DOI: 10.1002/hrm.22120
数字doi: 10.1002/hrm.22120
SPECIA L I SSUE A RTICL E
WILEY
威利
Dynamism and realignment in the HR architecture: Online labor platform ecosystems and the key role of contractors
人力资源架构的活力和重新调整:在线劳动力平台生态系统和合同工的关键作用
Anne Keegan1
Business,
2HRM,
人力资源管理, University of Twente,
特温特大学, Enschede,
恩斯赫德, The
这 Netherlands
荷兰
Correspondence
通信
Anne
安妮 Keegan,
基冈 Human
人 Resource
资源 Management
管理 and
和 Employment
就业 Relations Group, College of
学院关系组 Business,
商 University College
大学学院 Dublin,
都柏林 Dub
配音lin,
林 Ireland.
爱尔兰。
Email: anne.keegan@ucd.ie
电子邮件:anne.keegan@ucd.ie
1 | INTRODUCTION
1 |介绍
The rise of online labor platforms (OLPs) like Uber, Fiverr, and Upwork has stimulated interest in how human resource management (HRM) practice and theory apply to gig workers (Duggan et al., 2020; Kuhn &
Maleki, 2017; Meijerink & Keegan, 2019). In most countries, gig workers are classified as independent contractors by OLPs (Vallas & Schor, 2020). In the highly influential HR architecture model, Lepak & Snell (1999, p. 39) propose that organizations adopt a contractor employment mode for “human capital that is generic and of limited
Maleki,2017 年;Meijerink&Keegan,2019 年)。在大多数国家/地区,零工工人被OLP 归类为独立承包商(Vallas&Schor,2020 年)。在极具影响力的人力资源架构模型中,Lepak &Snell (1999, p. 39) 提议组织采用承包商雇佣模式,即“人力资本通用和有限
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© 2022 The Authors. Human Resource Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
© 2022 作者。Human Resource Management 出版商 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK
strategic value.” In a footnote to their work extending the model, Kang, Morris & Snell (2007, p. 244) reinforce this stating: “Contract workers generally offer noncore and low-level skills and knowledge, and thereby have relatively little potential to help modify and renew core knowledge bases of a firm.” Lepak & Snell (1999, p. 40) originally conceived that limited or no HRM activities apply to contractors due to “limited value-creating potential.” The message reinforced by the model is that contractors are not key to value creation. By default, they are excluded from (many) HRM activities (Cross & Swart, 2022; McKeown & Pichault, 2021).
战略价值。在他们扩展模型的工作的脚注中,KangMorris&Snell2007p.244)强调了这一点,指出“合同工通常提供非核心和低级技能和知识,因此帮助修改和更新公司的核心知识库的潜力相对较小。Lepak & Snell1999,第40页)最初设想,由于“有限的价值创造潜力”,有限或没有人力资源管理活动对承包商来说是一个普遍的。该模型强化的信息是,承包商并不是创建 value的关键。默认情况下,他们被排除在许多人力资源管理活动之外Cross&Swart, 2022McKeown &Pichault, 2021)。
This
这 message
消息 is
是 at
在 odds
赔率 with
跟 both
双 the
这 growth
成长 in
在 contracting
承包 in
在 almost
几乎 every
每 sector
扇形 of
之 the
这 global
全球 economy
经济 (Cappelli
卡贝利 & Keller
凯勒, 2013; Spreitzer
斯普雷策 et al
铝., 2017) and
和 the
这 rise
上升 of
之 OLPs
OLP (Kä
(卡ssi & Lehdonvirta, 2018; Meijerink
Meijerink 公司 & Arets
阿雷茨, 2021; Vallas
瓦拉斯 & Schor
绍尔, 2020). It
它is
是 timely
及时 to
自 ask
问 questions
问题 about
回合 the
这 intersections
交叉 口 between
之间 HRM
人力资源管理 and
和 the
这 employment
就业 of
之 contract
合同-based
基于 gig
演出 workers
工人 (Kuhn
库恩 et al
铝., 2021). Is
是the
这 choice
选择 to pursue
追求 a model based
基于模型的 pre
前dominantly
显性 on
上 contractors
承包商 aligned with the fact that
与“many innovative companies want to have it
“许多创新公司都希望拥有 both
双 ways.
方式。 They
他们 exercise
锻炼 a significant
重要 degree
度 of
之 control
控制 over
多 the
这 workforce—
员工 —whose
谁的 performance
性能 is
是 central
中央 to
自 the
这 core
核心 business
商—in
- 在 line
线 with
跟 the
这 employment
就业 model
型 but
但 without
没有 being
存在 held
举行 accou
确认ntable
可 as
如 employers
雇主” (Aloisi
阿洛伊西 & De
德 Stefano
斯特凡诺, 2020, p. 49:
第 49 页: emphasis
强调 added
添加)? How
如何does this
这 influence
影响 what
什么 HR
人力资源M practices
实践 are
是 deployed
部署 to
自 manage
管理 gig
演出 workers
工人? In
在 their
他们 recent
最近 wide
宽-ranging
测距 analysis
分析 of
之 Lepak
莱帕克 and
和Snell
斯内尔's
的 (1999) model
型, Luo
卢奥语 et al
铝. (2021) call
叫 for
为 a closer
近 examination
考试 of
之OLPs who
OLP raise significant
提高显著性 but
但 unexplored challeng
未探索的 challenges for the
es 的 assump-
假设- tions underpinning the model. Considering these c
tions 支撑模型。考虑到这些challenges is
Hallenges 是 likely
可能 to
自 “greatly
大大 extend
扩展 the
这 HR
人力资源 architecture
建筑 model
型” (Luo
卢奥语 et al
铝., 2021, p. 267).
This article
本文 considers
认为 the
这 alignm
对齐ent
耳鼻喉科 between
之间 the value/
值/ uniqueness
唯一性 of
之 human
人 capital,
资本 employment
就业 mode
模式 and
和 HRM
人力资源管理 pra
普拉ctices based
基于 on
上 insights
见解 from
从 OLPs.
OLP 的 Tec
技术hnology advances
进展 associated
相关 with
跟 algorithmic
算法 management,
管理 and
和 business
商 models
模型 based
基于 on
上 a platform rather
而 than
比 a pipeline
管道 rationale
理由 (Van
货车 Alstyne
阿尔斯泰恩 et al
铝., 2016) influence
影响how OLPs use
OLP 如何使用 HRM
人力资源管理 practices. While some
实践。虽然一些 HRM
人力资源管理 practices are align
实践是一致的ed
艾德 with systems aiming at compli
系统旨在 Compliance, as the
ance,作为 HR
人力资源 architecture
建筑 model
型 pre-
前- dicts
字典 in the case
在案例中 of
之 independent
独立 contractors,
承包商 practices are
实践是 also
也 deployed
部署 that
那 aim
目的 for
为 productivity
生产力 enhancement
增强 and
和 eve
前夕n commit-
犯- ment. By
由 situating
位置 the
这 HR
人力资源 architecture
建筑 in
在 the
这 context
上下文 of
之 wider
广泛 plat-
平台- form ecosystems and
形成生态系统 the deployment of
部署 algorithmic
算法 management,
管理 we
我们 show
显示 how the
如何 alignment betwee
对齐n human
人 capital
资本 characteristics,
特性 employment
就业 modes
模式, and
和 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 is
是 not
不 what
什么 the
这 model
型predicts.
预测。 We
我们 further
进一步 examine how
检查如何pressures
压力 from
从 the
这 institutional
制度 context impact on
上下文影响 OLPs'
OLP 的 efforts to maintain th
维持 TH 的努力eir preferred
首选 EIR contractor
承包商-based
基于 model
型 leading
主导 to
自 dynamism
活力 in
在 the
这 alignment
对准between employment modes and
在就业模式和 HRM practices.
人力资源管理实践。
This article is structured as follows. After reviewing the core assumptions underpinning the HR architecture, we discuss the strate- gic goals of OLPs, the ecosystems within which they operate, and HRM practices found in platform ecosystems. We contrast these practices with the original HR architecture model and formulate prop- ositions on the realignment between human capital value/uniqueness, employment modes, and HRM practices. We consider the theoretical implications of the algorithmic management of contractors in a
本文的结构如下。 在回顾了支撑 HR 架构的核心假设之后,我们讨论了 OLP 的战略目标、它们运作的生态系统以及平台生态系统中的HRM 实践。我们将这些实践与原始的人力资源架构师模型进行对比,并就人力资本价值/独特性、就业模式和HRM实践之间的重新调整提出了主张。我们考虑了Contractors 的算法管理的理论意义
growing range of industries for HRM scholarship and practice and identify areas for future research.
人力资源管理奖学金和实践的行业范围不断扩大,并确定未来研究的领域。
2 | THE HR ARCHITECTURE: CORE ASSUMPTIONS
2 |人力资源架构:核心假设
Lepak
莱帕克 and
和 Snell
斯内尔 (1999) introduced
介绍 the
这 HR
人力资源 architecture
建筑 model
型 to
自 go
去beyond
超越 the
这 idea
想法 that
那 firms
公司 make
做 or
或 buy
买 human
人 capital
资本 (i.e.,
(即 the
这 knowl
知识- edge
边缘, skills
技能, and
和 abilities
能力 of
之 workers
工人). The
这 model
型 predicts
预测 that
那 firms
公司 both
双develop
发展 (make
做) human
人 capital
资本 within
在 the
这 bounds
边界 of
之 the
这 firm
公司 as
如 well
井 as
如relying on the external labor market to access (buy)
依赖外部劳动力市场获取 (BUY) human capital.
人力资本。 Which
哪 of
之 these
这些 employment
就业 modes
模式 is
是 chosen
选择 depends
取决于 on
上 the
这 value
价值 and
和uniqueness
唯一性 of the
的 human
人 capital
资本 concerned.
关心。 Human
人 capital value
资本价值 refers
埃弗斯 to
自 “the
“这 ratio
率 of
之 strategic
战略的 benefits
好处 to
自 customers
客户 derived
派生 from
从 skills
技能 rela-
关系- tive
蒂夫 to
自 the
这 costs
成本 incurred
已发生” (Lepak
莱帕克 & Snell
斯内尔, 1999, p. 350). Workers
工人 with
跟high
高 levels
水平 of
之 value
价值 are
是 seen
明显 as
如 core
核心 to
自 a firm's
公司的 competitive
竞争 advantage (Barney
巴尼, 1991) and
和 have
有 employment
就业 contracts
合同 with
跟 the
这 firm
公司 to
自 ensure
确保their
他们 skills
技能 are
是 developed
发达 and
和 deployed
部署 correctly
正确 (Williamson
威廉姆森, 1975) and
和are aligned to the organization's strategic goals (Barne
与组织的战略目标保持一致(Barney, 1991).
Human
人 capital
资本 with
跟 limited
有限 strategic
战略的 value
价值 is
是 acquired
后天的 by
由 means
EAN系列 of
之 an
一 external
外部 employment mode
用工模式. Market-based
.以市场为基础 transactional rela-
交易关系 tionships
tionships (英语) deliver
提供 cost-effective compliance of workers while
工人的成本效益合规性,同时 low
低 stra-
斯特拉- tegic
特吉克 value
价值 renders
呈现 their
他们 fu
赋rther skill
技能 development
发展 unnecessary.
必要。 The
这 uniqueness
唯一性 dimension
尺寸 refers
指 to
自 the
这 firm
公司 specificity
特 异性 (Becker
贝克尔, 1964; Williamson,
威廉姆森 1975) of
之 human
人 capital
资本 and whether
是否 skills
技能 are
是 in
在 limited
有限 supply
供应 in
在 the
这 external
外部 labor
劳动 market
市场 (Lepak
莱帕克 & Snell
斯内尔, 1999). Unique
独特 skills
技能are
是 developed
发达 internally
内部 (Williamson,
(威廉姆森, 1975) in
在 order
次序 to
自 protect
保护 the
这 firm
公司's competitive
竞争 advantage
优势 (Barney
巴尼, 1991), while
而 generic
通用 human
人 capital
资本 is
是 acquired
后天的 from
从 the
这 external
外部 lab
实验室or
或 market
市场 and
和 subject
主题 to
自 low
低 levels
水平 of
之 further
进一步 investment
投资 (Becker,
(贝克尔,1964). The
这 HR
人力资源 architecture jux-
建筑 jux- taposes the
这 value
价值 and
和 uniqueness
唯一性 dimensions
尺寸, underpinned
支撑 by
由assumptions
假设 regarding
关于 efficiency
效率 and
和 ease
缓解 of
之 monitoring
监测 and
和 control
控制 (Williamson,
(威廉姆森, 1975), to
自 derive
获得 four
四 quadrants
象限 that
那 link
链接 human
乌曼 capital
资本 characteristics
特性 with
跟 employment
就业 modes
模式 and
和 HRM
人力资源管理 systems
系统 (Lepak
(莱帕克 & Snell
斯内尔, 1999).
2.1 | Internalizing human capital through employment
2.1 通过就业将人力资本内部化
Quadrant 1 represents human capital that is valuable, unique, and retained within the firm using an “internal development” employment mode. Employment relationships in this quadrant are open-ended, involving mutual investment by the employee and employer in devel- oping firm-specific skills (Lepak & Snell, 1999). To maintain organization-based employment relationships (Rousseau, 1995; Tsui et al., 1995), firms rely on a commitment-based HRM system that pro- motes job autonomy, empowerment, promotion from within, continu- ous training, and appraisal emphasizing employee contributions to strategic objectives (Lepak & Snell, 2002).
象限 1 代表有价值的、独特的人力资本,并使用“内部发展”雇佣模式在公司内部保留该象限中的雇佣关系是开放式的,涉及员工和雇主共同投资于开发公司特定的技能(Lepak & Snell1999)。 为了维持基于组织的雇佣关系Rousseau1995Tsui etal., 1995),公司依赖于基于承诺的人力资源管理系统,该系统支持强调员工对战略目标的贡献,工作自主权、赋权、内部提升、持续培训和评估,强调员工对战略目标的贡献(Lepak & Snell 2002)。
Human capital in Quadrant 2 is valuable yet widely available in the external labor market. Firms face tensions as they are motivated
象限2中的人力资本很有价值,但在外部劳动力市场中广泛可用。公司在积极性方面面临紧张局势
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK WILEY
both to internalize valuable skills while limiting further development to avoid losing returns on investment (Becker, 1964; Lepak & Snell, 1999). Human capital in Quadrant 2 is “bought” from the exter- nal labor market and internalized without further investment in employees' skills (i.e., “acquisition” mode). Lepak and Snell (1999) envision a symbiotic employment relationship where employee and employer engage as long as each benefits from the relationship with an employment contract offered in return for loyalty (Rousseau & Parks, 1993). An associated market-based HRM system comprises comprehensive staffing practices, limited training to increase short- term productivity, appraisal that emphasizes efficiency, and market- based wages (Lepak & Snell, 2002).
两者都是为了内化有价值的技能,限制进一步发展以避免失去投资回报Becker1964Lepak&Snell, 1999)。象限 2中的人力资本是从外部劳动力市场“购买”的,并在没有进一步归属员工技能的情况下内化(即“收购”模式)。Lepak和Snell1999设想了一种共生的雇佣关系,只要雇主和雇主都从雇佣关系中受益,就会参与其中以忠诚换取合同 (Rousseau&Parks1993)。 相关的基于市场的人力资源管理系统包括全面的人员配置实践、为提高短期生产力而进行的有限降雨、强调效率的评估,以及市场化工资(Lepak & Snell,2002 )。
2.2 | Externalizing human capital through contracting
2.2 通过签订合同实现人力资本外部化
While human capital in Quadrants 1 and 2 is internalized through employment, contracting is used for workers in Quadrants 3 and 4. Quad- rant 3 represents human capital that is widely available in the labor mar- ket and of little strategic value to the firm. Firms use a “contracting” employment mode, establishing transactional relationships with workers (Tsui et al., 1995) based on short-term economic exchanges. Contractors are kept at arms-length by the firm and managed by means of none or minimal compliance-based HRM practices. There is little incentive to invest in HRM practices beyond enforcing compliance with rules. Hourly or piece-based pay prevail alongside job simplification, limited autonomy, and minimal training or appraisal (Lepak & Snell, 2002).
象限 1和2的人力资本是通过就业内部化的,而象限 3 和 4 的工人则使用合同。Quad-rant 3代表劳动力市场中广泛可用的人力资本,对公司几乎没有战略价值。公司使用“合同”雇佣模式与工人建立交易关系 (Tsui et al., 1995based on shortterm economicexchange.公司与承包商保持一定距离,并通过没有或最低限度的基于合规性的 HRM 实践进行管理。除了强制遵守规则之外,还有一些激励投资于人力资源管理实践的动力。小时工资或基于件工资在简化工作、有限的自主权和最低限度的培训或评估的同时占主导地位,这非常普遍(Lepak & Snell,2002年)。
Human capital in Quadrant 4 is unique and of limited strategic value creating a paradox: Firms do not need to internalize these skills (Barney, 1991) yet externalizing them exposes the firm to supplier's opportunism and difficulties monitoring how human capital is deployed (Williamson, 1975). The HR architecture proposes an “alli- ance” employment mode where co-specialized assets (i.e., assets that create value only through the combined effort of the worker and hir- ing firm) are developed (Lepak & Snell, 1999). Co-specialized assets (Parkhe, 1993) are developed by means of collaborative-based HRM systems such as staffing for collaborative skills, training for team building purposes, team-based performance appraisal, and group- based incentive plans (Lepak & Snell, 2002).
象限4中的人力资本是独一无二的,战略价值有限,这就产生了一个悖论:公司不需要将这些技能内化Barney1991年,但将它们外化暴露了对供应商的机会主义和难以 监控人力资本如何部署的困难 Williamson1975)。人力资源架构提出了一种“联盟”就业模式,其中共同专业化的资产(即仅通过工人的共同努力创造价值的资产)和招聘公司开发Lepak&Snell1999)。共同专业资产 Parkhe1993是通过基于协作的人力资源管理系统开发的,例如协作技能的人员配备、团队建设目的的培训、基于团队的绩效评估和基于 group 的激励计划(Lepak& Snell,2002 年)。
Summarizing, the HR architecture proposes a configurational approach to the management of human capital where alignment is sought among human capital characteristics (i.e., value and unique- ness),employment modes (i.e., employment vs. contracting), and HRM practices (i.e., coherent bundles; Kang et al., 2007; Lepak & Snell, 1999; Luo et al., 2021). Following assumptions about the ease and efficiency of monitoring how human capital is deployed by workers (Williamson, 1975), the internal employment mode is only favored when human capital is seen as valuable. Contracting is favored when value is seen as low. Alignment in the HR architecture model between human capital characteristics, employment mode and HRM practices is challenged by the business model, employment strategy, and HRM practices of OLPs. To explore this, we begin by
总而言之,人力资源架构提出了一种人力资本管理的配置方法,在人力资本特征(即价值和独特性)之间寻求一致性。ness)、就业模式(即就业与合同)和HRM 实践(即连贯的捆绑; Kangetal., 2007Lepak& Snell1999Luoetal.,2021)。根据关于监控工人如何部署人力资本的难易程度和效率的假设(Williamson,1975),内部就业模式只受到青睐当人力资本被视为有价值时。 当价值被视为 ow 时,承包是受欢迎的。 人力资本特征、就业模式和HRM 实践之间的 HR架构模型一致性受到商业模式、就业战略和HRM实践的挑战OLP的为了探索这一点,我们首先从
discussing how human capital value is created in platform ecosystems and consider the critical roles of monitoring and regulating perfor- mance through the algorithmic management of gig workers. We dis- cuss HRM practices used to manage platform-based contractors and the dispersal of these in platform based HRM ecosystems. Finally, we highlight dynamics in OLPs' HRM practices linked with broader insti- tutional forces that further undermine the alignments proposed by the HR architecture model.
讨论如何在Platform ECosystems 中创造人力资本价值,并考虑通过零工工人的算法管理来监控和监管绩效的关键作用。Wedis-cuss HRM实践用于管理基于 platform 的承包商,并将这些承包商分散在基于平台的HRM生态系统中。首先,我们强调了OLPs'HRM 实践中的动态,这些动态与更广泛的机构力量相关,这些力量进一步破坏了 HR 架构模型提出的韧带。
3 | VALUE CREATION IN PLATFORM ECOSYSTEMS
3 |在平台生态系统中创造价值
OLPs
OLP are
是 relatively
相对 new
新增功能 forms
形式 of
之 organizing
组织 con
CON系列tract-based
区域型 work
工作 under-
下- pinning
寄托 “millions
“百万 of
之 transactions
交易 a day
日 across
横 disaggregated
艾德 workforces”
劳动力” (Jarrahi et al.,
(Jarrahi 等人,2021, p. 1). Using
用 machine
机器 learn
学习ing,
正在 big data, and algorithmic
大数据和算法 management (Lee et al.,
管理层(Lee 等人,2015; Meijerink,
梅杰林克, Bo
博ons, et al.,
Ons 等人,2021; Prassl,
普拉斯,2018) to connect gig workers with
将零工工作者与 requesters
请求 of
之 short-term
短期 labor
劳动 serv
服务ices
冰 (De
(德 Stefano
斯特凡诺 & Aloisi,
阿洛伊西, 2018), the
这 busin
商业ess
ESS 系列 model
型 is
是 premised
前提 on
上 creating
创建 and
和 extracting
提取 value
价值 from
从 transactions bet
交易投注ween
维恩 workers
工人 who
谁 are not
不是 employed
在职 by
由 platforms
平台 and
和 requesters
请求 of
之 labor
劳动 services.
服务业。 To
自 intermediate
中间 two-sided
双面 markets
市场 for
为 labor
劳动 services,
服务业 OLPs
OLP establish
建立 an
一 ecosystem
生态系统: A set
设置 of autonomous actors that are
的自主参与者 inter
国米dependent
依靠 in value
值 creation
创造 based
基于 on
上 the externalization, utilization, and monitoring of how wo
WO 如何的外部化、利用和监控rkers deploy their
RKER 部署他们的 human
人 capital
资本 in
在 serving
服务 requesters
请求 of
之 labor
劳动 services
服务业 (Meij
(美杰erink & Keegan,
基冈2019; Prassl,
普拉斯,2018). Following Van Als
追随 Van Alstyneetal. (
tyneetal.(2016), OLPs dif-
),OLP 不同 fer from
从 conventional
协定的 “pipeline”
“管道” business
商 organizations
组织 in
在 that
那 no
不 one
一 entity
实体 fully
完全地 owns
拥有 and
和 controls
控制 the
这 assets
资产 (e.g.,
(例如, human
人 capital)
资本) which
嗨 are
是 central
中央 to
自 value
价值 creation
创造 (Aloisi,
(阿洛伊西, 2020; Jacobides
雅各比德 et al.,
铝。 2018). In
在 pipeline
管道 business
商 models,
模型 human
人 capital
资本 inputs
输入 are
再 converted
转换 into
到 outputs
输出 with
跟 higher value through optimizati
通过 Optimizati 实现更高价值on of the value chain according to strategic
根据战略的价值链 (HR) goals set
设定 (HR) 目标 by the organization. This involves control
由组织。这涉及控制 and
和 integration
集成 of
之 resources in linear activities aimed at end-consumers.
针对最终消费者的线性活动中的资源。
Platform
平台 ecosystems
生态 diffe
差异r: Platforms
平台 do
做 not
不 “own”
“拥有” the
这 human
人 capital
资本 of
之 workers
工人 who
谁 crea
创te value
价值 and
和 do
做 not
不 enter
进入 employment
就业 relationships
关系 with
跟 platform
平台 workers
工人 (Aloisi
阿洛伊西, 2020; Jacobides
雅各比德et al
铝., 2018). Instead
相反, platform
平台 firms
公司 use
用 algorithm
算法 based
基于 technology
科技to closely monitor and regulate exte
密切监测和监管 EXTrnal (human) resources in
RNAL(人力)资源 an
一 effort
努力 to
自 ensure
确保 work
工作 quality
质量 and
和 reliability
可靠性 in
在 servicing
服务 requesters'
请求者 needs.
需要。 Furthermore,
此外 from
从 a HR
人力资源 perspective,
透视 value
价值 in
在 conventional
协定的 pipeline
管道 business
商 models
模型 is
是 created
创建 by
由 managing
管理 human
人 capi
卡皮tal
塔尔 according to
根据 a guiding
指导 HR
人力资源 philosophy
哲学 or
或 set
设置 of
之 principles.
原则。 It
它 is
是 this
这 philosophy
哲学 and
和 those
那些 principles
原则 that
那 integrate
集成 and
和 align
對齊 actors'
演员的 behaviors
行为 (Waldkirch
(瓦尔德基希 et al.,
铝。 2021), determine
确定 which
哪 employment
就业 mode
模式 is
是 appropriate
适当 for
为 which
哪 worker,
工人 and
和 as
如 a consequence
后果 which
哪 (coherent)
(连贯的) set
设置 of
之 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 should
应该 be
是 implemented.
实现。 In
在 the
这 case
箱 of
之 OLPs,
OLPs, contracting
承包 is
是 itself a core strategic goal and employment is
本身就是核心战略目标,而就业是 avoided
避免 at
在 all
都 costs.
成本。 This
这 raises
提高 questions as to
关于 how
如何 platforms
平台 integrate the
集成 efforts
努力 and
和 behav-
行为 - ior of contractors who are externalized by
由 platform
平台 firms
公司 even
甚至 thou
你gh they
他们 constitute
构成 valuable
宝贵 human
人 capital
资本 that
那 is
是 central
中央 to
自 OLPs'
OLP 的 busi-
商业- ness
海角 goals.
目标。 To
自 discuss
讨论 this,
这 we
我们 examine
检查 interactions
相互 作用 between
之间 actors
演员 who
谁 operate
操作 both
双 centrally and
central 和 ancillary to
辅助 platform
平台 ecosystems,
生态 and
和 the
这 HRM practices deployed within these ecosystem
在这些生态系统中部署的人力资源管理实践s.
KEEGAN
TABLE
Actor | Description | Examples |
Gig workers | • Freelance workers performing tasks that organizations and/or consumers outsource via an online labor platform. | • Uber's partner drivers • Task Rabbit's taskers • Deliveroo's riders • Doordash's dashers |
Requesters | • Organizations and/or individual consumers that outsource work to freelance gig workers via online labor platforms. | • Businesses using Upwork's platform to access services from Upworkers • Customers ordering food using the Deliveroo App |
Platform firms | • Organizations match- making between gig workers and requesters by means of an online labor platform. • They control the platform technology, the intellectual property, and the data generated from workers and requesters. • Perform key governance roles including making rules of engagement for other first-tier ecosystem actors, setting standards and ensuring workers and requesters comply involving decisions on inclusion/exclusion of actors and conditions that trigger activation or deactivation from apps. | • Uber • Deliveroo • Lyft • Upwork • Task Rabbit • Amazon Mechanical Turk • Care.com • Toptal • Wonolo • EY GigNow • PWC Talent Network • WAG! • Handy • Meituan • Ola |
3.1 | Platform ecosystems and first-tier actors
3.1平台生态系统和一级 A级
Across
横 most
最 OLPs,
OLPs, we
我们 can
能 identify
识别 minimally
微 three
三 key
钥匙 actors
演员 that
那 make
做 up
向上 a platform
平台 ecosystem
生态系统 (Meijerink
Meijerink 公司 & Keegan
基冈, 2019): gig
演出workers
工人, requesters
请求, and
和 platform
平台 firms
公司 (see
看 Tables
表 1 and
和 2).
3.1.1 | Gig worker
3.1.1零工
First,
第一 “classic”
“经典” gig
演出 workers
工人 are
是 often
经常 called
叫 app-workers
应用程序 (Howcroft
(豪克罗夫特 & Bergvall
Bergvall (伯格瓦尔酒店)-Kå
-卡reborn
重生, 2019) and include
并包括 independent
独立 contractors
承包商 per
每- forming
成形 on-location
现场 activities
活动 such
这样 as
如 fo
佛od delivery,
交货 ride-hailing,
网约车, and
和 other
其他 in-person
面对面 services
服务业 coordinated
协调 on-demand
按需 via
通过 app
应用程序 by
由 a plat-
平台- form
形式 firm
公司 (De
德 Stefano
斯特凡诺, 2015). Another
另一个 important
重要 category
类别 is
是
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK WILEY
fall squarely within the external employment mode of the HR archi- tecture (i.e., Quadrant 3 or 4).
正好落在HR架构的外部部署模式(即象限3或 4)内。
3.1.2 | Requesters
3.1.2请求者
Requesters is a term for contracting firms and/or individual customers who use online labor platforms to find gig workers (Kuhn & Maleki, 2017) to complete a bewildering array of tasks from the fairly recognizable meal deliveries (Deliveroo, Meithuan, Ele.me, Yummy, and Zomato) to administrative assignments (Upwork, Fiverr), training AI models (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk), and creative work like graphic design (e.g., 99Designs, freelancer.com), or computer pro- gramming (Toptal, Arc.dev, and Flexiple). While some gigs are once- off lasting only seconds or minutes (Jarrahi et al., 2021),others involve repeated transactions over time (e.g., a freelance chef who is matched more than once with a restaurant; Kuhn, 2016). Longer gigs are offered by newly established platforms in traditional sectors like con- sulting sometimes lasting weeks or months. Examples include EY's GigNow and PWC's Flexible Talent Network platforms.2
请求者是一个术语,指的是使用在线劳动力平台寻找零工工人的承包公司和/或个人客户(Kuhn&Maleki,2017 年),以完成一系列令人眼花缭乱的任务将(Deliveroo、Meithuan、ElemeYummy和Zomato)交付到管理任务(Upwork、Fiverr)、训练AI模型(例如 AmazonMechanicalTurk)和创意工作比如平面设计(例如,99Designs、freelancercom),或计算机程序 ToptalArcdev和Flexiple)。虽然有些演出是一次性的,只持续几秒钟或几分钟(Jarrahietal., 2021),但其他演出则涉及随着时间的推移重复交易(例如,一位自由厨师,不止一次与一家餐厅Kuhn 配对,2016 年)。传统领域新建立的平台提供更长的演出时间,例如咨询,有时持续数周或数月。 示例包括EY 的GigNow 和PWC 的Flexible TalentNetwork 平台。阿拉伯数字
3.1.3 | Platform firms
3.1.3平台公司
Finally, platform firms are first-tier actors in platform ecosystems. Defined as “for-profit firms that use technology to facilitate the filling of immediate short-term service labor needs, either remotely or in person, with workers who are officially considered independent con- tractors” (Kuhn & Maleki, 2017, p. 184), they own the technological infrastructure that orchestrates interactions between gig workers and requesters. Platform firms set rules of the game for gigs by designing algorithms to monitor and direct performance. They set charges (e.g., fees or commissions) and control access to the interfaces through which workers and requesters are matched (Prassl, 2018; Rosenblat & Stark, 2016; Wood et al., 2019a; Wood et al., 2019b). They also control the data generated by transactions (Lee et al., 2015; Van Doorn & Badger, 2020). The rules they set can be traced to a key strategic aim which is to establish so-called network effects (Katz & Shapiro, 1985).
最后,平台公司是平台生态系统中的一级参与者 定义为“利用技术促进满足即时短期服务劳动力需求的营利性公司,即远程或当面,与正式合作的工人独立拖拉机“Kuhn&Maleki2017p.184),他们拥有协调互动的技术基础设施在零工工作者和请求者之间。平台公司通过设计算法来监控和指导绩效,从而为演出设定游戏规则。They设置费用(例如,费用或佣金),并控制对匹配工作人员和请求者的接口的访问(Prassl2018Rosenblat&Stark2016Wood等人。,2019aWood等人,2019b)。他们还控制交易产生的数据Leeetal.,2015VanDoorn &Badger, 2020)。他们设定的规则可以追溯到一个关键的战略目标,即建立所谓的网络效应(Katz&Shapiro, 1985)。
3.1.4 | Interactions between first-tier actors and network effects
3.1.4第一层行为或与网络效应之间的交互
The business model of platform firms is to generate revenue by charg- ing fees or commissions per match made between requesters and gig workers (Prassl, 2018). The aim of platform firms is to increase the number of transactions and to scale up through network effects (Meijerink & Keegan, 2019; Vallas & Schor, 2020; Van Doorn & Badger, 2020). Network effects (Katz & Shapiro, 1985) refer to what happens when platforms increase in value because they attract more users on both sides of the market, providing incentives for even more actors on both sides to join the online marketplace orchestrated by
platform 公司的商业模式是通过在请求者和零工之间进行的每次匹配收取费用或佣金来产生收入Prassl2018)。平台公司的目标是增加交易数量并扩大网络效应Meijerink & Keegan2019; Vallas& Schor2020VanDoorn&Badger, 2020)。网络效应Katz&Shapiro,1985 年是指当平台价值增加时会发生什么,因为它们在市场两边都吸引了更多的用户,提供了激励让双方的更多参与者加入由
the platform firm. For gig workers, membership of a large-scale plat- form ecosystem offers potential for reliable and consistent work opportunities. For requesters, it offers reliable and consistent access to workers.
平台公司。对于零工工作者来说,大规模plat-form 生态系统的成员身份为可靠和持续的工作机会提供了潜力。对于请求者,它提供了对 worker 的可靠和一致的访问。
Once established,
一旦建立, network e
网络 Effects create a
ffects 创建一个 reinforcing cycle.
加固循环。 Plat-
平台- form
形式 firms
公司 increase
增加 the
这 value
价值 they
他们 can
能 create
创造 and
和 capture
捕获 as
如 they
他们 become
成为 more
更多 powerful
强 and
和 other
其他 platform
平台 firms
公司 withdraw
生 from
从 the
这 market
市场 or
或 fail
失败 (Daskalova
达斯卡洛娃 et al
铝., 2021; Prassl
普拉斯, 2018). Network
网络 effects
影响create
创造 both
双 barriers
障碍 to
自 entry
进入 for
为 competitor
竞争者 platfo
平台福rms
有效值 and
和 incentives
激励 for
为 gig workers
零工 (and
(以及 requesters) to
requesters) 更改为 remain with
保留 the
这 platf
平台率orm. Achiev-
奥姆。实现- ing
正在 network
网络 effects
影响 is
是 difficult,
难 however,
然而 as
如 it entails
需要 managing
管理 (inter-
(inter- actions
行动 between)
之间) gig
演出 workers
工人 and
和 reques
请求ters who
谁 are
是 independent
独立 and reside
并居住 outside th
外部e boundaries
边界 of
之 a platform firm
平台公司 (Jacobides
(雅各比得斯 et al
铝., 2018; Van
货车 Alstyneetal
醛., 2016). Platform
平台 firms
公司 create
创造 more
更多 than
比just
只 a market
市场 space
空间 but
但 also
也 govern
治理 ecosystem
生态系统 interactions
相互 作用 through
通过 managerial
管理 fiat
菲亚特 and
和 control.
控制。 They
他们 corral
畜栏 other
其他 actors
演员 to
自 create
创造 value
价值 despite
尽管 the
这 platform
平台 firm
公司 not
不 owning
拥有 or
或 employing
雇用 thes
论文e actors
演员 or
或 resources
资源 (Gawer
Gawer 餐厅, 2021). Algorithmic
算法 management
管理 and
和 control
控制 over
多workers
工人 are core
是核心 tools
工具 in
在 achieving
实现 these
这些 aims
目标(Prassl
普拉斯, 2018; Rosenblat
罗森布拉特, 2018; Vallas
瓦拉斯 & Schor
绍尔, 2020).
3.2 | Platform ecosystems and second-tier actors
3.2平台生态系统和第二层参与者
The
这 interactions
相互 作用 and
和 value
价值 creation
上 processes
过程 among
中 the
这 first-tier
第一层 eco-
生态-system
系统 actors
演员 are
是 situated
位于 in
在 a wider
广泛 context
上下文 of
之 second
第二-tier
层 actors
演员: Insti- tutional
教程 actors
演员 like
喜欢 trade
贸易 unions,
工会 labor
劳动 courts,
法院 and
和 regulators as
如 well
井 as
如 activists
积极分子 (i.e.,
(即journalists
记者, politicians
政治家), rival
对手 platform
平台 firms
公司 (operating
经营 their
他们“own
有” ecosystem
生态系统), and
和 investors
投资者 in
在 platform
平台 firms
公司, and
和 so
所以 on
上. In
在 recent
最近years,
年 trade
贸易 unions
工会 focus
重点 more
更多 on
上 OLPs
OLP (Vandaele,
(范代尔, 2018) linked
联系 with
跟growing
增长 recognition
识别 of th
的e limitations
局限性 of
之 mobilizing
动员 only
只 those
那些 workers
工人 with
跟 standard
标准 employment
就业 relationships
关系 (Jansen
简森 & Sluiter
斯鲁特, 2019). Union
联盟interventions
干预 in
在 gig
演出 work
工作 cases
例 raise
举 the
这 status
地位 and
和 visibility
能见度 of gig
演出workers and
workers 和 put
放 pressure on
压力 governme
治理nts and
nts 和 regulators to
监管机构 pay
支付 atten- tion to
自 platform
平台 firms
公司' labor
劳动 standards
标准 (Tassinari
塔西纳里 & Maccarrone
马卡罗内, 2020). Grassroots
草根 activists
积极分子 (e.g.,
(例如, Turker
特克 Nation
国家) try
尝试 to
自 influence
影响 platform
平台 firms
公司by
由 campaigning
竞选 to
自 improve
提高 working
加工 conditions
条件 for
为 gig workers
奥克人 (Irani
(伊朗语 & Silberman,
西尔伯曼, 2013; Panteli et al.,
;Panteli 等人, 2020) and influence broader societal
)并影响更广泛的社会views
视图 on
上 how
如何 gig
演出 workers
工人 are
是 managed.
管理。 Vandaele
范代尔 (2018, p. 4) notes
笔记 that
那 “emerging
“新兴 patterns
模式 hi
你好nt at a
nt 在 possible
可能 co-existence
共存 or combinations
或组合 of
之 mainstream
主流 trade
贸易 unions
工会 and
和 other
其他 un
联合国ions
离子 and
和 union-like
类似联合 organiza-
组织-tions defending platform workers' needs and interests.”
捍卫平台工人的需求和利益。
Labor courts and regulators at national and supranational levels including the EU increasingly intervene in how platform firms operate from a worker perspective (De Stefano & Aloisi, 2018; Zeki
国家和超国家层面的劳动法院和监管机构,包括欧盟,越来越多地从工人的角度干预平台公司的运作方式De Stefano和Aloisi2018Zeki
Rival platform firms influence value creation processes among first-tier ecosystem actors by competing to attract platform workers
竞争对手的平台公司通过竞争吸引平台工人来影响一线生态系统参与者的价值创造过程
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK
(and requesters) in efforts to create network effects themselves (Rietveld & Schilling, 2021). Given that gig workers are independent contractors, they are nominally free to choose for whom they work. Rival platform firms create opportunities for multihoming (Meijerink & Keegan, 2019) putting pressure on platforms trying to create network effects. Finally, platform firms are often financed by investors like Softbank, Ikea, and Amazon. As start-ups, they rely on venture capital from investors who exert influence on how they create and capture value and how fast they gain network effects (Frenken et al., 2020; Kuhn et al., 2021; Van Doorn & Badger, 2020).
(和请求者)努力创造网络效果themselvesRietveld&Schilling2021)。鉴于零工工人是独立的承包商,他们名义上可以自由选择他们为谁工作。竞争对手平台公司为多宿主创造机会(Meijerink&Keegan,2019 年对试图创造网络效应的平台形式施加压力。 最后,平台公司通常由软银、宜家和 Am azon 等投资者提供资金。作为初创企业,他们依赖投资者的风险投资,这些投资者对他们如何创造和获取价值以及他们获得网络效应的速度产生影响(Frenken等人,2020 年Kuhn等人,2021 年; VanDoorn 和 Badger2020 年)。
4 | REALIGNING THE HR ARCHITECTURE TO ACCOUNT FOR OLPs
4 |重新调整HR架构以考虑OLP
4.1 | Realignment of human capital characteristics and employment modes
4.1 |人力资本特征和就业模式的重新调整
The original HR architecture model predicts that workers with strate- gically valuable human capital will be internalized as employees. Fol- lowing Lepak & Snell (1999, p. 33), “internalization of employment is appropriate when it allows organizations to more effectively monitor employee performance and ensure that their skills are deployed cor- rectly and efficiently (Williamson, 1975).” The externalization of workers with valuable human capital is not envisaged by the HR archi- tecture model. However, the pivot from pipeline to platform business models (Van Alstyne et al., 2016), where firms create value based on external resources, changes the role that contractors play, from a the- oretical perspective, in realizing strategic goals. Advances in algorith- mic management open new opportunities for controlling the behavior of workers who are formally not employees. Gig workers hired through OLPs are both contractors and also strategically valuable to platform firms (Aloisi & De Stefano, 2020). Their value is realized in two ways.
最初的HR 架构模型预测,拥有具有战略价值人力资本的员工将被内化为员工。 Fol-lowing Lepak&Snell1999p.33),“当就业内部化允许组织更有效地监控员工绩效时,它是适当的,并且确保他们的技能得到正确和有效的部署(Williamson,1975 年)。人力资源架构模型没有设想将具有宝贵人力资本的员工外部化。然而,从管道转向平台商业模式VanAlstyneetal., 2016),公司基于外部资源创造价值,改变了承包商所扮演的角色,从理论视角,在实现战略IC目标。算法麦克风管理的进步为控制 bejavi或正式非雇员的员工开辟了新的机会。通过OLP雇用的零工既是承包商,对平台公司也具有战略价值Aloisi&DeStefano2020)。它们的价值通过两种方式实现。
First,
第一 as discussed earlier,
如前所述, platform firms rely on contractors
平台公司依赖承包商 (whether
(是否 online
在线 crowdworkers
众筹工作者 or
或 on-location
现场 app
应用程序 worke
工作rs)
RS) to
自 deliver
提供 consistent
一致 and
和 reliable
可靠 services for
服务 requesters as a
requesters 作为 pre
前requi-
要求 - site for
site 的 platform firms to
平台公司 earn
赚 commissions
佣金 or
或 fees
费用 which
哪 is
是 core
核心 to
自 their
他们 business
商 model.
型。 Upwork, for example, earns over two-
例如,Upwork 的收入超过 2-thirds
三分之二 of
之 its revenues
其收入 from
从 the commissions
佣金 and
和 fees paid by
费用支付方 contractors
承包商 using
用 the
这 platform
平台 and
和 the
这 other
其他 third
第三 from
从 commissions
佣金 and
和 fees
电子电气系统 paid for by business clients.
由商业客户支付。3 Accordingly, platf
因此,platform firms
公司 seek
寻求 liquid-
液- ity in
ity 在 transactions between
交易 gig
演出 workers and requesters (Frenken
worker 和请求者 (Frenken et al
铝., 2020) to ensure
确保 both
双 parties
各方 can
能 reliably and
可靠且 consistently
一贯 make successful
成功 matches. The
比赛。这 higher the
更高的 number of contractors, the
承包商数量、 more
更多 valuable
宝贵 the
这 platform
平台 is
是 to
自 requeste
请求者rs as
如 the
这 chances
机会 of
之 mak-
麦- ing
正在 a successful
成功的 match
火柴 are
是 progressively
逐步 higher
高等 the
这 more
更多 workers
工人 are
是 available
可用 at
在 a given
鉴于 time
时间 (Van
货车 Alstyne
阿尔斯泰恩 et al
铝., 2016). The
这 higher
高等the
这 number
数 of
之 requesters,
请求 the
这 more
更多 valuable
宝贵 platform
平台 particip
参与ation is for gig workers
适用于零工工人who
谁 have
有 higher
高等 chances
机会 of
之 reliably
可靠地 gaining
获得 work.
工作。 By extension, successfully growing the
推而广之,成功将 numbers of workers
工人的琥珀色 and
和 requesters
请求 attached
附加 to
自 the
这 platform
平台 ma
马kes it
它 more
更多 profitable
有利可图
for the platform firm, and more advantageous to investors (Birch & Cochrane, 2021).
对于平台公司,更有利于投资投资者(Birch&Cochrane, 2021)。
Second,
第二 the
这 choice
选择 to
自 internalize
使内在化 valuable
宝贵 human
人 capital
资本 is
是 also
也 linked
联系 with
跟 the
这 efficiency
效率 and
和 ease
缓解 with
跟 which
哪 performance
性能 can
能 be
是 monitored
监测 to
自 determine
确定 that
那 skills
技能 are
是 deployed
部署 correctly
正确 (Williamson
威廉姆森, 1975). OLPs
OLP rely
依赖 on
上 algorithmic
算法 management
管理 to
自 monitor
监控and control gig workers and i
以及 Control Gig Workers 和我nfluence their
影响他们的 performance.
性能。 By automat-
乘自动机- ing
正在 HR
人力资源-related
相关 decision
决定-making
制作 in
在 areas
地区 such
这样 as
如 selection
选择, appraisal
评价, compensation
补偿, and
和 workforce
劳动力 management
管理 (Lee
李 et al
铝., 2015; Meijerink
Meijerink 公司, Boons
恩惠, et al
铝., 2021), OLPs
OLP achieve
实现 control
控制 over
多 workers
工人while
而 cutting
切削 costs
成本 that
那 would
愿意 otherwise
否则 be
是 spent
花 on
上 hiring
招聘 human
人 managers
经理 (Meijerink
Meijerink 公司 & Arets
阿雷茨, 2021). Paradoxically
矛盾, externalizing
具体化 gig
演出workers
工人 makes
使 them
他们 more
更多 valuable
宝贵 to
自 the
这 platform
平台 by
由 lowering
降低 the
这 cost
成本 of
之 supervising
监督 them
他们 (Aloisi
阿洛伊西 & De
德 Stefano
斯特凡诺, 2020) and
和 by
由 avoiding
避免accountability for costs
成本责任associated with the standard employment
与标准雇佣相关联 relationship
关系 such
这样 as
如 pensions
养老金, sick
生病 pay
支付, paid
支付 holiday
假期 leave
离开, and
和 other
其他social
社会的 security
安全 provisions
规定 (Aloisi
阿洛伊西 & De
德 Stefano
斯特凡诺, 2020; Spreitzer
斯普雷策et al
铝., 2017). OLPs
OLP, therefore
因此, use
用 technology
科技 to
自 externalize
外部化 workers
工人without
没有 ceding
放弃 control
控制 over
多 the
这ir
红外 performance
性能 in
在 ways
方式 we
我们 tradition-
传统- ally
盟友 associate
副 with
跟 contractors
承包商 (Gandini
甘迪尼, 2019; Kellogg
凯洛格 et al
铝., 2020; Newlands
纽兰兹, 2021; Veen
维恩 et al
铝., 2020). OLPs
OLP only
只 pay
支付 for
为 the
这 time
时间workers are active on apps o
worker are active on apps or crowdwork platforms.
r crowdwork 平台。
To ensure requesters have reliable on-demand access to workers, platforms typically engage in over-hiring workers (Dube et al., 2020; Rosenblat, 2018; Wood et al., 2019b). This commodifies the human capital of gig workers (Wood et al., 2019a) by driving down their uniqueness and scarcity in the platform ecosystem (Huang, 2022). Empirical research indicates that platforms favor requesters in dis- putes with contractors as well as in decisions on balancing supply/ demand for labor (Prassl, 2018; Rosenblat, 2018) because they repre- sent the more elastic side of the market (Dube et al., 2020). Platform firms routinely over-hire gig workers rather than risk under-supply for fear requesters will leave the platform ecosystem (Prassl, 2018; Rosenblat, 2018).
为了确保请求者能够可靠地按需访问员工,平台通常会过度招聘员工(Dubeetal.,2020Rosenblat2018Woodetal.,2019b)。这通过降低零工工人在平台生态系统中的独特性和稀缺性,使零工工人的人力资本商品化 Woodet al.,2019a) (Huang2022)。实证研究表明,平台在与承包商的争论以及平衡劳动力供需的决策中有利于请求者Prassl,2018 年 Rosenblat,2018 年,因为他们代表了市场更具弹性的一面Dubeet al., 2020)。平台公司经常过度雇用零工,而不是因为担心请求者会离开平台生态系统而冒着风险不足(Prassl,2018 Rosenblat,2018)。
By creating an oversupply
通过制造供过于求 of
之 gig workers,
零工, the
这 uniqueness
唯一性 of
之 their
他们 knowledge
知识, skills
技能, and abilities
和技能 is
是 reduced
减少 creating
创建 a highly
高度 flexible
灵活labor
劳动 pool from which to source
源源的池 matches for
匹配项 requesters'
请求者 needs. While
需要。而 the
这 HR
人力资源 architecture
建筑 predicts
预测 that
那 gig
演出 workers
工人 would
愿意 reside
居住 in
在 Quad-
四- rant
咆哮 2 (i.e.,
(即 high
高 value
价值/low
低 uniqueness
唯一性), this
这 prediction
预测 does not
不 hold
拿. On
上 the
这 contrary,
相反 OLPs
OLP source
源 their
他们 human
人 capital
资本 using
用 an
一 external
外部 employment
就业 mode
模式 (De
德 Stefano
斯特凡诺 & Aloisi
阿洛伊西, 2018; Kuhn
库恩 & Maleki
马莱基, 2017; Schor
绍尔 & Vallas
瓦拉斯, 2021; Vallas
瓦拉斯 & Schor
绍尔, 2020) which
哪 minimizes
最大限度 地 减少 labor
劳动costs
成本 and
和 increases
增加 the
这 value
卢 of
之 human
人 capital
资本 to
自 the
这 platform
平台 firm.
公司。 By
由 deploying
部署 algorithmic
算法 management,
管理 OLPs can
能 efficiently
有效 monitor
监控 and
和 control
控制 gig
演出 workers
工人 who
谁 are
是 externalized
具体化 through
通过 contracting.
承包。 OLPs,
OLPs, therefore,
因此 epitomize
概括 advances
进展 in
在 digital
数字 tech
技术nologies
名词 and
和 algo-
算法- rithmic
rithmic (英语) management that ar
管理 ARe changing the
e 更改 basis upon which decisions
决策所依据 are
是 made
䍬 to
自 internalize
使内在化 or
或 externalize
外部化 work
工作ers.
呃。 The
这 deployment
部署 of
之 algorithmic management and involvement of first- and second
第一和第二的算法管理和参与-tier
-层 actors in distributed
分布式中的 Actor multiactor
多人 HRM ecosystems
人力资源管理生态系统 leads to
导致 realig
实现nment between
之间 human capital character
人力资本特征istics, employment
istics, 就业 modes, and
modes 和 HRM
人力资源管理 practices. Accordingly, we propose the following:
实践。因此,我们提出以下建议:
TABLE 3 Platform HRM systems adapted from Lepak and Snell (1999), pp. 527–528)
表3 平台HRM系统改编自Lepak和Snell (1999),第527-528 页)
Platform | Compliance | Productivity | Commitment | References |
Upwork | Performance appraisal based on compliance with preset behaviors, procedures and standards Compensation based on primarily short-term performance | Comprehensive selection using difference sources: E.g., Double layer algorithm plus client Screening many gig candidates Performance appraisal based on: • objective quantifiable results • assessing the quality and the quantity of output | Empowerment/autonomy to make decisions Include a wide variety of tasks Emphasizes promotion from within the platform: e.g., Top-Rated Badge Training to develop platform specific skills/ knowledge: e.g., Global discussion forum using Freelance Gurus, Moderators Building platform literacies Performance appraisal based on input from multiple sources: e.g., Online ratings; broad collection of metrics on worker behavior; subjective feedback from requesters | Seppänen etal. (2020) Waldkirch et al. (2021) Bucher etal. (2021) Sutherland et al. (2020) Jarrahi & Sutherland (2019) Kinder et al. (2019) |
Amazon Mechanical Turk | Extreme simplification of tasks Jobs are well defined Performance appraisal based on compliance with preset behaviors, procedures and standards Compensation based on primarily short-term performance | Performance appraisal based on: • objective quantifiable results • assessing the quality and the quantity of output | Empowerment/autonomy to make decisions Include a wide variety of tasks Emphasizes promotion from within the platform: e.g., Master Turker Qualifications Performance appraisal based on input from multiple sources: e.g., Online ratings; broad collection of metrics on worker behavior | Dube et al. (2020) Irani & Silberman (2013) Panteli etal. (2020) |
Deliveroo | Jobs are well defined Performance appraisal based on compliance with preset behaviors, procedures and standards Compensation based on primarily short-term performance | Jobs which are standardized throughout the industry Performance appraisal based on: • objective quantifiable results • assessing the quality and the quantity of output Compensation based on market-wage: e.g., New market premium rates Compensation based on individual incentives/ bonuses | Empowerment/autonomy to make decisions Pre-employment training to develop platform specific skills/knowledge Performance appraisal based on input from multiple sources: e.g., Online ratings; broad collection of metrics on worker behavior; subjective feedback from requesters. | Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk (2021) Veen et al. (2020) Goods et al. (2019) Newlands (2021) |
Uber | Jobs are well defined Pre-employment training focusing on compliance with rules, regulations and procedures Performance appraisal based on compliance with preset behaviors, procedures and standards Compensation based on primarily short-term performance | Jobs are standardized throughout the industry Training to improve current job performance Performance appraisal based on: • objective quantifiable results • assessing the quality and the quantity of output Compensation based on market-wage: e.g., Surge pricing Compensation based on individual incentives/ bonuses | Empowerment/autonomy to make decisions Pre-employment training to develop platform specific skills/knowledge Performance appraisal based on input from multiple sources: e.g., Online ratings; broad collection of metrics on worker behavior; subjective feedback from requesters. | Rosenblat (2018) Rosenblat & Stark (2016) Taft (2018) Möhlmann & |
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK
Proposition 1a. OLPs rely on an external employment mode to source the human capital of gig workers which is strategically valuable to them.
提案1a.OLP 依靠外部就业模式来获取零工工人的人力资本,这对他们来说具有战略价值。
Proposition 1b. Despite relying on their valuable human capital, OLPs choose the “contracting” employ- ment mode for gig workers in order to keep gig workers outside the platform firm's boundaries while monitoring and controlling them using algorithmic management.
提案 1b. 尽管依赖宝贵的人力资本,OLP 还是为当地的零工工人选择了“承包”雇佣模式,将零工工人排除在平台公司的边界之外,同时使用算法马nagement。
Proposition 1c. OLPs limit the uniqueness of gig workers' human capital by commoditizing their labor which further reduces labor costs and increases value.
提案 1c.OLP 通过将零工工人的劳动力商品化来限制零工人力资本的独特性,从而进一步降低劳动力成本并增加价值。
4.2 | OLPs use hybrid HRM systems to manage gig workers
4.2 OLP使用混合HRM 系统来管理零工
The
这 HR
人力资源 architecture
建筑 predicts
预测 that
那 workers
工人 inside
里面 the
这 organization's
组织的 boundaries
边界 are
是 core workers, and therefore s
core worker 的 Worker 和 Subject
乌布尔 to
自 the
这 HRM
人力资源管理 prin-
原则- ciples
西普尔斯 of
之 the
这 firm
公司 (Bowen
博文 & Ostroff
奥斯特罗夫, 2004; Lepak
莱帕克 & Snell
斯内尔, 1999), while
而those workers “outside” the organization
那些“组织外”的员工 are
是 non-core
非核心 and
和 subject
主题 to
自 limited
有限 or
或 no
不 HRM
人力资源管理 (principles
原则 or
或 activities
活动) at
在 all
都 (Kinnie
金妮 & Swart
斯瓦特, 2020; McKeown
麦基翁 & Pichault
皮考特, 2021). Workers
工人 with
跟 valuable
宝贵human
人 capital
资本 are
是 subject
主题 to
自 high-
高-commitment
承诺 (Quadrant
(象限 1) or
或 productivity
生产力-based
基于 HRM
人力资源管理 systems
系统 (Quadrant
象限 2) (Lepak
莱帕克 & Snell
斯内尔, 1999), while those with human capital of
而那些人力资本 limited value
限值 are
再 managed
管理 by
由 means of compliance-ba
合规方式-BAsed (Quadrant 3)
sed (象限 3) or
或 collaborative-based
协作型 HRM
人力资源管理 system
系统 (Quadrant
(象限 4). The
这 coherence
相干 of
之 bundles
束 of HRM
人力资源管理 activities,
活动 guided
引导 by
由 a particular
特定 HR
人力资源 philosophy
哲学 (e.g.,
(例如, commitment
承诺, productivity
生产力, or
或 compliance
合规 based
基于; Lepak
莱帕克 & Snell
斯内尔, 1999) is
是 contradicted
矛盾 by
由 OLPs
OLP. Research
研究 summarized
总结 in
在 Table
桌子 3 shows
显示 that
在 gig
演出 workers
工人 are
是 simulta-
同时- neously
nely subject
主题 to
自 hybrid
混合 type HRM
类型 HRM activities
活动 where
哪里 commitment,
mmitment, productivity and compliance-based
基于生产力和合规性 HRM activities ar
人力资源管理活动e all
都 present.
目前。 For
为 Table
桌子3, we chose two exampl
,我们选择了两个示例es
地震魔 of
之 each
每 of
之 app
应用程序 work
工作 and
和 crowdwork
众筹 to
自 illustrate
说明 the
这 use
用 of
之 hybrid
混合 syste
系统ms
女士 of
之 commitment,
承诺 productivity,
生产力 and
和 compliance
合规-based
基于 HRM
人力资源管理 activities
活动. We
我们 expect
期望 that
那 these
这些 plat
平台- forms
形式 represent
代表 the
这 deplo
德普洛yment of
之 hybrid
混合 HRM
人力资源管理 in
在 platform
平台 ecosys-
生态系统 - tems more generally.
TEMS 更普遍地。
Monitoring compliance with requesters' needs is core to HRM in OLPs. Gig workers in crowdwork platforms like Upwork and Fiverr are tightly controlled through algorithm-based appraisal systems (Sutherland et al., 2020; Wood et al., 2019b) and are subject to elec- tronic surveillance (e.g., using screenshots) (Waldkirch et al., 2021). OLPs also use compliance-based pay practices like piece-based pay, and appraisal against strict pre-set standards (e.g., degree to which a meal deliverer works during peak hours; Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk, 2021; Veen et al., 2020).
监控对请求者需求的遵守情况是 OLP 中HRM的核心。Upwork 和Fiverr 等众筹平台中的零工工人通过基于算法的评估系统受到严格控制Sutherland等人,2020年 Wood等人,2019b 年,并受到电子监控(例如,使用屏幕截图Waldkirch等人,2021 年)。OLP还使用基于合规性的薪酬做法,例如基于 PIECE 的薪酬,并根据严格的预设标准进行评估(例如,送餐员在高峰期的工作量小时; Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk, 2021Veenetal., 2020)。
In addition to these compliance-based HRM practices, platform workers are also subject to what are traditionally viewed as commitment-based HRM practices such as job autonomy (Sutherland et al., 2020; Wood et al., 2019b). Even in classic gig or app work such as performed using the Deliveroo platform, Meijerink, Keegan, and
除了这些基于顺从性的HRM实践外,平台工作者还受到传统上基于承诺的 HRM实践的约束,例如工作自主权(Sutherland等人., 2020; Woodetal.,2019b)。即使在经典的演出或应用程序工作中,例如使用Deliveroo平台、Meijerink、Keegan和
Bondarouk (2021) and Veen et al. (2020) show that workers have sig- nificant job autonomy. This legitimizes the claims that gig workers are independent contractors (Frenken et al., 2020; Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk, 2021; Shapiro, 2018). Deliveroo also offers development workshops to riders which is aligned with commitment-based HRM systems
Bondarouk (2021) 和 Veen 等人 2020 年表明,工人具有很大的工作自主权。这使得零工工人是独立承包商的说法合法化 Frenken et al., 2020MeijerinkKeegan& Bondarouk2021Shapiro, 2018)。Deliveroo 还为骑手提供与基于承诺的 HRM 系统一致的开发研讨会.
Some platforms use
一些平台使用 sel
sel 系列ective
埃特 selection
选择 techniques
技术 traditionally
传统 associated
相关 with
跟 productivity
生产力-based
基于 HRM
人力资源管理 systems
系统 (Lepak
莱帕克 & Snell,
斯内尔,2002) diverging
) 发散 from
从 prior
事先 work
工作 on HRM for
在 HRM 上 contracto
合同rs (Cross
渡 & Swart
斯瓦特, 2022) which
哪 indicated
表明 that
那 contractors
承包商 are
是 generally
一般not
不 subject
主题 to
自 extensiv
广泛e forms
形式 of
之 selection.
选择。 Contradicting
矛盾 expecta-
期望 - tions
tions (英语) based on the
基于 HR architecture
HR 架构 model, selection
型号, 选择 practices
实践 used
使用 by
由 platform firms include background checks and platform
平台公司包括背景调查和平台 curatedonline
在线策展 tests which precede additional selection methods applied
在应用其他选择方法之前的测试 by clients
按客户 to
自 pre
前-screened
筛选 workers
工人 (Waldkirch
瓦尔德基希 et al
铝., 2021). Several
几个 platforms
平台advertise
做广告 stringent
严格 selection
选择 practices
实践 to
自 attract
吸引 new
新增功能 customers
客户 by
由 building
建筑 institutional
制度 trust
信任 (Meijerink
Meijerink 公司 & Keegan
基冈, 2019): Wonolo
沃诺洛4 advertise
做广告 their
他们 “pre-screened
“预先筛选 worker
工人 pool”
池” to
自 both
双 contractors
承包商 and
和 clients, while Toptal
客户,而 Toptal5 describe thei
描述一下r rigorous vetting of talent as a fea-
对人才进行严格的审查作为 FEA- ture of their approach to selecting contr
他们选择 contr 的方法act workers.
行为工人。
Theoretically, the hybrid nature of HRM approaches combining compliance-, commitment-, and productivity-based practices to man- age contractors in OLPs is at odds with the HR architecture model where consistency, coherence, and clarity in bundles of mutually rein- forcing HRM practices aimed at particular cohorts of workers is emphasized (Lepak & Snell, 1999; Luo et al., 2021). Accordingly, we propose the following:
从理论上讲,HRMapproac 的混合性质将基于合规性、承诺和生产力的实践与 OLP中的管理承包商相结合,这与HR架构不一致模型,其中强调针对特定工人群体的相辅相成的 HRM实践捆绑中的一致性、连贯性和 clarityLepak&Snell1999Luoetal.,2021 年)。因此,我们提出以下建议:
Proposition 2. Gig workers are subject to hybrid bun- dles of HRM activities that are traditionally part of commitment-, productivity- and compliance-based HRM systems.
提案2.零工工人受到HRM 活动的混合束缚,这些活动传统上是基于承诺、生产力和合规性的 HRM 系统的艺术。
4.3 | Strategically valuable HRM practices are dispersed in multiactor HRM ecosystems
4.3具有战略价值的人力资源管理实践分散在多参与者人力资源管理生态系统中
OLPs
OLP contradict
剌 the
这 idea
想法 that
那 core
核心 HRM
人力资源管理 activit
激活ies are
是 kept
保持 in-house
内部的 by
由 organizations
组织 to
自 ensure
确保 coherence
相干 and
和 strategic
战略的 alignment
对准 (Lepak
莱帕克 & Snell
斯内尔, 1999). In
在 the
这 original
源语言 model
型, intraorganizational
组织内 actors
演员design
设计 and
和 administer
管理 core
核心 HRM
人力资源管理 activities
活动 (Farndale
法恩代尔, Scullion
斯卡利恩, & Sparrow
麻雀, 2010; Purcell
赛尔 & Hutchinson
哈钦森, 2007), while
而 noncore
非核心 activities
活动(e.g.,
(例如, payroll
工资 administration
管理) are
是 outsourced
外包 (Lepak
莱帕克 et al
铝., 2005; Lepak
莱帕克 & Snell
斯内尔, 1998). To
自 ensure
确保 internal
内部 and
和 external
外部 alignment
对准 of
之HRM
人力资源管理 activities,
活动 coordination
协调 is
是 done
做 by
由 corporate
企业 HR
人力资源 departments
部门 and
和/or
或 business
商 unit
单位 management
管理 (Farndale
法恩代尔, Paauwe
保威, & Boselie
波塞利, 2010). OLPs
OLP do
做 not
不 use
用 internal
内部 HR
人力资源 actors
演员 when
什么时候 executing
执行their
他们 core
核心 HRM
人力资源管理 activities.
活动。 They
他们 disperse
散 ac
交流tivities including
包括 selection
选择 and
和 performance
性能 management
管理 among
中 other
其他 platform
平台 ecosystem
生态系统 actors
演员 (Meijerink
Meijerink 公司, Keegan
基冈, & Bondarouk
邦达鲁克, 2021). First
第一 and
和 foremost
首要, OLPs outsource performance managemen
OLP 外包绩效管理t to requesters through
t 通过请求者 online
在线 rating systems for workers. On the
工人的评级系统。在 platform
平台 Up
向上work,
工作 there
那里 are
是 multiple
倍数 forms
形式 of
之 requester-based
基于请求者 rating
额定值 systems
系统 such
这样 as
如 a dynamic
动态
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK WILEY
Job Success Score (JSS) and a Top-Rated Badge (Seppänen
工作成功率 (JSS) 和最高等级徽章 (Seppänen et al
铝., 2020; Sutherland
萨瑟兰 et al
铝., 2020). Amazon
亚马逊河 Mechanical
机械 Turk
土耳其人 (AMT) has
具有 “ Master
主人 Qualifications”
资格” which
哪 workers
工人 can
能 only
只 attain
达到 based
基于 on
上 consistently
一贯 high
高 requester
请求 ratings
评级. Uber
优步's star
星 rating
额定值 system
系统outsources
外包 performance
性能 rating
额定值 to
自 passengers
乘客 (Rosenblat
罗森布拉特, 2018) show
显示- ing
正在 how
如何 intertwined
交织 requeste
请求者rs are
是 in
在 performance
性能 management
管理 in
在 platform ecosystems. Attracting and retaining req
平台生态系统。吸引和留住需求uesters relies on
Uesters 依赖 gaining
获得 their
他们 trust
信任 in
在 transactions
交易 with
跟 gig
演出 workers
工人 which
哪 is
是 achieved
实现 by using ratings to manage work
通过使用评级来管理工作er behavior
ER 行为 and
和 even
甚至 as
如 the
这 sole
唯一 basis
基础 to
自 deactivate
关闭 (i.e.,
(即 dismiss
解雇) workers
工人. OLPs
OLP deploy
部署 algorithmic
算法 manage
管理- ment to
ment 更改为 aggregate
骨料 customer
客户 ratings,
评级 acting
演技 on this
在这个 oft
经常en without
en 不带 any
任何 human
人 intervention
介入 (Curchod et al
铝., 2020; Prassl
普拉斯, 2018; Wood
木et al
铝., 2019b
2019 年b). This
这 delegation
代表团 of
之 performance
性能 appraisal
评价 to
自 requesters
请求allows
允许 OLPs
OLP to
自 cut
切 costs
成本 that
那 would
愿意 otherwise
否则 be
是 spent
花 on
上 hiri
HIRI 餐厅ng
议员 human
人 managers
经理 to
自 supervise
监督 or
或 direct
直接 gig
演出 workers.
工人。 This
这 aligns
对齐 with evidence showing that firms which
证据表明,哪些公司 require a
需要 greater
大 amount
量 of
之 effort
努力 on
上 the
这 part
部分 of
之 customers
客户 (i.e.,
(即 so
所以-called
叫 customer
客户 co-production
生产) are
是less likely to
不太可能 invest
投资 in
在 HR
人力资源 capac
电容ities of
之 managers
经理 in these
在这些 firms
公司(Skaggs
斯卡格斯 & Youndt
扬特, 2004).
Second,
第二 OLPs
OLP disperse
散 HRM
人力资源管理 activities
活动 to
自 avoid
避免 reclassifi
重新分类cation
阳离子 court
法院 cases
例 and
和 threats
威胁 to
自 the legitimacy
合法性 of
之 their contractor-based business
他们以承包商为基础的业务 model.
型。 Dispersing
分散 core
核心 performance
性能 management
管理 tasks
任务 to other
其他 actors,
演员 human,
人 and
和 non-human,
非人 / allows
允许 plat
平台form
形式 firms
公司 to
自 avoid
避免 the
这 appearance
外观 that
那 they
他们 employ
雇 workers
工人 or
或 direct
直接 their
他们 behavior.
行为。 By
由 using
用 algorithmic
算法 management rather
管理 rather than human
比人类 supervisors,
主管 OLPs
OLP directive
命令 control
控制 of
之 workers is stealth-like (Meijerink,
workers 是隐身的(Meijerink, Boons, et al.,
Boons 等人,2021). OLPs also outsource
.OLP 也外包 training to second-tier platform ecosys
针对二级平台 Ecosys 的培训tem actors to avoid the appearance
Tem Actor 避免出现 that
那 they
他们 control
控制 the
这 performance
性能 standards
标准 of
之 gig
演出 workers.
工人。 Instead
相反 of
之 training
训练 poorly
不好 performing
执行 taxi
出租车 drivers
司机 themselve
他们自己s, Uber
优步 outsources
外包 this
这 responsibility to a labor union—the
对工会的责任 — Independent
独立 Drivers
司机 Guild—which
Guild - 哪个 charges
收费 a fee
费 to
自 individual
个人 Uber
优步 drivers
司机 for
为 this
这 trai
崔ning
宁 (Taft,
(塔夫脱, 2018). To
自 commit
犯 gig
演出 workers
工人 to
自 its
其 platform
平台 ecosystem
生态系统 (as
(作为 a necessary
必要 condition
条件 for
为 creating
创建 network
网络 effects
影响), Deliveroo
户户送 offers
提供 workshops
车间 which
哪 are
是 broader and more developmental in orientation than
比pure job-related
纯粹的工作相关 training.
训练。 However,
然而 it outsources this to
它将其外包给 external
外部 parties, avoiding
派对, 避免 the
这 sug-
苏格- gestion it intervenes gig workers'
GESTION IT 干预零工工人 development
发展 (Meijerink,
(梅杰林克, Keegan,
基冈 & Bondarouk,
邦达鲁克, 2021). Dispersing HRM practices su
).分散人力资源管理实践ch as performance
作为性能 appraisal
评价 and
和 training
训练 to
自 other
其他 ecosystem
生态系统 actors
演员 allows
允许 OLPs
OLP to
自 invest
投资 in
在 the knowledge,
知识, skills
技能 and
和 abili
阿比利ties
关系 of
之 gig
演出 workers,
工人 while
而 simultaneously
同时 upholding the externalization of gig workers. We propose the
支持零工工人的外部化。我们建议 following:
以后:
Proposition 3. OLPs disperse HRM activities to other eco- system actors to uphold gig workers' contractor status and monitor and control workers to achieve network effects.
提案 3.OLP 将 HRM 活动分散给其他生态系统参与者,以维护 Gigworkers 的承包商地位,并监控和控制工人以实现 Network 效应。
4.4 | Dynamic connections between human capital characteristics, employment mode, and HRM practices in platform ecosystems
4.4平台生态系统中人力资本特征、就业模式和人力资源管理实践之间的动态联系
Lepak and Snell (1999) link dynamics in the HR architecture with human capital becoming more or less valuable/unique due to strategic investments in employees' (firm-specific) skills, and changes in firm
Lepak和 Snell (1999) 将人力资源架构中的动态与人力资本联系起来,这是由于对员工(公司特定)技能的战略投资和公司的变化而变得或多或少有价值的/独特的
strategies or new technologies making current skills obsolete. Such dynamics also occur in platform ecosystems, for example, when rival platform firms enter the market or when gig work becomes auto- mated (e.g., self-driving cars replacing Uber drivers). There are how- ever additional reasons why gig workers experience changes in how platforms want to work with them (as employees or as independent contractors) as well as the HRM practices platforms use to manage them. To understand these, a broader view of the pressures on plat- form firms' HRM choices by second-tier platform ecosystem actors is required.
使当前技能过时的策略或新技术。这种动态也发生在平台生态系统中,或者当竞争对手的平台公司进入市场或当 gig工作变得自动化时(例如,自动驾驶汽车更换Uber司机)。零工工作者在平台希望如何与他们合作(作为员工或独立承包商)方面遇到挑战还有其他原因,因为以及平台用来管理它们的 HRM实践。要了解这些,需要更广泛地了解二线平台生态系统参与者对平台型公司 HRM选择的压力。
Second
第二-tier
层 platform
平台 ecosystem
生态系统 actors
演员 (i.e.,
(即 labor
劳动 unions
工会, policy
政策makers, and labor courts) occupy the institutional
制造商和劳工法院)占据了机构 environment
环境 in
在 which
哪 first-tier platform actors operate.
一线平台参与者运营。 Push-pull dynamics occur
发生推挽动态 between
之间 the
这 first-
第一- and
和 second-tier
二线 actor
演员s which
哪 shape
形状 employment
就业 modes
模式 and
和 HRM
人力资源管理 activities
活动 (Meijerink
Meijerink 公司, Keegan
基冈, & Bondarouk
邦达鲁克, 2021). The choice
选择 by
由 platforms to adopt one employment
采用一种就业的平台 mode
模式 and/or
和/或 bun-
联合国- dle of
dle 的 HRM
人力资源管理 practices is
practices 是 linked
联系 not only to
不仅 their
他们 strategic
战略的 rationality
合理性 as
如 suggested
建议 by
由 the
这 original
源语言 HR
人力资源 architecture
建筑 model
型 (Brandl
布兰德尔 et al
铝., 2019; Luo
卢奥语 et al
铝., 2021) but
但 also
也 to
自 broader
广泛 institutional
制度 factors
因素. To
自 (tempo
速度- rarily)
rarily) defuse
化解 pressures
压力 from
从 institutional
制度 sources
来源 and
和 to
自 av
AV 系列oid
oid 类 legal
法律 scrutiny,
审议 actions
行动 by
由 regulators,
监管 机构 or
或 atten
阿顿tion from
从 media
媒体 or
或 activists,
积极分子 OLPs
OLP may
五月 alter
改变 either
也 the
这 status
地位 of
之 gig
演出 workers
工人 (even
(偶数 if
如果 temporarily),
暂时), the
这 way
道路 gig
演出 workers
工人 are outsourced
被外包 (e.
(e.g., subcontracting
转包 to other
到其他 agencies
机构), or
或 else
还 the
这 nature
自然界 of
之 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 that
那 are
是 deployed
部署. Reclassification court cases focus on which employment
重新分类的法庭案件侧重于哪些就业 mode
模式 is
是 seen
明显 as
如 legitimate
合法 and
和 whether
是否 gig
演出 workers
工人 are
是 independent
独立 con
CON系列tractors
拖拉机 subject
主题 to
自 an
一 “external
外部” employment
就业 mode
模式 (i.e.,
(即 Quadrant
象限 3 or
或 4) or
或employees working via an “internal” employment mode (i.e., Quadrant
员工通过“内部”就业模式(即 Quadrant )工作 1 or
或 2). Such
这样 cases
例 cause
原因 OLPs
OLP to
自 adjust
调整 their HRM
他们的 HRM practices
实践 and
和attempt
尝试 to
自 realign
调整 them
他们 with
跟 the
这 appropriate
适当 (i.e.,
(即 external)
外部) employ-
雇- ment
门 mode
模式 (Meijerink
Meijerink 公司, Keegan
基冈, & Bondarouk
邦达鲁克, 2021).
When Deliveroo in the Netherlands changed from hiring workers as employees to hiring them as contractors, the associated terms and conditions offered under the new freelance model exposed Deliveroo to legal scrutiny in labor disputes (Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk, 2021). Deliveroo subsequently abandoned performance appraisal schemes that initially served to control gig workers' perfor- mance. This move proved to be unsuccessful as the court later ruled that Deliveroo workers should be classified as employees (Zeki
当荷兰的Deliveroo从雇佣工人转变为雇佣他们作为承包商时,新的自由职业模式提供的相关条款和条件使Deliveroo在劳动争议中受到法律审查(Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk2021)。Deliveroo 随后放弃了最初用于控制零工表现的绩效评估计划。这一举动被证明是不成功的,因为法院后来裁定 Deliveroo 工人应归类为 employeesZeki
Despite on-going court cases and dynamism inherent in HRM practices in platform ecosystems, evidence of a switch to internal employment modes is not (yet) evident. OLPs lobby governments (Rosenblat, 2018) and seek electoral support for legalization (Carosa, 2020) legitimizing their use of HRM practices (from the HR architecture's Quadrants 1 and 2) to control gig workers in similar
尽管正在进行的法庭案件和平台生态系统中人力资源管理实践固有的活力,但转向内部就业模式的证据(尚)并不明显。 OLP游说政府 Rosenblat2018并寻求选举支持合法化 Carosa2020 使他们使用人力资源架构象限1 中的 HRM 实践合法化and2)控制零工工人
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK
ways to employees. Attempts by a coalition involving Lyft and Uber to influence labor regulations in California are a good example. Uber initially changed its HRM practices (i.e., did away with platform-set fee system allowing drivers to set their own prices). This change in compensation strategy was implemented as a response to a California law called AB-5 that would classify app-based drivers as employees. The change to compensation aligned (temporarily) with the indepen- dent contractor status of Uber drivers. However, the change was reversed when Uber saw an increase in passenger cancellations of over 100% thus threatening its aims to create and maintain network effects. The subsequent passage of “ Proposition 22” exempted Uber and other ride-hailing platforms from worker reclassification demands of AB-5 (Carosa, 2020).
员工的方式。Lyft和Uber组成的联盟试图影响加州的劳动法规就是一个很好的例子。 Uber最初改变了其HRM实践(即取消了允许司机自己设定价格的平台设定费用系统)。这一补偿策略的改变是为了回应一项名为AB-5的加州法律,该法律将基于应用程序的司机归类为e-mployees。薪酬的变化(暂时)与Uber司机的独立承包商身份保持一致。 然而,当Uber看到乘客取消率增加了100% 以上时,这一变化发生了逆转,从而威胁到其创建和维护网络工作的目标影响。随后通过的“22 号提案”免除了Uber和其他网约车公司对 AB-5 的工人重新分类要求(Carosa,2020 年)。
These
这些 dynamics
动力学 may
五月 soon
很快 become
成为 evident
明显 in
在 Eu
欧盟rope.
绳。 The
这European Parliament
欧洲议会 recently
最近 adopted
采用 the
这 “ Directive
命令 on Improving
n 改进 Working
加工 Conditions
条件 in Platfo
(普拉特福)rm
马币 Work”
工作” (EU,
(欧盟, 2021) establishing
建立 the
这 legal
法律 presumption
推定 of
之 an
一 employment
就业 relationship
关系 betwe
贝特威en
中文 the
这 OLP and
和 a gig
演出 worker
工人 in
在 cases
例 where
哪里 OLPs
OLP control
控制 certai
CERTAI 认证n elements
元素 of
之 work
工作 performance. Seen through
性能。看穿an
一 HR architecture
HR 架构 lens,
镜头 this
这 implies
意味 着 that
那 OLPs
OLP are
是 legally
合法 obliged
伊吉德 to
自 institute
研究所 an
一 “internal”
“内部” employment
就业 mode when they rely on commitment- and/or
模式,当他们依赖 commitment- 和/或 productivi
生产ty-based
基于 TY HRM activities. The
人力资源管理局活动。这 likely
可能 responses of OLPs will
OLP 的响应将 be
是 to
自 either
也 (tempo-
速度- rarily)
rarily) abandon
放弃 selected
选择 HRM
人力资源管理 activities
活动 (from
(来自 Quadrants
象限 1 and
和 2) to
自 ensure
确保 their
他们 continued
继续 reliance
依赖 on
上 independent
独立 contractors
承包商 (employ-
(雇用- ment
门 modes
模式 from
从 Quadrant
象限 3 or
或 4) is
是 see
看n as
如 legitimate,
合法 or
或 to
自 seek
寻求 exceptions
异常 to
自 regulations
法规 which insist
坚持 on
上 employment
就业 contracts
合同 for
为 gig
演出 workers
工人 such
这样 as
如 California's
加利福尼亚的 Prop22.
22 号提案。 At
在 the
这 same
相同 time,
时间 OLPs
OLP will
将 likely
可能 continue
继续 to
自 rely
依赖 on
上 hybrid
混合 HRM
人力资源管理 systems
系统 whenever
每当 they
他们 can.
能。 Exercising
行使 control
控制 over
多 freelan
自由职业者cers
检测证书 by
由 means
方法 of
之 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 is
是 at
在 the
这 heart
心 of
之 their
他们 business
商 model
型 and
和 essential
基本 to
自 their
他们 strategic
战略的 goal
目标 to
自 create
创造 network
网络 effects
影响 (see
(参见 Proposition
命题 2). We
我们 therefore
因此 propose
提出 the following:
以下内容:
Proposition 4. Institutional pressures emerging at dif- ferent times and in different places lead OLPs to change commitment- and productivity-based HRM activities, seek exceptions to regulations pertaining to employ- ment rights, or adopt (temporarily) some version of “internal” employment mode to source the human capi- tal of gig workers within institutional constraints.
提案4.在不同时间和不同地方出现的制度压力导致 OLP改变基于承诺和生产力的 HRM 活动,寻求与就业权利有关的监管例外,或暂时采用)某些版本的“内部”就业模式,以保证在机构约束下零工工人的人力资本。
5 | DISCUSSION
5|讨论
Developments in digital technologies and algorithmic management epitomized by OLPs prompt us to reconsider the core assumptions of the HR architecture model. We summarize these in Table 4 which gives an overview of (our propositions on) how OLPs bring about realignment and dynamism in the HR architecture.
以OLP为代表的数字技术和算法管理的发展促使我们重新考虑 HR架构模型的核心假设。我们在表 4 中总结了这些内容,该表概述了OLP 如何带来 HR 架构的重新调整和活力。
Proposed links between value/uniqueness of human capital, employment mode, and HRM practices break down and become dynamic in the context of OLPs. The economic benefits to firms of working with contractors, coupled with the possibilities offered by
在OLP 的背景下,人均价值/独特性、就业模式和HRM实践之间的联系被分解并变得动态。与承包商合作给公司带来的经济利益,以及
algorithmic management to
算法管理 efficiently
有效 monitor
监控 and
和 regulat
监管e their
他们 behavior,
行为 offer
提供 explanations
解释 for
为 externalizing
具体化 workers
工人 as
如 cont
续ractors
演员 despite their strategic value
尽管它们具有战略价值to the OLP.
到 OLP。 Contradicting the
与 HR
人力资源 architec-
建筑- ture
图 model,
型 OLPs
OLP externalize
外部化 core
核心 human
人 capital
资本 upon
后 which
哪 their
他们 performance
性能 and
和 strategy
策略 is
是 based
基于 (De
德 Stefano
斯特凡诺 & Aloisi
阿洛伊西, 2018) and
和use
用 novel
小说 forms
形式 of
之 algorithmic
算法 management
管理 to
自 regulate
调节 their
他们 perfor-
表现- mance
曼斯. Instead
相反 of
之 developing
发展 few
少 or
或 no
不 (compliance
合规-based
基于) HRM
人力资源管理practices
实践 for
为 contractors
承包商 as
如 predicted
重新制定 by
由 the
这 HR
人力资源 architecture
建筑 model,
型 OLPs strategically combine
OLP 战略性地结合 HRM practice
人力资源管理实践s from
从 multiple
倍数 systems
系统 aiming
瞄准 at
在 compliance,
合规 productivity
生产力 enhanc
增强ement,
门, and
和 even
甚至 commit-
犯- ment. Although the
ment.尽管 default for platform
平台s is to
是 “buy,” they
“买”,他们 are
是 subject
主题 to
自 pressures
压力 from
从 the
这 institutional
制度 context
上下文 as
如 they
他们 try
尝试 to
自 maintain
保持 their contractor-based model. Thes
他们基于承包商的模式。These institutional pressures explain
e 制度压力解释 observations about the d
关于 D 的观察ynamism of links between employment mode
就业模式之间的联系 and
和 HR practices, opening new ways to think ab
人力资源实践,开启新的思考方式out these connections
这些连接 in
在 light
光 of
之 advances
进展 in
在 algorithmic
算法 management
管理 and
和 dispe
显示rsed multi-
多- actor
演员 HRM in platform ecosystems.
平台生态系统中的 HRM。
5.1 | Theoretical implications
5.1理论意义
As
如 evidence
证据 mounts
坐骑 that
那 contracting
承包 is
是 on
上 the
这 rise
上升 (Cappelli
卡贝利 & Keller
凯勒, 2013; Spreitzer
斯普雷策 et al
铝., 2017), it
它 is
是 important
重要 for
为 HRM
人力资源管理 scholars
学者to
自 move
移动 beyond assuming that the
除了假设 label “contractor”
标签 “contractor” is a
是一个 sign
标志 of
之 mar-
三月- ginal
吉纳尔 value,
价值 and
和 hence
因此 of
之 little
小 HRM
人力资源管理 concern.
关注。 The
这 side-lining
边衬 of
之 con-
缺点 tractors
拖拉机 from
从 HRM
人力资源管理 scho
学校larship
拉希普 is
是 linked
联系 with
跟 the
这 view
视图 embedded
嵌入式 in
在 the
这 HR architecture
HR 架构 that
那 they
他们 offer low value to
提供低价值 organiza
组织tions. Despite
尽管 growing
增长 evidence
证据 that contractors
承包商 add
加 significant
重要 value
价值 to
自 organizations,
组织 drive
驾驶 innovation,
创新 and
和 augment the
增强 cap
帽abilities
能力 of
之 inter-
国米- nal
纳尔 employees
员工 (Burke
伯克, 2012; McKeown
麦基翁 & Pichault
皮考特, 2021; Sulbout et al.,
铝。2021), HRM
人力资源管理 scholarsh
学者ip
IP 地址 continues
继续 to view
查看 contractors through
承包商通过 the architecture lens and fails to engage seriously with the HRM impli-
建筑视角,未能认真参与 HRM 隐含cations that contractors
承包商的阳离子 raise for organizations
为组织筹集. Our
我们 contribution
贡献 is
是 to
自 challenge
挑战 the proposed links betwee
提议的链接n value/uniqueness of human
n 人的价值/独特性 capital,
资本 employment
就业 mode,
模式 and
和 HRM
马币 practices
实践 that
那 are
是 assumed
假设 by
由 the
这 HR architecture
HR 架构 model
型 but
但 which
哪 no
不 longer
长 hold. Based on
拿。基于 insights
见解 from
从 OLPs,
OLPs, not
不 only
只 do
做 these
这些 links
链接 no
不 longer
长 hold
拿 but more
更多 importantly, they do not guide organiza
重要的是,他们不指导 Organizations appropriately in the man-
在人力中适当地进行 agement of workers who are designated as
指定为 contractors.
承包商。
We
我们 have
有 also
也 shown
显示 how
如何 OLPs
OLP combine
合 practices
实践 from
只读存储器 different
不同HRM
人力资源管理 systems
系统 and
和 disperse
散 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 to
自 other
其他 ecosystem
生态系统 actors
演员 to
自uphold
秉承 the
这 freelance
自由 status
地位 of
之 contractors
承包商. Even
甚至 though
虽然 the
这 HR
人力资源 architec
ARCHITEC 建筑- ture
图 assumes
假设 that
那 internal
内部 HRM
人力资源管理 actors
演员 will
将 develop
发展 and
和 implement
实现 coherent
相干 bundles
束 of
之 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践, OLPs
OLP demonstrate
证明 how
如何 contractor
承包商- based
基于 business
商 models
模型 may
五月 well
埃尔 be
是 aligned
一致 with
跟 hybrid
混合 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 aiming
瞄准 for
为 commitment,
承诺 productivity,
生产力 and
和 compliance. One
一 issue
问题 this
这raises
提高 is
是 how
如何 HRM
人力资源管理 specialists
专家 in
在 more
更多 conventional
协定的 organizations
组织 inter-
的- act
做 with
跟 others
别人 (e.g.,
(例如, agenci
阿根奇es,
ES、 suppliers)
供应商) in
在 managing
管理 the
这 contributions
贡献 and work conditions of contractors. To the
以及承包商的工作条件。到 ext
内线ent that
让那个 contractors
承包商 con-
缺点 tribute
贡品 to
自 innovation
创新 and
和 performance
性能 in
在 firms,
公司 ignoring
忽略 them
他们 seems
似乎 incongruous
不协调, and
和 not
不 in
在 the
这 interests
利益 of
之 HRM
人力资源管理 scholars
学者.
Advances in algorithmic management offer platforms the oppor- tunity to monitor performance and regulate the behavior of external
算法管理的进步为平台提供了监控性能和监管外部行为的机会
KEEGAN
TABLE 4 Realignment of the human resource architecture model for OLPs: Propositions
表4 OLP 人力资源架构模型的重新调整:命题
HR architecture model assumptions | OLPs and the HR architecture | HR architecture realignment when contractors brought back in | Link to Propositions |
Workers with valuable human capital are internalized | Gig worker have valuable human capital for OLP and are externalized | Realignment of human capital characteristics and employment modes | |
Uniqueness and value are distinct and unrelated human capital characteristics | Platforms increase value of gig worker human capital by decreasing their uniqueness through commoditizing gig workers and lowering costs associated with using them for the platform | Realignment of how human capital characteristics relate to each other | |
Contractors subject to no HR practices or practices from single, compliance oriented HRM system | Gig workers are managed using practices from hybrid HRM systems: Compliance, productivity, and commitment systems | Realignment of HRM practices for contractors | |
Internal HR actors design and manage valuable HRM practices | HRM is dispersed among ecosystem actors to uphold contractor status and monitor and control workers to achieve network effects | Realignment of HR practice characteristics and how they are designed and sourced | |
Strategic rationality as main source of dynamism in choice of employment mode | In addition to strategic rationality, institutional pressures and interactions in the ecosystem between core and ancillary actors drive dynamism in employment modes and/or HRM practices applied to manage gig workers | Realignment of assumptions about why employment mode changes to incorporate institutional pressures as well as strategic rationality of the organization |
workers in novel and far-reaching ways. OLPs seek competitive advantage by achieving network effects, driving out rival platforms, and becoming dominant through scale. The HRM practices deployed by platforms facilitate both the maintenance of a contractor-based workforce model alongside cost advantages while simultaneously offering high levels of control over worker performance through algo- rithmic management. The underlying pipeline business model inspiring the HRM architecture has given way to platform ecosystems in many sectors where opportunities for both externalization and control are reconfigured and enabled through algorithmic technologies. This raises new questions of alignment between HRM practices for exter- nalized workers and organizational strategic aims. Ignoring these by overlooking contractors is no longer an adequate response.
工人以新颖和触及的方式。OLP通过实现网络效应、推动竞争对手平台并通过规模占据主导地位来寻求竞争优势。平台部署的 HRM实践既促进了基于承包商的劳动力模式的维护,又具有成本优势,同时通过算法提供对工人绩效的高度控制。rithmic 管理。激发HRM 架构的底层管道商业模式已经让位于许多行业的平台生态系统,在这些领域中,外部化和控制的机会都得到了重新配置和启用通过算法技术。这提出了新的问题,即针对外部工作者的人力资源管理实践与组织战略目标之间的一致性。忽视承包商而忽视这些已经不再是一个适当的回应。
HRM actors are obviously not alone in determining the kinds of practices which are relevant and appropriate for contractors. We have shown that when institutional pressures become too great, OLPs may suspend, alter, or drop HRM practices, or (temporarily) internalize workers, to avoid legitimacy threats that could damage their ongoing activities. OLPs constantly test and navigate institutional rules to maintain contractor-based models even while exercising power over workers through algorithmic management. That OLPs can change worker status, or negotiate to redefine workers'rights in the gig econ- omy, suggests that the choice to internalize or externalize workers is driven by push-pull dynamics deriving from both institutional pres- sures as well as strategic business goals. HRM scholars must embrace the complexities posed by institutional dynamics impacting on the growing gig workforce.
人力资源管理行为者显然不是唯一一个确定与承包商相关和适当的做法类型的人。我们已经表明,当制度压力变得太大时,OLP可能会暂停、改变或放弃HRM实践,或暂时将员工内部化,以避免可能损害他们正在进行的活动。OLP 不断测试和驾驭制度规则,以维持基于承包商的模型,即使通过算法管理对工人施加权力。 OLP可以改变工人的地位,或者否定在零工经济中重新定义工人的权利,这表明选择内化或外化工人是由推拉动力驱动的在结构要求和战略业务目标方面,人力资源管理学者必须接受影响不断增长的零工劳动力的机构动态所带来的复杂性。
Cross
渡 & Swart
斯瓦特 (2022, p. 3) argue
认为 for
为 the
这 need
需要 to
自 expand
扩大 HRM
人力资源管理theorizing
理论化 and
和 consider
考虑 “actors
“演员 who
谁 are
是 neither
也不 bound
绑定 by
由 the
这 direc-
直接- tive
蒂夫 control
控制 of
之 an
一 organization
组织 nor
也不 subject
主题 to
自 mutual
互 obligati
义务ons
组件 as
如 seen in an employment
见于就业 relationship.” The authors
兴高采烈。作者 rightly
正确 question the
问题 neglect
忽视 of
之 independent
独立 contr
续actors
演员 in
在 HRM
人力资源管理 scholarship
奖学金 and
和 raise
举 the
这 ethical
伦理 implications
影响 of
之 this
这 that
那 undermine
破坏 the
这 role
角色 of
之 HRM
人力资源管理 scholar-
学者- ship, in general, to consid
一般来说,船到 Consider all
呃,全部 workers,
工人 not just
不只是 employees.
员工。 However,
然而 based on our analysis, we
根据我们的分析,我们 have shown that
已经证明 OLPs
OLP use
用 contractors who
承包商 are
是 not
不 subject
主题 to
自 mutual
互 obligations
义务 of
之 an
一 employment
就业 relationship
关系 but
但 are
是 bound
绑定 by
由 directive
命令 control
控制 of
之 platforms through
通过 their
他们 HRM
人力资源管理 activities.
活动。 More attention
更多关注 needs to
需要 be
是 paid to assumptions
支付给假设 that
那 a lack
缺乏 of mutual rights
共同权利 or
或 obli
奥布利gations
门控 typically
通常 associated
相关 with
跟 standard
标准 employment relationships automatically means contractors
雇佣关系自动指承包商 are not
不是 subject
主题 to
自 direct
直接 forms
形式 of
之 control.
控制。 Contractors
承包商 are often
经常 bound
绑定 by
由 novel
小说 forms
形式 of
之 control
控制 even
甚至 though
虽然 they
他们 are not employees
不是员工 (Meijerink
Meijerink 公司 & Keegan
基冈, 2019; Prassl
普拉斯, 2018; Schor
绍尔 & Vallas
瓦拉斯, 2021; Veen
维恩et al
铝., 2020). The
这 interlocking
联 锁 actions
行动 of
之 platform
平台 firms
公司, requesters
请求 and
和 algorithmic
算法 management
管理 and
和 control
控制 constitute
构成 new
新增功能 forms
形式 of
之 direc-
直接- tive control exercised in the
在 management of
管理 contractors.
承包商。 Such
这样 control
控制 is
是 also
也 exercised
行使 through
通过 hybrid
混合 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 that originate
起源 from
从 different
不同 HRM systems and which
HRM 系统及其 combine effor
联合 EFFORts
茨 to
自 manage
管理 behav-
行为 - ior through compliance,
通过合规性进行 IOR, through productivity enhancing practices,
通过提高生产力的实践, and
和 even
甚至 though
虽然 practices
实践 aiming
瞄准 to
自 commit workers
提交 worker and win
并赢得 their
他们 moti-
动机- vation
视频 (Waldkirch
瓦尔德基希 et al
铝., 2021; Wood
木 et al
铝., 2019b
2019 年b).
Our contribution is therefore to shed light not only on a long- neglected group of workers in HRM scholarship but also on the chang- ing nature of HRM practices for contactors who are integral to many
因此,我们的贡献不仅在于揭示了人力资源管理奖学金中长期被忽视的一群工作者,还在于了解人力资源管理实践的变化性质,这些接触者是许多人不可或缺的一部分
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK
(platform) businesses. HRM activities that are applied in platform eco- systems may also be used for contractors in traditional organizations, and perhaps for employees also. Bringing contractors back in can revi- talize HRM scholarship in contexts where workers are managed across and outside organizational boundaries, and where core HRM activities are dispersed among actors from different organizations using technologies that enable and extend algorithmic management of workers.
(平台)企业。应用于平台生态系统的人力资源管理活动也可用于传统组织架构中的承包商,也可能用于员工。在员工跨组织边界和组织边界外管理,以及HRM 核心活动分散在不同组织的行为者之间的情况下,让承包商参与进来可以恢复人力资源管理奖学金使用支持和扩展工作人员的算法马的技术。
6 | FUTURE RESEARCH
6未来研究
Building on the analysis offered in this article, more research is needed on the nature of HRM in contexts where organizations use contractors. Studying OLPs can ease long-standing problems for researchers by offering insights on HRM issues usually embedded in relationships with disaggregated procurement and hiring managers (Keegan et al., 2012) and by providing access to contractors, who are notoriously fragmented as a group (Cross & Swart, 2022). Research on the HRM activities applied to manage them, and the legitimacy concerns these activities raise, have important practical as well as the- oretical implications for a range of HRM actors dealing with contrac- tors. Questions such as what HRM activities are used, who designs them, and what outcomes arise for worker motivation, legality, stabil- ity of labor supply, and quality of attachment between workers and the organizations, are all important.
基于本文提供的分析,在组织使用承包商的情况下,需要对人力资源管理的性质进行更多研究。研究OLP可以通过提供对通常嵌入在与分布式采购和招聘经理关系中的HRM问题的见解,缓解研究人员长期存在的问题Keeganetal., 2012以及通过向承包商提供访问权限,众所周知,这些承包商作为一个群体是分散的 Cross&Swart2022)。对应用于管理他们的人力资源管理活动的研究,以及这些活动引发的合法性问题,对一系列人力资源管理行为者具有重要的实践和理论意义处理ContraC-Tors。诸如重新使用哪些人力资源管理活动、谁设计这些活动以及对工人的积极性、合法性、劳动力供应的稳定性和质量产生什么结果等问题工人和组织之间的依恋,都很重要。
A closely
A 紧密 related area for future
未来相关领域 research is
research 是 the
这 growing
增长 complex-
复杂- ity and
和 dynamism
活力 of
之 HRM
人力资源管理 systems
系统. Snell
斯内尔 and
和 Morris
莫里斯 (2021) highlight
高亮constant change to
常量更改为 HRM practices in dynamic
动态的 HRM 实践 HRM ecosystems. They
人力资源管理生态系统。他们 focus
重点 on the
在 need to
必须 reintegrate
重新整合 changing
改变 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 into
到 coh
科er-
的- ent and strategically focused systems
耳鼻喉科和战略重点系统 because
因为 interactions
相互 作用 are
是 myriad
无数 and
和 in
在 flux.
通量。 This
这 dovetails
燕尾榫 with
跟 our
我们 observati
观察者ons
组件 on
上 the
这 dynamic
动态 and
和 emergent
紧急 properties
性能 of
之 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 in
在 OLP ecosystems
生态 due
由于 to
自 push-pull dynamics
推挽动力学 between different
在不同之间 institutional and organizational
机构和组织 actors
演员 in
在 and
和 peripheral
外设 to
自 the
这 eco
生态system.
系统。 However,
然而 the
这 alignment
对准 and
和 consistency that
一致性 is
是 important
重要 in the
在 study
研究 of
之 organizational
组织 HRM
人力资源管理 systems
系统, and even
甚至 relatively
相对 stable
稳定 interorganizational
组织间 systems
系统 like
喜欢InterOrganizational
组织间 Project
项目 Teams
团队 (IPTs
IPT) (Flyvbjerg, 2014) are
是 only
只partially
部分地 relevant to
相关 understanding O
了解 OLPs'
有限合伙人 HRM ecosystems.
人力资源管理生态系统。 In
在 light of
光 deliberate
故意 strategies
策略 of
之 institutional
制度 complex
复杂ity and
和 hybridity
混合动力 on
上 the
这 part
部分 of
之 platforms
平台 firms
公司 (Meijerink
Meijerink 公司, Keegan
基冈, & Bondarouk
邦达鲁克, 2021), more
更多research
研究 is
是 needed
需要 on
上 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 of different
不同 actors.
演员。 Can
能 requesters influence the quality of
请求者影响 HRM practices for gig workers?
零工工人的人力资源管理实践? Do
做 these dynamics settle over time as
这些动态会随着时间的推移而稳定为 OL
老Ps
附言 either
也 achieve
实现 network
网络 effects
影响 or fail? What
还是失败?什么 is/are the target(s)
是/是目标 of
之 alignment
对准 in
在 such
这样 complex
复杂 HRM
人力资源管理 ecosystems
生态?
Not only are contractors often excluded from HRM practices that are relevant to their development, they are also excluded from many voice channels that exist for workers on standard employment rela- tionships. Future research could address what contractors do to be heard, how effective these channels are, and how organizations respond to calls for more contractor voice (Keegan & Meijerink, 2022). OLP research highlights the importance of second
承包商不仅经常被排除在与其发展相关的人力资源管理实践之外,而且他们被排除在标准就业关系工人的许多语音渠道之外。未来的研究可以解决承包商如何被倾听、这些渠道的有效性以及组织如何响应要求更多承包商声音的呼吁(Keegan 和 Meijerink,2022 年)。OLPresearch凸显秒的重要性
tier ecosystems actors in influencing gig worker voice (Gegenhuber et al., 2021; Tassinari & Maccarrone, 2020). Second-tier actors make visible the behavior of platform firms and expose conditions which the platform's direct employees or other stakeholders may perceive as undesirable or unjust. Platform worker activists have successfully mobilized traditional and social media, and online communities, to raise scrutiny of HRM practices in platform ecosystems (Irani & Silberman, 2013; Vandaele, 2018). If the trend to hire more people through platforms continues, addressing voice issues will be critical given the links between worker voice and issues like trust, innovation, engagement, and wellbeing (Detert & Edmondson, 2011) as well as contractors'experiences of decent work.
影响零工工人声音的分层生态系统参与者(Gegenhuberetal.,2021Tassinari&Maccarrone2020)。二级行为者使平台公司的行为可见,并揭露平台的直接员工或其他利益相关者可能认为不受欢迎或不公正的条件。平台工作者行动者成功地动员了传统和社交媒体以及在线社区,以提高对平台生态系统中人力资源管理实践的审查Irani&Silberman2013Vandaele2018)。如果通过平台雇用更多人的趋势继续下去,鉴于员工的声音与信任、创新、敬业度和福祉等问题之间的联系,解决语音问题将至关重要&Edmondson2011以及承包商对体面工作的经验。
Finally, contractors deserve to be treated with respect and dignity
最后,承包商应该得到尊重和尊严的对待 by
由 organizations
组织 which
哪 implies
意味 着 responsibilities,
责任 long
长 left
左 unexam
未检查ined,
独立非执行董事, for
为 HRM
人力资源管理 agents
代理 of
之 organizations
组织 using
用 contract
合同 workers (Kuhn
工人 (Kuhn et al
铝., 2021; Lamers
拉默斯 et al
铝., 2022). The
这 specter
幽灵 of
之 platform
平台-based
基于 gig
演出workers
工人 being
存在 refused
拒绝 access
访问 to
自 toilet
厕所 facilities
设施6 by
由 the
这 organizations
组织 engaging them to carry out work is a
让他们开展工作是一种 grim
严峻 and
和 visible
可见 manifestation
表现 of
之 what
什么 can
能 happen
发生 when
什么时候 workers
工人 are
是 treated
治疗 as
如 of
之 marginal
边缘的 strategic
战略的 value
价值 and
和 consequently
因此 externalized,
具体化 excluded,
排除 and ignored.
并被忽略。 Wh
瓦ile
伊尔 this is one, albeit visible manifestation, contractors
这是一个承包商,尽管是可见的表现 hired
雇 through
通过 plat-
平台- forms may experience other forms of
表单可能会经历其他形式的 less
少 visible
可见 exclusion and
exclusion 和 exploi-
爆炸- tation
培训 (Gray
灰色 & Suri
苏里, 2019). When
什么时候 HRM
人力资源管理 scholars
学者 ignore
忽视 a group
群 of
之workers
工人 and
和 assume
假设 they
他们 are
是 su
苏bject to
自 no
不 HRM
人力资源管理 practices
实践 because
因为 they
他们 are
是 not
不 traditional
传统的 employees
员工 (Dundon
邓登 & Rafferty
拉弗蒂, 2018), HRM
人力资源管理scholarship runs the
奖学金运行risk of becoming irrelevant, failing to address core
变得无关紧要、无法解决核心问题的风险 issues
问题 such
这样 as
如 decent
体面 work
工作 and
和 ethical
卡尔 HRM
人力资源管理 practices.
实践。 The
这 study
研究 of
之 OLPs and their
OLP 及其 HRM activities
人力资源管理局活动 can
能 bring f
带上focus to
自 gaps
差距 in
在 HRM
人力资源管理 schol-
学术- arship when workers are excluded, even
arship 时,甚至 though
虽然 clearly
清楚 creating
创建 value
价值 for
为 organizations
组织. Their
他们 exclusion
排除 means
方法 organizations
组织 have
有 little
小insight into their treatment and
深入了解他们的治疗和 whether
是否 ethical
伦理 norms
规范 rega
雷加rding wellbeing,
健康 dignity,
尊严 and respect
和尊重 are upheld.
得到维护。 This
这 evidently
分明 needs
需要 to
自 change if
更改 if HRM research is to remain
人力资源管理研究将继续存在 relevant for the study
与研究相关 of work.
的工作。
7 | CONCLUSION
7 总结
Our analysis of OLPs challenges the alignment in the HR architecture model between the value/uniqueness of human capital, employment modes, and HRM practices. While the ideas in this article align with criticism of the original HR architecture model that it overlooked actors and institutions external to the organization, we also raise new questions about how HRM activities for contractors are shaped by algorithmic management and new forms of control. The HR architec- ture model can be extended and enriched by incorporating perspec- tives that allow contractors to come to the fore, and for the HRM activities developed to manage them to be recognized and systemati- cally studied, rather than overlooked. Platforms are interesting for HRM theorizing precisely because the management of contractors involves the orchestration of resources within ecosystems that do not belong to any single organization. However, as we argue here, plat- forms do control workers using digital technologies and algorithms that involve customers and others in managing workers' performance.
我们对OLP的分析挑战了人力资源架构模型中人力资本的价值/独特性、就业模式和HRM实践之间的一致性。虽然本文中的想法与对原始人力资源架构模型的批评一致,即它忽视了组织外部的行为者和机构,但我们也提出了关于人力资源管理活动如何承包商受到算法管理和新形式的控制的影响。人力资源架构模型可以通过纳入允许承包商脱颖而出的透视来扩展和丰富,而人力资源管理活动则旨在管理它们以便得到认可和系统研究,而不是被忽视。 平台对于人力资源管理理论化很有趣,正是因为 承包商的管理涉及不属于任何单个组织的生态系统内的资源的编排。然而,正如我们在这里所论述的,平台形式使用数字技术和AlGorithms 控制员工,让客户和其他人参与管理员工的表现。
KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK WILEY
In this way, we contribute to current debates on how HRM theorizing can include contractors, while also contributing to debates about whether contractors are free from directive control, or simply subject to novel forms of control with consequences for HRM beyond plat- form ecosystems. Reconsidering the HR architecture by bringing con- tractors back in provides a long-awaited chance to extend HRM scholarship in a meaningful and inclusive way.
通过这种方式,我们为当前关于HRM 理论化如何包括合同 or 的辩论做出了贡献,同时也为关于承包商是否不受指令控制,或者只是受到新形式的控制及其后果的辩论做出了贡献HRMbeyond平台-formecosystems.通过让拖拉机重新参与来协调人力资源架构提供了一个期待已久的机会,以有意义和包容性的方式扩展HRM 奖学金。
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
确认
Open access funding provided by IReL
IReL 提供的开放获取资金.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
数据可用性声明
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were gener- ated or analysed during the current study.
数据共享不适用于本文,因为在当前研究期间没有生成或分析任何数据。
ORCID
https://orcidENDNOTES
尾注
1 http://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index/. Accessed 4 Febru- ary, 2022.
1 http://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index/.2022 年 2 月 4 日访问。
3 https://backlinko.com/upwork-users#upwork-employees
3 https://backlinko.com/upwork-users#upwork-员工
4 https://www.wonolo.com. Accessed 16 August 2021.
4 https://www.沃诺洛。com。 2021 年 8 月 16 日访问。
5 https://www.toptal.com. Accessed 16 August 2021.
5 https://www.托帕尔。com。 2021 年 8 月 16 日访问。
6 https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/sep/23/gig-economy- doordash-grubhub-food-delivery
6 https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/sep/23/gig-economy-doordash-grubhub-food-delivery
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AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
作者简介
Professor Anne Keegan is a Full Professor in Human Resource Management (HRM) at University College Dublin, College of Busi- ness, Ireland. She earned her PhD at Trinity College Dublin and held appointments at Rotterdam School of Management and Amsterdam Business School. Her main research interests are gig work, online labor platforms, project-based HRM, and paradox HRM studies. Her work has been published in leading journals such as Human Resource Management, Organization Studies, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of Applied Psychology, Human Resource Management Journal, International Journal of Human Resource Management, International Journal of Project Management, and several others. Dr. Jeroen Meijerink, PhD is an Assistant Professor of Human Resource Management (HRM) at the University of Twente, The Netherlands. His research activities focus on HRM and value co- creation in platform-based organizations, such as online labor platforms, social media platforms, talent and crowdsourcing plat- forms, and shared service organizations. He has a special interest in the use of algorithms in human resource management. His research is multidisciplinary in nature, draws on the service- dominant logic and institutional theories, and has been published in peer-reviewed international outlets such as Human Resource Management, Journal of Business Research, Human Resource Man- agement Review, International Journal of Human Resource Manage- ment, Personnel Review, European Journal of International Management, and The Services Industries Journal |
How to cite this article: Keegan, A., & Meijerink, J. (2023). Dynamism and realignment in the HR architecture: Online labor platform ecosystems and the key role of contractors. Human Resource Management, 62(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/hrm.22120 |