract offers fewer details, instead, giving emphasis to the author's chief contribution. In doing so, the following abstract highlights the same technical information that is emphasized in Ex.3-2.
信息-指示性摘要是一种组合形式,其中包含有关主要发现和结果的具体信息以及有关文档其余部分的一般信息。这种类型的摘要提供的细节较少,而是强调作者的主要贡献。在此过程中,以下摘要强调了 Ex.3-2 中强调的相同技术信息。

Ex.5-3
例 5-3

Abstract
抽象

The successful design of cost-effective solar energy systems for heating buildings depends chiefly on high-efficiency conversion of light energy into heat. A theory is given for the thermal performance of a new solar collector array. The Hollel-Whillier Bliss (HWB) model is modified for accurate prediction of the energy gain of the new solar array. This three-stage collector, using the principle of successive concentration, was incorporated into the design of a complete solar energy system. An optimum ratio was determined for the proportion of propylene glycol to water for the fluid transferring energy from array to storage tank. In dynamic tests during July 1980 in Phoenix, Arizona, the average efficiency was 49% for a gross collector area of 721 m² when the array faced south at 35C° from the horizontal. Losses between collector and storage tank were 3.8×10⁸J per month. The cost efficiency can thus be compared favorably with that of theSOLTHERM system operating in the same area that month.(158 words)
用于建筑物供暖的高性价比太阳能系统的成功设计主要取决于将光能高效转化为热能。给出了新型太阳能集热器阵列的热性能理论。对 Hollel-Whillier Bliss (HWB) 模型进行了修改,以准确预测新太阳能电池阵列的能量增益。这种三级集热器利用连续集中的原理,被纳入完整的太阳能系统的设计中。确定了丙二醇与水的比例的最佳比例,用于将能量从阵列传递到储罐的流体。在 1980 年 7 月在亚利桑那州凤凰城进行的动态测试中,当阵列以 35C° 的水平面朝南时,721 m² 的总集热器面积的平均效率为 49%。集热器和储水箱之间的损失为每月 3.8×10⁸J。因此,其成本效益可以与当月在同一地区运行的 SOLTHERM 系统相媲美。158 字)

In this example the theoretical model and the configuration of the array are mentioned in general terms. For many readers the main interest is how well the new system will perform, and this informational-descriptive abstract would be better to satisfy the need.
在这个例子中,理论模型和数组的配置被一般性地提及。对于许多读者来说,主要兴趣是新系统的性能如何,而这种信息描述性的摘要会更好地满足需求。

3) Complete Content
3) 完整内容

The abstract of a paper, which is self-contained, should be unified and coherent in
论文的摘要是自包含的,应该是统一和连贯的

·34· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·34·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

content. It is a concise summary of the results, conclusion and/ or other significant items in the paper. Together with the title, the abstract must be adequate as an index to all the topics treated in the paper. It may also be used as a base for indexing. An informational abstract, for instance, should at least contain the following three elements:
内容。它是对论文中结果、结论和/或其他重要项目的简要总结。摘要必须与标题一起作为论文中涉及的所有主题的索引。它也可以用作索引的基础。 例如,信息摘要至少应包含以下三个元素:

(1)A Statement of the Problem
(1)问题的陈述

A statement of the problem (or subject) is usually boiled down to a single sentence. This kind of writing clears the air of any hazy expression of your real purpose. It, therefore, states the subject of the paper, indicates its scope and objectives.
问题(或主题)的陈述通常归结为一句话。 这种写作消除了你真正目的的任何朦胧表达。 因此,它陈述了论文的主题,表明了其范围和目标。

(2) A Statement of the Approach to Solving the Problem
(2) 解决问题的方法的陈述

The“approach” may be an analytic method, a design technique,a system concept,a device improvement, or a testing scheme, etc. Describe the treatment of the subject by one or more such terms as brief, comprehensive, preliminary, experimental or theoretical. Indicate the methods used to obtain experimental results. If the methods/ designs are novel, state the basic principles involved, the operational ranges covered, and the degree of accuracy attained.
“方法”可以是分析方法、设计技术、系统概念、设备改进或测试方案等。用一个或多个术语描述主题的治疗如简短、全面、初步、实验或理论。指示用于获得实验结果的方法。如果方法/设计新颖,请说明所涉及的基本原理、涵盖的操作范围以及达到的准确性程度。

(3) The Principal Result
(3) 主要结果

The writer's new accomplishment may be a theoretical or an experimental finding,a new design with some improved properties, a recommended course of action, etc. Summarize the theoretical or experimental result, the conclusion, and/ or other significant items in the paper. If space permits, include any important quantitative data; if not, at least indicate the nature of such data.
作者的新成就可以是理论或实验发现、具有一些改进性能的新设计、推荐的行动方案等。总结论文中的理论或实验结果、结论和/或其他重要项目。如果空间允许,请包括任何重要的定量数据; 如果没有,至少要说明这些数据的性质。

Usually, an abstract is confined to a single paragraph (a paragraph of running text). However short the abstract may be, all the pertinents elements of information should be included.
通常,摘要仅限于单个段落(一段连续文本)。 无论摘要多么简短,都应该包括信息的所有相关元素

4) Formalized Structure
4) 正式的结构

From the dimension of linguistic structure, a comparatively complete abstract usually consists of the following three major parts: topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence(s).
从语言结构的维度来看,一个比较完整的摘要通常由以下三个主要部分组成:主题句、支持句和结束句。

(1) Topic Sentence
(1) 主题句

The first sentence in an abstract is usually called the“topic sentence.” By answering the question of“what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicates the primary objectives of the paper. For example:
摘要中的第一句话通常称为“主题句”。通过回答 “what” 的问题,主题句总是直截了当地指向主题或问题,并表明论文的主要目标。例如:

Abstract (1) ·35·
摘要 (1) ·35·

Ex.3-4
例 3-4

The paper presents a simple prescription for estimating the energy at which nuclear forces begin to play a role in heavy-ion Coulomb excitation and Coulomb fission experiments⁶....
本文提出了一个简单的处方,用于估计核力开始在重离子库仑激发和库仑裂变实验中发挥作用的能量⁶。

Some sentence patterns frequently used as topic sentences are listed as follows:
一些经常用作主题句的句型如下:

The purpose of this paper is...
本文的目的是......

The primary goal of this research is...
这项研究的主要目标是......

The intention of this paper is to survey...
本文的目的是调查......

The overall objective of this study is...
本研究的总体目标是......

In this paper, we aim at...
在本文中,我们的目标是...

Our goal has been to provide...
我们的目标是提供...

The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of...
这项工作的主要目的是研究...

● The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish...
● 作者现在正在启动一些实验调查,以建立......

● The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following...
● 本文介绍的工作侧重于以下几个方面......

● The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of...
● 我们概述的问题主要涉及对...

● With his many years, research, the autho's endeavor is to explain why...
● 凭借多年的研究,作者努力解释为什么......

● The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of...
● 这项基础研究的主要目标是揭示...

● The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of...
● 我们调查的主要目的是获得一些关于...

● With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of...
● 通过最近的研究,作者打算概述...

● The author attempted the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena...
● 作者尝试了这组实验,以证明某些现象......

● The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of...
● 我们研究小组正在进行的实验旨在获得...

● Experiments on… were made in order to measure the amount of...
● 实验是为了测量......

● The emphasis of this study lies in...
● 本研究的重点在于......

(2) Supporting Sentences 一
(2) 支持句 一

The topic sentence is usually followed by more than one supporting sentences which further specify the subject to be presented. Research methods, experiments, procedures, investigations, calculations, analyses, results, and other significant information item will be provided in this part. These supporting sentences, therefore, can be taken as the“main body” of an abstract.
主题句后面通常跟着多个支持句,这些支持句进一步指定要呈现的主题。本部分将提供研究方法、实验、程序、调查、计算、分析、结果和其他重要信息项目。因此,这些支持句子可以被视为摘要的“主体”。

·36· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·36·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

Useful sentence patterns used in this part include the following:
这部分使用的有用句型包括:

The method used in our study is known as...
我们研究中使用的方法被称为......

The technique we applied is referred to as...
我们应用的技术被称为......

The procedure they followed can be briefly described as...
他们遵循的程序可以简单地描述为......

The approach adopted extensively is called...
广泛采用的方法称为......

Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using...
详细信息已由作者使用...

The research has recorded valuable data using the newly-developed method.
该研究使用新开发的方法记录了有价值的数据。

This is a working theory which is based on the idea that…
这是一个基于以下想法的工作理论......

The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.
该理论的基本特征如下。

The theory is characterized by...
该理论的特点是......

The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in……
实验包括三个步骤,如下所述......

The test equipment which was used consisted of...
使用的测试设备包括......

Included in the experiment were...
实验中包括......

The winch is composed of the following main parts:...
绞盘由以下主要部分组成:...

We have carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of...
我们进行了几组实验来测试...

They undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis which...
他们进行了许多实验来支持这个假设......

Recent experiments in this area suggested that…
该领域最近的实验表明......

A number of experiments were performed to check...
进行了大量实验以检查......

Examples with actual experiment demonstrate...
实际实验实例表明......

Special mention is given here to...
这里特别提到......

This formula is verified by...
此公式由...

We also supply...
我们还供应...

(3) Concluding Sentence(s)
(3) 结束语

As the ending part of an abstract, concluding sentences usually analyze the results, explain the application, and point out the significance of the research. For example:
作为摘要的结尾部分,结论句通常分析结果,解释应用,并指出研究的意义。例如:

Ex.3-5
例 3-5

... The result of the measurement indicates that the direct method is in good agreement with the impedance method.
...测量结果表明,直接法与阻抗法吻合较好。

Some useful sentence patterns are listed below:
下面列出了一些有用的句型:

Abstract(1) ·37·
摘要(1) ·37·

In conclusion, we state that...
总之,我们声明......

In summing up it may be stated that…
总而言之,可以说......

It is concluded that...
结论是......

The results of the experiment indicate that…
实验结果表明...

The studies we have performed showed that…
我们进行的研究表明......

The pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated in...
作者尝试的先驱研究表明......

We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that…
我们进行了几项研究,这些研究表明......

The research we have done suggests that...
我们所做的研究表明......

The investigation carried out by… has revealed that…
调查由...透露...

2. Laboratory studies of…… did not furnish any information about…
2. 实验室研究......没有提供任何关于...

All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of...
我们所有的初步结果都揭示了......

As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…
根据我们的实验结果,我们得出结论......

From our experiment, the authors came to realize that…
从我们的实验中,作者意识到......

This fruitful work gives explanation of...
这项富有成效的工作解释了......

The author's pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of...
作者的开创性工作有助于我们目前对......

The research work has brought about a discovery of...
研究工作带来了...

These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that…
这些研究结果使作者得出结论......

The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by...
获得的数据似乎与之前报告的数据非常相似......

Our work involving studies of… prove to be encouraging.
我们的工作涉及研究...证明是令人鼓舞的。

The author has satisfactorily come to the conclusion that…
作者令人满意地得出结论......

Finally, a summary is given of...
最后,总结了...

We have discussed the general structure of an abstract and listed a number of sentence patterns used in different parts of abstracts. However, each abstract has its own characteristics due to its particular subject and purpose. In preparing an abstract, therefore, we should choose the structure suitable to our specific paper and avoid adhering to any rigid patterns.
我们已经讨论了摘要的一般结构,并列出了摘要不同部分中使用的许多句型。然而,由于其特定的主题和目的,每个摘要都有自己的特点。因此,在准备摘要时,我们应该选择适合我们特定论文的结构,避免遵循任何僵化的模式。

Notes
笔记

1、array: a display of persons or things grouped together; any arrangement of elements forming a complete unit 排列,陈列,数组
1、array:显示组合在一起的人或事物;构成完整单元的元素的任意排列 array,陈列,数组

·38· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·38·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

2. refract: bend (a ray of light, etc.) from a straight course 折射
2. 折射:从直线路线弯曲(光线等) 折射

3. BTU: The contracted form of“the British thermal unit.”
3. BTU:“英热单位”的缩写形式。

4. glycol:丙烯醇
4. 乙二醇:丙烯醇

5. pertinent:(fml.) concerning directly with something that is being considered
5. 相关:(fml.) 直接与正在考虑的事情有关

6. Coulomb excitation and Coulomb fission experiments: Coulomb excitation and Coulomb fission experiments mentioned here refer to the experiments initiated by the famous French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb who lived from 1736 to 1806.
6. 库仑激发和库仑裂变实验:这里提到的库仑激发和库仑裂变实验是指由生活在 1736 年至 1806 年的法国著名物理学家查尔斯·奥古斯丁·德·库仑发起的实验。

3. Writing Requirements for Abstract
3. 摘要的写作要求

In order to write an effective abstract, it is helpful to observe the following guidelines in writing:
为了写出有效的摘要,在写作时遵守以下准则是有帮助的:

1) Integrity
1) 诚信

Although an abstract should be brief in form, usually confined to a single paragraph of running text, it should still contain certain elements of information. Generally, an abstract should include what the writer has done and what he has achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods. investigations and/ or experimental results and conclusions. To differentiate his paper work from others, the writer needs to stress his own contribution.
尽管摘要在形式上应该简短,通常局限于一段连续的文本,但它仍然应该包含某些信息元素。 一般来说,摘要应该包括作者在主题范围内做了什么和他取得了什么,例如研究理论、研究方法。 调查和/或实验结果和结论。为了将他的论文工作与其他人区分开来,作者需要强调他自己的贡献。

2) Concise
2) 简洁

An abstract should be concise, which is a characteristic of a well-prepared abstract; otherwise people would rather read the main part of the paper. The writer should be especially sensitive to the needs of his audience when he writes the abstract. Use only essential information. As already pointed out, there will be a much larger number of people who may take interest in reading his abstract rather than his full paper, and many will have broader interests. The writer needs to orient them to his subject in an efficient manner, using great economy of words. A lengthy abstract defeats its purpose. So it is necessary to make clear what is most important and should be included. To write a good abstract, the writer must strip away the periphery,¹ supporting information in his paper and expose the hard core of his contribution, defining the real substance of
摘要应该简洁,这是准备充分的摘要的一个特征; 否则人们宁愿阅读论文的主要部分。作者在写摘要时应该对读者的需求特别敏感。仅使用基本信息。正如已经指出的,会有更多的人对阅读他的摘要而不是他的完整论文感兴趣,而且许多人会有更广泛的兴趣。作者需要以有效的方式将他们引向他的主题,使用非常节省的文字。冗长的摘要违背了它的目的。 因此,有必要明确什么是最重要的,什么是应该包括的。要写出好的摘要,作者必须去掉论文中的外围¹支持信息,并揭示他贡献的硬核,定义

Abstract(1) ·39·
摘要(1) ·39·

his manuscript in the simplest terms. Avoid displaying mathematical expressions; never number equations; omit tables. The writer's abstract is then a miniature version of the body of his paper, self-contained and unambiguous. As to the detailed description of how to write concisely, please refer to the section of Special Attention in Units 8-10.
他的手稿用最简单的话说。避免显示数学表达式;从不编号方程;省略表格。然后,作者的摘要是他论文正文的微型版本,自成一体且明确。关于如何简洁书写的详细说明,请参考第 8-10 单元的特别注意部分。

3) Consistency
3) 一致性

As a mini-paper, an abstract should be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper. In other words, a good abstract has to exclude all information that is not based on the content of the paper. So never include what has not been mentioned in the paper and no modification in meaning is permitted.
作为一篇迷你论文,摘要应与整篇论文的其他部分保持一致。换句话说,一个好的摘要必须排除所有不是基于论文内容的信息。因此,永远不要包含论文中未提及的内容,并且不允许修改含义。

4) Concentration
4) 专注

To write concentratively, you need to omit certain elements of information. Do not use figures, tables, or literature references in this part. There are other elements that conventionally appear in other sections of the manuscript but do not belong in the abstract. For example, a brief historical review with reference to previous work in the field is suitable for the introduction. A discussion of the significance of an internal report is generally relegated² to a separate summary for the executive reader. An evaluation of a new technique or a discussion of the validity of the new results should properly appear in the conclusive section.
要集中写作,您需要省略某些信息元素。请勿在此部分中使用图形、表格或文献参考。还有其他元素通常出现在手稿的其他部分,但不属于摘要。例如,参考该领域以前的工作进行简短的历史回顾就适合作为引言。关于内部报告重要性的讨论通常归类为单独的摘要²,供高级读者阅读。 对新技术的评估或对新结果有效性的讨论应适当地出现在结论部分。

Notes
笔记

1. periphery: a line or area that surrounds or encloses something; outside edge
1. 外围:围绕或包围某物的线或区域;外侧边缘

2. relegate: to put into (a lower or worse position)
2. relegate: 投入 (较低或较差的位置)

·40· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·40·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

Reflections and Practice (1)
R变差和 Pract冰 (1)

I. Work with your partner to discuss the answers to the following questions.
I. 与您的合作伙伴一起讨论以下问题的答案。

1. What are the general functions of an abstract?
1. 摘要的一般功能是什么?

2. What are the writing requirements for an abstract?
2. 摘要的写作要求是什么?

3. What are the linguistic features of an abstract?
3. 摘要的语言特征是什么?

II. Analyze the abstracts below, following the directions stated below, if possible.
II. 如果可能,请按照以下说明分析下面的摘要

(1) categorize each abstract
(1) 对每个摘要进行分类

(2) underline the topic sentence (s)
(2) 为主题句加下划线

(3) circle the supporting sentences
(3) 圈出支持句子

(4) draw a box around the conclusion of each
(4) 在每个

Abstract I
摘要 I

This paper compares East and West (American and Chinese) campaign practices and reveals the prominence of culture and its impacts upon the operation of public communication campaigns) Specifically, this comparative study shows that, Chinese and American campaign practices differ in (1) ideologies and perceptions:(2) approaches and strategies; and (3) implementations and evaluations. In running the campaigns, Americans rely heavily on mass media and concentrate on short- term goals, whereas Chinese depends more on interpersonal influences and primarily on long-term-social effects) These differences in campaign practices are however attributable to their respective cultural orientations.)
本文比较了东西方(美国和中国)的竞选实践,揭示了文化的突出性及其对公共传播活动运作的影响)具体来说,这项比较研究表明,中美竞选实践在 (1) 意识形态和观念:(2) 方法和策略;(3) 实施和评估。在开展竞选活动时,美国人严重依赖大众媒体并专注于短期目标,而中国人更依赖人际影响,主要关注长期的社会影响)然而,这些竞选实践的差异归因于他们各自的文化取向。

Abstract 2
摘要 2

(This paper presents in a systematic way grammatical analysis and presentation of grammatical information in bilingual dictionaries on five levels,(.ẻ., word class, subclass, grammatical forms, syntactic features and usage,(followed by an explanation of how to display syntactic properties and functions of words through carefully chosen examples) It treats grammatical analysis as an essential process in corpus construction
(本文系统地介绍了双语词典中语法信息的语法分析和呈现,分为五个层次,(.ẻ.、词类、子类、语法形式、句法特征和用法,(然后通过精心挑选的例子解释如何显示词的句法属性和功能)它将语法分析视为语料库构建中必不可少的过程

Abstract(1) ·41·
摘要(1) ·41·

and explores the possibility of presenting more grammatical information in electronic bilingual dictionaries for the benefit of foreign language teaching and learning.>
并探索了在电子双语词典中呈现更多语法信息的可能性以利于外语教学和学习。

Abstract 3
摘要 3

Neuropathic(神经病的) foot ulceration(溃疡) is a major medical and economic problem among diabetic(糖尿病的) patients , wet the traditional treatment involves. bed rest with complete freedom from weight bearing. We have investigated the use of walking plaster casts (筒型石膏夹) in the management of seven diabetic patients with long-standing, chronic foot ulcers. All ulcers healed in a median time of 6 weeks, but this therapy (疗法) was not without side effects we conclude that casting is a useful therapy for neuropathic ulcers, though several clinic visits, including cast removal and foot inspection, indicate that it is necessary to avoid potential side effects caused by the casting of insensitive feet.)
神经性足溃疡(溃疡)是糖尿病患者的主要医学和经济问题,湿法治疗涉及传统治疗。 完全不受负重的影响。我们调查了行走石膏模型(筒型石膏夹)在 7 名患有长期慢性足部溃疡的糖尿病患者管理中的应用。所有溃疡在中位时间为 6 周内愈合,但这种疗法(疗法)并非没有副作用我们得出结论,石膏固定是治疗神经性溃疡的有用疗法,尽管几次门诊就诊,包括石膏移除和足部检查,表明有必要避免敏感脚石膏固定引起的潜在副作用。

Special Attention: Vocabulary (2)
特别注意:词汇 (2)

In addition to the features of vocabulary mentioned in Unit Two, the following points will be discussed here.
除了第二单元中提到的词汇特征外,这里还将讨论以下几点。

1) Frequent Use of Compound Words
1) 频繁使用复合词

In order to explain various phenomena and properties of a matter, it is advisable to use compounds (including compound nouns, compound adjectives and compound verbs, etc.) such as horsepower(马力 ), blueprint(蓝图 ), water-proof(防水的 ), cross- sectional(横截面的 ), overload(超载 ), whitewash(粉刷), etc. Generally speaking, the last word serves as the core of the compound word. More examples are listed below:
为了解释一个物质的各种现象和性质,建议使用复合词(包括复合名词、复合形容词和复合动词等),如马力(horsepower)、蓝图(blueprint)、防水(waterproof))、横截面(cross- sectional)、超载(overload)、粉刷(whitewash)等。一般来说,最后一个词是复合词的核心。下面列出了更多示例:

Compound nouns
复合名词

spaceman 宇宙人 wavelength 波长

sportscast 体育广播 lasercomp 电脑激光照排

Irangate 伊朗门事件 hovercraft 汽垫船

Compound adjectives
复合形容词

dust-free 无尘 newly-designed 新设计的
dust-free 无尘 new-design 新设计的

·42· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

environment-unfriendly 污染/破坏环境的 reader-friendly一般人都可以阅读的

colaholic嗜好可口可乐成癖的 coopetitive既合作又竞争的

Compound verbs
复合动词

trial-produce 试制 self-design 自行设计

electro-plate 电镀 overcharge 超负载

babysit替人临时照看孩子

It can be seen from the examples that compounding is one of the most effective. ways of forming new words by joining two or more words together. To recognize an. make good use of compound words will certainly help to expand their vocabulary and achieve concise wording.
从例子中可以看出,复利是最有效的方法之一。 通过将两个或多个单词连接在一起来形成新单词的方法。要识别一个。 善用复合词肯定会有助于扩大他们的词汇量并实现简洁的措辞。

2) Commonly-used Contracted Words
2) 常用的缩略词

Time and speed play an important role in research work, and for this purpose, mon and more contracted words appear in professional papers. Such short forms as rada(radio detecting and rangíng), sonar (sound navigation and ranging), chemokinesis(chemical kinesis化学增活现象 ), GRE(Graduate Record Examination) and other are already accepted generally, Here are some more examples:
时间和速度在研究工作中起着重要作用,为此,mon 和更多的缩略词出现在专业论文中。诸如 rada(无线电探测和测距)、sonar (声音导航和测距)、chemokinesis(化学运动化学增活现象)、GRE(研究生入学考试)等简短形式已经被普遍接受,以下是一些更多的例子:

laser: light amplification by stímulated emission of radiation 激光
Laser: 通过模拟辐射激光发射实现光放大

ERTS; earth resources technology satellite 地球资源技术卫星
ERTS;Earth Resources Technology 卫星 地球资源技术卫星

ASCII: American Standard Code for International Introduction 美国信息交换标准代码
ASCII: American Standard Code for International Introduction 美国信息交换标准代码

ACOBOL: common business oriented language柯柏尔语言、面向商业的通用语
ACOBOL: common business oriented language柯柏尔语言、面向商业的通用语

cremate:cerametallícs 金属陶瓷
火葬:Cerametallícs 金属陶瓷

misystem: microsystem微系统
misystem: microsystem微系统

transponder: transmitter-responder 发送——应答器
应答器: transmitter-responder 发送——应答器

Algol: Algorithmic Language 算法语言
Algol: Algorithmic Language 算法语言

pardop: passive range Doppler 被动测距多普勒系统
pardop: passive range Doppler 被动测距多普勒系统

In fact, a large number of Latin abbreviated words are still used in science literature, for example: e. g.(例如 ), cit.(在上述引文中),i. e.(就是 ), vs.(与相对), ibid.( 出处相同), etc.(等等 ), ca.(大约 ), et al.( 等人 ), viz.( 即、就是 ), vo.( 左页,
事实上,科学文献中仍然使用大量的拉丁语缩写词,例如:e. g.(例如 ), cit.(在上述引文中),i. e.(就是 ), vs.(与相对), ibid.( 出处相同), etc.(等等 ), ca.(大约 ), et al.( 等人 ), iz.( 即、就是 ), vo.( 左页,

Abstract (1) ·43·
摘要 (1) ·43·

封底), et seq.(以及下页), etc.
封底)、et seq.(以及下页)等。

Needless to say, to make long words or phrases shorter is also an important means for building new words, and also a help in writing professional papers.
不用说,把长词或短语短一点也是构建新词的重要手段,也有助于写专业论文。

3) Frequent Use of Antonyms反词.
3) 频繁使用反义词。

In professional papers, an author or authors have often to expose the nature of the matter, and indícate the aspects of a contradiction, therefore, antonyms quite often appear in pair forms. For example, positive —— negative, integration— differentiation, professional —— nonprofessional, regular— irregular, cover— discover (uncover) and the like.
在专业论文中,一个或多个作者经常必须揭露事情的本质,并指出矛盾的各个方面,因此,反义词经常以成对形式出现。例如,positive —— negative — 整合 — 差异化,professional —— 非专业 — regular— 不规则,cover — 发现 (uncover) 等等。

Attention should be paid to some affixes with negative meaning such as anti-, de-, non-, mís-, ir-, im-, íl-, un-,-less, etc., which are often used to form antonyms. Look at the following examples:
要注意一些具有负义的词缀,如anti-、de-、non-、mís-、ir-、im-、íl-、un-,-less等,这些词缀常被用来组成反义词。请看以下示例:

línear-nonlinear 线性——非线性
线性非线性线性——非线性

windy-windless有风的—无风的

fusion - defusion 聚变—裂变

regular-irregular规则—不规则

organic - inorganic有机——无机
有机 - inorganic有机——无机

understand-mísunderstand 理解—误解

clockwise-counter-clockwise 顺时针—反时针

possible-impossible可能—不可能

ability-inability 能力—无能

establishment– antiestablishment 正统派—反正统派

liquid-illíquid 流动的—非现金的、无流动资金的

From the above examples it can be seen that affixes help to provide useful clues to identification of certain unfamiliar words.
从上面的例子中可以看出,词缀有助于为识别某些不熟悉的单词提供有用的线索。

Reflections and Practice (2)
反思与实践 (2)

1. Put the following compound words into Chinese.
1. 将以下复合词放入中文。

1. Compound nouns
1. 复合名词

1) speedometer 3) moonman
1) 速度计 3) 月球人

·44· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

2) high-than-average
2) 高于平均水平

2. Compound adjectives
2. 复合形容词

1) three-phase 5) biophysical
1) 三相 5) 生物物理

2) newly-designed 6) eco-friendly
2) 全新设计 6) 环保

3) planet-friendly 7) movie-holic
3) 地球友好型 7) 电影狂

4) machine-recognized
4) 机器识别

3. Compound verbs
3. 复合动词

1) underline 3) short-circuit
1) 下划线 3) 短路

2) overstate
2) 夸大其词

II. Get familiar with the following and give their Chinese equivalents.
II. 熟悉以下内容并给出它们的中文对应物。

1. piclear: picture clear
1. piclear:图片清晰

2. racon: radar beacon
2. Racon:雷达信标

3.comsat: communication satellite
3.comsat:通信卫星

4. redox: reduction-oxidation
4. 氧化还原:还原氧化

5. varistor: variable resistor
5. 压敏电阻:可变电阻

6. Int. Cls.: International Classification
6. 国际分类: 国际分类

7. CompuServe: Computer Serve
7. CompuServe:计算机服务

8. muppie: middle-aged urban yuppie
8. Muppie:中年都市雅皮士

9. PLU: people like us
9. PLU:像我们这样的人

10. G-7: Group of Seven
10. G-7:七人组

11. AI: artificial intelligence
11. AI:人工智能

12. WTO: World Trade Organization
12. WTO:世界贸易组织

13. the CIS: the Commonwealth of Independent States
13. 独联体:独联体国家联合体

14. ROM: read only memory
14. ROM:只读存储器

15. MPEP: Mamual of Patent Examining Procedure
15. MPEP:专利审查程序的母系

16. IOU:I owe you
16. 欠条:我欠你的

17. VAT: value-added tax
17. VAT:增值税

18. SONET: synchronous optical network
18. SONET:同步光网络

19. MIS: management information system
19. MIS:管理信息系统

20. PIP: picture in picture
20. PIP:画中画

)

Abstract(1) ·45·
摘要(1) ·45·

III. Give antonyms of the following by using affixes.
III. 使用词缀给出以下的反义词。

1. wax 13. connect
1. 蜡13. 连接

2. divisible 14. metal
2. 可分割 14. 金属

3. evidence 15. current
3. 证据 15. 当前

4. realism 16. advantage
4. 现实主义16. 优势

5. armament 17. application
5. 武器 17. 应用

6. performance 18. pollution
6. 性能18. 污染

7. fat 19. literacy
7. 胖子19. 识字

8. nature 20. matter
8. 自然20. 物质

9. missile 21. behave
9. 导弹 21. 行为

10. mature 22. artificial
10. 成熟 22. 人工

11. material 23. windy
11. 材料 23. 风

12. user-friendly 24. delete
12. 用户友好24. 删除

U N I T

Topical Highlights
专题亮点

O “5 Steps” for Abstract Writing: underlining key words and sentences, listin! essential points of the paper, summarizing each section into a sentence or two drafting the abstract, and checking the final draft
O 摘要写作的“5 个步骤”:在关键词和句子下划线,列出! 论文要点,将每个部分总结成一两句话起草摘要,检查终稿

O “5A Strategy”: Abstract=A₁+A₂+A₃+A₄+A₅
O “5A 策略”:摘要=A₁+A₂+A₃+A₄+A₅

O Likely Mistakes/ Common Errors: mixed writing style, over-simplified statements monotonous expression, incomplete contents, displacement of information
O 可能的错误/常见错误:混合的写作风格、过度简化的陈述、单调的表达、内容不完整、信息位移

O Special Attention: vocabulary (3) — new word meanings derived from words already known, more noun clusters, more artificial language (graphs and tables, etc.)
O 特别注意:词汇 (3) — 从已知单词中得出的新词义、更多的名词集群、更多的人工语言(图表和表格等)

Theme Presentation
主题演示

1. “5 Steps” for Abstract Writing
1. 摘要写作的“5 个步骤”

When preparing an abstract for your paper, don't begin writing untill you feel fully confident both in the structure and the content of your paper. The main steps involved in writing an abstract can be summed up as follows:
在为论文准备摘要时,在您对论文的结构和内容都充满信心之前不要开始写作。撰写摘要所涉及的主要步骤可以总结如下:

1) Underlining Key Words and Sentences
1) 为关键词和句子添加下划线

Underline the key words and sentences which are often signaled by transitional
为通常用过渡表示的关键词和句子加下划线

Abstract (2) ·47·
摘要 (2) ·47·

devices: carefully examine the headings, topic, supporting and concluding sentences of paragraphs, by marking such transitional markers' as first, second, third; note the key words indicating comparison/ contrast (e. g., however, on the other hand, etc.) or essentials(e. g., best, foremost, what is more important, the key to the problem is, etc.).
手段:仔细检查段落的标题、主题、支持和结束句子,将过渡标记标记为第一、第二、第三;注意表示比较/对比的关键词(例如,然而,另一方面等)或基本要素(例如,最好、最重要、问题的关键是等)。

2) Listing Essential Points of the Paper
2) 列出论文的要点

List the main points you have drawn from your careful reading of the whole paper. Try to put the same emphasis onto the points of your paper as you did with the original paper. Check the table of contents (if there exists one) or the outline (if you are abstracting your own paper) for the main points of the paper.
列出您从仔细阅读整篇论文中得出的要点。尝试像对待原始论文一样强调论文的要点。检查目录(如果有的话)或大纲(如果你正在自己总结论文)以了解论文的要点。

3) Boiling down Each Section to a Sentence or Two
3) 将每个部分归结为一两句话

It is an effective practice in preparing your abstract. This is especially important for a descriptive(or indicative) abstract,(see the classification of abstracts below)
这是准备摘要的有效做法。这对于描述性(或指示性)摘要尤其重要(参见下面的摘要分类)

4) Drafting the Abstract
4) 起草摘要

Use your own words wherever possible. If you borrow some words or phrases, or whole sentences from the text, you may find the abstract lengthy or unnatural. Avoid including opinions, examples, details and explanations. Do not use such phrases as“as noted in...”, “as shown by ...” or“for example,...”. Eliminate references to tables, figures, or sources found in the references list of the original paper. Write concise, straightforward English; count every word. Your abstract must be completely independent of the paper. Put the abstract aside for some time till you are refreshed, then read and edit it.
尽可能使用你自己的话。如果你从文本中借用一些单词或短语,或整个句子,你可能会发现摘要冗长或不自然。 避免包含意见、示例、细节和解释。请勿使用“如...所示”、“如...所示”等短语。或“例如,...”。删除对原始论文参考文献列表中的表格、图表或来源的引用。写出简洁明了的英语;计算每个单词。您的摘要必须完全独立于论文。将摘要放在一边一段时间,直到您刷新为止,然后阅读和编辑它。

5) Checking the Final Draft
5) 检查最终草案

Regardless of the length of the final draft of your abstract, study it again with a view to shortening it further to a minimum length.
无论您的摘要最终草稿的长度如何,都要再次研究它以期将其进一步缩短到最小长度。

Check the final draft to make sure your abstract is useful, representative and readable. Recheck your abstract until you are satisfied with it.
检查最终草稿以确保您的摘要有用、有代表性和可读性。重新检查您的摘要,直到您对它感到满意为止。

As with the paper itself, have the abstract read critically by some of your colleagues for clarity, consistency, proper emphasis, and objectivity.
与论文本身一样,请让您的一些同事批判性地阅读摘要,以确保摘要的清晰度、一致性、适当的强调和客观性。

·48· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·48·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

Notes
笔记

1. transitional markers: Transitional devices and transitional markers here refer to the same thing that is used in sentences to join phrases, clauses and even sentences and paragraphs together.
1. 过渡标记:这里的过渡装置和过渡标记指的是句子中用于将短语、从句甚至句子和段落连接在一起的相同事物。

2. “5A Strategy”
2. “5A 战略”

Incorporating with the above“5 Steps” of abstract writing, the following“5A Strategy” will further assist you in writing a standard and ideal abstract.
结合上述摘要写作的“5 个步骤”,以下“5A 策略”将进一步帮助您撰写标准和理想的摘要。

Before writing your abstract, you need to answer some basic questions. Suppos you disclose your research in 200 words, make sure what you say is critical and objective for your potential readers. It will be easier for you to finish your abstrad satisfactorily by answering the following questions:
在写摘要之前,您需要回答一些基本问题。Suppos 您用 200 字披露您的研究,确保您所说的内容对潜在读者具有批判性和客观性。 通过回答以下问题,您将更容易令人满意地完成 abstrad:

Q₁: What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?
Q₁: 您在学术领域的主题的一般知识是什么?

Q₂: What research topic is the paper to focus on?
Q₂: 这篇论文应该关注什么研究主题?

Q₃: What method or material do you use to support your main point of view?
Q₃: 您使用什么方法或材料来支持您的主要观点?

Q₄: What conclusion will you draw?
Q₄: 您会得出什么结论?

Q₅: What is the main contribution of the paper?
Q₅: 这篇论文的主要贡献是什么?

Then the abstract can be improved on by using the following formula:
然后,可以使用以下公式对摘要进行改进:

Abstract=A+A+A+A+A

where, A₁ to Q₁ (one sentence)
其中,A₁ 到 Q₁(一句话)

A₂ to Q₂ (one topic sentence, one or two supporting sentences that set forth the research topic if necessary)
A₂ 到 Q₂(一个主题句子,必要时提供一两个陈述研究主题的辅助句子)

A₃ to Q₃ (two or three sentences to give specific information about the research)
A₃ 到 Q₃(两到三句话提供有关研究的具体信息

A₄toQ₄ (one sentence)
A₄toQ₄(一句话)

A₅ to Q₅ (one sentence)
A₅ 到 Q₅(一句话)

Let us take a look at the following example and see how the above formula works.
让我们看一下下面的例子,看看上面的公式是如何工作的。

Abstract (2) ·49·
摘要 (2) ·49·

Ex.4-1
例 4-1

Abstract
抽象

(1) Modem management is essentially about managing people as well as processes in a rapidly changing environment.(2) The author presents the factors which make“strategic management” effective.(3) A dominant factor is the organization climate which, in turn, is determined by the quality of the managers and the availability of alternatives.(4) To improve the organization climate in which strategic management can be effective, the quality of the managers is a crucial factor.(5) The scope for alternatives also proves an important constraint.(6) The author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of formal procedure.(7) It is concluded that the correct judgment and optimal operation of the essential factors will enhance the effectiveness of strategic management in general.
(1) 调制解调器管理本质上是关于在快速变化的环境中管理人员和流程。2) 作者介绍了使“战略管理”有效的因素。3) 一个主导因素是组织氛围,而这反过来又由管理者的素质和替代方案的可用性决定。4) 为了改善战略管理可以有效的组织氛围,管理者的素质是一个关键因素。5) 替代方案的范围也被证明是一个重要的制约因素。(6) 作者建议对管理效果的评估应包括使用顾问和正式程序的作用。7) 结论是,基本因素的正确判断和优化运行将提高战略管理的整体有效性。

The above example illustrates what we call the 5A strategy. All the points disclosed can help the author of the abstract to formulate an integrated overview of the whole paper. By quoting a well-known remark, the author prepares a setting in which his subject is oriented. Then, the author starts his work by pointing out the effective factors of“strategic management”, which serves as a topic sentence ushering in the main points naturally.¹Th e essential factors for strategic management are specifically presented. Upon depicting² the importance of the organization climate and the quality of managers, the author turns to the scope of alternatives. As the result of the investigation, the author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of a formal procedure. Finally, the last sentence summarizes the author's conclusion and the significance of the present study.
上面的例子说明了我们所说的 5A 策略。 所有披露的要点可以帮助摘要的作者形成整篇论文的综合概述。通过引用一句著名的评论,作者准备了一个他的主题所定位的环境。然后,作者首先指出了“战略管理”的有效因素,作为主题句自然而然地引出了要点。在描述了组织氛围和经理人素质的重要性之后,作者转向了替代方案的范围。作为调查结果,作者建议对管理效果的评估应包括使用顾问和正式程序的作用。最后,最后一句总结了作者的结论和本研究的意义。

In terms of the“5A strategy”, the structure of the above abstract can be shown in the following table.
就“5A 策略”而言,上述摘要的结构如下表所示

Table 1. The Structure of“5A Strategy”
表 1.“5A 战略”的结构

A₁: background
A₁:背景

Sentence(1)
句子(1)

A₂: main topic
A₂:主要主题

Sentence (2)
句子 (2)

A₃: specific investigations
A₃:特异性检查

Sentences(3)(4)(5)
句子(3)(4)(5)

A₄: result& suggestion
A₄: 结果& 建议

Sentence(6)
句子(6)

A₅: conclusion & contribution
A₅:结论与贡献

Sentence (7)
句子 (7)

With the“5A Strategy” in mind, you can get some very useful prompts. Though
牢记“5A 策略”,您可以获得一些非常有用的提示。虽然

·50· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·50·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

different papers require different abstracts, many abstracts may share similar functions and lead to a similar organization scheme. This 5A strategy will surely enable you to produce an appropriate and even quite successful abstract without much trouble.
不同的论文需要不同的摘要,许多摘要可能具有相似的功能并导致相似的组织方案。这种 5A 策略肯定会让您轻松生成适当甚至相当成功的摘要。

Notes
笔记

1. ushering in the main point naturally: bringing in the main point as a result of natural evolution.
1. 自然引入要点:将要点作为自然进化的结果引入要点。

2. depict:(fml.) to represent or show in or as if in a picture
2. depict:(fml.) 表示或显示在图片中或仿佛在图片中

3. Likely Mistakes/ Common Errors
3. 可能的错误/常见错误

There are, in general, five types of likely mistakes and/ or common errors found in students' assignments of abstrac writing.
一般来说,在学生的 abstrac 写作作业 中发现五种类型的可能错误和/或常见错误

1) Mixed Writing Style
1) 混合写作风格

Professional or academic papers, even a course paper or a term paper, and their abstracts in particular, belong to the category of formal writing. This type of writing, which is characterized by using written language, is different from writings in the colloquial style (as has been discussed in the section of“Style of Professional Papers Writing” in Unit One). However, these two different styles are sometimes mixed up in writing abstracts. The following examples are taken from students' writing assignments.
专业或学术论文,甚至是课程论文或学期论文,尤其是它们的摘要,都属于正式写作的范畴。这种类型的写作使用书面语言为特征,与口语风格的写作不同(如第一单元的“专业论文写作风格”部分所讨论的那样)。然而,这两种不同的风格有时会在撰写摘要时混淆。以下示例取自学生的写作作业。

Ex.4-2
例 4-2

Abstract
抽象

In this paper, we have given a reason that is why the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical and economical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does, so it can get much more profit. In this way, the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firms.
在本文中,我们给出了一个原因,即国有企业的竞争能力较弱的原因。 因为非国有企业可以在相同的技术和经济条件下获得非常便宜的劳动力,所以非国有企业可以比国有企业生产更多的产出,因此它可以获得更多的利润。这样非国有企业的竞争能力就比国有企业强。

Though the rough idea of the abstract can be understood, problems among other
尽管可以理解抽象的粗略概念,但问题

Abstract (2) ·51·
摘要 (2) ·51·

shortcomings, the repeated employment of such words and phrases“we have a reason”,“that is why...”, “Because...”, “get”, “So”, “In this way”, etc. makes the abstract rather colloquial, in a style of spoken language.
缺点是,重复使用诸如“We have a reason”、“that's why...”、“Because...”、“get”、“So”、“In this way”等词语和短语,使得抽象在口语风格中相当口语化。

Similar problems can also be found in the following example:
以下示例中也可以找到类似的问题:

Ex.4-3
例 4-3

Abstract
抽象

This paper will explore the analytical components and anomalies of admiralty jurisdiction as it relates to marine insurance and will conjugate,¹ if you will, the“irregular verb” that constitutes admiralty jurisdiction² of marine insurance contracts. I think, admiralty jurisdiction should include all maritime contracts. My study has confirmed the saying that...
本文将探讨与海上保险相关的 海事管辖权的分析组成部分和异常情况,并将与构成海事保险合同的“不规则动词”²(如果您愿意的话)进行共轭。我认为,海事管辖权应该包括所有海事合同。 我的研究证实了这样的说法 ......

The interposing³ of“if you will”, “I think”, “my study”, “saying”, etc. can more or less affect the rigid and smooth presentation of the subject.
“如果你愿意”、“我认为”、“我的研究”、“说”等的插入³或多或少会影响主题的僵硬和流畅的呈现。

2) Over-simplified Statements
2) 过于简化的陈述

Though short and concise, an abstract should not be too simple. The following examples have violated the general rule.
虽然简短明了,但摘要不应该太简单。以下示例违反了一般规则。

Ex.4-4
例 4-4

Abstract
抽象

In this paper, reconstruction of many holograms⁴ are presented by computer with an analyzed mathematical model.
在本文中,许多全息图⁴的重建由计算机通过分析的数学模型呈现。

The above abstract is too brief to inform the reader how the reconstruction of holograms is performed, how the analysis is carried out, and what its results really are, etc. In fact, the abstract is only an expansion of the title, which fails to function as a mini - version of the full text.
上述摘要太简短,无法告诉读者如何进行全息图的重建,如何进行分析,以及其结果的真正含义等。事实上,摘要只是标题的扩展,无法作为全文的迷你版本。

Similarly, the following abstract can also be taken as a failure for being too general and global:
同样,下面的摘要也可以被视为过于笼统和笼统的失败:

·52· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·52·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

Ex.4-5
例 4-5

Abstract
抽象

The author in this paper presents a process of fuel-saving innovation. The process is proved to be effective, and the authors are satisfied with the results.
本文的作者介绍了一种节油创新过程。该过程被证明是有效的,作者对结果感到满意。

Without thoroughful understanding of the original paper, we may not be able to rewrite the above abstract properly. However, if we analyze this abstract and compare it with the guidelines of abstract writing discussed above, it would be easier to find the inappropriateness of the above abstract.
如果不对原文有深入的理解,我们可能无法正确地重写上述摘要。但是,如果我们分析这个摘要,并将其与上面讨论的摘要写作指南进行比较,就会更容易发现上述摘要的不合适之处。

3) Monotonous Expression
3) 单调的表达

In writing an abstract, variety in the form is desired: long sentences shoulé be alternatively used with short ones, so should be with passive and active voices, changing of verbs and phrases, and others. Lack of variety may lead to monotonous expression. Let us see the following examples:
在撰写摘要时,需要形式上的多样性:长句 shoulé 与短句交替使用,因此应该与被动和主动语态动词和短语的变化等交替使用。缺乏多样性可能会导致表达单调。让我们看看以下示例:

Ex.4-6
例 4-6

Abstract
抽象

The influence of the cavity of the operation of hydrogen maser and... are discussed. Some design considerations of... are given. A practical construction... is shown. The method with high precision of... is presented . The measured stability data... are also given
型腔对氢气发生器运行的影响进行了讨论。...都给出了。实用的结构...。该方法精度高显示 。测得的稳定性数据...还给出了
.

All the five sentences in the above abstract are in passive form. The verb“give” even appears twice in such a short passage. Reading the abstract, the reader may get misled by the author's writing skills, no matter how professional the subject matter is.
上述摘要中的五个句子都是被动形式的。动词“give”甚至在这么短的段落中出现了两次。阅读摘要时,读者可能会被作者的写作技巧误导,无论主题多么专业。

Below is another abstract with similar defects, but the problem is of another nature, no passive voice can be found at all:
下面是另一个具有类似缺陷的摘要,但问题是另一种性质,根本找不到被动语态:

Ex.4-7
例 4-7

Abstract
抽象

In this paper, we obtain the stone theorem in De Morgan algebra,5 and using this theorem. we give a necessary and sufficient condition that De Morgan becomes Kleene algebra.⁶ For
在本文中,我们在 De Morgan 代数中获得了石头定理,5 并使用了这个定理。我们给出一个必要和充分的条件,即 De Morgan 成为 Kleene 代数。

Abstract (2) ·53·
摘要 (2) ·53·

proving the above result, we introduce a new quasiboolean ring.⁷Furthermore, we prove the quasi- Boolean ring. Using this result, we get a necessary and sufficient condition that De Morgan algebra becomes Kleene algebra. And finally, we discuss some properties of the quasi-Boolean ring.
为了证明上述结果,我们引入了一个新的准布尔环。此外,我们证明了布尔环。利用这个结果,我们得到了一个必要和充分的条件,即 De Morgan 代数变成 Kleene 代数。最后,我们讨论了准布尔环的一些性质。

4) Incomplete Contents
4) 不完整的内容

Hereafter is a paper entitled Relation between shear relaxation and molecular structure of lubricating oils, published by the well-known international journal ASLE Transactions.8 Let us take a close look at its abstract of the paper.
以下是一篇题为《润滑油剪切弛豫与分子结构之间的关系》的论文,由国际著名期刊ASLE Transactions发表8。让我们仔细看一下该论文的摘要。

Ex,4-8
例,4-8

Abstract
抽象

The viscoelastic property of various lubricating oils was measured with the oscillating crystal technique. The relation between the shear relaxation behavior and the molecular structure of the lubricating oils is discussed. Eyring's theory for viscous flow is used to explain the relaxation behavior from a molecular point of view. Some insight into a procedure for estimating the relaxation time from the molecular structure is presented.
用振荡晶体技术测量各种润滑油的粘弹性。讨论了剪切弛豫行为与润滑油分子结构之间的关系。Eyring 的粘性流理论用于从分子角度解释弛豫行为。 介绍了从分子结构估计弛豫时间的程序的一些见解。

Glancing at the above abstract, we may have an impression on it as follows:
看一眼上面的摘要,我们可能对它有如下印象:

First, in accordance with the requirements of abstract writing, the content of an abstract should be integrated or unified. But this abstract does not inform the readers of any result of the research.
首先,根据摘要写作的要求,摘要的内容要整合或统一。但这份摘要并没有告诉读者研究的任何结果。

Second, in terms of structure, the topic sentence of the abstract seems rather indistinctive,’ which creates difficulty for the reader to decide what the main objective of the paper is.
其次,就结构而言,摘要的主题句似乎相当模糊,这给读者带来了决定论文的主要目标的困难

Third, the verb forms and sentence patterns used in it seem to be monotonous. All the four sentences in the abstract are in passive form.
第三,它中使用的动词形式和句型似乎很单调。 摘要中的所有四个句子都是被动形式。

Finally, some expressions in the abstract remain to be improved grammatically, for example, “from a molecular point of view”, “some insight into”, etc.
最后,摘要中的一些表达在语法上仍有待改进,例如“从分子的角度来看”、“一些见解”等。

Based on the above analysis, below is our suggested version:
基于以上分析,以下是我们建议的版本:

Ex.4-9
例 4-9

Abstract
抽象

This paper aims to present the relation between the shear relaxation and molecular structure
本文旨在介绍剪切弛豫与分子结构之间的关系

·54· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表
·54·研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

of lubricating'' oils. The viscoelastic'' property of various lubricating oils was measured with the oscillating crystal technique. The shear relaxation behavior of the lubricating oils is closely related to the rigidity of a molecule and depends on the average size of flow segments rather than only on the size of a molecule.
润滑油。用振荡晶体技术测量各种润滑油的粘弹性。润滑油的剪切松弛行为与分子的刚度密切相关,并且取决于流段的平均大小而不仅仅是分子的大小。

5) Displacement of Information
5) 信息位移

Let us take the following abstract from a published paper as an example of displace- ment of information.
让我们以以下已发表论文的摘要作为信息置换的一个例子

Ex.4-10
例 4-10

Abstract
抽象

Recent anatomic studies have shown that the left bundle system of human heart actually branches out three divisions, that is, left anterior, left posterior and left mid-septal divisions. When the mid-septal fascicles¹² are diseased, the prominent anterior shift of QRS loop and the prominent tall R wave in the right chest leads could be recorded in VCG and in EKG respectively. It was denominated anterior conduction delay (ACD), ¹³ACD is considered to be a manifestation of left mid-septal fascicular block. In the present study, 61 cases of ACD are discussed and the EKG criteria of ACD are recommended.
最近的解剖学研究表明,人类心脏的左束系统实际上分为三个部分,即左前、左后和左中间隔部分。 当室间隔中束¹² 患病时,QRS 环的显着前移和右胸导联突出的高 R 波可以分别记录在 VCG 和 EKG。它被称为前传导延迟 (ACD),¹³ACD 被认为是左中间隔束传导阻滞的一种表现。在本研究中,讨论了 61 例 ACD 病例,并推荐了 ACD 的心电图标准。

The above abstract can be regarded as a poor version. The whole abstract consists of five sentences, four of which are used to present merely background information and general professional knowledge. Thus the abstract does not provide any essential information or data that should be provided in an abstract. Only the last sentence seems meaningful for an abstract.
上面的摘要可以看作是一个糟糕的版本。整个摘要由五句话组成,其中四句仅用于介绍背景信息和一般专业知识。因此,摘要不提供任何应在摘要中提供的基本信息或数据。只有最后一句话对于摘要来说似乎有意义。

Notes
笔记

1. conjugate: give the forms of a verb in a fixed order, known in Chinese as 变位
1. conjugate:按固定顺序给出动词的形式,中文称为 变位

2. admiralty jurisdiction: the law affairs of the sea or the ships 英国海军法
2. 海事管辖:The law Affairs of the sea or the ships 英国海军法

3. interpose:(fml.) to put between two other things
3. interpose:(fml.) 放在其他两个事物之间

4. holograms: three-dimensional photographic images全息图
4. Holograms: threedimensional photographic images 全息图

5. De Morgan algebra:德·摩根代数
5. De Morgan 代数:德·摩根代数

6. Kleene algebra:克里恩代数
6. Kleene 代数:克里恩代数

Abstract(2) ·55·
摘要(2) ·55·

7. quasiboolean ring:准布尔代数环
7. quasiboolean ring:准布尔代数环

8. international journal ASLE Transactions: ASLE stands for The American Society of Lubrication Engineers(美国润滑工程师协会). Hence the journal can be translated as美国润滑工程师协会国际会刊.
8. 国际期刊 ASLE Transactions:ASLE 代表美国润滑工程师协会 (The American Society of Lubrication Engineers)。因此,该杂志可以翻译为美国润滑工程师协会国际会刊。

9. indistinctive: neither clear nor definite.
9. 不明确:既不明确也不明确。

10. lubricate: to cause to move or work easily and smoothly without rubbing or sticking使润滑
10. lubricate:使润滑能够轻松平稳地移动或工作,无需摩擦或粘附

11. viscoelastic: a compound adjective which means having appreciable and conjoint viscous and elastic properties 粘塑性的
11. viscoelastic:一个复合形容词,表示具有明显和联合的粘塑和弹性特性 粘塑性的

12. mid-septal fascicles: small intermediate segregating bundles between. layers 阻挡膜
12. mid 隔束:中间的小束分离。层 阻挡膜

13. anterior conduction delay: something that blocks the conduction of the front part of the heart前部传导滞后
13. 前传导延迟:阻碍心脏前部传导的东西 前部传导滞后

Reflections and Practice (1)
反思与实践 (1)

I. Work with your partner to discuss the following.
I. 与您的合作伙伴一起讨论以下内容。

1. How do you usually write an abstract?
1. 你通常怎么写摘要?

2. What are the“5 Steps” in abstract writing?
2. 摘要写作的“5 个步骤”是什么?

3. What is the“5A Strategy” in abstract writing? How can it be helpful in your abstract writing?
3. 摘要写作中的“5A 策略”是什么?它对你的摘要写作有什么帮助?

II. Give your comments on the following abstracts.
II. 请对以下摘要发表评论。

Abstract 1
摘要 1

As the basic concepts of Corporate Finance theory, PV (present value) andNPV (net present value) can be calculated by discounting cash flows(现金贬值流通) in different periods to value asset and investmentsaA manager who invests only in the asset with positive NPV(货币当时实有面值) serves the best interest of the firm's owners —— regardless of the differences in the owner's wealth and the tastes. As shareholders are free to shift funds forward or backward on efficient capital markets on their own, their consumption behavior is constrained by only two things:
PV(现值)和NPV(净现值)作为公司金融理论的基本概念,可以通过对不同时期的现金流量(现金贬值流通)进行贴现来计算资产和投资价值a只投资于 NPV(货币当时实有面值)的资产的经理人为公司所有者的最佳利益服务——无论所有者的财富和品味如何。 由于股东可以自由地在高效的资本市场上前后转移资金,因此他们的消费行为仅受两件事的限制:

研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

their personal wealth and the interest rates at which they can borrow and lend. The manager of the firm can't affect the interest rates but can increase the shareholders' wealth by investments with positive NPV. Through pursuing positive NPV of investment, the ownership and management of a corporation can be separated efficiently.
他们的个人财富以及他们可以借贷的利率。 公司的经理不能影响利率,但可以通过投资 NPV 为正来增加股东的财富。通过追求投资的正 NPV,可以有效地分离公司的所有权和管理。

Abstract 2
摘要 2

The first day I became a TESL teacher, I was informed by an experienced colleague that literature is useless in the teaching. Two years later, from my experience, I decided there is an important position for literature in the teaching.
我成为 TESL 老师的第一天,一位经验丰富的同事告诉我,文学在教学中毫无用处。两年后,根据我的经验,我决定文学在教学中占有重要地位。

Abstract 3
摘要 3

Owing to the economic growth in the pacific region, especially in the Mainland China many multinational pharmaceutical companies have been expanding their business into these countries2For the past decade during the opening of the Chim market, Hong Kong has been regarded as the base for exploring this marketA questionnaire was designed to investigate the buying behavior of the medical practitioners. For all the respondents from both Hong Kong and the Mainland China. the most dominant influences were quality of the product and the reputation of the company. But differences emerged when the following factors were concerned: personal selling, credible scientific and clinical reports, price of the product, samples, sales bonus, seminars and conferences, advertising in medical journals, attractive promotional literature(促销文献 ), promotional materials and support, etc. Awareness of the differences can guide the multinational pharmaceutical companies(多国医药公司) to formulate cost-effective promotional strategies for the market in China.
由于太平洋地区的经济增长,尤其是中国大陆许多跨国制药公司已将业务扩展到这些国家2在过去十年中,在 Chim 市场开放期间,香港一直被视为开拓该市场的基地一项调查问卷旨在调查医疗产品的购买行为从业人员。所有来自香港和中国大陆的受访者。 最主要的影响因素是产品质量和公司声誉。但是,当涉及以下因素时,就会出现差异:个人销售、可信的科学和临床报告、产品价格、样品、销售奖金、研讨会和会议、医学期刊上的广告、有吸引力的促销文献(促销文献)、促销材料和支持等。对差异的认识可以指导跨国制药公司(多国医药公司)为中国市场制定具有成本效益的促销策略。

XAbstract4

①When employers focus only on the direct, out-of-pocket costs of health care. they fail to consider the indirect costs of illness in the workplace from worker's impaired functioning on the job and absenteeism. A case study is presented of the effects of clinical depression on direct and indirect health-related costs and s model is provided that employers can apply to a wide range of illness to analyz their investments in health care. The framework is applied to several workplac situations: employees’ depression, cigarette smoking breaks, and arthritis, to estimate the costs of lost productivity. A break-even analysis is also shown whes
(1)当雇主只关注医疗保健的直接、自付费用时。 他们没有考虑工人在工作中功能受损和旷工造成的工作场所疾病的间接成本。提出了临床抑郁症对直接和间接健康相关成本影响的案例研究,并提供了 s 模型,雇主可以应用于各种疾病来分析他们在医疗保健方面的投资。该框架适用于多种工作情况:员工抑郁、吸烟休息和关节炎,以估计生产力损失的成本。还显示了盈亏平衡分析

e]

Abstract(2) ·57·
摘要(2) ·57·

employer's investments in health interventions are likely to be justified. Since health service research is, in many respects, still in early stages, areas for further research are recommended at the end of this paper so that more efforts may be exerted.
雇主对健康干预的投资可能是合理的。由于卫生服务研究在许多方面仍处于早期阶段,因此本文最后建议了进一步研究的领域,以便做出更多努力。

Abstract.
抽象。

This paper conducts study on mathematical simulation of the calculation process of anatase titanium dioxide in a rotary kiln(转窑中锐钛氧化计算过程的数学模拟) According to the characteristic feature of the calculation process, the kiln is divided into four zones, that is, preheating zone, drying zone, dehydration zone and heating zone. In each zone, a set of differential equations are obtained by combining heat and mass balance equations, heat transfer equations and the intrinsic calculation kinetic equations of hydrous titanium dioxide. All the equations are solved numerically by using Rung-Kutta method. The results obtained include temperature profile curves of hot gas, material and wall along the kiln, and corresponding crystallite-size profile curves of the material. Influence of various parameters, such as initial water content in the slurry and ratio of primary gas to secondary gas, on the calculation process is also discussed. Based on these, several suggestions on the operation and design of a titanium dioxide kiln are put forward. They are:(1) Ratio of primary gas to secondary gas of the kiln should be strictly controlled;(2) Mechanic means should be employed to remove water in the slurry before calculation to save energy;(3) Combustion chamber should be set to prevent heat transfer from the flame to material through direct radiation.
本文对回转窑中锐钛白粉计算过程的数学模拟进行了数学模拟研究根据计算过程的特点,将窑分为四个区域,即预热区、干燥区、脱水区和加热区。在每个区域中,通过组合热和质量平衡方程、传热方程和水合钛白粉的本征计算动力学方程,得到一组微分方程。所有方程都是使用 Rung-Kutta 方法进行数值求解的。获得的结果包括热气、材料和沿窑壁的温度曲线,以及材料的相应晶粒尺寸剖面曲线。还讨论了各种参数(例如浆料中的初始含水量和初级气体与二次气体的比例)对计算过程的影响。基于这些,对钛白粉窑的运行和设计提出了几点建议。 它们是:(1) 应严格控制窑内一次煤气与次生煤气的比例;(2) 计算前应采用机械方法去除浆料中的水分,以节省能源;3) 燃烧室应设置防止热量通过直接辐射从火焰传递到材料。

III. Rewrite an abstract of your paper written prior to this course with the skills learned in this unit.
III. 用本单元中学到的技能重写本课程之前写的论文摘要

Special Attention: Vocabulary (3)
特别注意:词汇 (3)

Besides the six features of vocabulary presented in the previous units, the next three features may also be useful.
除了前面几单元中介绍的词汇的六个特征外,接下来的三个特征也可能很有用。

naviour.
纳维尔。

·58· 研究主具语景列教程·英语论文写作与发表

1) New Word Meanings Derived from Words Already Known
1) 从已知单词派生的新词义

With the development of science and technology, new concepts are increasingly emerging、 Accordingly, the meanings of many ordinary words are progressively enriched, extended and professionalized. For example:
随着科学技术的发展,新概念的出现越来越多、 因此,许多普通词语的含义也逐渐被丰富、延伸和专业化。例如:

tree 树——树状物(tree circuit 树枝状电流)
tree 树——树状物(tree circuit 树枝状电流)

cushion 垫子—缓冲器(pneumatic cushion气压式缓冲器)
cushion 垫子—缓冲器(pneumatic cushion气压式缓冲器)

pecker啄木鸟一穿孔器(automatic pecker自动穿孔器)
Pecker啄木鸟一穿孔器(automatic pecker自动穿孔器)

daughter 女儿——子体(decay daughter 裂变产物)
daughter 女儿——子体(decay daughter 裂变产物)

guard 保卫—防护(mud guard 挡泥板)
guard 保卫—防护(mud guard 挡泥板)

field 田野一场(magnetic field 磁场)
field 田野一场(magnetic field 磁场)

cherry-picker采樱桃的人——航天器的车载升降台

go 走一一切正常;可以开始(e. g., All system is go, in go-condition.)
go 走一一切正常;可以开始(例如,All system is go, in go-condition.)

break 破裂——劈雾舞

mouse 老鼠—鼠标定位器

Watergate 水门事件的政治丑闻——对……采取隐蔽的或违法的手法
水门事件水门事件的政治丑闻——对......采取隐蔽的或违法的手法

recovery恢复——(把从太空返回地球的宇航员从海面等处捞起来的)回收船舶(或直升飞机等)
recovery恢复——(把从太空返回地球的宇航员从海面等处捞起来的)回收船舶(或直升飞机等)

short短—卖空股票
shortshort—卖空股票

pinger 微波炉发出声响的定时装置——微波炉

noodle 面条,笨蛋—在电脑键盘上胡乱击键

grey 灰色—人口倾向老化

mushroom 蘑菇——蘑菇发型

foot脚——沉淀物,压脚板

2) More Noun Clusters
2) 更多的名词集群

The so-called“noun clusters” are nouns modified by other nouns instead of attributive clauses or prepositional phrases,a more concise expression can be achieved by using more noun clusters. For instance, it would be better to say“high precision instrument” rather than“instrument of high precision”, “nearly engine noise” instead of“noise of the engine that are nearby”; and“data transmission systems” can replace“systems for transmission of data.” It is more concise to say“The Chinese Science News” instead of“The News of Science of China.”
所谓「名词簇」,就是用其他名词修饰的名词,而不是定语从句或介词短语,使用更多的名词簇可以达到更简洁的表达。例如,最好说“高精度仪器”而不是“高精度仪器”,最好说“接近发动机噪音”而不是“附近发动机的噪音”;“数据传输系统”可以代替“数据传输系统”。更简洁的说法是“The Chinese Science News”而不是“The News of Science of China”。

Abstract (2) ·59·
摘要 (2) ·59·

From the above examples we can see that the first noun serves as an adjective to modify the second, and such expressions are fairly concise and easy to follow. Of course, there are no rigid rules in this respect. There may also be cases in which two nouns cannot be put together. For example, we can not say“the China map” but“the map of China.” So correct comprehension and application of the particular features of noun clusters are essential in writing papers.
从上面的例子中我们可以看到,第一个名词作为形容词来修饰第二个名词,这样的表达相当简洁易懂。 当然,这方面没有严格的规则。也可能存在两个名词不能放在一起的情况。例如,我们不能说“中国地图”,而要说“中国地图”。因此,正确理解和应用名词群的特定特征在写论文时是必不可少的。

3) More Artificial Language(Graphs and Tables, etc.)
3) 更多的人工语言(图形和表格等)

By artificial language we mean a set of signal systems including:(1) signs such as +、-,=、 etc.; (2) formulae such as E = m v², the formula of the theory of Relativity by Einstein; again, M=myvny=mn,(the formula of annual surplus value), which are stipulated and accepted by professionals worldwide; (3) charts (see Fig. 1 below, in which the coverage of ocean and land are distinctly presented);(4) tables (see Table 1 below entitled Conflict-Handling Modes、 in which more informative and more concise displays are presented), and (5) photos, etc. The above examples show that artificial language can help to present technical information in a way that a text alone fails to. These displays condense, summarize and organize complex details. They also help to reveal relationships and allow reference to specific facts. Artificial language is concise in form, rich in meaning, whose proper use can virtually produce distinctive effects and helps to achieve more concise and helps to informative purposes in writing papers.
我们所说的人工语言是指一组信号系统,包括:(1) 符号,如 +、-,=、 等;(2) 诸如 E = m v² 之类的公式,爱因斯坦的相对论公式;同样, M=myvny=mn, (年剩余价值公式),全世界的专业人士规定和接受;(3) 图表(见下面的图 1,其中清楚地显示了海洋和陆地的覆盖范围);(4) 表格(参见下面标题为冲突处理模式的表 1,其中提供了更多信息和更简洁显示),以及 (5) 照片等。上面的例子表明,人工语言可以帮助以文本本身无法做到的方式呈现技术信息。 这些显示浓缩、汇总和组织了复杂的细节。它们还有助于揭示关系并允许参考特定事实。人工语言形式简洁,意义丰富,其正确使用几乎可以产生独特的效果,有助于实现更简洁的目的,并有助于在撰写论文时达到信息丰富的目的

·60· 研究生英语系列教程·英语论文写作与发表

Table 1. Conflict-Handling Modes
表 1.冲突处理模式

Mode
模式

Level of Assertiveness
自信程度

Level of Cooperation
合作级别

Competing
竞争

High

Low

Compromising
妥协

Moderate
温和

Moderate
温和

Collaborating
合作

High

High

Avoiding
避免

Low

Low

Accommodating
容纳

Low

High

Reflections and Practice (2)
反思与实践 (2

I. / Translate the following into Chinese, paying attention to the meaning of the underlined parts.
I. / 将以下内容翻译成中文,注意带下划线部分的含义。

1. This kind of ball bearing is more effective.
1、这种滚珠轴承更有效。

2. The test bed is five feet in length.
2. 测试长 5 英尺。

3. There will be a large proportion of baby cars in the Chinese market.
3. 中国市场将有很大比例的婴儿车。

4. The problem is how to debug as soon as possible.
4. 问题是如何尽快调试

5. To stimulate themselves some of the young men are crazy on rock and roll, break and so on.
5. 为了刺激自己,一些年轻人疯狂地玩摇滚乐、breaking等。

6. The machine serves as trouble shooting.
6. 机器用作故障排除

7. The prices in the Southeast Asian countries escalate rapidly, because of the monetary crisis in this area.
7. 由于 该地区的货币危机,东南亚国家的价格迅速上涨

8. The computer will be out of order with a layman noodling.
8. 电脑会乱七八糟

II./ Simplify the following by noun clusters.
II./ 用名词 clusters 简化以下内容。

1. This is a bridge made of stone.
1. 这是一座石头制成的桥。

2. In the teaching of mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional.
2. 在数学教学中,占主导地位的教学模式通常是传统的。

3. Students are expected to meet a deadline for the submission of a paper.
3. 学生应在截止日期前提交论文。

4. The introduction of mechanism of competition brought vigor and vitality into the enterprise.
4、竞争机制的引入,给企业带来了生机和活力

5. There are signs that the rate of birth in the world is dropping.
5. 有迹象表明,世界上的出生率正在下降。