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Consideration
考虑

A promise or an agreement to do something MUST be supported by consideration. Both parties to a contract shall provide consideration.
做某事的承诺或协议必须得到考虑的支持。合同双方均应提供对价。

General rule: An agreement without consideration is VOID – s. 26
一般规则:未经考虑的协议无效。 26

Consideration means the price paid for the purchase of a promise. It can be considered as what each party gives in return for what it gains from the other party
对价是指为购买承诺而支付的价格。它可以被认为是每一方付出什么来换取从另一方获得的东西

### **Types of Consideration**
### **考虑类型**

Consideration is what each party gives in return for the promise of the other. There are **three types of consideration**: **Executory**, **Executed**, and **Past**.
对价是各方为换取对方承诺而付出的代价。考虑因素有**三种类型**:**执行**、**已执行**和**过去**。

### **1. Executory Consideration**
### **1。执行考虑**

- **Definition**: When a promise is made in exchange for another promise, meaning neither party has performed their obligation yet. This forms a **bilateral contract**.
- **定义**:当做出一个承诺以换取另一个承诺时,意味着双方都尚未履行其义务。这形成了**双边合同**。

- **Example**: If A promises to sell his house to B for RM10,000, and B promises to pay RM10,000, this is executory consideration.
- **例子**:如果A承诺以RM10,000的价格将他的房子卖给B,而B承诺支付RM10,000,这就是执行对价。

- **Case Example**: **Wong Hon Leong David v. Noorazman bin Adnan (1995)**
- **案例**: **Wong Hon Leong David 诉Noorazman bin Adnan ( 1995)* *

- **Facts**: R promised to help with the approval of land applications, and in return, the Appellant promised to pay RM268,888 for the service.
- **事实**:R 承诺帮助批准土地申请,作为回报,上诉人承诺支付 RM268,888 的服务费用。

- **Held**: Mutual promises, though not yet performed, are valid consideration, creating a binding agreement42source】【42source
- **举行**:相互承诺虽然尚未履行,但属于有效对价,形成具有约束力的协议【42†来源】【42†来源】
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### **2. Executed Consideration**
### **2。已执行对价**

- **Definition**: Where a promise is made in exchange for the performance of an act. This forms a **unilateral contract**, where only one party makes a promise.
- **定义**:做出承诺以换取履行行为。这就形成了**单方合同**,只有一方做出承诺。

- **Example**: A person promises a reward for finding their lost item. The person who finds the item performs the act, which becomes executed consideration.
- **示例**:某人承诺奖励找到丢失的物品。找到该物品的人执行了该行为,该行为成为执行对价。

- **Case Examples**:
- **案例**:

- **Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1893)**:
- **Carlill 诉 Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. ( 1893)* *:

- **Facts**: The company promised £100 to anyone who used their product and still got sick. The plaintiff used the product and got sick.
- **事实**:该公司承诺向任何使用其产品但仍然生病的人提供 100 英镑。原告使用了该产品并生病了。

- **Held**: The plaintiff performed the act, creating a valid contract, and was entitled to the reward42source
- **判决**:原告履行了该行为,签订了有效的合同,并有权获得奖励【42†来源】
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- **R v Clarke**:
- ** R诉克拉克**:

- **Facts**: Clarke provided information leading to an arrest but had forgotten about the reward.
- **事实**:克拉克提供了导致逮捕的信息,但忘记了奖励。

- **Held**: Since Clarke acted without knowledge of the reward at the time of the act, he could not claim it42source
- **举行**:由于克拉克在行动时并不知道奖励,因此他无法领取奖励【42†来源】
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### **3. Past Consideration**
### ** 3. 过去的考虑**

- **Definition**: Where a promise is made after an act has already been performed. In **Malaysian law**, past consideration is accepted as valid if it was done at the promisor’s request.
- **定义**:在行为已经执行之后做出承诺。在**马来西亚法律**中,如果过去的对价是应承诺人的要求而进行的,则该对价被视为有效。

- **Example**: A company promises to pay someone for services already rendered in the past.
- **示例**:一家公司承诺向某人支付过去已经提供的服务费用。

- **Case Example**: **Kepong Prospecting Ltd. & S.K. Jagatheesan v. A.E. Schmidt (1968)**
- **案例**:**Kepong Prospecting Ltd. 和 SK Jagatheesan 诉 AE Schmidt ( 1968)* *

- **Facts**: Schmidt helped obtain a mining permit and form a company. Afterward, the company promised to pay him 1% of the ore sales.
- **事实**:施密特帮助获得了采矿许可证并成立了一家公司。随后,公司承诺向他支付矿石销售额的1%。

- **Held**: Schmidts past services were valid consideration, and the companys promise was enforceable42source
- **举行**:施密特过去的服务是有效的考虑,公司的承诺是可执行的【42†来源】
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### **Key Points to Remember**:
### **要记住的要点**:

1. **Executory Consideration**: Mutual promises made but not yet performed.
1. **执行对价**:已作出但尚未履行的相互承诺。

2. **Executed Consideration**: A promise made in exchange for the performance of an act.
2. **执行对价**:为换取履行某项行为而做出的承诺。

3. **Past Consideration**: An act performed before a promise is made; recognized as valid in Malaysia if done at the promisors request42source
3. **过去的考虑**:在作出承诺之前实施的行为;如果按照承诺人的要求进行的话,在马来西亚被认为是有效的【42†来源】
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