Bruno Debaenst  布鲁诺-德本斯特

'Still valid today is the lesson from the first industrial revolution - that the extent to which society embraces technological innovation is a major determinant of progress'. The quote stems from Karl Schwab, the director of the World Economic Forum, who introduced the concept of the "Fourth Industrial Revolution" to a broader audience by writing a booklet on the topic in 2016.2 One of his goals was 'to increase awareness of the comprehensiveness and speed of the technological revolution and its multifaceted impact. This edition of De Lege on Artificial Intelligence and Law illustrates that awareness is undoubtedly growing.
今天，第一次工业革命的教训依然有效--社会拥抱技术创新的程度是进步的主要决定因素"。这句话出自世界经济论坛主任卡尔-施瓦布（Karl Schwab）之手，他在 2016 年撰写了一本关于 "第四次工业革命 "的小册子，向更广泛的受众介绍了这一概念。2 他的目标之一是 "提高人们对技术革命的全面性和速度及其多方面影响的认识。 本版《人工智能与法律》（De Lege on Artificial Intelligence and Law）说明，人们的认识无疑正在提高。

Schwab's quote is also interesting because he makes a reference to the First Industrial Revolution. In uncertain times, people tend to look at the past to take lessons for the future. There have been three industrial revolutions before: periods of fundamental industrial and societal transformations that have changed the world forever. In this contribution, I will take a closer look at how law has been dealing with these earlier industrial revolutions. Can we learn something from the past? Are we just repeating a pattern or is something new going on? Which lessons can
施瓦布的这段话也很有意思，因为他提到了第一次工业革命。在不确定的时代，人们往往会回顾过去，为未来汲取经验教训。在此之前，已经发生过三次工业革命：工业和社会的根本性变革时期永远地改变了世界。在本文中，我将深入探讨法律是如何应对这些早期工业革命的。我们能否从过去的经验中学到什么？我们只是在重复一种模式，还是正在发生一些新的事情？哪些经验教训可以

we take from the past, to be better prepared for the future? Since long I have been fascinated by the industrial revolutions and their interaction with law. I did my doctoral research on this topic, by studying the process of juridification of workplace accidents in the nineteenth century in Belgium. am also increasingly interested in the ongoing digital revolution. A few years ago, I was surprised to find out that in the seminars on comparative legal history, my master students did not have a clue about what was going on. They literally had never heard of smart contracts, the Internet of Things or blockchain. How was this possible? Were we delivering already outdated lawyers to the labour market? This motivated me to include a lecture on "legal futurology" in our legal history course, to at least point out to the students the ongoing digital revolution and its many challenges and opportunities. In this text, I will try to bring the past and the future together.
我们是否可以从过去的经验中吸取教训，为未来做更好的准备？长期以来，我一直对工业革命及其与法律的互动关系着迷。我的博士研究课题就是研究十九世纪比利时工伤事故的司法化过程。 我对正在进行的数字革命也越来越感兴趣。几年前，我惊讶地发现，在有关比较法律史的研讨会上，我的硕士生们根本不知道发生了什么。他们根本没听说过智能合约、物联网或区块链。这怎么可能呢？我们是在向劳动力市场输送已经过时的律师吗？这促使我在我们的法律史课程中加入了 "法律未来学 "的讲座，至少要向学生们指出正在进行的数字革命及其带来的诸多挑战和机遇。在本文中，我将尝试把过去和未来结合起来。

The First Industrial Revolution started in the mid-18 century in Great Britain. Coal mines fuelled steam engines that literally drove industrialisation. Textile factories mechanised. Already early on, the law was used to tame the industrial beast. In 1802, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the first of a series of Factory Acts, to protect workers in the mechanised cotton factories. In France, Napoleon regulated the coal mines in 1810 and installed a mining inspection in In 1831, Prussia dealt with its steam engines and in 1838 with the upcoming railroads, introducing a regime of strict liability. Law also facilitated the indus-
第一次工业革命始于 18 世纪中叶的英国。煤矿为蒸汽机提供燃料，蒸汽机实实在在地推动了工业化。纺织厂实现了机械化。法律很早就被用来驯服工业巨兽。1802年，英国议会通过了一系列《工厂法》中的第一部，以保护机械化棉纺厂的工人。 在法国，拿破仑于 1810 年对煤矿进行了管理，并于 1832 年设立了矿业监察局。 1831年，普鲁士处理了蒸汽机问题，1838 年处理了即将兴建的铁路问题，引入了严格责任制度。 法律还促进了工业的发展。

trial revolution. The British patent system, for instance, was continually evolving and responding to the needs of the industrialising economy, without any legislative reform. Inventors could easily obtain and enforce patent rights, which encouraged them to develop new technology. In the 1830 s, several German states, such as Baden and Saxony, changed their expropriation legislation to facilitate the construction of railroads. In other words, law played a pivotal role in regulating and facilitating the industrial revolution. The other way around, the First Industrial Revolution seems not to have had any direct impact on the legal sector (legal education, legal professions, legal methodology).
审判革命。例如，英国的专利制度在没有任何立法改革的情况下不断发展，以满足工业化经济的需求。 发明家可以很容易地获得并实施专利权，这鼓励了他们开发新技术。19 世纪 30 年代，德国的一些州（如巴登和萨克森）修改了征用法律，以促进铁路建设。 换言之，法律在规范和促进工业革命方面发挥了关键作用。 反之，第一次工业革命似乎没有对法律部门（法律教育、法律职业、法律方法论）产生任何直接影响。

Around the 1870 s, the Second Industrial Revolution began with new technologies, such as electricity, the telegraph and the telephone, chemical industry and the production line. Meanwhile, the sectors of the First Industrial Revolution continued to grow and to develop. Countries like Germany and Japan industrialised at a high speed. All around the world, railroads were constructed. Law increasingly had to deal with interesting legal questions raised by the ongoing industrialisation. One example was electricity, which was mostly invisible, powerful and had an incredible arrangement of new, fascinating possible applications. Lawyers had to figure out how they could legally frame this elusive matter. All kinds of
19 世纪 70 年代前后，第二次工业革命随着电力、电报和电话、化学工业和生产线等新技术的出现而开始。与此同时，第一次工业革命的各个领域继续增长和发展。德国和日本等国高速发展工业。全世界都在修建铁路。法律越来越多地需要应对工业化进程中出现的有趣的法律问题。其中一个例子就是电力，它大多是无形的，但威力巨大，并拥有令人难以置信的新奇应用。律师们必须弄清如何从法律上界定这一难以捉摸的事物。各种

difficult legal issues emerged. What was electricity? An object? Which legal qualification should it receive? Electricity could be produced, measured, traded, stolen, etc. Other difficulties arose. The Industrial Revolution developed organically; over the years, each country or even each company had developed its own standards. Lawyers and engineers gathered at international conferences to develop universal standards, for instance, regarding electricity.
出现了棘手的法律问题。 电是什么？一种物体？它应该获得何种法律资格？电可以被生产、测量、交易、偷窃等。其他困难也随之而来。工业革命是有机发展的；多年来，每个国家甚至每个公司都制定了自己的标准。律师和工程师们聚集在国际会议上，共同制定关于电力等方面的通用标准。

The Second Industrial Revolution increasingly fuelled the legal development. New branches of law popped up and old ones blossomed. "Industrial law" became the hot topic of the day. For instance, in Belgium in 1898, no less than three specialised journals on this topic saw the light of day. Industrial law included inter alia patent law that had to deal with the numerous conflicts arising out of scientific discoveries and technical advances. Industrial workplace accidents also received increasing attention from lawyers, because of the many liability issues that arose. For instance, in 1884, a Belgian lawyer, Charles-Xavier Sainctelette, wrote a fascinating booklet titled "De la garantie et de la responsabilité (accidents de transport et de travail)" - "On warrantee and liability (transport and workplace accidents)". Starting from railroad liability cases from the
第二次工业革命日益推动了法律的发展。新的法律分支层出不穷，旧的法律分支百花齐放。"工业法 "成为当时的热门话题。例如，1898 年在比利时，就有不少于三份关于这一主题的专业期刊面世。 工业法主要包括专利法，它必须处理科学发现和技术进步带来的大量冲突。由于出现了许多责任问题，工业工作场所事故也越来越受到律师的关注。例如，1884 年，比利时律师 Charles-Xavier Sainctelette 撰写了一本题为 "De la garantie et de la responsabilité (accidents de transport et de travail)"--"论担保和责任（运输和工作场所事故）"的精彩小册子。 该书从 1907 年的铁路责任案例入手。

early 1880s, he developed a completely new theory. Sainctelette was an early legal realist who started from reality ( the world as it was) and criticised the dominant exegetic school, which looked at the world through the lens of legal fiction (= the world as it is in the law codes). One decade later, these ideas would be elaborated within the famous French "École de la libre recherche scientifique". The industrial issues would also stimulate the development of insurance law and modern social law (labour law and social security law). Interestingly, the law faculties reacted strikingly slow on these new developments. The example of industrial and social law at the Belgian law faculties can illustrate this. At the end of the century, the first optional courses regarding "industrial law" appeared at the universities, albeit outside of the law faculties. It took until 1927, when "social legislation" became an optional course in the law curriculum, and it only became obligatory in 1948 . In the 1950 s, social law expanded with several obligatory and optional courses and a fruitful interfaculty and international collaboration. In the 1960s, the law faculties all installed a specialised master's programme on social law, anticipating on the judicial reforms and the introduction of new labour courts.
1880年代初，他提出了一种全新的理论。圣克泰勒是早期的法律现实主义者，他从现实（ 世界的本来面目）出发，批判了占主导地位的注释学派，该学派通过法律虚构（=法典中的世界）的视角来观察世界。十年后，这些思想在著名的法国 "科学自由研究学院 "中得到了阐释。工业问题也促进了保险法和现代社会法（劳动法和社会保障法）的发展。有趣的是，法学院对这些新发展的反应却异常迟缓。比利时法学院工业法和社会法的例子可以说明这一点。 世纪末，大学里出现了第一批有关 "工业法 "的选修课程，尽管这些课程不属于法学院。直到 1927 年，"社会立法 "才成为法律课程中的一门选修课，直到 1948 年才成为必修课。20 世纪 50 年代，社会法得到扩展，开设了多门必修课和选修课，并开展了卓有成效的院系间和国际合作。20 世纪 60 年代，所有法学院都开设了社会法专业硕士课程，以应对司法改革和新劳动法庭的引入。

In comparison to the First Industrial Revolution, the Second Industrial Revolution seems to have had some influence on law, through the development of new areas of law; otherwise, the influence was rather limited.
与第一次工业革命相比，第二次工业革命通过发展新的法律领域，似乎对法律产生了一些影响，但除此之外，影响相当有限。

The start of the Third Industrial Revolution is generally situated in the 1940s, with the development of the first modern computers (Alan Turing). In the 1970 s and 1980 s, the personal computer (PC) conquered the world. In the 1990 s, the Internet developed with the speed of light, linking together computers from all over the world. For many among us,
第三次工业革命的起点一般是在 20 世纪 40 年代，当时开发出了第一台现代计算机（阿兰-图灵）。 20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代，个人电脑（PC）征服了世界。20 世纪 90 年代，互联网以光速发展，将世界各地的计算机连接在一起。对于我们中的许多人来说

the Third Industrial Revolution is erlebte Geschichte - lived history. Our own past. With growing older, one develops more and more historical perspective. For instance, when I look back at my own student time, the differences with today are gigantic. started studying at the university in 1995. The vast majority of students simply did not have a computer. In class, we all took notes by hand, and we turned in handwritten papers and exams. We went to the library to consult books, encyclopaedias and journals. For general information, we turned to so-called "ad valvas": places where announcements were placed on the wall. We did not have cell phones, let alone smartphones: we had to queue for public phones to reach the home front. We went to class or to the pub to see friends and meet up with fellow students. One day, I received a letter saying that the university had created an "e-mail address" for me. There were only a dozen computers with Internet in the faculty, and they were almost always occupied. When I did manage to get a hold of a computer, most of my "e-mails" were already outdated. It felt more like a curiosity than something practical. I did not realise it at the time, but the Third industrial Revolution had caught up with me. In 1998, I got my first computer, a laptop even, to write my master's thesis. Pure luxury, in comparison to the old typewriter. In 2001, my father gave me his old mobile phone: a gigantic, heavy NOKIA, still with an antenna. We all just underwent the revolution, from day to day, step by step, moving towards the future. Big floppy disks turned into smaller floppy disks and then into memory sticks. Computers increasingly worked faster and had more memory space. Computer programmes professionalised (think about the successive versions of Windows: Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, etc.). The Internet grew and offered fertile ground for new Big Tech Companies such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, etc. Everything became faster and easier. Mobile phones turned into smart phones. And so on, until we have now reached 2021.
第三次工业革命是一部活生生的历史。 我们自己的过去。随着年龄的增长，人的历史观会越来越强。例如，当我回顾自己的学生时代时，与今天的差别是巨大的。 我是 1995 年开始上大学的。当时绝大多数学生都没有电脑。在课堂上，我们都用手记笔记，上交手写的试卷和考卷。我们去图书馆查阅书籍、百科全书和期刊。要想了解一般信息，我们就去所谓的 "ad valvas"：即墙上贴公告的地方。我们没有手机，更不用说智能手机了：我们必须排队使用公用电话才能打到前线。我们去教室或酒吧看朋友，与同学们聚会。有一天，我收到一封信，说学校为我创建了一个 "电子邮件地址"。 学院里只有十几台电脑可以上网，而且几乎总是被占用。当我好不容易找到一台电脑时，我的大多数 "电子邮件 "都已经过期了。我觉得这更像是一种好奇，而不是实用。当时我并没有意识到，第三次工业革命已经赶上了我。1998 年，为了撰写硕士论文，我买了第一台电脑，甚至是笔记本电脑。与老式打字机相比，这简直是奢侈品。2001 年，父亲把他的旧手机送给了我：一部巨大而沉重的诺基亚手机，还带着天线。我们都经历了一场革命，从早到晚，一步步走向未来。大软盘变成了小软盘，然后又变成了记忆棒。电脑的运行速度越来越快，内存空间越来越大。 计算机程序专业化（想想历代 Windows 版本：Windows 95、98、2000、XP 等）。互联网的发展为谷歌、Facebook、亚马逊等新的大型科技公司提供了肥沃的土壤。一切都变得更快、更简单。手机变成了智能手机。如此往复，直到 2021 年。

It is only when looking back that it becomes obvious the revolution we have gone through. One can only wonder how future legal historians
只有在回首往事时，我们才能清楚地看到我们所经历的革命。我们不禁要问，未来的法律史学家

will look back at this spectacular period. They will be able to observe the following phenomena.
将回顾这段壮观的时期。他们将能够观察到以下现象。

The first is the force of human adaptability. The computer revolution went very naturally. The transition happened gradually, step by step. Just as with electricity, we simply grew accustomed to the computational wonders. Lawyers also adapted to the new tools and new ways of information gathering. Ethan Katsh testified in 1996 that "virtually all lawyers associated with the 500 largest law firms had computers on their desks". It was an exciting time and futurists such as Richard Susskind predicted huge changes in the legal world.
首先是人类的适应力。计算机革命进行得非常自然。过渡是一步一步逐渐发生的。就像电力一样，我们逐渐习惯了计算的奇迹。律师也适应了新工具和新的信息收集方式。伊森-卡什（Ethan Katsh）在 1996 年作证说，"几乎所有与 500 家最大律师事务所相关的律师的办公桌上都摆放着电脑"。这是一个激动人心的时代，理查德-苏斯金德（Richard Susskind）等未来学家预测法律界将发生巨大的变化。

However, despite the many fundamental changes brought by the computer, we can meanwhile also observe that the general impact of the Third Industrial Revolution on law has not been that drastic. The way in which legal professionals process and share information may have changed because of the computer, e-mail and the Internet, but these technologies have not fundamentally transformed the way lawyers work. Lawyers are rather conservative, and they do not like to change their usual modus operandi. It is this force of tradition that explains why it took (takes) so long for many of the predictions from the nineties to become real. Look at legal books and journals. In the 1990s, futurists predicted virtual libraries. Even if this has nowadays largely become true, we still have paper books and journals. However, the revolution is ongoing and unstoppable. In 2016, Columbia Law School cancelled its subscriptions to 450 Law Reviews - all the journals that immediately uploaded their content to HeinOnline. There was simply no longer a need to buy the paper version. The lesson is clear: eventually, all, or nearly all, law reviews
然而，尽管计算机带来了许多根本性的变化，我们同时也可以看到，第三次工业革命对法律的总体影响并没有那么剧烈。法律专业人员处理和共享信息的方式可能因为计算机、电子邮件和互联网而发生了变化，但这些技术并没有从根本上改变律师的工作方式。 律师是相当保守的，他们不喜欢改变自己的惯常工作方式。 正是这种传统的力量，解释了为什么九十年代的许多预测需要（需要）如此长的时间才能成为现实。看看法律书籍和期刊吧。20 世纪 90 年代，未来学家曾预测会出现虚拟图书馆。 即使如今这在很大程度上已成为现实，我们仍然使用纸质书籍和期刊。然而，这场革命正在进行，势不可挡。2016 年，哥伦比亚大学法学院取消了对 450 份《法律评论》的订阅，所有期刊都立即将其内容上传到 HeinOnline。 根本不再需要购买纸质版。教训很明显：最终，所有或几乎所有的法律评论

will publish only online. In other words: the force of tradition can slow progress down, but it will not stop it.
将只在网上发表。 换句话说：传统的力量可以延缓进步，但无法阻止进步。

Another observation is that - just as with the previous two industrial revolutions - lawyers quickly conquered the unchartered territory created by the new Industrial Revolution. Already in the 1960s, Jan Hellner and Peter Seipel from Stockholm University got interested in the possible legal applications of computers. It led in 1968 to the Arbetsgrupp for (automatisk databehandling) och Juridik, which studied both the search for legal information by computers, and the legal questions that arose from the new technology. The group organised teaching and seminars, built a specialised library and supported research. In 1977, Peter Seipel defended his PhD titled "Computing law: perspectives on a new legal discipline". In 1981, the Arbetsgrupp transformed into the Institutet for Rättsinformatik (The Swedish Law and Informatics Research Institute) at Stockholm University. The Institute served (and serves) as a platform where people from inside and outside the university could meet to discuss law and informatics.
另一个值得注意的现象是，正如前两次工业革命一样，律师们迅速征服了新工业革命所开辟的未知领域。早在 20 世纪 60 年代，斯德哥尔摩大学的扬-赫尔纳（Jan Hellner）和彼得-塞佩尔（Peter Seipel）就对计算机在法律领域的应用产生了浓厚的兴趣。 他们于 1968 年成立了 Arbetsgrupp for (automatisk databehandling) och Juridik（自动数据处理与法律）小组，该小组既研究计算机对法律信息的搜索，也研究新技术带来的法律问题。该小组组织教学和研讨会，建立专业图书馆并支持研究工作。 1977 年，彼得-塞珀尔通过了题为 "计算机法律：新法律学科的视角 "的博士答辩。 1981 年，Arbetsgrupp 转变为斯德哥尔摩大学的瑞典法律与信息学研究所（Institutet for Rättsinformatik）。 该研究所是一个平台，校内外人士可以聚集在这里讨论法律和信息学。

Just as with the previous industrial revolutions, new areas of law have emerged on the crossroad of law and the Third Industrial Revolution. New journals have been founded, such as "Computer Law & Security Review" in 1985 and "Information & Communication Technology Law" in 1992. The law curriculum has also been updated with some new courses such as "Rättsinformatik" in Stockholm and "Information och rätt - immaterialrätt, yttranderätt och Internet" in Uppsala. All in all, however, the new areas of law have remained marginal. They are the object of a few specialists, and they have not affected the mainstream law curriculum.
正如前几次工业革命一样，在法律与第三次工业革命的十字路口上也出现了新的法律领域。新期刊相继创刊，如 1985 年的《计算机法律与安全评论》和 1992 年的《信息与通信技术法》。法律课程也进行了更新，开设了一些新课程，如斯德哥尔摩的 "Rättsinformatik "和乌普萨拉的 "Information och rätt - immaterialrätt, yttranderätt och Internet"。但总的来说，新的法律领域仍然处于边缘地位。它们只是少数专家的研究对象，并未对主流法律课程产生影响。

Today, while the Third Industrial Revolution is still ongoing and deepening, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has already started to unleash its powers. We are at the dawn of the Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Technology is advancing at an incredible speed, with the simultaneous and interactive development of AI, Augmented and Virtual Reality, the Internet of Things, Blockchain, Drones, Robots and 3D Printing. The driving forces behind these evolutions are the advancements in computing, where the speed, power and capacity have been doubling every two years. 'Between 2000 and 2017 three critical things happened simultaneously in the technology universe: computer processing power increased from to ; the cost of data storage reduced from to GB; and there was unquantifiable and astronomically huge data growth.
今天，当第三次工业革命仍在进行和深化时，第四次工业革命已经开始释放它的力量。 我们正处于人工智能（AI）时代的黎明。 技术正以令人难以置信的速度向前发展，人工智能、增强现实和虚拟现实、物联网、区块链、无人机、机器人和 3D 打印技术同时互动发展。 这些发展背后的驱动力是计算技术的进步，其速度、功率和容量每两年翻一番。 "从 2000 年到 2017 年，技术领域同时发生了三件至关重要的事情：计算机处理能力从 提高到 ；数据存储成本从 降低到 GB；以及无法量化的、天文数字般的巨大数据增长。

When looking at the interaction of the Fourth Industrial Revolution with law, we can detect some familiar patterns that we recognise from the previous industrial revolutions. To start with, some lawyers are quickly becoming cyberspace astronauts, to boldly go where no man has gone before, to discover new and uncharted territory or do something that no one has done before. The AI universe needs regulation, and the many
当我们审视第四次工业革命与法律的互动时，我们可以发现一些熟悉的模式，这些模式我们可以从以往的工业革命中找到。 首先，一些律师正在迅速成为网络空间的宇航员，大胆地前往前人未曾涉足的地方，发现未知的新领域，或者做一些前人未曾做过的事情。 人工智能宇宙需要监管，而许多

applications of AI raise numerous ethical and legal issues. In many cases, law does its trick by applying old rules to new problems. Liability questions arising from self-driving cars can be studied in tort law, and smart contracts are part of contract law. As with previous industrial revolutions, new specialised journals are popping up. For example, in 2018, the "Journal of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence & Law" saw the light of day. In the foreword of the first issue, the editors gave the following justification: 'With developments in this space occurring on a regular basis, and with new laws and rules being enacted to govern them, attorneys and law firms, in-house counsel, business executives, scientists, engineers, corporate compliance officers, government agencies, and everyone interested in robotics and Al need practical information on current developments in these areas. There simply is no better time than right now to begin a new journal on robotics, , and law'. Since 2016, Springer has a series "Perspectives in Law, Business and Innovation", with edited volumes on topics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: "New Technology, Big Data and the Law" (2017); Robotics, AI and the Future of Law" (2018); "Legal Tech, Smart Contracts and Blockchain" (2019); "Big Data, Database and "Ownership" Rights in the Cloud" (2020); and "Autonomous Vehicles" (2021) to name a few.
人工智能的应用提出了许多伦理和法律问题。 在许多情况下，法律通过将旧规则应用于新问题来发挥作用。 自动驾驶汽车产生的责任问题可以在侵权法中进行研究，而智能合约则是合同法的一部分。 与以往的工业革命一样，新的专业期刊也在不断涌现。例如，2018 年，"机器人、人工智能与法律期刊"（Journal of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence & Law）迎来了曙光。 在创刊号的前言中，编辑们给出了如下理由："随着这一领域的发展日新月异，新的法律和规则也在不断颁布，律师和律师事务所、企业内部法律顾问、企业高管、科学家、工程师、企业合规官员、政府机构以及所有对机器人和人工智能感兴趣的人都需要有关这些领域当前发展的实用信息。现在是创办一份关于机器人技术、 和法律的新期刊的最佳时机。 自2016年起，施普林格出版了 "法律、商业和创新视角 "系列丛书，其中的编辑卷以第四次工业革命为主题："新技术、大数据和法律》（2017 年）；《机器人、人工智能和法律的未来》（2018 年）；《法律技术、智能合约和区块链》（2019 年）；《云计算中的大数据、数据库和 "所有权 "权利》（2020 年）；《自动驾驶汽车》（2021 年）等等。

AI technology is also increasingly useful for lawyers and legal researchers. A recent survey in the United States revealed that 36% of law firms with 50 or more lawyers, and of mega firms (with more than 1,000 attorneys), are either currently using, or actively exploring the use of, Al in their legal practices. So far, artificial intelligence is mostly used for e-discovery (to go through huge amounts of information to find data that are relevant for the case), document analysis (where computer programmes analyse lengthy documents) and predictive analysis (where computational statistics give predictions on how courts will decide). In my own field of legal history, there is Transkribus, " a comprehensive platform for the automated recognition, transcription and searching of historical documents". During my PhD research (2006-2010), I still had to transcribe hundreds of judgments by typing them in a Word document in order to be able to process them efficiently. Now the computer is able - with some help in the beginning - to do this surprisingly accurately. In the Spring of 2021, the Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory (Frankfurt am Main) organised a conference on "Digital Methods and Resources in Legal History." These are only two examples illustrating the use of artificial intelligence in my own field of legal history.
对于律师和法律研究人员来说，人工智能技术也越来越有用。 美国最近的一项调查显示，在拥有 50 名或以上律师的律师事务所中，有 36% 的律师事务所正在使用或正在积极探索在其法律实践中使用人工智能，而在超大型律师事务所（拥有 1,000 多名律师）中，也有 36% 的律师事务所正在使用或正在积极探索在其法律实践中使用人工智能。 到目前为止，人工智能主要用于电子取证（通过海量信息查找与案件相关的数据）、文件分析（计算机程序分析冗长的文件）和预测分析（通过计算统计数据预测法院将如何裁决）。 在我自己的法律史领域，有一个 Transkribus，"一个自动识别、转录和搜索历史文献的综合平台"。 在我的博士研究期间（2006-2010 年），我仍然不得不将数以百计的判决书打入 Word 文档中进行转录，以便能够有效地处理它们。现在，计算机已经能够准确无误地完成这项工作--刚开始时还需要一些帮助。2021 年春，马克斯-普朗克法律史与法律理论研究所（美因河畔法兰克福）组织了一次关于 "法律史中的数字方法与资源 "的会议。 以上只是两个例子，说明人工智能在我自己的法律史领域的应用。

Change is on the way. The only question is how fast or fundamental this change will be. Compared to the previous industrial revolutions, this one is going much faster. It is evolving at an exponential, rather than linear pace. Therefore, some predict a complete "disruption", where "law as we know it" will disappear and transform into something new. Authors such as Richard Susskind - who already made quite accurate predictions in the 1990 s - predict that the legal profession will change more in the coming twenty years than in the previous two hundred. Until now,
变革正在路上。唯一的问题是这场变革的速度有多快，或者说有多根本。与以往的工业革命相比，这次工业革命的速度要快得多。它的发展速度是指数级的，而不是线性的。 因此，有些人预测会发生彻底的 "颠覆"，"我们所知的法律 "将消失，并转变为新的事物。理查德-萨斯金德（Richard Susskind）等作家在 20 世纪 90 年代已经做出了相当准确的预测，他们预测法律行业在未来二十年的变化将超过之前两百年的变化。 直到现在、

the legal sector remained all in all relatively unchanged, but the growing possibilities of artificial intelligence promise some radical changes. Benjamin Alarie predicts that we are on our way towards what he calls 'the legal singularity', the moment when the AI revolution will hit the legal world in full force. Some futurists even claim we might soon reach the infamous "Spike": a point at which technology will develop too quickly to be understood.
虽然法律界在所有方面都相对保持不变，但人工智能的可能性越来越大，有望带来一些根本性的变化。 本杰明-阿拉里（Benjamin Alarie）预测，我们正在走向他所说的 "法律奇点"，即人工智能革命全面冲击法律界的时刻。 一些未来学家甚至声称，我们可能很快就会到达臭名昭著的 "尖峰 "时刻：在这一时刻，技术将发展得太快，以至于人们无法理解。

Others are less speculative and think that it will not be that drastic. Harry Surden, for example, asks for a realistic and demystified view of explains that many misconceptions arise from a lack of understanding of Artificial Intelligence. Knowing the strengths and limits of AI is crucial. No, robots will not immediately replace judges, but AI can and will help judges with their work. No, Blockchain will not disrupt the legal system, but it can have some useful applications in the future.
另一些人则不那么臆测，认为情况不会那么严重。 例如，哈里-萨登（Harry Surden）要求对 有一个现实的、去神秘化的看法，他解释说，许多误解源于对人工智能缺乏了解。了解人工智能的优势和局限性至关重要。不，机器人不会立即取代法官，但人工智能可以而且将会帮助法官开展工作。 不，区块链不会颠覆法律系统，但它在未来会有一些有用的应用。

I tend to agree with the latter, based on the experiences of the Third Industrial Revolution. Change will most likely be gradual. The force of tradition will slow down the process and give lawyers the time to adapt. As can be read in a recent English survey of the legal sector: 'Skill gaps, fear and mistrust of technology and data concerns fuel conservative approaches' and 'Importantly, the disruptive potential of such new technologies is greater in the legal services sector as this has traditionally underutilized technology (...) However, the legal services sector generally has been resistant to innova-
根据第三次工业革命的经验，我倾向于同意后者。变革很可能是渐进的。传统的力量将延缓这一进程，并为律师们提供适应的时间。正如英国最近对法律行业的一项调查所示："技能差距、对技术的恐惧和不信任以及对数据的担忧助长了保守的做法"，"重要的是，这些新技术的颠覆性潜力在法律服务行业更大，因为该行业传统上对技术的利用不足（......）。

tion, and slow to adopt new technologies relative to other highvalue sectors due to a combination of traditional practice and risk aversion'.
由于传统做法和规避风险的双重原因，相对于其他高价值部门，采用新技术的速度较慢"。

Meanwhile, at the universities, there is growing attention for legal tech and the legal implications of artificial intelligence. Helsinki University offers an interesting example, with its Legal Tech Lab, founded in 2017. In 2018, former Dean Kimmo Nuotio wrote: "Law and digitalisation' is becoming a catch-word in the legal circles. It is a merger, and we all read our own meanings into it. Law and digitalisation sounds like future. Law, as we know it, will change when we learn to use modern tools in processing it. It will change. The question is rather: How will it change? Universities should be places where the future is being made, or if not made, at least being discussed and theorized. Faculties of law tend to be somewhat traditional, as is the legal profession. It feels good to get rid of some of the dust". The Finnish initiative bears many resemblances with the 1968 Stockholm betsgrupp. It also gathers people from inside and outside the university who are enthusiastic about the new technological advances; it organises conferences and delivers publications.
与此同时，在大学里，人们越来越关注法律科技和人工智能的法律影响。 赫尔辛基大学提供了一个有趣的例子，其法律技术实验室成立于2017年。 2018 年，前院长 Kimmo Nuotio 写道："'法律与数字化'正在成为法律界的一个流行词。这是一种合并，我们都从中读出了自己的含义。法律和数字化听起来像是未来。当我们学会使用现代工具处理法律时，我们所熟知的法律将发生变化。它将会改变。问题在于它将如何改变？大学应该是创造未来的地方，即使不能创造未来，至少也应该是讨论和理论化未来的地方。法学院往往有些传统，法律界也是如此。拂去一些尘埃的感觉很好"。 芬兰的倡议与 1968 年斯德哥尔摩的 betsgrupp 有许多相似之处。它还聚集了校内外对新技术进步充满热情的人士；它组织会议并发行出版物。

At Uppsala University, the light now has also switched on. This book is a good example. It certainly does not come too early. It is clear that the faculty urgently needs to incorporate artificial intelligence and legal tech into its curriculum. The digital revolution is ongoing, and it will not go away. It will only increase in strength and magnitude, so we better be prepared.
乌普萨拉大学现在也亮起了灯。这本书就是一个很好的例子。当然，它来得并不算早。很明显，乌普萨拉大学迫切需要将人工智能和法律科技纳入其课程。数字革命正在进行，而且不会消失。它只会愈演愈烈，愈演愈烈，所以我们最好做好准备。

There is a complex relationship between law and the industrial revolutions. History teaches us a few lessons. To start with, law has always quickly conquered the new uncharted territory. With each industrial
法律与工业革命之间有着复杂的关系。历史给了我们一些教训。首先，法律总是能迅速征服未知的新领域。每一次工业革命
Chay Brooks, Christian Gherhes & Tim Vorley, 'Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Sector: Pressures and Challenges of Transformation' [2020] 13 Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 135 (148) and (135).
Chay Brooks, Christian Gherhes & Tim Vorley, "法律部门的人工智能：转型的压力和挑战"[2020] 13 Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 135 (148) and (135).
About possible visions for the future of law school, see: Arthur Dyevre, 'Fixing Europe's Law Schools' [2017] 25 (1) European Review of Private Law 151; H.H. Arthurs, 'The Future of Law School: Three Visions and prediction' [2014] 51 (4) Alberta Law Review 705 .
关于法学院未来的可能愿景，见Arthur Dyevre，《修复欧洲的法学院》[2017] 25 (1) European Review of Private Law 151；H.H. Arthurs，《法学院的未来：Three Visions and prediction' [2014] 51 (4) Alberta Law Review 705 .
Legal Tech Lab | University of Helsinki, consulted on 13 August 2021.
赫尔辛基大学法律技术实验室，2021 年 8 月 13 日咨询。
Riikka Koulu & Jenni Hakkarainen, Law and Digitalisation: Rethinking Legal Services (Legal Tech Lab 2018) 11.
Riikka Koulu & Jenni Hakkarainen, Law and Digitalisation：Riikka Koulu & Jenni Hakkarainen, Law and Digitalisation: Rethinking Legal Services (Legal Tech Lab 2018) 11.

revolution, law has been used to regulate and facilitate new technology. Liability law, for instance, successively dealt with the damages caused by steam engines (First Industrial Revolution), workplace accidents (Second Industrial Revolution), computer licenses (Third Industrial Revolution) and now self-driving cars (Fourth Industrial Revolution).
在工业革命中，法律被用来规范和促进新技术的发展。例如，责任法先后处理了蒸汽机（第一次工业革命）、工作场所事故（第二次工业革命）、计算机许可证（第三次工业革命）以及现在的自动驾驶汽车（第四次工业革命）造成的损害。

The marriage between law and technology has each time also led to new areas of law, with its own specialised journals, professors and disciplines. Modern patent law, for instance, is a child of the First Industrial Revolution, while modern social law (labour law and social security law) and "law and informatics" originate from the Second and Third, respectively.
法律与技术的结合每次都会产生新的法律领域，并形成自己的专业期刊、教授和学科。例如，现代专利法是第一次工业革命的产物，而现代社会法（劳动法和社会保障法）和 "法律与信息学 "则分别源于第二次和第三次工业革命。

At first sight, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is repeating the previous patterns, with only one fundamental difference. Until now, the Industrial Revolutions have not really changed the DNA of "law" itself (legal practice, legal teaching, legal research). The Third Industrial Revolution has had some impact, but the changes only came slowly, gradually and naturally, thanks to the force of tradition and the adaptability of lawyers. It seems that the Fourth Industrial Revolution might have a much more fundamental impact. Some even predict that this might change the character of law itself. Whatever lessons we try to take from the previous industrial revolutions, in the end, there is only one certitude: we will have to live long enough, so that time will tell.
乍一看，第四次工业革命是在重复以往的模式，只有一个根本的区别。迄今为止，工业革命并未真正改变 "法律 "本身（法律实践、法律教学、法律研究）的基因。第三次工业革命产生了一些影响，但由于传统的力量和律师的适应性，这些变化只是缓慢、渐进和自然而然地发生的。看来，第四次工业革命可能会产生更为根本性的影响。有些人甚至预测，这可能会改变法律本身的特征。无论我们试图从以往的工业革命中汲取什么教训，最终只有一个确定的结论：我们必须活得足够长，时间会证明一切。