Environmental analysis involves the performance of chemical, physical and biological measurements in environment.
环境分析涉及在环境中进行化学、物理和生物测量的性能。

Care and impartiality in gathering and recording data, as well as independent verification, are the cornerstones of science.
在收集和记录数据以及独立验证时，谨慎和公正是科学的基石。

Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste.
环境是我们周围的物理和生物栖息地;我们能看到、听到、触摸到、闻到和尝到的东西。

Acid rain is precipitation in which the pH is below 5.6.
酸雨是 pH 值低于 5.6 的降水。

The thin gaseous envelope that surrounds our planet is integral to the maintenance of life on earth. The composition of the atmosphere is predominately determined by biological processes acting in concert with physical and chemical change. Though the concentrations of the major atmospheric constituents oxygen and nitrogen remain the same, the concentration of trace species, which are key to many atmospheric processes are changing.
围绕地球的薄薄的气态包层是维持地球生命不可或缺的一部分。大气的成分主要由生物过程与物理和化学变化协同作用决定。尽管大气中主要成分氧和氮的浓度保持不变，但对许多大气过程至关重要的微量物质的浓度正在发生变化。

It is becoming apparent that man’ s activities are beginning to change the composition of the atmosphere over a range of scales, leading to, for example, increased acid deposition, local and regional Ozone episodes, stratospheric ozone loss and potentially climate change.
越来越明显的是，人类的活动开始在一系列尺度上改变大气的成分，例如，导致酸沉积增加、局部和区域臭氧事件、平流层臭氧损失和潜在的气候变化。

The troposphere is the region of active weather systems which determine the climate at the surface of the earth. Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere, a quiescent region of the atmosphere where vertical transport of material is slow and radiative transfer of energy dominates. In this region lies the ozone layer which has an important property of absorbing ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, which would otherwise be harmful to life on earth.
对流层是决定地球表面气候的活跃天气系统区域。对流层上方是平流层，这是大气中的一个静止区域，物质的垂直传输很慢，能量的辐射传输占主导地位。臭氧层位于该区域，臭氧层具有吸收来自太阳的紫外线 （UV） 辐射的重要特性，否则这些辐射将对地球上的生命有害。

Acid rain dissolves chemical elements necessary for life in the lake. Once in solution, the necessary elements leave the lake with water outflow. Thus, elements that once cycled in the lake are lost. Without these nutrients, algae do not grow, animals that feed on the algae have little to eat, and animals that feed on these animals also have less food. Acid rain leaches metals, such as aluminum, lead, mercury, and calcium, from the soils and rocks in a drainage basin and discharges them into rivers and lakes.
酸雨溶解了湖中生命所必需的化学元素。一旦溶解，必要的元素就会随着水流出离开湖。因此，曾经在湖中循环的元素会丢失。没有这些营养物质，藻类就不会生长，以藻类为食的动物几乎没有食物可吃，以这些动物为食的动物的食物也较少。酸雨从流域盆地的土壤和岩石中渗出金属，如铝、锉、汞和钙，并排放到河流和湖泊中。

Acid Rain’s Effects on Forest Ecosystems: It has long been suspected that acid precipitation damages trees. Symptoms include slowed tree growth, leaves and needles that turn brown and fall off, and in extreme cases the death of tress. The acid rain does not directly kill trees; rather, it weakens them as essential nutrients are leached from soils or stripped from leaves by acid fog. Acidic rainfall also may release toxic chemicals, such as aluminum, that damage trees.
酸雨对森林生态系统的影响：长期以来，人们一直怀疑酸性降水会损害树木。症状包括树木生长缓慢、叶子和针叶变成棕色并脱落，在极端情况下会导致树枝死亡。酸雨不会直接杀死树木;相反，它会削弱它们，因为必需的营养物质从土壤中浸出或被酸雾从树叶中剥离。酸性降雨还可能释放有毒化学物质，例如铝，从而损害树木。

Acid Rain’s Effects on Lake Ecosystems: Acid rain affects lake ecosystems. It damages aquatic species (fish, amphibians, crayfish) directly by disrupting their life processes in ways that limit growth or cause death. For example, crayfish produce fewer eggs in acidic water, and the eggs produced often grow into malformed larvae. Acid rain dissolves chemical elements necessary for life in the lake. Once in solution, the necessary elements leave the lake with water outflow.
酸雨对湖泊生态系统的影响：酸雨影响湖泊生态系统。它通过以限制生长或导致死亡的方式破坏水生物种（鱼类、两栖动物、小龙虾）的生命过程，直接损害水生物种。例如，小龙虾在酸性水中产卵较少，产生的卵通常会长成畸形的幼虫。酸雨溶解了湖中生命所必需的化学元素。一旦溶解，必要的元素就会随着水流出离开湖。

What Is Air Pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants. A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.
什么是空气污染？空气污染通常被定义为空气中含有一种或多种化学物质，浓度足够高，足以伤害人类、其他动物、植被或材料。空气污染物主要有两种类型。主要空气污染物是直接添加到空气中的化学物质，浓度为有害浓度。它可以是高于其正常浓度的天然空气成分，例如二氧化碳，也可以是空气中通常不存在的成分，例如燃烧含铅汽油的汽车排放的铅化合物。二次空气污染物是通过空气成分之间的化学反应在大气中形成的有害化学物质。

Volatile organic compounds contain carbon and a variety of other elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, sulfur, or nitrogen. They readily vaporize at room temperature, releasing noxious vapors into the air. Common household products, such as those designed for cleaning, disinfecting, degreasing or waxing, often contain high levels of VOCs. Some of these are potent toxins, capable of persisting in the indoor air space for a long time.
挥发性有机化合物含有碳和多种其他元素，例如氢、氧、氟、氯、溴、硫或氮。它们在室温下很容易蒸发，将有毒蒸气释放到空气中。常见的家用产品，例如设计用于清洁、消毒、脱脂或打蜡的产品，通常含有高水平的 VOC。其中一些是 potent 毒素，能够在室内空气空间中长时间存在。

Water pollution is an imprecise term that reveals nothing about either the type of polluting material or its source. The way we deal with the waste problem depends upon whether the contaminants are oxygen demanding, algae promoting, infectious, toxic, or simply unsightly. Pollution of our water resources can occur directly from sewer outfalls or industrial discharges (point sources) or indirectly from air pollution or agricultural or urban runoff (nonpoint sources).
水污染是一个不精确的术语，它没有揭示污染材料的类型或其来源。我们处理废物问题的方式取决于污染物是否需要氧气、促进藻类、传染性、毒性或只是难看。我们的水资源污染可能直接来自下水道排放口或工业排放（点源），也可能间接来自空气污染或农业或城市径流（非点源）。

Wherever there is suitable food, sufficient moisture, and an appropriate temperature, microorganisms will thrive. Sewage provides an ideal environment for a vast array of microbes, primarily bacteria, plus some viruses and protozoa. Most of these microorganisms in wastewater are harmless and can be employed in biological processes to convert organic matter to stable end products. However, sewage may also contain pathogens from the excreta of people with infectious diseases that can be transmitted by contaminated water.
只要有合适的食物、充足的水分和适当的温度，微生物就会茁壮成长。污水为大量微生物（主要是细菌）以及一些病毒和原生动物提供了理想的环境。废水中的大多数 microorganism 是无害的，可用于生物过程，将有机物转化为稳定的最终产品。然而，污水也可能含有传染病患者排泄物中的病原体，这些病原体可以通过受污染的水传播。

The total solids (organic plus inorganic) in wastewater are, by definition, the residues after the liquid portion has been evaporated and the remainder dried to a constant weight at 103℃. Differentiation between dissolved solids and undissolved, that is, suspended, solids are accomplished by evaporating filtered and unfiltered wastewater samples. The difference in weight between the two dried samples indicates the suspended solids content. To further categorize the residues, they are held at 550℃ for 15 minutes. The ash remaining is considered to represent inorganic solids and the loss of volatile matter to be a measure of the organic content.
根据定义，废水中的总固体（有机物加无机物）是指液体部分蒸发后残留物，剩余部分在 103°C 下干燥至恒重。通过蒸发过滤和未过滤的废水样品，可以区分溶解的固体和未溶解的固体，即悬浮的固体。两个干燥样品之间的重量差异表示悬浮固体含量。为了进一步对残留物进行分类，将它们在 550°C 下保持 15 分钟。剩余的灰分被认为代表无机固体，而挥发性物质的损失是有机物含量的量度。

The two methods used most frequently to determine the oxygen requirements of wastewater are the COD and BOD tests. The COD, or chemical oxygen demand, of the wastewater is the measured amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics presents; the BOD, or biochemical oxygen demand, is the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater.
用于确定废水氧气需求的两种最常用的方法是 COD 和 BOD 测试。废水的 COD 或化学需氧量是化学氧化存在的有机物所需的测量氧气量;BOD，即生化需氧量，是被驯化的微生物在生物降解废水中有机物所需的测量氧气量。