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DOI: 10.1002/hrm.22120
数字doi10.1002/hrm.22120

SPECIA L I SSUE A RTICL E

WILEY
威利

Dynamism and realignment in the HR architecture: Online labor platform ecosystems and the key role of contractors
人力资源架构的活力和重新调整:在线劳动力平台生态系统和合同工的关键作用

|

Anne Keegan1
安妮·基冈1

Jeroen Meijerink2
杰罗恩·梅耶林克2

1Human Resource Management and

Employment Relations Group, College of

Abstract

Given the widespread contribution of independent contractors to organizational innovation and competitive advantage, it is timely to reassess assumptions about the HRM practices appropriate to their management and the rationale for organizations to work with them. In the original and highly influential HR architecture model of Lepak and Snell (1999), contractor status is viewed as an outcome of the low value and/or low uniqueness of human capital resulting in the proposition to externalize and manage them using either none or minimal compliance-based HRM practices. Developments in digital technologies and algorithmic management epitomized by online labor platforms prompt us to reconsider these assumptions and to challenge the proposed links between value/uniqueness of human capital, employment mode and HRM practices that are assumed by the HR architecture model. Using insights from online labor platforms, we argue that the significant benefits to firms of working with contractors, coupled with the possibilities offered by algorithmic management to efficiently monitor and regulate their behavior, provide a compelling reason for organizations to choose external employment modes even when workers are key to value creation. We challenge the alignment and stability of the relationships pro- posed by the HR architecture model, and offer propositions to extend the model by reconsidering the rationale for, and nature of, HRM practices associated with con- tractors. This reassessment is both timely and relevant given the growing prominence of business models where externalizing workers is central alongside the development of new forms of algorithmic human resource management to control them.

KEYWOR DS

HR and technology, inter-organizational environment, performance management, recruitment, selection, strategic HR

Business,
University College
大学学院
Du
blin,
布林,
Dublin,
都柏林
Ireland
爱尔兰

2HRM,
人力资源管理,
University of Twente,
特温特大学,
Enschede,
恩斯赫德,
The
Netherlands
荷兰

Correspondence
通信

Anne
安妮
Keegan,
基冈
Human
Resource
资源
Management
管理
and
Employment
就业
Relations Group, College of
学院关系组
Business,
University College
大学学院
Dublin,
都柏林
Dub
配音
lin,
Ireland.
爱尔兰。

Email: anne.keegan@ucd.ie
电子邮件:anne.keegan@ucd.ie

1 | INTRODUCTION
1 |介绍

The rise of online labor platforms (OLPs) like Uber, Fiverr, and Upwork has stimulated interest in how human resource management (HRM) practice and theory apply to gig workers (Duggan et al., 2020; Kuhn &
UberFiverrUpwork 在线劳动力平台OLP兴起激发人们对人力资源管理 (HRM) 实践理论如何应用于工工作者的兴趣Dugganetal., 2020Kuhn&

Maleki, 2017; Meijerink & Keegan, 2019). In most countries, gig workers are classified as independent contractors by OLPs (Vallas & Schor, 2020). In the highly influential HR architecture model, Lepak & Snell (1999, p. 39) propose that organizations adopt a contractor employment mode for “human capital that is generic and of limited
Maleki,2017 年;Meijerink&Keegan,2019 年)。大多数国家/地区工人被OLP 归类独立承包商(Vallas&Schor,2020 年)。极具影响力人力资源架构模型中Lepak &Snell1999, p. 39) 提议组织采用承包商雇佣模式即“人力资本通用有限

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
这是一篇根据知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎许可条款的开放获取文章,允许在任何媒体中使用分发,前提是正确引用原始作品,使用非商业性的不得修改进行了调整

© 2022 The Authors. Human Resource Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
© 2022 作者。Human Resource Management 出版商 Wiley Periodicals LLC
.

strategic value.” In a footnote to their work extending the model, Kang, Morris & Snell (2007, p. 244) reinforce this stating: Contract workers generally offer noncore and low-level skills and knowledge, and thereby have relatively little potential to help modify and renew core knowledge bases of a firm.” Lepak & Snell (1999, p. 40) originally conceived that limited or no HRM activities apply to contractors due to “limited value-creating potential.” The message reinforced by the model is that contractors are not key to value creation. By default, they are excluded from (many) HRM activities (Cross & Swart, 2022; McKeown & Pichault, 2021).
战略价值。在他们扩展模型的工作的脚注中,KangMorris&Snell2007p.244强调了这一点,指出合同通常提供非核心低级技能知识,因此帮助修改更新公司的核心知识库的潜力相对较Lepak & Snell1999第40页)最初设想,由于“有限的价值创造潜力”,有限没有人力资源管理活动承包商来说是一个普遍的。模型强化的信息承包商并不是创建 value的关键默认情况下,他们排除在许多人力资源管理活动之外Cross&Swart2022McKeown &Pichault2021)。

This
message
消息
is
at
odds
赔率
with
both
the
growth
成长
in
contracting
承包
in
almost
几乎
every
sector
扇形
of
the
global
全球
economy
经济
(Cappelli
卡贝利
& Keller
凯勒
, 2013; Spreitzer
斯普雷策
et al
., 2017) and
the
rise
上升
of
OLPs
OLP
(Kä
(卡
ssi & Lehdonvirta, 2018; Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
& Arets
阿雷茨
, 2021; Vallas
瓦拉斯
& Schor
绍尔
, 2020). It
is
timely
及时
to
ask
questions
问题
about
回合
the
intersections
交叉 口
between
之间
HRM
人力资源管理
and
the
employment
就业
of
contract
合同
-based
基于
gig
演出
workers
工人
(Kuhn
库恩
et al
., 2021). Is
the
choice
选择
to pursue
追求
a model based
基于模型的
pre
dominantly
显性
on
contractors
承包商
aligned with the fact that
“many innovative companies want to have it
“许多创新公司都希望拥有
both
ways.
方式。
They
他们
exercise
锻炼
a significant
重要
degree
of
control
控制
over
the
workforce—
员工 —
whose
谁的
performance
性能
is
central
中央
to
the
core
核心
business
—in
- 在
line
线
with
the
employment
就业
model
but
without
没有
being
存在
held
举行
accou
确认
ntable
as
employers
雇主
(Aloisi
阿洛伊西
& De
Stefano
斯特凡诺
, 2020, p. 49:
第 49 页:
emphasis
强调
added
添加
)? How
如何
does this
influence
影响
what
什么
HR
人力资源
M practices
实践
are
deployed
部署
to
manage
管理
gig
演出
workers
工人
? In
their
他们
recent
最近
wide
-ranging
测距
analysis
分析
of
Lepak
莱帕克
and
Snell
斯内尔
's
(1999) model
, Luo
卢奥语
et al
. (2021) call
for
a closer
examination
考试
of
OLPs who
OLP
raise significant
提高显著性
but
unexplored challeng
未探索的 challeng
es for the
es 的
assump-
假设-
tions underpinning the model. Considering these c
tions 支撑模型。考虑到这些c
hallenges is
Hallenges 是
likely
可能
to
greatly
大大
extend
扩展
the
HR
人力资源
architecture
建筑
model
” (Luo
卢奥语
et al
., 2021, p. 267).

This article
本文
considers
认为
the
alignm
对齐
ent
耳鼻喉科
between
之间
the value/
值/
uniqueness
唯一性
of
human
capital,
资本
employment
就业
mode
模式
and
HRM
人力资源管理
pra
普拉
ctices based
基于
on
insights
见解
from
OLPs.
OLP 的
Tec
技术
hnology advances
进展
associated
相关
with
algorithmic
算法
management,
管理
and
business
models
模型
based
基于
on
a platform rather
than
a pipeline
管道
rationale
理由
(Van
货车
Alstyne
阿尔斯泰恩
et al
., 2016) influence
影响
how OLPs use
OLP 如何使用
HRM
人力资源管理
practices. While some
实践。虽然一些
HRM
人力资源管理
practices are align
实践是一致的
ed
艾德
with systems aiming at compli
系统旨在 Compli
ance, as the
ance,作为
HR
人力资源
architecture
建筑
model
pre-
前-
dicts
字典
in the case
在案例中
of
independent
独立
contractors,
承包商
practices are
实践是
also
deployed
部署
that
aim
目的
for
productivity
生产力
enhancement
增强
and
eve
前夕
n commit-
犯-
ment. By
situating
位置
the
HR
人力资源
architecture
建筑
in
the
context
上下文
of
wider
广泛
plat-
平台-
form ecosystems and
形成生态系统
the deployment of
部署
algorithmic
算法
management,
管理
we
我们
show
显示
how the
如何
alignment betwee
对齐
n human
capital
资本
characteristics,
特性
employment
就业
modes
模式
, and
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
is
not
what
什么
the
model
predicts.
预测。
We
我们
further
进一步
examine how
检查如何
pressures
压力
from
the
institutional
制度
context impact on
上下文影响
OLPs'
OLP 的
efforts to maintain th
维持 TH 的努力
eir preferred
首选 EIR
contractor
承包商
-based
基于
model
leading
主导
to
dynamism
活力
in
the
alignment
对准
between employment modes and
在就业模式和
HRM practices.
人力资源管理实践。

This article is structured as follows. After reviewing the core assumptions underpinning the HR architecture, we discuss the strate- gic goals of OLPs, the ecosystems within which they operate, and HRM practices found in platform ecosystems. We contrast these practices with the original HR architecture model and formulate prop- ositions on the realignment between human capital value/uniqueness, employment modes, and HRM practices. We consider the theoretical implications of the algorithmic management of contractors in a
本文的结构如下回顾支撑 HR 架构的核心假设之后,我们讨论了 OLP 的战略目标它们运作生态系统以及平台生态系统中的HRM 实践。我们将这些实践与原始的人力资源架构师模型进行对比并就人力资本价值/独特性、就业模式HRM实践之间的重新调整提出了主张。我们考虑了Contractors 算法管理的理论意义

growing range of industries for HRM scholarship and practice and identify areas for future research.
人力资源管理奖学金和实践行业范围不断扩大,并确定未来研究的领域。

2 | THE HR ARCHITECTURE: CORE ASSUMPTIONS
2 |人力资源架构核心假设

Lepak
莱帕克
and
Snell
斯内尔
(1999) introduced
介绍
the
HR
人力资源
architecture
建筑
model
to
go
beyond
超越
the
idea
想法
that
firms
公司
make
or
buy
human
capital
资本
(i.e.,
(即
the
knowl
知识
- edge
边缘
, skills
技能
, and
abilities
能力
of
workers
工人
). The
model
predicts
预测
that
firms
公司
both
develop
发展
(make
) human
capital
资本
within
the
bounds
边界
of
the
firm
公司
as
well
as
relying on the external labor market to access (buy)
依赖外部劳动力市场获取 (BUY)
human capital.
人力资本。
Which
of
these
这些
employment
就业
modes
模式
is
chosen
选择
depends
取决于
on
the
value
价值
and
uniqueness
唯一性
of the
human
capital
资本
concerned.
关心。
Human
capital value
资本价值
refers
埃弗斯
to
“the
“这
ratio
of
strategic
战略的
benefits
好处
to
customers
客户
derived
派生
from
skills
技能
rela-
关系-
tive
蒂夫
to
the
costs
成本
incurred
已发生
(Lepak
莱帕克
& Snell
斯内尔
, 1999, p. 350). Workers
工人
with
high
levels
水平
of
value
价值
are
seen
明显
as
core
核心
to
a firm's
公司的
competitive
竞争
advantage (Barney
巴尼
, 1991) and
have
employment
就业
contracts
合同
with
the
firm
公司
to
ensure
确保
their
他们
skills
技能
are
developed
发达
and
deployed
部署
correctly
正确
(Williamson
威廉姆森
, 1975) and
are aligned to the organization's strategic goals (Barne
与组织的战略目标保持一致(Barne
y, 1991).

Human
capital
资本
with
limited
有限
strategic
战略的
value
价值
is
acquired
后天的
by
means
EAN系列
of
an
external
外部
employment mode
用工模式
. Market-based
.以市场为基础
transactional rela-
交易关系
tionships
tionships (英语)
deliver
提供
cost-effective compliance of workers while
工人的成本效益合规性,同时
low
stra-
斯特拉-
tegic
特吉克
value
价值
renders
呈现
their
他们
fu
rther skill
技能
development
发展
unnecessary.
必要。
The
uniqueness
唯一性
dimension
尺寸
refers
to
the
firm
公司
specificity
特 异性
(Becker
贝克尔
, 1964; Williamson,
威廉姆森
1975) of
human
capital
资本
and whether
是否
skills
技能
are
in
limited
有限
supply
供应
in
the
external
外部
labor
劳动
market
市场
(Lepak
莱帕克
& Snell
斯内尔
, 1999). Unique
独特
skills
技能
are
developed
发达
internally
内部
(Williamson,
(威廉姆森,
1975) in
order
次序
to
protect
保护
the
firm
公司
's competitive
竞争
advantage
优势
(Barney
巴尼
, 1991), while
generic
通用
human
capital
资本
is
acquired
后天的
from
the
external
外部
lab
实验室
or
market
市场
and
subject
主题
to
low
levels
水平
of
further
进一步
investment
投资
(Becker,
(贝克尔,
1964). The
HR
人力资源
architecture jux-
建筑 jux-
taposes the
value
价值
and
uniqueness
唯一性
dimensions
尺寸
, underpinned
支撑
by
assumptions
假设
regarding
关于
efficiency
效率
and
ease
缓解
of
monitoring
监测
and
control
控制
(Williamson,
(威廉姆森,
1975), to
derive
获得
four
quadrants
象限
that
link
链接
human
乌曼
capital
资本
characteristics
特性
with
employment
就业
modes
模式
and
HRM
人力资源管理
systems
系统
(Lepak
(莱帕克
& Snell
斯内尔
, 1999).

2.1 | Internalizing human capital through employment
2.1 通过就业人力资本内部化

Quadrant 1 represents human capital that is valuable, unique, and retained within the firm using an “internal development” employment mode. Employment relationships in this quadrant are open-ended, involving mutual investment by the employee and employer in devel- oping firm-specific skills (Lepak & Snell, 1999). To maintain organization-based employment relationships (Rousseau, 1995; Tsui et al., 1995), firms rely on a commitment-based HRM system that pro- motes job autonomy, empowerment, promotion from within, continu- ous training, and appraisal emphasizing employee contributions to strategic objectives (Lepak & Snell, 2002).
象限 1 代表有价值的独特的人力资本并使用“内部发展雇佣模式在公司内部保留象限中的雇佣关系开放式的,涉及员工和雇主共同投资于开发公司特定的技能Lepak & Snell1999)。 为了维持基于组织的雇佣关系Rousseau1995Tsui etal., 1995),公司依赖于基于承诺人力资源管理系统,该系统支持强调员工对战略目标的贡献,工作自主权、赋权、内部提升、持续培训和评估,强调员工战略目标的贡献Lepak & Snell 2002)。

Human capital in Quadrant 2 is valuable yet widely available in the external labor market. Firms face tensions as they are motivated
象限2中的人力资本有价值,但在外部劳动力市场广泛可用公司积极方面面临紧张局势

both to internalize valuable skills while limiting further development to avoid losing returns on investment (Becker, 1964; Lepak & Snell, 1999). Human capital in Quadrant 2 is bought from the exter- nal labor market and internalized without further investment in employees' skills (i.e., “acquisitionmode). Lepak and Snell (1999) envision a symbiotic employment relationship where employee and employer engage as long as each benefits from the relationship with an employment contract offered in return for loyalty (Rousseau & Parks, 1993). An associated market-based HRM system comprises comprehensive staffing practices, limited training to increase short- term productivity, appraisal that emphasizes efficiency, and market- based wages (Lepak & Snell, 2002).
两者都是为了内化有价值的技能限制进一步发展以避免失去投资回报Becker1964Lepak&Snell1999)。象限 2中的人力资本是从外部劳动力市场购买的,并在没有进一步归属员工技能的情况下内化(即“收购模式)。LepakSnell1999设想了一种共生的雇佣关系,只要雇主雇主雇佣关系中受益,就会参与其中忠诚换合同 (Rousseau&Parks1993)。 相关的基于市场的人力资源管理系统包括全面的人员配置实践、提高短期生产力进行的有限降雨强调效率评估以及市场工资Lepak & Snell,2002 )。

2.2 | Externalizing human capital through contracting
2.2 通过签订合同实现人力资本外部化

While human capital in Quadrants 1 and 2 is internalized through employment, contracting is used for workers in Quadrants 3 and 4. Quad- rant 3 represents human capital that is widely available in the labor mar- ket and of little strategic value to the firm. Firms use a “contracting” employment mode, establishing transactional relationships with workers (Tsui et al., 1995) based on short-term economic exchanges. Contractors are kept at arms-length by the firm and managed by means of none or minimal compliance-based HRM practices. There is little incentive to invest in HRM practices beyond enforcing compliance with rules. Hourly or piece-based pay prevail alongside job simplification, limited autonomy, and minimal training or appraisal (Lepak & Snell, 2002).
象限 12人力资本是通过就业内部化的象限 3 和 4 的工人则使用合同。Quad-rant 3代表劳动力市场中广泛可用的人力资本公司几乎没有战略价值公司使用“合同”雇佣模式工人建立交易关系 (Tsui et al., 1995based on shortterm economicexchange.公司承包商保持一定距离并通过没有最低限度的基于合规性的 HRM 实践进行管理除了强制遵守规则之外,还有一些激励投资于人力资源管理实践的动力。小时工资或基于件工资在简化工作有限的自主权和最低限度的培训或评估的同时占主导地位,这非常普遍(Lepak & Snell,2002年)。

Human capital in Quadrant 4 is unique and of limited strategic value creating a paradox: Firms do not need to internalize these skills (Barney, 1991) yet externalizing them exposes the firm to supplier's opportunism and difficulties monitoring how human capital is deployed (Williamson, 1975). The HR architecture proposes an alli- ance employment mode where co-specialized assets (i.e., assets that create value only through the combined effort of the worker and hir- ing firm) are developed (Lepak & Snell, 1999). Co-specialized assets (Parkhe, 1993) are developed by means of collaborative-based HRM systems such as staffing for collaborative skills, training for team building purposes, team-based performance appraisal, and group- based incentive plans (Lepak & Snell, 2002).
象限4中的人力资本是独一无二的战略价值有限,这就产生了一个悖论:公司不需要将这些技能内化Barney1991年,但将它们外化暴露了供应商的机会主义和难以 监控人力资本如何部署的困难 Williamson1975)。人力资源架构提出了一种联盟就业模式,其中共同专业化的资产(即仅通过工人共同努力创造价值的资产)和招聘公司开发Lepak&Snell1999)。共同专业资产 Parkhe1993是通过基于协作人力资源管理系统开发的,例如协作技能的人员配备团队建设目的培训、基于团队的绩效评估和基于 group 激励计划Lepak& Snell,2002 年)。

Summarizing, the HR architecture proposes a configurational approach to the management of human capital where alignment is sought among human capital characteristics (i.e., value and unique- ness),employment modes (i.e., employment vs. contracting), and HRM practices (i.e., coherent bundles; Kang et al., 2007; Lepak & Snell, 1999; Luo et al., 2021). Following assumptions about the ease and efficiency of monitoring how human capital is deployed by workers (Williamson, 1975), the internal employment mode is only favored when human capital is seen as valuable. Contracting is favored when value is seen as low. Alignment in the HR architecture model between human capital characteristics, employment mode and HRM practices is challenged by the business model, employment strategy, and HRM practices of OLPs. To explore this, we begin by
总而言之人力资源架构提出了一种人力资本管理的配置方法,在人力资本特征(即价值独特之间寻求一致性ness)、就业模式(即就业合同)HRM 实践(即连贯的捆绑; Kangetal., 2007Lepak& Snell1999Luoetal.,2021)。根据关于监控工人如何部署人力资本难易程度和效率假设(Williamson,1975),内部就业模式只受到青睐人力资本被视为有价值时。 价值被视为 ow 时,承包受欢迎的人力资本特征、就业模式HRM 实践之间的 HR架构模型一致性受到商业模式就业战略HRM实践的挑战OLP为了探索这一点,我们首先

discussing how human capital value is created in platform ecosystems and consider the critical roles of monitoring and regulating perfor- mance through the algorithmic management of gig workers. We dis- cuss HRM practices used to manage platform-based contractors and the dispersal of these in platform based HRM ecosystems. Finally, we highlight dynamics in OLPs' HRM practices linked with broader insti- tutional forces that further undermine the alignments proposed by the HR architecture model.
讨论如何在Platform ECosystems 中创造人力资本价值考虑通过零工工人的算法管理监控和监管绩效的关键作用Wedis-cuss HRM实践用于管理基于 platform 的承包商,并将这些承包商分散基于平台HRM生态系统中。首先,我们强调了OLPs'HRM 实践中的动态,这些动态与更广泛的机构力量相关,这些力量进一步破坏了 HR 架构模型提出的韧带

3 | VALUE CREATION IN PLATFORM ECOSYSTEMS
3 |平台生态系统创造价值

OLPs
OLP
are
relatively
相对
new
新增功能
forms
形式
of
organizing
组织
con
CON系列
tract-based
区域型
work
工作
under-
下-
pinning
寄托
“millions
“百万
of
transactions
交易
a day
across
disaggregated
艾德
workforces”
劳动力”
(Jarrahi et al.,
(Jarrahi 等人,
2021, p. 1). Using
machine
机器
learn
学习
ing,
正在
big data, and algorithmic
大数据和算法
management (Lee et al.,
管理层(Lee 等人,
2015; Meijerink,
梅杰林克,
Bo
ons, et al.,
Ons 等人,
2021; Prassl,
普拉斯,
2018) to connect gig workers with
将零工工作者与
requesters
请求
of
short-term
短期
labor
劳动
serv
服务
ices
(De
(德
Stefano
斯特凡诺
& Aloisi,
阿洛伊西,
2018), the
busin
商业
ess
ESS 系列
model
is
premised
前提
on
creating
创建
and
extracting
提取
value
价值
from
transactions bet
交易投注
ween
维恩
workers
工人
who
are not
不是
employed
在职
by
platforms
平台
and
requesters
请求
of
labor
劳动
services.
服务业。
To
intermediate
中间
two-sided
双面
markets
市场
for
labor
劳动
services,
服务业
OLPs
OLP
establish
建立
an
ecosystem
生态系统
: A set
设置
of autonomous actors that are
的自主参与者
inter
国米
dependent
依靠
in value
creation
创造
based
基于
on
the externalization, utilization, and monitoring of how wo
WO 如何的外部化、利用和监控
rkers deploy their
RKER 部署他们的
human
capital
资本
in
serving
服务
requesters
请求
of
labor
劳动
services
服务业
(Meij
(美杰
erink & Keegan,
基冈
2019; Prassl,
普拉斯,
2018). Following Van Als
追随 Van Als
tyneetal. (
tyneetal.(
2016), OLPs dif-
),OLP 不同
fer from
conventional
协定的
“pipeline”
“管道”
business
organizations
组织
in
that
no
one
entity
实体
fully
完全地
owns
拥有
and
controls
控制
the
assets
资产
(e.g.,
(例如,
human
capital)
资本)
which
are
central
中央
to
value
价值
creation
创造
(Aloisi,
(阿洛伊西,
2020; Jacobides
雅各比德
et al.,
铝。
2018). In
pipeline
管道
business
models,
模型
human
capital
资本
inputs
输入
are
converted
转换
into
outputs
输出
with
higher value through optimizati
通过 Optimizati 实现更高价值
on of the value chain according to strategic
根据战略的价值链
(HR) goals set
设定 (HR) 目标
by the organization. This involves control
由组织。这涉及控制
and
integration
集成
of
resources in linear activities aimed at end-consumers.
针对最终消费者的线性活动中的资源。

Platform
平台
ecosystems
生态
diffe
差异
r: Platforms
平台
do
not
“own”
“拥有”
the
human
capital
资本
of
workers
工人
who
crea
te value
价值
and
do
not
enter
进入
employment
就业
relationships
关系
with
platform
平台
workers
工人
(Aloisi
阿洛伊西
, 2020; Jacobides
雅各比德
et al
., 2018). Instead
相反
, platform
平台
firms
公司
use
algorithm
算法
based
基于
technology
科技
to closely monitor and regulate exte
密切监测和监管 EXT
rnal (human) resources in
RNAL(人力)资源
an
effort
努力
to
ensure
确保
work
工作
quality
质量
and
reliability
可靠性
in
servicing
服务
requesters'
请求者
needs.
需要。
Furthermore,
此外
from
a HR
人力资源
perspective,
透视
value
价值
in
conventional
协定的
pipeline
管道
business
models
模型
is
created
创建
by
managing
管理
human
capi
卡皮
tal
塔尔
according to
根据
a guiding
指导
HR
人力资源
philosophy
哲学
or
set
设置
of
principles.
原则。
It
is
this
philosophy
哲学
and
those
那些
principles
原则
that
integrate
集成
and
align
對齊
actors'
演员的
behaviors
行为
(Waldkirch
(瓦尔德基希
et al.,
铝。
2021), determine
确定
which
employment
就业
mode
模式
is
appropriate
适当
for
which
worker,
工人
and
as
a consequence
后果
which
(coherent)
(连贯的)
set
设置
of
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
should
应该
be
implemented.
实现。
In
the
case
of
OLPs,
OLPs,
contracting
承包
is
itself a core strategic goal and employment is
本身就是核心战略目标,而就业是
avoided
避免
at
all
costs.
成本。
This
raises
提高
questions as to
关于
how
如何
platforms
平台
integrate the
集成
efforts
努力
and
behav-
行为 -
ior of contractors who are externalized by
platform
平台
firms
公司
even
甚至
thou
gh they
他们
constitute
构成
valuable
宝贵
human
capital
资本
that
is
central
中央
to
OLPs'
OLP 的
busi-
商业-
ness
海角
goals.
目标。
To
discuss
讨论
this,
we
我们
examine
检查
interactions
相互 作用
between
之间
actors
演员
who
operate
操作
both
centrally and
central 和
ancillary to
辅助
platform
平台
ecosystems,
生态
and
the
HRM practices deployed within these ecosystem
在这些生态系统中部署的人力资源管理实践
s.

1099050x, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.22120 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [31/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

18

WILEY

KEEGAN
基冈
AND
MEIJERINK

TABLE 1 First-tier actors in platform ecosystems

Actor

Description

Examples

Unions

• Traditional labor unions

• New/grass-root labor unions

IWGB

App Drivers and Couriers

Union (ADCU)

Activists

• Groups of workers, some affiliated with single platforms,

campaigning to

improve gig

workers'terms and conditions

Campaign

#deliverunion: The

Deliveroo-cyclists in IWW

(Lieman, 2018)

Worker Info

Exchange (WIEx) (Van Doorn &

Badger, 2020)

Turker Nation

• MTurk Forum

Turkopticon

Gig Workers' Rising

• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Worker Info

Exchange (WIEx)

Rival platforms

Competitors for requesters and workers

Various depending on platform

business model

Regulators and Courts of

Law

Decisions can

undermine or

support platform firms claims

regarding

employment status of gig workers

Labor Law Courts

• Government

Departments of Employment

Investors

Set conditions for

when platform firms need to be

profitable which may influence

decisions on HRM activities

Softbank

Amazon

crowdwork (Berg etal., 2018) where contractors are less visible and work exclusively online (Gray & Suri, 2019). Crowdworkers number in their millions on platforms like Upwork, Fiverr, and Freelancer (Kässi et al., 2021). According to the Oxford University-based Online Labor Index,1 the top occupations of crowdworkers globally include software development and technology, creative and multi- media, and writing and translation. The gigs performed by crowdworkers vary from repetitive, atomistic activities such as photo-tagging and other so-called “human-in-the-loop” microtasks related to AI and machine learning (Gray & Suri, 2019; Grønsund & Aanestad, 2020) to broader assignments such as developing code and designing logos. Crowdworkers are usually highly educated con- tractors (Berg et al., 2018), their numbers are steadily growing (Kässi et al., 2021), and most work in Asia followed by Europe, North America, and South America (Lehdonvirta, 2018; Lehdonvirta et al., 2019). As independent contractors rather than employees of an organization (Duggan et al., 2020; Stanford, 2017) gig workers

TABLE
桌子
2 Second-tier actors in platform ecosystems
平台生态系统中的第二层参与者

Actor
演员

Description
描述

Examples
例子

Gig
演出

workers
工人

Freelance workers
自由职业者

performing tasks that organizations and/or consumers outsource via an online labor
执行组织和/或消费者通过在线劳动力外包的任务

platform.
平台。

• Uber's partner drivers
• Uber 的合作司机

Task Rabbit's taskers
TaskRabbit 的任务执行者

Deliveroo's riders
Deliveroo 的骑手

Doordash's dashers
Doordash 的仪表板

Requesters
请求

• Organizations and/or individual consumers that outsource work to freelance gig
将工作外包给自由职业者的组织和/或个人消费者

workers via online labor platforms.
工人通过在线劳动力平台。

Businesses using
使用

Upwork's platform to access services from Upworkers
Upwork Upworkers 访问服务的平台

• Customers ordering food using the
使用

Deliveroo App
户户送应用程序

Platform firms
平台公司

• Organizations match- making between gig workers and
• 零工工人和

requesters by means of an online labor
通过在线人工请求

platform.
平台。

• They control the
• 他们控制着

platform technology, the intellectual
平台技术,

property, and the data generated from
属性,以及

workers and requesters.
worker 和 requesters 的

Perform key
执行

governance roles
监管角色

including making rules of engagement for
包括制定参与规则

other first-tier
其他一线

ecosystem actors,
生态系统参与者,

setting standards and ensuring workers and requesters comply
设定标准并确保工人和请求者遵守

involving decisions on inclusion/exclusion of actors and conditions that trigger activation or deactivation
涉及关于包含/排除触发激活或停用的参与者和条件的决定

from apps.
从应用程序。

Uber
优步

Deliveroo
户户送

• Lyft
• Lyft 公司

• Upwork
• 上厨

Task Rabbit
任务

Amazon
亚马逊

Mechanical Turk
机械土耳其人

Care.com
护理com

Toptal

Wonolo
沃诺洛

EY GigNow
安永 GigNow

• PWC Talent Network
• 普华永道人才网络

WAG!
摇晃!

Handy
方便

• Meituan Ola
• 美团Ola

3.1 | Platform ecosystems and first-tier actors
3.1平台生态系统和一级 A

Across
most
OLPs,
OLPs,
we
我们
can
identify
识别
minimally
three
key
钥匙
actors
演员
that
make
up
向上
a platform
平台
ecosystem
生态系统
(Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
& Keegan
基冈
, 2019): gig
演出
workers
工人
, requesters
请求
, and
platform
平台
firms
公司
(see
Tables
1 and
2).

3.1.1 | Gig worker
3.1.1零工

First,
第一
“classic”
“经典”
gig
演出
workers
工人
are
often
经常
called
app-workers
应用程序
(Howcroft
(豪克罗夫特
& Bergvall
Bergvall (伯格瓦尔酒店)
-Kå
-卡
reborn
重生
, 2019) and include
并包括
independent
独立
contractors
承包商
per
- forming
成形
on-location
现场
activities
活动
such
这样
as
fo
od delivery,
交货
ride-hailing,
网约车,
and
other
其他
in-person
面对面
services
服务业
coordinated
协调
on-demand
按需
via
通过
app
应用程序
by
a plat-
平台-
form
形式
firm
公司
(De
Stefano
斯特凡诺
, 2015). Another
另一个
important
重要
category
类别
is

fall squarely within the external employment mode of the HR archi- tecture (i.e., Quadrant 3 or 4).
正好落在HR架构外部部署模式(即3 4)内。

3.1.2 | Requesters
3.1.2请求者

Requesters is a term for contracting firms and/or individual customers who use online labor platforms to find gig workers (Kuhn & Maleki, 2017) to complete a bewildering array of tasks from the fairly recognizable meal deliveries (Deliveroo, Meithuan, Ele.me, Yummy, and Zomato) to administrative assignments (Upwork, Fiverr), training AI models (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk), and creative work like graphic design (e.g., 99Designs, freelancer.com), or computer pro- gramming (Toptal, Arc.dev, and Flexiple). While some gigs are once- off lasting only seconds or minutes (Jarrahi et al., 2021),others involve repeated transactions over time (e.g., a freelance chef who is matched more than once with a restaurant; Kuhn, 2016). Longer gigs are offered by newly established platforms in traditional sectors like con- sulting sometimes lasting weeks or months. Examples include EY's GigNow and PWC's Flexible Talent Network platforms.2
请求者是一个术语,指的是使用在线劳动力平台寻找工工人承包公司和/或个人客户(Kuhn&Maleki,2017 ),以完成一系列令人眼花缭的任务DeliverooMeithuanElemeYummyZomato)交付到管理任务(Upwork、Fiverr)、训练AI模型(例如 AmazonMechanicalTurk创意工作比如平面设计(例如,99Designsfreelancercom),计算机程序 ToptalArcdevFlexiple)。虽然有些演出一次性的,只持续几秒钟几分钟Jarrahietal., 2021),但其他演出则涉及随着时间的推移重复交易(例如,一位自由厨师,不止一次一家餐厅Kuhn 配对2016 年)。传统领域建立平台提供更长的演出时间,例如咨询,有时持续数周数月示例包括EY GigNow 和PWC 的Flexible TalentNetwork 平台。阿拉伯数字

3.1.3 | Platform firms
3.1.3平台公司

Finally, platform firms are first-tier actors in platform ecosystems. Defined as “for-profit firms that use technology to facilitate the filling of immediate short-term service labor needs, either remotely or in person, with workers who are officially considered independent con- tractors (Kuhn & Maleki, 2017, p. 184), they own the technological infrastructure that orchestrates interactions between gig workers and requesters. Platform firms set rules of the game for gigs by designing algorithms to monitor and direct performance. They set charges (e.g., fees or commissions) and control access to the interfaces through which workers and requesters are matched (Prassl, 2018; Rosenblat & Stark, 2016; Wood et al., 2019a; Wood et al., 2019b). They also control the data generated by transactions (Lee et al., 2015; Van Doorn & Badger, 2020). The rules they set can be traced to a key strategic aim which is to establish so-called network effects (Katz & Shapiro, 1985).
最后平台公司平台生态系统中的一级参与者 定义为“利用技术促进满足即时短期服务劳动力需求的营利性公司远程当面,正式合作的工人独立拖拉机Kuhn&Maleki2017p.184),他们拥有协调互动的技术基础设施在零工工作者请求者之间。平台公司通过设计算法来监控和指导绩效从而为演出设定游戏规则。They设置费用(例如,费用佣金),并控制匹配工作人员和请求者的接口的访问Prassl2018Rosenblat&Stark2016Wood。,2019aWood2019b)。他们还控制交易产生的数据Leeetal.,2015VanDoorn &Badger2020)。他们设定规则可以追溯到一个关键的战略目标,即建立所谓的网络效应(Katz&Shapiro1985)。

3.1.4 | Interactions between first-tier actors and network effects
3.1.4第一层行为或与网络效应之间的交互

The business model of platform firms is to generate revenue by charg- ing fees or commissions per match made between requesters and gig workers (Prassl, 2018). The aim of platform firms is to increase the number of transactions and to scale up through network effects (Meijerink & Keegan, 2019; Vallas & Schor, 2020; Van Doorn & Badger, 2020). Network effects (Katz & Shapiro, 1985) refer to what happens when platforms increase in value because they attract more users on both sides of the market, providing incentives for even more actors on both sides to join the online marketplace orchestrated by
platform 公司的商业模式是通过请求者和之间进行的每次匹配收取费用佣金产生收入Prassl2018)。平台公司的目标是增加交易数量并扩大网络效应Meijerink & Keegan2019; Vallas& Schor2020VanDoorn&Badger2020)。网络效应Katz&Shapiro,1985 年是指当平台价值增加会发生什么因为它们在市场两边都吸引了更多的用户提供了激励双方的更多参与者加入

the platform firm. For gig workers, membership of a large-scale plat- form ecosystem offers potential for reliable and consistent work opportunities. For requesters, it offers reliable and consistent access to workers.
平台公司。对于工工作者来说,大规模plat-form 生态系统的成员身份为可靠持续的工作机会提供了潜力对于请求者,提供了对 worker 的可靠一致的访问

Once established,
一旦建立,
network e
网络 E
ffects create a
ffects 创建一个
reinforcing cycle.
加固循环。
Plat-
平台-
form
形式
firms
公司
increase
增加
the
value
价值
they
他们
can
create
创造
and
capture
捕获
as
they
他们
become
成为
more
更多
powerful
and
other
其他
platform
平台
firms
公司
withdraw
from
the
market
市场
or
fail
失败
(Daskalova
达斯卡洛娃
et al
., 2021; Prassl
普拉斯
, 2018). Network
网络
effects
影响
create
创造
both
barriers
障碍
to
entry
进入
for
competitor
竞争者
platfo
平台福
rms
有效值
and
incentives
激励
for
gig workers
零工
(and
(以及
requesters) to
requesters) 更改为
remain with
保留
the
platf
平台率
orm. Achiev-
奥姆。实现-
ing
正在
network
网络
effects
影响
is
difficult,
however,
然而
as
it entails
需要
managing
管理
(inter-
(inter-
actions
行动
between)
之间)
gig
演出
workers
工人
and
reques
请求
ters who
are
independent
独立
and reside
并居住
outside th
外部
e boundaries
边界
of
a platform firm
平台公司
(Jacobides
(雅各比得斯
et al
., 2018; Van
货车
Alstyneetal
., 2016). Platform
平台
firms
公司
create
创造
more
更多
than
just
a market
市场
space
空间
but
also
govern
治理
ecosystem
生态系统
interactions
相互 作用
through
通过
managerial
管理
fiat
菲亚特
and
control.
控制。
They
他们
corral
畜栏
other
其他
actors
演员
to
create
创造
value
价值
despite
尽管
the
platform
平台
firm
公司
not
owning
拥有
or
employing
雇用
thes
论文
e actors
演员
or
resources
资源
(Gawer
Gawer 餐厅
, 2021). Algorithmic
算法
management
管理
and
control
控制
over
workers
工人
are core
是核心
tools
工具
in
achieving
实现
these
这些
aims
目标
(Prassl
普拉斯
, 2018; Rosenblat
罗森布拉特
, 2018; Vallas
瓦拉斯
& Schor
绍尔
, 2020).

3.2 | Platform ecosystems and second-tier actors
3.2平台生态系统和第二层参与者

The
interactions
相互 作用
and
value
价值
creation
processes
过程
among
the
first-tier
第一层
eco-
生态-
system
系统
actors
演员
are
situated
位于
in
a wider
广泛
context
上下文
of
second
第二
-tier
actors
演员
: Insti- tutional
教程
actors
演员
like
喜欢
trade
贸易
unions,
工会
labor
劳动
courts,
法院
and
regulators as
well
as
activists
积极分子
(i.e.,
(即
journalists
记者
, politicians
政治家
), rival
对手
platform
平台
firms
公司
(operating
经营
their
他们
own
ecosystem
生态系统
), and
investors
投资者
in
platform
平台
firms
公司
, and
so
所以
on
. In
recent
最近
years,
trade
贸易
unions
工会
focus
重点
more
更多
on
OLPs
OLP
(Vandaele,
(范代尔,
2018) linked
联系
with
growing
增长
recognition
识别
of th
e limitations
局限性
of
mobilizing
动员
only
those
那些
workers
工人
with
standard
标准
employment
就业
relationships
关系
(Jansen
简森
& Sluiter
斯鲁特
, 2019). Union
联盟
interventions
干预
in
gig
演出
work
工作
cases
raise
the
status
地位
and
visibility
能见度
of gig
演出
workers and
workers 和
put
pressure on
压力
governme
治理
nts and
nts 和
regulators to
监管机构
pay
支付
atten- tion to
platform
平台
firms
公司
' labor
劳动
standards
标准
(Tassinari
塔西纳里
& Maccarrone
马卡罗内
, 2020). Grassroots
草根
activists
积极分子
(e.g.,
(例如,
Turker
特克
Nation
国家
) try
尝试
to
influence
影响
platform
平台
firms
公司
by
campaigning
竞选
to
improve
提高
working
加工
conditions
条件
for
gig workers
奥克人
(Irani
(伊朗语
& Silberman,
西尔伯曼,
2013; Panteli et al.,
;Panteli 等人,
2020) and influence broader societal
)并影响更广泛的社会
views
视图
on
how
如何
gig
演出
workers
工人
are
managed.
管理。
Vandaele
范代尔
(2018, p. 4) notes
笔记
that
“emerging
“新兴
patterns
模式
hi
你好
nt at a
nt 在
possible
可能
co-existence
共存
or combinations
或组合
of
mainstream
主流
trade
贸易
unions
工会
and
other
其他
un
联合国
ions
离子
and
union-like
类似联合
organiza-
组织-
tions defending platform workers' needs and interests.”
捍卫平台工人的需求和利益。

Labor courts and regulators at national and supranational levels including the EU increasingly intervene in how platform firms operate from a worker perspective (De Stefano & Aloisi, 2018; Zeki
国家和超国家层面的劳动法院和监管机构,包括欧盟,越来越多地从工人的角度干预平台公司的运作方式De Stefano和Aloisi2018Zeki

2019). Across
markets
市场
and
jurisdictions,
司法 管辖 区
considerable
相当
variability,
变异性
and
dyna-
动态-
mism
米斯
prevails
盛行
in
the
nature
自然界
and
extent
程度
of
legal
法律
intervention
技术
in
the
management of
管理
gig
演出
workers.
工人。
The
same platform
同一平台
firm, in
公司, 在
the
same
相同
country and at the same time, can face differing d
国家 和 同时,可以面临不同的 d
ecisions
手术
by
courts
法院
at
different
不同
levels
水平
regarding the employme
关于雇佣
nt
新台币
status
地位
of
gig
演出
workers
工人
(Lieman
李曼
, 2018; Zeki
泽基
2019).

Rival platform firms influence value creation processes among first-tier ecosystem actors by competing to attract platform workers
竞争对手的平台公司通过竞争吸引平台工人影响一线生态系统参与者的价值创造过程

(and requesters) in efforts to create network effects themselves (Rietveld & Schilling, 2021). Given that gig workers are independent contractors, they are nominally free to choose for whom they work. Rival platform firms create opportunities for multihoming (Meijerink & Keegan, 2019) putting pressure on platforms trying to create network effects. Finally, platform firms are often financed by investors like Softbank, Ikea, and Amazon. As start-ups, they rely on venture capital from investors who exert influence on how they create and capture value and how fast they gain network effects (Frenken et al., 2020; Kuhn et al., 2021; Van Doorn & Badger, 2020).
(和请求者)努力创造网络效果themselvesRietveld&Schilling2021)。鉴于工工人独立的承包商,他们名义上可以自由选择他们为工作竞争对手平台公司为多宿主创造机会(Meijerink&Keegan,2019 试图创造网络效应平台形式施加压力最后平台公司通常由软银、宜家和 Am azon 投资者提供资金。作为初创企业,他们依赖投资者的风险投资,这些投资者他们如何创造获取价值以及他们获得网络效应的速度产生影响(Frenken人,2020Kuhn2021; VanDoorn Badger2020 年)。

4 | REALIGNING THE HR ARCHITECTURE TO ACCOUNT FOR OLPs
4 |重新调整HR架构以考虑OLP

4.1 | Realignment of human capital characteristics and employment modes
4.1 |人力资本特征和就业模式的重新调整

The original HR architecture model predicts that workers with strate- gically valuable human capital will be internalized as employees. Fol- lowing Lepak & Snell (1999, p. 33), internalization of employment is appropriate when it allows organizations to more effectively monitor employee performance and ensure that their skills are deployed cor- rectly and efficiently (Williamson, 1975).” The externalization of workers with valuable human capital is not envisaged by the HR archi- tecture model. However, the pivot from pipeline to platform business models (Van Alstyne et al., 2016), where firms create value based on external resources, changes the role that contractors play, from a the- oretical perspective, in realizing strategic goals. Advances in algorith- mic management open new opportunities for controlling the behavior of workers who are formally not employees. Gig workers hired through OLPs are both contractors and also strategically valuable to platform firms (Aloisi & De Stefano, 2020). Their value is realized in two ways.
最初的HR 架构模型预测,拥有具有战略价值人力资本的员工将被内化员工。 Fol-lowing Lepak&Snell1999p.33),当就业内部化允许组织更有效地监控员工绩效,它是适当的并且确保他们的技能得到正确和有效的部署Williamson,1975 年)。人力资源架构模型没有设想具有宝贵人力资本的员工外部化然而,管道转向平台商业模式VanAlstyneetal., 2016),公司基于外部资源创造价值,改变了承包商所扮演的角色,从理论视角,在实现战略IC目标。算法麦克风管理的进步为控制 bejavi正式非雇员的员工开辟了新的机会通过OLP雇用的既是承包商,对平台公司具有战略价值Aloisi&DeStefano2020)。它们的价值通过两种方式实现

First,
第一
as discussed earlier,
如前所述,
platform firms rely on contractors
平台公司依赖承包商
(whether
(是否
online
在线
crowdworkers
众筹工作者
or
on-location
现场
app
应用程序
worke
工作
rs)
RS)
to
deliver
提供
consistent
一致
and
reliable
可靠
services for
服务
requesters as a
requesters 作为
pre
requi-
要求 -
site for
site 的
platform firms to
平台公司
earn
commissions
佣金
or
fees
费用
which
is
core
核心
to
their
他们
business
model.
型。
Upwork, for example, earns over two-
例如,Upwork 的收入超过 2-
thirds
三分之二
of
its revenues
其收入
from
the commissions
佣金
and
fees paid by
费用支付方
contractors
承包商
using
the
platform
平台
and
the
other
其他
third
第三
from
commissions
佣金
and
fees
电子电气系统
paid for by business clients.
由商业客户支付。
3 Accordingly, platf
因此,platf
orm firms
公司
seek
寻求
liquid-
液-
ity in
ity 在
transactions between
交易
gig
演出
workers and requesters (Frenken
worker 和请求者 (Frenken
et al
., 2020) to ensure
确保
both
parties
各方
can
reliably and
可靠且
consistently
一贯
make successful
成功
matches. The
比赛。这
higher the
更高的
number of contractors, the
承包商数量、
more
更多
valuable
宝贵
the
platform
平台
is
to
requeste
请求者
rs as
the
chances
机会
of
mak-
麦-
ing
正在
a successful
成功的
match
火柴
are
progressively
逐步
higher
高等
the
more
更多
workers
工人
are
available
可用
at
a given
鉴于
time
时间
(Van
货车
Alstyne
阿尔斯泰恩
et al
., 2016). The
higher
高等
the
number
of
requesters,
请求
the
more
更多
valuable
宝贵
platform
平台
particip
参与
ation is for gig workers
适用于零工工人
who
have
higher
高等
chances
机会
of
reliably
可靠地
gaining
获得
work.
工作。
By extension, successfully growing the
推而广之,成功将
numbers of workers
工人的琥珀色
and
requesters
请求
attached
附加
to
the
platform
平台
ma
kes it
more
更多
profitable
有利可图

for the platform firm, and more advantageous to investors (Birch & Cochrane, 2021).
对于平台公司,有利于投资投资者(Birch&Cochrane2021)。

Second,
第二
the
choice
选择
to
internalize
使内在化
valuable
宝贵
human
capital
资本
is
also
linked
联系
with
the
efficiency
效率
and
ease
缓解
with
which
performance
性能
can
be
monitored
监测
to
determine
确定
that
skills
技能
are
deployed
部署
correctly
正确
(Williamson
威廉姆森
, 1975). OLPs
OLP
rely
依赖
on
algorithmic
算法
management
管理
to
monitor
监控
and control gig workers and i
以及 Control Gig Workers 和我
nfluence their
影响他们的
performance.
性能。
By automat-
乘自动机-
ing
正在
HR
人力资源
-related
相关
decision
决定
-making
制作
in
areas
地区
such
这样
as
selection
选择
, appraisal
评价
, compensation
补偿
, and
workforce
劳动力
management
管理
(Lee
et al
., 2015; Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
, Boons
恩惠
, et al
., 2021), OLPs
OLP
achieve
实现
control
控制
over
workers
工人
while
cutting
切削
costs
成本
that
would
愿意
otherwise
否则
be
spent
on
hiring
招聘
human
managers
经理
(Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
& Arets
阿雷茨
, 2021). Paradoxically
矛盾
, externalizing
具体化
gig
演出
workers
工人
makes
使
them
他们
more
更多
valuable
宝贵
to
the
platform
平台
by
lowering
降低
the
cost
成本
of
supervising
监督
them
他们
(Aloisi
阿洛伊西
& De
Stefano
斯特凡诺
, 2020) and
by
avoiding
避免
accountability for costs
成本责任
associated with the standard employment
与标准雇佣相关联
relationship
关系
such
这样
as
pensions
养老金
, sick
生病
pay
支付
, paid
支付
holiday
假期
leave
离开
, and
other
其他
social
社会的
security
安全
provisions
规定
(Aloisi
阿洛伊西
& De
Stefano
斯特凡诺
, 2020; Spreitzer
斯普雷策
et al
., 2017). OLPs
OLP
, therefore
因此
, use
technology
科技
to
externalize
外部化
workers
工人
without
没有
ceding
放弃
control
控制
over
the
ir
红外
performance
性能
in
ways
方式
we
我们
tradition-
传统-
ally
盟友
associate
with
contractors
承包商
(Gandini
甘迪尼
, 2019; Kellogg
凯洛格
et al
., 2020; Newlands
纽兰兹
, 2021; Veen
维恩
et al
., 2020). OLPs
OLP
only
pay
支付
for
the
time
时间
workers are active on apps o
worker are active on apps o
r crowdwork platforms.
r crowdwork 平台。

To ensure requesters have reliable on-demand access to workers, platforms typically engage in over-hiring workers (Dube et al., 2020; Rosenblat, 2018; Wood et al., 2019b). This commodifies the human capital of gig workers (Wood et al., 2019a) by driving down their uniqueness and scarcity in the platform ecosystem (Huang, 2022). Empirical research indicates that platforms favor requesters in dis- putes with contractors as well as in decisions on balancing supply/ demand for labor (Prassl, 2018; Rosenblat, 2018) because they repre- sent the more elastic side of the market (Dube et al., 2020). Platform firms routinely over-hire gig workers rather than risk under-supply for fear requesters will leave the platform ecosystem (Prassl, 2018; Rosenblat, 2018).
为了确保请求者能够可靠地按需访问员工,平台通常会过度招聘员工(Dubeetal.,2020Rosenblat2018Woodetal.,2019b)。通过降低工工人平台生态系统的独特性和稀缺性,使零工工人人力资本商品化 Woodet al.,2019aHuang2022)。实证研究表明平台承包商争论以及平衡劳动力的决策有利于请求者Prassl,2018 年 Rosenblat,2018 ,因为他们代表了市场更具弹性一面Dubeet al., 2020)。平台公司经常过度雇用零工而不是因为担心请求者离开平台生态系统冒着风险不足(Prassl,2018 Rosenblat,2018)。

By creating an oversupply
通过制造供过于求
of
gig workers,
零工,
the
uniqueness
唯一性
of
their
他们
knowledge
知识
, skills
技能
, and abilities
和技能
is
reduced
减少
creating
创建
a highly
高度
flexible
灵活
labor
劳动
pool from which to source
源源的池
matches for
匹配项
requesters'
请求者
needs. While
需要。而
the
HR
人力资源
architecture
建筑
predicts
预测
that
gig
演出
workers
工人
would
愿意
reside
居住
in
Quad-
四-
rant
咆哮
2 (i.e.,
(即
high
value
价值
/low
uniqueness
唯一性
), this
prediction
预测
does not
hold
. On
the
contrary,
相反
OLPs
OLP
source
their
他们
human
capital
资本
using
an
external
外部
employment
就业
mode
模式
(De
Stefano
斯特凡诺
& Aloisi
阿洛伊西
, 2018; Kuhn
库恩
& Maleki
马莱基
, 2017; Schor
绍尔
& Vallas
瓦拉斯
, 2021; Vallas
瓦拉斯
& Schor
绍尔
, 2020) which
minimizes
最大限度 地 减少
labor
劳动
costs
成本
and
increases
增加
the
value
of
human
capital
资本
to
the
platform
平台
firm.
公司。
By
deploying
部署
algorithmic
算法
management,
管理
OLPs can
efficiently
有效
monitor
监控
and
control
控制
gig
演出
workers
工人
who
are
externalized
具体化
through
通过
contracting.
承包。
OLPs,
OLPs,
therefore,
因此
epitomize
概括
advances
进展
in
digital
数字
tech
技术
nologies
名词
and
algo-
算法-
rithmic
rithmic (英语)
management that ar
管理 AR
e changing the
e 更改
basis upon which decisions
决策所依据
are
made
to
internalize
使内在化
or
externalize
外部化
work
工作
ers.
呃。
The
deployment
部署
of
algorithmic management and involvement of first- and second
第一和第二的算法管理和参与
-tier
-层
actors in distributed
分布式中的 Actor
multiactor
多人
HRM ecosystems
人力资源管理生态系统
leads to
导致
realig
实现
nment between
之间
human capital character
人力资本特征
istics, employment
istics, 就业
modes, and
modes 和
HRM
人力资源管理
practices. Accordingly, we propose the following:
实践。因此,我们提出以下建议:

TABLE 3 Platform HRM systems adapted from Lepak and Snell (1999), pp. 527–528)
3 平台HRM系统改编LepakSnell1999),527-528 页)

Platform
平台

Compliance
合规

Productivity
生产力

Commitment
承诺

References
引用

Upwork
上课

Performance appraisal based on compliance with preset behaviors, procedures and
基于对预设行为的遵守情况的绩效评估procedures

standards
标准

Compensation based on primarily short-term performance
主要基于短期业绩的薪酬

Comprehensive selection using difference sources:
使用不同的来源进行全面选择

E.g., Double layer algorithm plus client
例如,双层算法客户端

Screening many gig candidates Performance appraisal based on:
筛选许多零工候选人es 绩效评估基于

• objective quantifiable results
• 客观的定量结果

• assessing the quality and the quantity of output
• 评估产出质量和数量

Empowerment/autonomy to make decisions Include a wide variety of tasks
授权/自主做出决策包括各种各样的任务

Emphasizes promotion from within the platform: e.g., Top-Rated Badge
强调平台内部的推广:例如,Top-RatedBadge

Training to develop platform specific skills/ knowledge: e.g., Global discussion forum using Freelance Gurus, Moderators
培训以发展平台特定的技能/知识:例如, 使用Freelance Gurus、Moderators 的全球论坛

Building platform literacies
构建平台素养

Performance appraisal based on input from
根据

multiple sources: e.g., Online ratings; broad collection of metrics on worker behavior; subjective feedback from requesters
多个来源:例如,在线评分; 关于工人Behavi 的广泛指标集合 OR;请求者的主观反馈

Seppänen etal. (2020)
Seppänenetal.(2020 年)

Waldkirch et al. (2021)
Waldkirch2021 年)

Bucher etal. (2021)
Bucher等人。(2021 年)

Sutherland et al. (2020)
Sutherland2020 年)

Jarrahi & Sutherland (2019) Kinder et al. (2019)
Jarrahi & Sutherland2019Kinderetal.2019 年)

Amazon
亚马逊河

Mechanical Turk
机械土耳其人

Extreme simplification of tasks Jobs are well defined
任务的极度简化Job 定义明确

Performance appraisal based on compliance with preset behaviors, procedures and
基于对预设行为的遵守情况的绩效评估procedures

standards
标准

Compensation based on primarily short-term performance
主要基于短期业绩的薪酬

Performance appraisal based on:
绩效评估基于

• objective quantifiable results
• 客观的定量结果

• assessing the quality and the quantity of output
• 评估产出质量和数量

Empowerment/autonomy to make decisions Include a wide variety of tasks
授权/自主做出决策包括各种各样的任务

Emphasizes promotion from within the
强调从内部提升

platform: e.g., Master Turker Qualifications
平台:例如,MasterTurkerQualifications

Performance appraisal based on input from
根据

multiple sources: e.g., Online ratings; broad collection of metrics on worker behavior
多个来源:例如,在线评分;有关工作人员行为的广泛指标集合

Dube et al. (2020)
Dube2020 年)

Irani & Silberman (2013) Panteli etal. (2020)
Irani & Silberman2013Panteli等人。(2020 年)

Deliveroo
户户送

Jobs are well defined
作业定义明确

Performance appraisal based on compliance with preset behaviors, procedures and
基于对预设行为的遵守情况的绩效评估procedures

standards
标准

Compensation based on primarily short-term performance
主要基于短期业绩的薪酬

Jobs which are standardized throughout the industry
在整个行业中都受到重视的工作

Performance appraisal based on:
绩效评估基于

• objective quantifiable results
• 客观的定量结果

• assessing the quality and the quantity of output
• 评估产出质量和数量

Compensation based on market-wage: e.g., New market premium rates
基于市场工资薪酬:例如,新的市场保费

Compensation based on individual incentives/ bonuses
基于个人奖励/奖金薪酬

Empowerment/autonomy to make decisions Pre-employment training to develop platform
赋权/自主决策职前培训开发平台

specific skills/knowledge
特定技能/知识

Performance appraisal based on input from
根据

multiple sources: e.g., Online ratings; broad collection of metrics on worker behavior; subjective feedback from requesters.
多个来源:例如,在线评分; 关于工人Behavi 的广泛指标集合 OR;请求者的主观反馈。

Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk (2021)
MeijerinkKeegan Bondarouk2021

Veen et al. (2020) Goods et al. (2019) Newlands (2021)
Veen2020Goods2019纽兰兹2021

Waters & Woodcock (2017)
沃特斯伍德科克2017

Uber
优步

Jobs are well defined
作业定义明确

Pre-employment training focusing on
职前培训侧重于

compliance with rules, regulations and procedures
遵守规则、法规和程序

Performance appraisal based on compliance with preset behaviors, procedures and
基于对预设行为的遵守情况的绩效评估procedures

standards
标准

Compensation based on primarily short-term performance
主要基于短期业绩的薪酬

Jobs are standardized throughout the industry Training to improve current job performance Performance appraisal based on:
整个行业工作进行标准化培训以提高当前工作绩效绩效评估基于:

• objective quantifiable results
• 客观的定量结果

• assessing the quality and the quantity of output
• 评估产出质量和数量

Compensation based on market-wage: e.g., Surge pricing
基于市场工资的薪酬:例如,飙升定价

Compensation based on individual incentives/ bonuses
基于个人奖励/奖金薪酬

Empowerment/autonomy to make decisions Pre-employment training to develop platform
赋权/自主决策职前培训开发平台

specific skills/knowledge
特定技能/知识

Performance appraisal based on input from
根据

multiple sources: e.g., Online ratings; broad collection of metrics on worker behavior; subjective feedback from requesters.
多个来源:例如,在线评分; 关于工人Behavi 的广泛指标集合 OR;请求者的主观反馈。

Rosenblat (2018)
罗森布拉特 Rosenblat2018

Rosenblat & Stark (2016) Taft (2018)
罗森布拉特斯塔克2016塔夫脱2018

hlmann &

Zalmanson (2017)
扎尔曼森2017

Lee et al. (2015) Prassl (2018)
Lee etal.2015Prassl2018

1099050x, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.22120 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [31/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

KEEGAN AND MEIJERINK

21

Proposition 1a. OLPs rely on an external employment mode to source the human capital of gig workers which is strategically valuable to them.
提案1a.OLP 依靠外部就业模式来获取零工工人人力资本,这对他们来说具有战略价值。

Proposition 1b. Despite relying on their valuable human capital, OLPs choose the “contracting employ- ment mode for gig workers in order to keep gig workers outside the platform firm's boundaries while monitoring and controlling them using algorithmic management.
提案 1b. 尽管依赖宝贵的人力资本,OLP 还是当地的零工工人选择了“承包雇佣模式,将工工人排除平台公司的边界之外,同时使用算法马nagement。

Proposition 1c. OLPs limit the uniqueness of gig workers' human capital by commoditizing their labor which further reduces labor costs and increases value.
提案 1c.OLP 通过将工工人的劳动力商品化限制工人力资本的独特性,从而进一步降低劳动力成本并增加价值。

4.2 | OLPs use hybrid HRM systems to manage gig workers
4.2 OLP使用混合HRM 系统来管理

The
HR
人力资源
architecture
建筑
predicts
预测
that
workers
工人
inside
里面
the
organization's
组织的
boundaries
边界
are
core workers, and therefore s
core worker 的 Worker 和 S
ubject
乌布尔
to
the
HRM
人力资源管理
prin-
原则-
ciples
西普尔斯
of
the
firm
公司
(Bowen
博文
& Ostroff
奥斯特罗夫
, 2004; Lepak
莱帕克
& Snell
斯内尔
, 1999), while
those workers “outside” the organization
那些“组织外”的员工
are
non-core
非核心
and
subject
主题
to
limited
有限
or
no
HRM
人力资源管理
(principles
原则
or
activities
活动
) at
all
(Kinnie
金妮
& Swart
斯瓦特
, 2020; McKeown
麦基翁
& Pichault
皮考特
, 2021). Workers
工人
with
valuable
宝贵
human
capital
资本
are
subject
主题
to
high-
高-
commitment
承诺
(Quadrant
(象限
1) or
productivity
生产力
-based
基于
HRM
人力资源管理
systems
系统
(Quadrant
象限
2) (Lepak
莱帕克
& Snell
斯内尔
, 1999), while those with human capital of
而那些人力资本
limited value
限值
are
managed
管理
by
means of compliance-ba
合规方式-BA
sed (Quadrant 3)
sed (象限 3)
or
collaborative-based
协作型
HRM
人力资源管理
system
系统
(Quadrant
(象限
4). The
coherence
相干
of
bundles
of HRM
人力资源管理
activities,
活动
guided
引导
by
a particular
特定
HR
人力资源
philosophy
哲学
(e.g.,
(例如,
commitment
承诺
, productivity
生产力
, or
compliance
合规
based
基于
; Lepak
莱帕克
& Snell
斯内尔
, 1999) is
contradicted
矛盾
by
OLPs
OLP
. Research
研究
summarized
总结
in
Table
桌子
3 shows
显示
that
gig
演出
workers
工人
are
simulta-
同时-
neously
nely
subject
主题
to
hybrid
混合
type HRM
类型 HRM
activities
活动
where
哪里
commitment,
mmitment,
productivity and compliance-based
基于生产力和合规性
HRM activities ar
人力资源管理活动
e all
present.
目前。
For
Table
桌子
3, we chose two exampl
,我们选择了两个示例
es
地震魔
of
each
of
app
应用程序
work
工作
and
crowdwork
众筹
to
illustrate
说明
the
use
of
hybrid
混合
syste
系统
ms
女士
of
commitment,
承诺
productivity,
生产力
and
compliance
合规
-based
基于
HRM
人力资源管理
activities
活动
. We
我们
expect
期望
that
these
这些
plat
平台
- forms
形式
represent
代表
the
deplo
德普洛
yment of
hybrid
混合
HRM
人力资源管理
in
platform
平台
ecosys-
生态系统 -
tems more generally.
TEMS 更普遍地。

Monitoring compliance with requesters' needs is core to HRM in OLPs. Gig workers in crowdwork platforms like Upwork and Fiverr are tightly controlled through algorithm-based appraisal systems (Sutherland et al., 2020; Wood et al., 2019b) and are subject to elec- tronic surveillance (e.g., using screenshots) (Waldkirch et al., 2021). OLPs also use compliance-based pay practices like piece-based pay, and appraisal against strict pre-set standards (e.g., degree to which a meal deliverer works during peak hours; Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk, 2021; Veen et al., 2020).
监控请求者需求的遵守情况是 OLP HRM的核心Upwork 和Fiverr 等众筹平台中的零工工人通过基于算法评估系统受到严格控制Sutherland2020年 Wood2019b 年,受到电子监控(例如,使用屏幕截图Waldkirch2021)。OLP使用基于合规性的薪酬做法,例如基于 PIECE 的薪酬,并根据严格的预设标准进行评估(例如,送餐在高峰期的工作量小时; MeijerinkKeegan & Bondarouk2021Veenetal., 2020)。

In addition to these compliance-based HRM practices, platform workers are also subject to what are traditionally viewed as commitment-based HRM practices such as job autonomy (Sutherland et al., 2020; Wood et al., 2019b). Even in classic gig or app work such as performed using the Deliveroo platform, Meijerink, Keegan, and
除了这些基于顺从性的HRM实践平台工作者受到传统上基于承诺HRM实践的约束,例如工作自主权(Sutherland., 2020; Woodetal.,2019b)。即使在经典的演出应用程序工作例如使用Deliveroo平台MeijerinkKeegan

Bondarouk (2021) and Veen et al. (2020) show that workers have sig- nificant job autonomy. This legitimizes the claims that gig workers are independent contractors (Frenken et al., 2020; Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk, 2021; Shapiro, 2018). Deliveroo also offers development workshops to riders which is aligned with commitment-based HRM systems
Bondarouk (2021) 和 Veen 等人 2020 年表明,工人具有很大的工作自主权。这使得零工工人是独立承包商的说法合法化 Frenken et al., 2020MeijerinkKeegan& Bondarouk2021Shapiro, 2018)。Deliveroo 还为骑手提供与基于承诺的 HRM 系统一致的开发研讨会
.

Some platforms use
一些平台使用
sel
sel 系列
ective
埃特
selection
选择
techniques
技术
traditionally
传统
associated
相关
with
productivity
生产力
-based
基于
HRM
人力资源管理
systems
系统
(Lepak
莱帕克
& Snell,
斯内尔,
2002) diverging
) 发散
from
prior
事先
work
工作
on HRM for
在 HRM 上
contracto
合同
rs (Cross
& Swart
斯瓦特
, 2022) which
indicated
表明
that
contractors
承包商
are
generally
一般
not
subject
主题
to
extensiv
广泛
e forms
形式
of
selection.
选择。
Contradicting
矛盾
expecta-
期望 -
tions
tions (英语)
based on the
基于
HR architecture
HR 架构
model, selection
型号, 选择
practices
实践
used
使用
by
platform firms include background checks and platform
平台公司包括背景调查和平台
curatedonline
在线策展
tests which precede additional selection methods applied
在应用其他选择方法之前的测试
by clients
按客户
to
pre
-screened
筛选
workers
工人
(Waldkirch
瓦尔德基希
et al
., 2021). Several
几个
platforms
平台
advertise
做广告
stringent
严格
selection
选择
practices
实践
to
attract
吸引
new
新增功能
customers
客户
by
building
建筑
institutional
制度
trust
信任
(Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
& Keegan
基冈
, 2019): Wonolo
沃诺洛
4 advertise
做广告
their
他们
“pre-screened
“预先筛选
worker
工人
pool”
池”
to
both
contractors
承包商
and
clients, while Toptal
客户,而 Toptal
5 describe thei
描述一下
r rigorous vetting of talent as a fea-
对人才进行严格的审查作为 FEA-
ture of their approach to selecting contr
他们选择 contr 的方法
act workers.
行为工人。

Theoretically, the hybrid nature of HRM approaches combining compliance-, commitment-, and productivity-based practices to man- age contractors in OLPs is at odds with the HR architecture model where consistency, coherence, and clarity in bundles of mutually rein- forcing HRM practices aimed at particular cohorts of workers is emphasized (Lepak & Snell, 1999; Luo et al., 2021). Accordingly, we propose the following:
从理论上讲,HRMapproac混合性质基于合规性、承诺生产力实践OLP中的管理承包商相结合,这与HR架构不一致模型其中强调针对特定工人群体相成的 HRM实践捆绑中的一致性、连贯性和 clarityLepak&Snell1999Luoetal.,2021)。因此我们提出以下建议:

Proposition 2. Gig workers are subject to hybrid bun- dles of HRM activities that are traditionally part of commitment-, productivity- and compliance-based HRM systems.
提案2.工工人受到HRM 活动的混合,这些活动传统上是基于承诺生产力合规性HRM 系统的艺术

4.3 | Strategically valuable HRM practices are dispersed in multiactor HRM ecosystems
4.3具有战略价值的人力资源管理实践分散在多参与者人力资源管理生态系统中

OLPs
OLP
contradict
the
idea
想法
that
core
核心
HRM
人力资源管理
activit
激活
ies are
kept
保持
in-house
内部的
by
organizations
组织
to
ensure
确保
coherence
相干
and
strategic
战略的
alignment
对准
(Lepak
莱帕克
& Snell
斯内尔
, 1999). In
the
original
源语言
model
, intraorganizational
组织内
actors
演员
design
设计
and
administer
管理
core
核心
HRM
人力资源管理
activities
活动
(Farndale
法恩代尔
, Scullion
斯卡利恩
, & Sparrow
麻雀
, 2010; Purcell
赛尔
& Hutchinson
哈钦森
, 2007), while
noncore
非核心
activities
活动
(e.g.,
(例如,
payroll
工资
administration
管理
) are
outsourced
外包
(Lepak
莱帕克
et al
., 2005; Lepak
莱帕克
& Snell
斯内尔
, 1998). To
ensure
确保
internal
内部
and
external
外部
alignment
对准
of
HRM
人力资源管理
activities,
活动
coordination
协调
is
done
by
corporate
企业
HR
人力资源
departments
部门
and
/or
business
unit
单位
management
管理
(Farndale
法恩代尔
, Paauwe
保威
, & Boselie
波塞利
, 2010). OLPs
OLP
do
not
use
internal
内部
HR
人力资源
actors
演员
when
什么时候
executing
执行
their
他们
core
核心
HRM
人力资源管理
activities.
活动。
They
他们
disperse
ac
交流
tivities including
包括
selection
选择
and
performance
性能
management
管理
among
other
其他
platform
平台
ecosystem
生态系统
actors
演员
(Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
, Keegan
基冈
, & Bondarouk
邦达鲁克
, 2021). First
第一
and
foremost
首要
, OLPs outsource performance managemen
OLP 外包绩效管理
t to requesters through
t 通过请求者
online
在线
rating systems for workers. On the
工人的评级系统。在
platform
平台
Up
向上
work,
工作
there
那里
are
multiple
倍数
forms
形式
of
requester-based
基于请求者
rating
额定值
systems
系统
such
这样
as
a dynamic
动态

Job Success Score (JSS) and a Top-Rated Badge (Seppänen
工作成功率 (JSS) 和最高等级徽章 (Seppänen
et al
., 2020; Sutherland
萨瑟兰
et al
., 2020). Amazon
亚马逊河
Mechanical
机械
Turk
土耳其人
(AMT) has
具有
Master
主人
Qualifications”
资格”
which
workers
工人
can
only
attain
达到
based
基于
on
consistently
一贯
high
requester
请求
ratings
评级
. Uber
优步
's star
rating
额定值
system
系统
outsources
外包
performance
性能
rating
额定值
to
passengers
乘客
(Rosenblat
罗森布拉特
, 2018) show
显示
- ing
正在
how
如何
intertwined
交织
requeste
请求者
rs are
in
performance
性能
management
管理
in
platform ecosystems. Attracting and retaining req
平台生态系统。吸引和留住需求
uesters relies on
Uesters 依赖
gaining
获得
their
他们
trust
信任
in
transactions
交易
with
gig
演出
workers
工人
which
is
achieved
实现
by using ratings to manage work
通过使用评级来管理工作
er behavior
ER 行为
and
even
甚至
as
the
sole
唯一
basis
基础
to
deactivate
关闭
(i.e.,
(即
dismiss
解雇
) workers
工人
. OLPs
OLP
deploy
部署
algorithmic
算法
manage
管理
- ment to
ment 更改为
aggregate
骨料
customer
客户
ratings,
评级
acting
演技
on this
在这个
oft
经常
en without
en 不带
any
任何
human
intervention
介入
(Curchod et al
., 2020; Prassl
普拉斯
, 2018; Wood
et al
., 2019b
2019 年b
). This
delegation
代表团
of
performance
性能
appraisal
评价
to
requesters
请求
allows
允许
OLPs
OLP
to
cut
costs
成本
that
would
愿意
otherwise
否则
be
spent
on
hiri
HIRI 餐厅
ng
议员
human
managers
经理
to
supervise
监督
or
direct
直接
gig
演出
workers.
工人。
This
aligns
对齐
with evidence showing that firms which
证据表明,哪些公司
require a
需要
greater
amount
of
effort
努力
on
the
part
部分
of
customers
客户
(i.e.,
(即
so
所以
-called
customer
客户
co-production
生产
) are
less likely to
不太可能
invest
投资
in
HR
人力资源
capac
电容
ities of
managers
经理
in these
在这些
firms
公司
(Skaggs
斯卡格斯
& Youndt
扬特
, 2004).

Second,
第二
OLPs
OLP
disperse
HRM
人力资源管理
activities
活动
to
avoid
避免
reclassifi
重新分类
cation
阳离子
court
法院
cases
and
threats
威胁
to
the legitimacy
合法性
of
their contractor-based business
他们以承包商为基础的业务
model.
型。
Dispersing
分散
core
核心
performance
性能
management
管理
tasks
任务
to other
其他
actors,
演员
human,
and
non-human,
非人 /
allows
允许
plat
平台
form
形式
firms
公司
to
avoid
避免
the
appearance
外观
that
they
他们
employ
workers
工人
or
direct
直接
their
他们
behavior.
行为。
By
using
algorithmic
算法
management rather
管理 rather
than human
比人类
supervisors,
主管
OLPs
OLP
directive
命令
control
控制
of
workers is stealth-like (Meijerink,
workers 是隐身的(Meijerink,
Boons, et al.,
Boons 等人,
2021). OLPs also outsource
.OLP 也外包
training to second-tier platform ecosys
针对二级平台 Ecosys 的培训
tem actors to avoid the appearance
Tem Actor 避免出现
that
they
他们
control
控制
the
performance
性能
standards
标准
of
gig
演出
workers.
工人。
Instead
相反
of
training
训练
poorly
不好
performing
执行
taxi
出租车
drivers
司机
themselve
他们自己
s, Uber
优步
outsources
外包
this
responsibility to a labor union—the
对工会的责任 —
Independent
独立
Drivers
司机
Guild—which
Guild - 哪个
charges
收费
a fee
to
individual
个人
Uber
优步
drivers
司机
for
this
trai
ning
(Taft,
(塔夫脱,
2018). To
commit
gig
演出
workers
工人
to
its
platform
平台
ecosystem
生态系统
(as
(作为
a necessary
必要
condition
条件
for
creating
创建
network
网络
effects
影响
), Deliveroo
户户送
offers
提供
workshops
车间
which
are
broader and more developmental in orientation than
pure job-related
纯粹的工作相关
training.
训练。
However,
然而
it outsources this to
它将其外包给
external
外部
parties, avoiding
派对, 避免
the
sug-
苏格-
gestion it intervenes gig workers'
GESTION IT 干预零工工人
development
发展
(Meijerink,
(梅杰林克,
Keegan,
基冈
& Bondarouk,
邦达鲁克,
2021). Dispersing HRM practices su
).分散人力资源管理实践
ch as performance
作为性能
appraisal
评价
and
training
训练
to
other
其他
ecosystem
生态系统
actors
演员
allows
允许
OLPs
OLP
to
invest
投资
in
the knowledge,
知识,
skills
技能
and
abili
阿比利
ties
关系
of
gig
演出
workers,
工人
while
simultaneously
同时
upholding the externalization of gig workers. We propose the
支持零工工人的外部化。我们建议
following:
以后:

Proposition 3. OLPs disperse HRM activities to other eco- system actors to uphold gig workers' contractor status and monitor and control workers to achieve network effects.
提案 3.OLP 将 HRM 活动分散给其他生态系统参与者,以维护 Gigworkers 的承包商地位,并监控和控制工人以实现 Network 效应。

4.4 | Dynamic connections between human capital characteristics, employment mode, and HRM practices in platform ecosystems
4.4平台生态系统人力资本特征、就业模式和人力资源管理实践之间的动态联系

Lepak and Snell (1999) link dynamics in the HR architecture with human capital becoming more or less valuable/unique due to strategic investments in employees' (firm-specific) skills, and changes in firm
Lepak和 Snell1999人力资源架构中的动态人力资本联系起来,这是由于员工(公司特定)技能的战略投资公司的变化变得或多或少有价值的/独特的

strategies or new technologies making current skills obsolete. Such dynamics also occur in platform ecosystems, for example, when rival platform firms enter the market or when gig work becomes auto- mated (e.g., self-driving cars replacing Uber drivers). There are how- ever additional reasons why gig workers experience changes in how platforms want to work with them (as employees or as independent contractors) as well as the HRM practices platforms use to manage them. To understand these, a broader view of the pressures on plat- form firms' HRM choices by second-tier platform ecosystem actors is required.
使当前技能过时的策略新技术这种动态发生在平台生态系统或者竞争对手平台公司进入市场当 gig工作变得自动化(例如,自动驾驶汽车更换Uber司机)。工工作者平台希望如何与他们合作(作为员工独立承包商)方面遇到挑战还有其他原因,因为以及平台用来管理它们的 HRM实践了解这些,需要广泛地了解二线平台生态系统参与者平台型公司 HRM选择的压力。

Second
第二
-tier
platform
平台
ecosystem
生态系统
actors
演员
(i.e.,
(即
labor
劳动
unions
工会
, policy
政策
makers, and labor courts) occupy the institutional
制造商和劳工法院)占据了机构
environment
环境
in
which
first-tier platform actors operate.
一线平台参与者运营。
Push-pull dynamics occur
发生推挽动态
between
之间
the
first-
第一-
and
second-tier
二线
actor
演员
s which
shape
形状
employment
就业
modes
模式
and
HRM
人力资源管理
activities
活动
(Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
, Keegan
基冈
, & Bondarouk
邦达鲁克
, 2021). The choice
选择
by
platforms to adopt one employment
采用一种就业的平台
mode
模式
and/or
和/或
bun-
联合国-
dle of
dle 的
HRM
人力资源管理
practices is
practices 是
linked
联系
not only to
不仅
their
他们
strategic
战略的
rationality
合理性
as
suggested
建议
by
the
original
源语言
HR
人力资源
architecture
建筑
model
(Brandl
布兰德尔
et al
., 2019; Luo
卢奥语
et al
., 2021) but
also
to
broader
广泛
institutional
制度
factors
因素
. To
(tempo
速度
- rarily)
rarily)
defuse
化解
pressures
压力
from
institutional
制度
sources
来源
and
to
av
AV 系列
oid
oid 类
legal
法律
scrutiny,
审议
actions
行动
by
regulators,
监管 机构
or
atten
阿顿
tion from
media
媒体
or
activists,
积极分子
OLPs
OLP
may
五月
alter
改变
either
the
status
地位
of
gig
演出
workers
工人
(even
(偶数
if
如果
temporarily),
暂时),
the
way
道路
gig
演出
workers
工人
are outsourced
被外包
(e.
(e.
g., subcontracting
转包
to other
到其他
agencies
机构
), or
else
the
nature
自然界
of
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
that
are
deployed
部署
. Reclassification court cases focus on which employment
重新分类的法庭案件侧重于哪些就业
mode
模式
is
seen
明显
as
legitimate
合法
and
whether
是否
gig
演出
workers
工人
are
independent
独立
con
CON系列
tractors
拖拉机
subject
主题
to
an
external
外部
employment
就业
mode
模式
(i.e.,
(即
Quadrant
象限
3 or
4) or
employees working via an “internal” employment mode (i.e., Quadrant
员工通过“内部”就业模式(即 Quadrant )工作
1 or
2). Such
这样
cases
cause
原因
OLPs
OLP
to
adjust
调整
their HRM
他们的 HRM
practices
实践
and
attempt
尝试
to
realign
调整
them
他们
with
the
appropriate
适当
(i.e.,
(即
external)
外部)
employ-
雇-
ment
mode
模式
(Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
, Keegan
基冈
, & Bondarouk
邦达鲁克
, 2021).

When Deliveroo in the Netherlands changed from hiring workers as employees to hiring them as contractors, the associated terms and conditions offered under the new freelance model exposed Deliveroo to legal scrutiny in labor disputes (Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk, 2021). Deliveroo subsequently abandoned performance appraisal schemes that initially served to control gig workers' perfor- mance. This move proved to be unsuccessful as the court later ruled that Deliveroo workers should be classified as employees (Zeki
当荷兰的Deliveroo从雇佣工人转变为雇佣他们作为承包商时,新的自由职业模式提供的相关条款和条件使Deliveroo在劳动争议中受到法律审查(Meijerink, Keegan, & Bondarouk2021)。Deliveroo 随后放弃了最初用于控制零工表现的绩效评估计划。这一举动被证明是不成功的,因为法院后来裁定 Deliveroo 工人应归类为 employeesZeki

2019). A recent
最近
London
伦敦
employment
就业
tribunal
法庭
examined
检查
Uber
优步
's
claims not
索赔不
to
employ
drive
驾驶
rs with
the
judge noting
评委指出
a tendency
趋势
in
Uber's
优步的
language
语言
about
大约
workers
工人
toward
“fictions”
“小说”
and
“twisted
“扭曲
lan-
局域网-
guage
量具
(Prassl
普拉斯
, 2018, p. 45),
第 45 页),
referencing
引用
contradictions
矛盾
between
之间
what
什么
the platform claims in recruitment
该平台在招聘中声称
material
材料
regarding autonomous
关于自治
working
加工
conditions
条件
(e.g.,
(例如,
commitment
承诺
-oriented
面向
HRM
人力资源管理
) versus
actual
实际
methods
方法
of
algorithmic
算法
management
管理
more
更多
in
line
线
with
contracts
合同
of
service
服务
(e.g.,
(例如,
compliance
合规
-oriented
面向
HRM
人力资源管理
).

Despite on-going court cases and dynamism inherent in HRM practices in platform ecosystems, evidence of a switch to internal employment modes is not (yet) evident. OLPs lobby governments (Rosenblat, 2018) and seek electoral support for legalization (Carosa, 2020) legitimizing their use of HRM practices (from the HR architecture's Quadrants 1 and 2) to control gig workers in similar
尽管正在进行的法庭案件平台生态系统人力资源管理实践固有的活力转向内部就业模式的证据并不明显OLP游说政府 Rosenblat2018寻求选举支持合法Carosa2020 使他们使用人力资源架构1 中的 HRM 实践合法化and2)控制工工人

ways to employees. Attempts by a coalition involving Lyft and Uber to influence labor regulations in California are a good example. Uber initially changed its HRM practices (i.e., did away with platform-set fee system allowing drivers to set their own prices). This change in compensation strategy was implemented as a response to a California law called AB-5 that would classify app-based drivers as employees. The change to compensation aligned (temporarily) with the indepen- dent contractor status of Uber drivers. However, the change was reversed when Uber saw an increase in passenger cancellations of over 100% thus threatening its aims to create and maintain network effects. The subsequent passage of Proposition 22” exempted Uber and other ride-hailing platforms from worker reclassification demands of AB-5 (Carosa, 2020).
员工的方式LyftUber组成的联盟试图影响加州劳动法规就是一个很好的例子。 Uber最初改变了HRM实践(即取消了允许司机自己设定价格的平台设定费用系统)。这一补偿策略的改变是为了回应一项名为AB-5的加州法律,该法律基于应用程序的司机归类e-mployees。薪酬的变化(暂时)Uber司机独立承包商身份保持一致然而Uber看到乘客取消率增加了100% 以上,这一变化发生了逆转,从而威胁到创建和维护网络工作的目标影响。随后通过的“22 号提案免除了Uber和其他网约车公司AB-5 的工人重新分类要求Carosa,2020 年)。

These
这些
dynamics
动力学
may
五月
soon
很快
become
成为
evident
明显
in
Eu
欧盟
rope.
绳。
The
European Parliament
欧洲议会
recently
最近
adopted
采用
the
Directive
命令
on Improving
n 改进
Working
加工
Conditions
条件
in Platfo
(普拉特福)
rm
马币
Work”
工作”
(EU,
(欧盟,
2021) establishing
建立
the
legal
法律
presumption
推定
of
an
employment
就业
relationship
关系
betwe
贝特威
en
中文
the
OLP and
a gig
演出
worker
工人
in
cases
where
哪里
OLPs
OLP
control
控制
certai
CERTAI 认证
n elements
元素
of
work
工作
performance. Seen through
性能。看穿
an
HR architecture
HR 架构
lens,
镜头
this
implies
意味 着
that
OLPs
OLP
are
legally
合法
obliged
伊吉德
to
institute
研究所
an
“internal”
“内部”
employment
就业
mode when they rely on commitment- and/or
模式,当他们依赖 commitment- 和/或
productivi
生产
ty-based
基于 TY
HRM activities. The
人力资源管理局活动。这
likely
可能
responses of OLPs will
OLP 的响应将
be
to
either
(tempo-
速度-
rarily)
rarily)
abandon
放弃
selected
选择
HRM
人力资源管理
activities
活动
(from
(来自
Quadrants
象限
1 and
2) to
ensure
确保
their
他们
continued
继续
reliance
依赖
on
independent
独立
contractors
承包商
(employ-
(雇用-
ment
modes
模式
from
Quadrant
象限
3 or
4) is
see
n as
legitimate,
合法
or
to
seek
寻求
exceptions
异常
to
regulations
法规
which insist
坚持
on
employment
就业
contracts
合同
for
gig
演出
workers
工人
such
这样
as
California's
加利福尼亚的
Prop22.
22 号提案。
At
the
same
相同
time,
时间
OLPs
OLP
will
likely
可能
continue
继续
to
rely
依赖
on
hybrid
混合
HRM
人力资源管理
systems
系统
whenever
每当
they
他们
can.
能。
Exercising
行使
control
控制
over
freelan
自由职业者
cers
检测证书
by
means
方法
of
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
is
at
the
heart
of
their
他们
business
model
and
essential
基本
to
their
他们
strategic
战略的
goal
目标
to
create
创造
network
网络
effects
影响
(see
(参见
Proposition
命题
2). We
我们
therefore
因此
propose
提出
the following:
以下内容:

Proposition 4. Institutional pressures emerging at dif- ferent times and in different places lead OLPs to change commitment- and productivity-based HRM activities, seek exceptions to regulations pertaining to employ- ment rights, or adopt (temporarily) some version of “internal” employment mode to source the human capi- tal of gig workers within institutional constraints.
提案4.在不同时间和不同地方出现的制度压力导致 OLP改变基于承诺和生产力HRM 活动,寻求与就业权利有关的监管例外暂时采用某些版本“内部”就业模式,以保证机构约束下零工工人的人力资本

5 | DISCUSSION
5|讨论

Developments in digital technologies and algorithmic management epitomized by OLPs prompt us to reconsider the core assumptions of the HR architecture model. We summarize these in Table 4 which gives an overview of (our propositions on) how OLPs bring about realignment and dynamism in the HR architecture.
OLP为代表的数字技术和算法管理的发展促使我们重新考虑 HR架构模型的核心假设我们在 4 总结了这些内容,该概述了OLP 如何带来 HR 架构的重新调整和活力

Proposed links between value/uniqueness of human capital, employment mode, and HRM practices break down and become dynamic in the context of OLPs. The economic benefits to firms of working with contractors, coupled with the possibilities offered by
OLP 的背景,人价值/独特性就业模式和HRM实践之间的联系分解变得动态承包商合作公司带来的经济利益以及

algorithmic management to
算法管理
efficiently
有效
monitor
监控
and
regulat
监管
e their
他们
behavior,
行为
offer
提供
explanations
解释
for
externalizing
具体化
workers
工人
as
cont
ractors
演员
despite their strategic value
尽管它们具有战略价值
to the OLP.
到 OLP。
Contradicting the
HR
人力资源
architec-
建筑-
ture
model,
OLPs
OLP
externalize
外部化
core
核心
human
capital
资本
upon
which
their
他们
performance
性能
and
strategy
策略
is
based
基于
(De
Stefano
斯特凡诺
& Aloisi
阿洛伊西
, 2018) and
use
novel
小说
forms
形式
of
algorithmic
算法
management
管理
to
regulate
调节
their
他们
perfor-
表现-
mance
曼斯
. Instead
相反
of
developing
发展
few
or
no
(compliance
合规
-based
基于
) HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
for
contractors
承包商
as
predicted
重新制定
by
the
HR
人力资源
architecture
建筑
model,
OLPs strategically combine
OLP 战略性地结合
HRM practice
人力资源管理实践
s from
multiple
倍数
systems
系统
aiming
瞄准
at
compliance,
合规
productivity
生产力
enhanc
增强
ement,
门,
and
even
甚至
commit-
犯-
ment. Although the
ment.尽管
default for platform
平台
s is to
“buy,” they
“买”,他们
are
subject
主题
to
pressures
压力
from
the
institutional
制度
context
上下文
as
they
他们
try
尝试
to
maintain
保持
their contractor-based model. Thes
他们基于承包商的模式。Thes
e institutional pressures explain
e 制度压力解释
observations about the d
关于 D 的观察
ynamism of links between employment mode
就业模式之间的联系
and
HR practices, opening new ways to think ab
人力资源实践,开启新的思考方式
out these connections
这些连接
in
light
of
advances
进展
in
algorithmic
算法
management
管理
and
dispe
显示
rsed multi-
多-
actor
演员
HRM in platform ecosystems.
平台生态系统中的 HRM。

5.1 | Theoretical implications
5.1理论意义

As
evidence
证据
mounts
坐骑
that
contracting
承包
is
on
the
rise
上升
(Cappelli
卡贝利
& Keller
凯勒
, 2013; Spreitzer
斯普雷策
et al
., 2017), it
is
important
重要
for
HRM
人力资源管理
scholars
学者
to
move
移动
beyond assuming that the
除了假设
label “contractor”
标签 “contractor”
is a
是一个
sign
标志
of
mar-
三月-
ginal
吉纳尔
value,
价值
and
hence
因此
of
little
HRM
人力资源管理
concern.
关注。
The
side-lining
边衬
of
con-
缺点
tractors
拖拉机
from
HRM
人力资源管理
scho
学校
larship
拉希普
is
linked
联系
with
the
view
视图
embedded
嵌入式
in
the
HR architecture
HR 架构
that
they
他们
offer low value to
提供低价值
organiza
组织
tions. Despite
尽管
growing
增长
evidence
证据
that contractors
承包商
add
significant
重要
value
价值
to
organizations,
组织
drive
驾驶
innovation,
创新
and
augment the
增强
cap
abilities
能力
of
inter-
国米-
nal
纳尔
employees
员工
(Burke
伯克
, 2012; McKeown
麦基翁
& Pichault
皮考特
, 2021; Sulbout et al.,
铝。
2021), HRM
人力资源管理
scholarsh
学者
ip
IP 地址
continues
继续
to view
查看
contractors through
承包商通过
the architecture lens and fails to engage seriously with the HRM impli-
建筑视角,未能认真参与 HRM 隐含
cations that contractors
承包商的阳离子
raise for organizations
为组织筹集
. Our
我们
contribution
贡献
is
to
challenge
挑战
the proposed links betwee
提议的链接
n value/uniqueness of human
n 人的价值/独特性
capital,
资本
employment
就业
mode,
模式
and
HRM
马币
practices
实践
that
are
assumed
假设
by
the
HR architecture
HR 架构
model
but
which
no
longer
hold. Based on
拿。基于
insights
见解
from
OLPs,
OLPs,
not
only
do
these
这些
links
链接
no
longer
hold
but more
更多
importantly, they do not guide organiza
重要的是,他们不指导 Organiza
tions appropriately in the man-
在人力中适当地进行
agement of workers who are designated as
指定为
contractors.
承包商。

We
我们
have
also
shown
显示
how
如何
OLPs
OLP
combine
practices
实践
from
只读存储器
different
不同
HRM
人力资源管理
systems
系统
and
disperse
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
to
other
其他
ecosystem
生态系统
actors
演员
to
uphold
秉承
the
freelance
自由
status
地位
of
contractors
承包商
. Even
甚至
though
虽然
the
HR
人力资源
architec
ARCHITEC 建筑
- ture
assumes
假设
that
internal
内部
HRM
人力资源管理
actors
演员
will
develop
发展
and
implement
实现
coherent
相干
bundles
of
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
, OLPs
OLP
demonstrate
证明
how
如何
contractor
承包商
- based
基于
business
models
模型
may
五月
well
埃尔
be
aligned
一致
with
hybrid
混合
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
aiming
瞄准
for
commitment,
承诺
productivity,
生产力
and
compliance. One
issue
问题
this
raises
提高
is
how
如何
HRM
人力资源管理
specialists
专家
in
more
更多
conventional
协定的
organizations
组织
inter-
的-
act
with
others
别人
(e.g.,
(例如,
agenci
阿根奇
es,
ES、
suppliers)
供应商)
in
managing
管理
the
contributions
贡献
and work conditions of contractors. To the
以及承包商的工作条件。到
ext
内线
ent that
让那个
contractors
承包商
con-
缺点
tribute
贡品
to
innovation
创新
and
performance
性能
in
firms,
公司
ignoring
忽略
them
他们
seems
似乎
incongruous
不协调
, and
not
in
the
interests
利益
of
HRM
人力资源管理
scholars
学者
.

Advances in algorithmic management offer platforms the oppor- tunity to monitor performance and regulate the behavior of external
算法管理的进步平台提供了监控性能和监管外部行为的机会

1099050x, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.22120 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [31/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

25

KEEGAN
基冈
AND
MEIJERINK WILEY
威利

TABLE 4 Realignment of the human resource architecture model for OLPs: Propositions
4 OLP 人力资源架构模型的重新调整:命题

HR architecture model assumptions
HR 架构模型假设

OLPs and the HR architecture
OLP 和HR 架构

HR architecture realignment when contractors brought back in
承包商重新引入HR 架构会重新调整我

Link to
链接到

Propositions
命题

Workers with valuable human capital are internalized
拥有宝贵人力资本的工人被内化

Gig worker have valuable human capital for OLP and are externalized
零工工人拥有 OLP 的宝贵人力资本,并且被外部化

Realignment of human capital
人力资本的重新调整

characteristics and employment modes
特点和就业模式

Propositions1a and 1b
命题1a1b

Uniqueness and value are distinct and unrelated human capital
独特性和价值是截然不同且无关的人力资本

characteristics
特性

Platforms increase value of gig worker human capital by decreasing their
平台通过减少人力资本的价值

uniqueness through commoditizing gig workers and lowering costs
通过商品化零工工人和LoweRing 成本实现独特性

associated with using them for the platform
与将它们用于平台相关联

Realignment of how human capital
重新调整人力资本的方式

characteristics relate to each other
特征与 EACH其他有关

Proposition 1c
提案1c

Contractors subject to no HR practices or practices from single, compliance oriented HRM system
承包商不受单一、以合规性为导向的HRM 系统的 HRp种族或做法的约束

Gig workers are managed using
零工工作人员使用

practices from hybrid HRM systems: Compliance, productivity, and
混合 HRM 系统ems 的实践合规性、生产力y 和

commitment systems
承诺体系

Realignment of HRM practices for contractors
重新调整承包商HRM 实践

Proposition 2
提案 2

Internal HR actors design and manage valuable HRM practices
内部HR参与者设计和管理有价值的HRM实践

HRM is dispersed among ecosystem actors to uphold contractor status and monitor and control workers to achieve network effects
人力资源管理分散在系统参与者之间,以维护承包商的地位并监控和控制工人以实现网络效应

Realignment of HR practice
重新调整人力资源实践

characteristics and how they are designed and sourced
特征及其设计和来源

Proposition 3
提案 3

Strategic rationality as main source of dynamism in choice of employment mode
战略理性是就业模式选择的主要动力来源

In addition to strategic rationality,
除了战略理性之外,

institutional pressures and
制度压力和

interactions in the ecosystem
生态系统中的交互

between core and ancillary actors
核心参与者和辅助参与者之间

drive dynamism in employment
推动就业活力

modes and/or HRM practices applied to manage gig workers
用于管理零工工作者的模式和/或HRM 实践

Realignment of assumptions about why employment mode changes to
重新调整关于就业模式为何转变为

incorporate institutional pressures as well as strategic rationality of the
纳入机构压力以及战略

organization
组织

Proposition 4
提案 4

workers in novel and far-reaching ways. OLPs seek competitive advantage by achieving network effects, driving out rival platforms, and becoming dominant through scale. The HRM practices deployed by platforms facilitate both the maintenance of a contractor-based workforce model alongside cost advantages while simultaneously offering high levels of control over worker performance through algo- rithmic management. The underlying pipeline business model inspiring the HRM architecture has given way to platform ecosystems in many sectors where opportunities for both externalization and control are reconfigured and enabled through algorithmic technologies. This raises new questions of alignment between HRM practices for exter- nalized workers and organizational strategic aims. Ignoring these by overlooking contractors is no longer an adequate response.
工人新颖和触及的方式。OLP通过实现网络效应、推动竞争对手平台并通过规模占据主导地位来寻求竞争优势平台部署 HRM实践既促进了基于承包商劳动力模式的维护,又具有成本优势,同时通过算法提供对工人绩效的高度控制。rithmic 管理。激发HRM 架构底层管道商业模式已经让位于许多行业的平台生态系统,在这些领域中,外部和控制的机会都得到了重新配置启用通过算法技术。提出了新的问题,即针对外部工作者人力资源管理实践组织战略目标之间的一致性忽视承包商而忽视这些已经不再是一个适当的回应。

HRM actors are obviously not alone in determining the kinds of practices which are relevant and appropriate for contractors. We have shown that when institutional pressures become too great, OLPs may suspend, alter, or drop HRM practices, or (temporarily) internalize workers, to avoid legitimacy threats that could damage their ongoing activities. OLPs constantly test and navigate institutional rules to maintain contractor-based models even while exercising power over workers through algorithmic management. That OLPs can change worker status, or negotiate to redefine workers'rights in the gig econ- omy, suggests that the choice to internalize or externalize workers is driven by push-pull dynamics deriving from both institutional pres- sures as well as strategic business goals. HRM scholars must embrace the complexities posed by institutional dynamics impacting on the growing gig workforce.
人力资源管理行为者显然是唯一一个确定承包商相关和适当的做法类型的人。我们已经表明,当制度压力变得太大时,OLP可能会暂停改变放弃HRM实践暂时将员工内部化以避免可能损害他们正在进行的活动。OLP 不断测试和驾驭制度规则,以维持基于承包商的模型,即使通过算法管理对工人施加权力OLP可以改变工人的地位,或者否定在零工经济中重新定义工人的权利这表明选择内化外化工人是由动力驱动的结构要求战略业务目标方面,人力资源管理学者必须接受影响不断增长的零工劳动力的机构动态所带来的复杂性

Cross
& Swart
斯瓦特
(2022, p. 3) argue
认为
for
the
need
需要
to
expand
扩大
HRM
人力资源管理
theorizing
理论化
and
consider
考虑
“actors
“演员
who
are
neither
也不
bound
绑定
by
the
direc-
直接-
tive
蒂夫
control
控制
of
an
organization
组织
nor
也不
subject
主题
to
mutual
obligati
义务
ons
组件
as
seen in an employment
见于就业
relationship.” The authors
兴高采烈。作者
rightly
正确
question the
问题
neglect
忽视
of
independent
独立
contr
actors
演员
in
HRM
人力资源管理
scholarship
奖学金
and
raise
the
ethical
伦理
implications
影响
of
this
that
undermine
破坏
the
role
角色
of
HRM
人力资源管理
scholar-
学者-
ship, in general, to consid
一般来说,船到 Consid
er all
呃,全部
workers,
工人
not just
不只是
employees.
员工。
However,
然而
based on our analysis, we
根据我们的分析,我们
have shown that
已经证明
OLPs
OLP
use
contractors who
承包商
are
not
subject
主题
to
mutual
obligations
义务
of
an
employment
就业
relationship
关系
but
are
bound
绑定
by
directive
命令
control
控制
of
platforms through
通过
their
他们
HRM
人力资源管理
activities.
活动。
More attention
更多关注
needs to
需要
be
paid to assumptions
支付给假设
that
a lack
缺乏
of mutual rights
共同权利
or
obli
奥布利
gations
门控
typically
通常
associated
相关
with
standard
标准
employment relationships automatically means contractors
雇佣关系自动指承包商
are not
不是
subject
主题
to
direct
直接
forms
形式
of
control.
控制。
Contractors
承包商
are often
经常
bound
绑定
by
novel
小说
forms
形式
of
control
控制
even
甚至
though
虽然
they
他们
are not employees
不是员工
(Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
& Keegan
基冈
, 2019; Prassl
普拉斯
, 2018; Schor
绍尔
& Vallas
瓦拉斯
, 2021; Veen
维恩
et al
., 2020). The
interlocking
联 锁
actions
行动
of
platform
平台
firms
公司
, requesters
请求
and
algorithmic
算法
management
管理
and
control
控制
constitute
构成
new
新增功能
forms
形式
of
direc-
直接-
tive control exercised in the
management of
管理
contractors.
承包商。
Such
这样
control
控制
is
also
exercised
行使
through
通过
hybrid
混合
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
that originate
起源
from
different
不同
HRM systems and which
HRM 系统及其
combine effor
联合 EFFOR
ts
to
manage
管理
behav-
行为 -
ior through compliance,
通过合规性进行 IOR,
through productivity enhancing practices,
通过提高生产力的实践,
and
even
甚至
though
虽然
practices
实践
aiming
瞄准
to
commit workers
提交 worker
and win
并赢得
their
他们
moti-
动机-
vation
视频
(Waldkirch
瓦尔德基希
et al
., 2021; Wood
et al
., 2019b
2019 年b
).

Our contribution is therefore to shed light not only on a long- neglected group of workers in HRM scholarship but also on the chang- ing nature of HRM practices for contactors who are integral to many
因此我们的贡献不仅在于揭示了人力资源管理奖学金长期被忽视的一群工作者在于了解人力资源管理实践的变化性质,这些接触者许多人不可或缺的一部分

(platform) businesses. HRM activities that are applied in platform eco- systems may also be used for contractors in traditional organizations, and perhaps for employees also. Bringing contractors back in can revi- talize HRM scholarship in contexts where workers are managed across and outside organizational boundaries, and where core HRM activities are dispersed among actors from different organizations using technologies that enable and extend algorithmic management of workers.
(平台)企业。应用于平台生态系统人力资源管理活动也可用于传统组织架构中的承包商,也可能用于员工。员工组织边界和组织边界外管理以及HRM 核心活动分散在不同组织的行为者之间的情况下,让承包商参与进来可以恢复人力资源管理奖学金使用支持和扩展工作人员的算法马的技术

6 | FUTURE RESEARCH
6未来研究

Building on the analysis offered in this article, more research is needed on the nature of HRM in contexts where organizations use contractors. Studying OLPs can ease long-standing problems for researchers by offering insights on HRM issues usually embedded in relationships with disaggregated procurement and hiring managers (Keegan et al., 2012) and by providing access to contractors, who are notoriously fragmented as a group (Cross & Swart, 2022). Research on the HRM activities applied to manage them, and the legitimacy concerns these activities raise, have important practical as well as the- oretical implications for a range of HRM actors dealing with contrac- tors. Questions such as what HRM activities are used, who designs them, and what outcomes arise for worker motivation, legality, stabil- ity of labor supply, and quality of attachment between workers and the organizations, are all important.
基于本文提供的分析组织使用承包商的情况下,需要人力资源管理的性质进行更多研究研究OLP可以通过提供通常嵌入在与分布式采购和招聘经理关系中的HRM问题的见解,缓解研究人员长期存在的问题Keeganetal., 2012以及通过向承包商提供访问权限众所周知,这些承包商作为一个群体是分散Cross&Swart2022)。应用于管理他们的人力资源管理活动的研究以及这些活动引发合法性问题,一系列人力资源管理行为者具有重要的实践理论意义处理ContraC-Tors诸如重新使用哪些人力资源管理活动设计这些活动以及对工人的积极性、合法性、劳动力供应稳定性质量产生什么结果等问题工人组织之间的依恋,都很重要。

A closely
A 紧密
related area for future
未来相关领域
research is
research 是
the
growing
增长
complex-
复杂-
ity and
dynamism
活力
of
HRM
人力资源管理
systems
系统
. Snell
斯内尔
and
Morris
莫里斯
(2021) highlight
高亮
constant change to
常量更改为
HRM practices in dynamic
动态的 HRM 实践
HRM ecosystems. They
人力资源管理生态系统。他们
focus
重点
on the
need to
必须
reintegrate
重新整合
changing
改变
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
into
coh
er-
的-
ent and strategically focused systems
耳鼻喉科和战略重点系统
because
因为
interactions
相互 作用
are
myriad
无数
and
in
flux.
通量。
This
dovetails
燕尾榫
with
our
我们
observati
观察者
ons
组件
on
the
dynamic
动态
and
emergent
紧急
properties
性能
of
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
in
OLP ecosystems
生态
due
由于
to
push-pull dynamics
推挽动力学
between different
在不同之间
institutional and organizational
机构和组织
actors
演员
in
and
peripheral
外设
to
the
eco
生态
system.
系统。
However,
然而
the
alignment
对准
and
consistency that
一致性
is
important
重要
in the
study
研究
of
organizational
组织
HRM
人力资源管理
systems
系统
, and even
甚至
relatively
相对
stable
稳定
interorganizational
组织间
systems
系统
like
喜欢
InterOrganizational
组织间
Project
项目
Teams
团队
(IPTs
IPT
) (Flyvbjerg, 2014) are
only
partially
部分地
relevant to
相关
understanding O
了解 O
LPs'
有限合伙人
HRM ecosystems.
人力资源管理生态系统。
In
light of
deliberate
故意
strategies
策略
of
institutional
制度
complex
复杂
ity and
hybridity
混合动力
on
the
part
部分
of
platforms
平台
firms
公司
(Meijerink
Meijerink 公司
, Keegan
基冈
, & Bondarouk
邦达鲁克
, 2021), more
更多
research
研究
is
needed
需要
on
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
of different
不同
actors.
演员。
Can
requesters influence the quality of
请求者影响
HRM practices for gig workers?
零工工人的人力资源管理实践?
Do
these dynamics settle over time as
这些动态会随着时间的推移而稳定为
OL
Ps
附言
either
achieve
实现
network
网络
effects
影响
or fail? What
还是失败?什么
is/are the target(s)
是/是目标
of
alignment
对准
in
such
这样
complex
复杂
HRM
人力资源管理
ecosystems
生态
?

Not only are contractors often excluded from HRM practices that are relevant to their development, they are also excluded from many voice channels that exist for workers on standard employment rela- tionships. Future research could address what contractors do to be heard, how effective these channels are, and how organizations respond to calls for more contractor voice (Keegan & Meijerink, 2022). OLP research highlights the importance of second
承包商不仅经常被排除在与其发展相关的人力资源管理实践之外,而且他们排除在标准就业关系工人的许多语音渠道之外未来的研究可以解决承包商如何倾听、这些渠道的有效性以及组织如何响应要求更多承包商声音的呼吁Keegan Meijerink,2022)。OLPresearch凸显的重要性

tier ecosystems actors in influencing gig worker voice (Gegenhuber et al., 2021; Tassinari & Maccarrone, 2020). Second-tier actors make visible the behavior of platform firms and expose conditions which the platform's direct employees or other stakeholders may perceive as undesirable or unjust. Platform worker activists have successfully mobilized traditional and social media, and online communities, to raise scrutiny of HRM practices in platform ecosystems (Irani & Silberman, 2013; Vandaele, 2018). If the trend to hire more people through platforms continues, addressing voice issues will be critical given the links between worker voice and issues like trust, innovation, engagement, and wellbeing (Detert & Edmondson, 2011) as well as contractors'experiences of decent work.
影响工工人声音分层生态系统参与者(Gegenhuberetal.,2021Tassinari&Maccarrone2020)。二级行为者使平台公司的行为可见揭露平台的直接员工或其他利益相关者可能认为不受欢迎或不公正的条件平台工作者行动成功地动员了传统和社交媒体以及在线社区,以提高平台生态系统人力资源管理实践审查Irani&Silberman2013Vandaele2018)。如果通过平台雇用更多人的趋势继续下去鉴于员工的声音与信任、创新敬业度福祉等问题之间的联系解决语音问题至关重要&Edmondson2011以及承包商对体面工作的经验。

Finally, contractors deserve to be treated with respect and dignity
最后,承包商应该得到尊重和尊严的对待
by
organizations
组织
which
implies
意味 着
responsibilities,
责任
long
left
unexam
未检查
ined,
独立非执行董事,
for
HRM
人力资源管理
agents
代理
of
organizations
组织
using
contract
合同
workers (Kuhn
工人 (Kuhn
et al
., 2021; Lamers
拉默斯
et al
., 2022). The
specter
幽灵
of
platform
平台
-based
基于
gig
演出
workers
工人
being
存在
refused
拒绝
access
访问
to
toilet
厕所
facilities
设施
6 by
the
organizations
组织
engaging them to carry out work is a
让他们开展工作是一种
grim
严峻
and
visible
可见
manifestation
表现
of
what
什么
can
happen
发生
when
什么时候
workers
工人
are
treated
治疗
as
of
marginal
边缘的
strategic
战略的
value
价值
and
consequently
因此
externalized,
具体化
excluded,
排除
and ignored.
并被忽略。
Wh
ile
伊尔
this is one, albeit visible manifestation, contractors
这是一个承包商,尽管是可见的表现
hired
through
通过
plat-
平台-
forms may experience other forms of
表单可能会经历其他形式的
less
visible
可见
exclusion and
exclusion 和
exploi-
爆炸-
tation
培训
(Gray
灰色
& Suri
苏里
, 2019). When
什么时候
HRM
人力资源管理
scholars
学者
ignore
忽视
a group
of
workers
工人
and
assume
假设
they
他们
are
su
bject to
no
HRM
人力资源管理
practices
实践
because
因为
they
他们
are
not
traditional
传统的
employees
员工
(Dundon
邓登
& Rafferty
拉弗蒂
, 2018), HRM
人力资源管理
scholarship runs the
奖学金运行
risk of becoming irrelevant, failing to address core
变得无关紧要、无法解决核心问题的风险
issues
问题
such
这样
as
decent
体面
work
工作
and
ethical
卡尔
HRM
人力资源管理
practices.
实践。
The
study
研究
of
OLPs and their
OLP 及其
HRM activities
人力资源管理局活动
can
bring f
带上f
ocus to
gaps
差距
in
HRM
人力资源管理
schol-
学术-
arship when workers are excluded, even
arship 时,甚至
though
虽然
clearly
清楚
creating
创建
value
价值
for
organizations
组织
. Their
他们
exclusion
排除
means
方法
organizations
组织
have
little
insight into their treatment and
深入了解他们的治疗和
whether
是否
ethical
伦理
norms
规范
rega
雷加
rding wellbeing,
健康
dignity,
尊严
and respect
和尊重
are upheld.
得到维护。
This
evidently
分明
needs
需要
to
change if
更改 if
HRM research is to remain
人力资源管理研究将继续存在
relevant for the study
与研究相关
of work.
的工作。

7 | CONCLUSION
7 总结

Our analysis of OLPs challenges the alignment in the HR architecture model between the value/uniqueness of human capital, employment modes, and HRM practices. While the ideas in this article align with criticism of the original HR architecture model that it overlooked actors and institutions external to the organization, we also raise new questions about how HRM activities for contractors are shaped by algorithmic management and new forms of control. The HR architec- ture model can be extended and enriched by incorporating perspec- tives that allow contractors to come to the fore, and for the HRM activities developed to manage them to be recognized and systemati- cally studied, rather than overlooked. Platforms are interesting for HRM theorizing precisely because the management of contractors involves the orchestration of resources within ecosystems that do not belong to any single organization. However, as we argue here, plat- forms do control workers using digital technologies and algorithms that involve customers and others in managing workers' performance.
我们对OLP分析挑战人力资源架构模型中人力资本的价值/独特性就业模式HRM实践之间的一致性虽然本文的想法对原始人力资源架构模型的批评一致,即它忽视了组织外部的行为者和机构我们也提出了关于人力资源管理活动如何承包商受到算法管理和形式的控制的影响人力资源架构模型可以通过纳入允许承包商脱颖而出透视扩展丰富人力资源管理活动则旨在管理它们以便得到认可系统研究,而不是被忽视。 平台对于人力资源管理理论化很有趣,正是因为 承包商的管理涉及不属于任何单个组织的生态系统内的资源的编排。然而,正如我们在这里所论述的,平台形式使用数字技术和AlGorithms 控制员工,让客户和其他人参与管理员工的表现

In this way, we contribute to current debates on how HRM theorizing can include contractors, while also contributing to debates about whether contractors are free from directive control, or simply subject to novel forms of control with consequences for HRM beyond plat- form ecosystems. Reconsidering the HR architecture by bringing con- tractors back in provides a long-awaited chance to extend HRM scholarship in a meaningful and inclusive way.
通过这种方式,我们为当前关于HRM 理论化如何包括合同 or 的辩论做出了贡献,同时也关于承包商是否不受指令控制,或者只是受到形式的控制及其后果辩论做出了贡献HRMbeyond平台-formecosystems.通过拖拉机重新参与协调人力资源架构提供了一个期待已久的机会,以有意义和包容性的方式扩展HRM 奖学金

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
确认

Open access funding provided by IReL
IReL 提供的开放获取资金
.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
数据可用性声明

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were gener- ated or analysed during the current study.
数据共享不适用于本文因为在当前研究期间没有生成或分析任何数据

ORCID

Anne Keegan
安妮·基冈

https://orcid
.org
组织
/0000-0002-3458-7984

Jeroen Meijerink

https://orcid
.org
组织
/0000-0002-0210-073X

ENDNOTES
尾注

1 http://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index/. Accessed 4 Febru- ary, 2022.
1 http://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index/.2022 年 2 月 4 日访问

2 https://www.ft.com/content/a5419fca-7f24-11e6-bc52-0c7211ef3198
https://wwwftcomcontent/a5419 fca-7f24-11e6-bc 52-0c7211EF3198

3 https://backlinko.com/upwork-users#upwork-employees
3 https://backlinko.com/upwork-users#upwork-员工

4 https://www.wonolo.com. Accessed 16 August 2021.
4 https://www.沃诺洛com 2021 年 8 月 16 日访问

5 https://www.toptal.com. Accessed 16 August 2021.
5 https://www.托帕尔com 2021 年 8 月 16 日访问

6 https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/sep/23/gig-economy- doordash-grubhub-food-delivery
6 https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/sep/23/gig-economy-doordash-grubhub-food-delivery

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AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
作者简介

Professor Anne Keegan is a Full Professor in Human Resource Management (HRM) at University College Dublin, College of Busi- ness, Ireland. She earned her PhD at Trinity College Dublin and held appointments at Rotterdam School of Management and Amsterdam Business School. Her main research interests are gig work, online labor platforms, project-based HRM, and paradox HRM studies. Her work has been published in leading journals such as Human Resource Management, Organization Studies, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of Applied Psychology, Human Resource Management Journal, International Journal of Human Resource Management, International Journal of Project Management, and several others.
AnneKeegan 教授爱尔兰都柏林大学商学院人力资源管理 (HRM)正教授都柏林圣三一学院获得博士学位,并在鹿特丹管理学院阿姆斯特丹商学院任职的主要研究兴趣工、在线劳动平台基于项目的 HRM 悖论HRM研究。她的工作已在HumanResourceManagementOrganizationStudiesJournalofManagementStudies、JournalofAppliedPsychology、Human Resource ManagementJournal、International 等主要期刊上发表Journal ofHumanResourceManagementInternationalJournalofProjectManagement 等。

Dr. Jeroen Meijerink, PhD is an Assistant Professor of Human Resource Management (HRM) at the University of Twente, The Netherlands. His research activities focus on HRM and value co- creation in platform-based organizations, such as online labor platforms, social media platforms, talent and crowdsourcing plat- forms, and shared service organizations. He has a special interest in the use of algorithms in human resource management. His research is multidisciplinary in nature, draws on the service- dominant logic and institutional theories, and has been published in peer-reviewed international outlets such as Human Resource Management, Journal of Business Research, Human Resource Man- agement Review, International Journal of Human Resource Manage- ment, Personnel Review, European Journal of International Management, and The Services Industries Journal
Jeroen Meijerink 博士是荷兰特温特大学人力资源管理 (HRM) 的助理教授。他的研究活动侧重于基于平台的组织(如在线劳动力平台、社交媒体平台、人才和众包平台以及共享服务组织)中的人力资源管理和价值共创。他对算法在人力资源管理中的应用特别感兴趣。他的研究本质上是多学科的,借鉴了服务主导的逻辑和制度理论,并在同行评审的国际媒体上发表过文章,如《人力资源管理杂志》《商业研究杂志》《人力资源管理评论》《国际人力资源管理杂志》、《人事评论》、《欧洲国际管理杂志》和《服务行业杂志》
.

How to cite this article: Keegan, A., & Meijerink, J. (2023).
如何引用本文Keegan, A., & Meijerink, J. (2023).

Dynamism and realignment in the HR architecture: Online
人力资源领域的活力和重新调整: 在线

labor platform ecosystems and the key role of contractors. Human Resource Management, 62(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/hrm.22120
劳动力平台生态系统和承包商的关键作用人力资源管理62(1),15-29。 https://doi 的。组织:org/10.1002/hrm.22120