PEARSON EDEXGEL INTERNATIONAL AS / A LEVEL
皮尔森爱德思格尔国际A/A级考试

PHYSICS STUDENT BOOK 1 物理学生用书 1

MILES HUDSON 米尔斯-胡森

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Copyright notice 版权声明

Endorsement statement 认可声明

Acknowledgements 致谢

Logos 徽标

Tables 表格

Text 文本

WORKING AS A PHYSICIST 物理学家

TOPIC 1 MECHANICS 专题 1 力学

TOPIC 3
WAVES AND PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT
主题 3 光的波粒性质

3D QUANTUM PHYSICS 3D 量子物理学

4A ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES 4a 电气量

ABOUT THIS BOOK 关于本书

1 A 1 VELOCITY AND ACGELERATION
1 a 1 速度和加速度

RATE OF MOVEMENT 运动速度
One of the simplest thans we can measure is how tas an abject is moving You can cakculate an arestain distance
我们可以测量的最简单的方法之一就是物体移动的速度。

the messurement is reseredet to os a a colalar quasunity The
将测量值重新设置为柱状准线。
scalar. aistarce is a scalar and depplacement is a vectoc.
aistarce 是一个标量，而 depplacement 是一个向量。

Specification reference The exact specification references covered in the section are provided.
规范参考 本节所涉及的确切规范参考均已提供。
Subject vocabulary 主题词汇
Key terms are highlighted in blue in the text. Clear definitions are provided at the end of each section for easy reference, and are also collated in a glossary at the back of the book.
关键术语在正文中以蓝色标出。每节末尾都提供了清晰的定义，以方便读者参考，同时还在书后的词汇表中进行了整理。

Exam hints 考试提示

Tips on how to answer examstyle questions and guidance for exam preparation. Worked examples also show you how to work through questions and set out calculations.
提示如何回答考试类型的问题，并提供备考指导。工作示例还向您展示了如何处理问题和进行计算。

Checkpoint 检查点

• Links to other areas of Physics include previous knowledge that is built on in the topic, and future learning that you will cover later in your course.
  与物理学其他领域的联系包括在本专题中建立起来的先前知识，以及您将在课程后期学习的未来知识。
• A checklist details maths knowledge required. If you need to practise these skills, you can use the Maths Skills reference at the back of the book as a starting point.
  核对表详细列出了所需的数学知识。如果您需要练习这些技能，可以将书后的数学技能参考作为起点。

TOPIC 1 MECHANICS 专题 1 力学

1A MOTION 1A 动议

MathS sKILL FOR THIS CHAPTER
本章数学任务
Unit of messuremem ieg are nemoan $n$$n$nn
信息管理系统的单位是 nemoan $n$$n$nn

1A THINKING BIGGER 1a 想得更远
THE BATTLE OF AGRA 阿格拉战役

Thinking Bigger 大处着眼

Skills 技能

Exam Practice 考试练习

1A EXAM PRACTICE 1a 考试练习

PRACTICAL SKILLS 实用技能

• Papers 1 and 2 will include questions based on practical activities, including novel scenarios.
  试卷 1 和 2 将包括基于实践活动的问题，包括新颖的情景。
• Paper 3 will test your ability to plan practical work, including risk management and selection of apparatus.
  试卷 3 将测试你计划实际工作的能力，包括风险管理和仪器选择。

UNIT 1 (TOPICS 1 AND 2) MECHANICS AND MATERIALS
第 1 单元（课题 1 和 2）力学与材料

• Strobe photography or the use of a video camera to analyse projectile motion
  频闪摄影或使用摄像机分析射弹运动
• Determine the centre of gravity of an irregular rod
  确定不规则杆的重心
• Investigate the conservation of momentum using light gates and air track
  利用光门和空气轨道研究动量守恒问题
• Hooke’s law and the Young modulus experiments for a variety of materials
  各种材料的胡克定律和杨氏模量实验

UNIT 2 (TOPICS 3 AND 4)
第 2 单元（专题 3 和 4）

• Estimating power output of an electric motor
  估算电动机的输出功率
• Using a digital voltmeter to investigate the output of a potential divider and investigating current/ voltage graphs for a filament bulb, thermistor and diode
  使用数字电压表调查电位分压器的输出，调查灯泡、热敏电阻和二极管的电流/电压图
• Determining the refractive index of solids and liquids, demonstrating progressive and stationary waves on a slinky
  测定固体和液体的折射率，演示滑条上的渐变波和静止波
  

  

Practical Skills 实用技能

ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW 评估概述

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND WEIGHTINGS
评估目标和权重

RELATIONSHIP OF ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES TO UNITS
评估目标与单元的关系

WORKING AS A PHYSICIST 物理学家

• read real-life scientific writing in a variety of contexts and aimed at different audiences
  阅读各种背景下针对不同受众的真实科学文章
• develop an understanding of how the professional scientific community functions
  了解专业科学界的运作方式
• learn to think critically about the nature of what you have read
  学会批判性地思考所读内容的性质
• understand the issues, problems and challenges that may be raised
  了解可能提出的问题、难题和挑战
• gain practice in communicating information and ideas in an appropriate scientific way
  练习以适当的科学方式交流信息和观点
• apply your knowledge and understanding to unfamiliar contexts.
  将所学知识和理解运用到陌生的环境中。

MATHS SKILLS FOR PHYSICISTS
物理学家的数学技能

• Recognise and make use of appropriate units in calculations (e.g. knowing the difference between base and derived units)
  在计算中认识并使用适当的单位（如知道基数单位和导数单位的区别）
• Estimate results (e.g. estimating the speed of waves on the sea)
  估算结果（如估算海浪的速度）
• Make order of magnitude calculations (e.g. estimating approximately what an answer should be before you start calculating, including using standard form)
  进行数量级计算（例如，在开始计算前估计出答案的大致值，包括使用标准格式）。
• Use algebra to rearrange and solve equations (e.g. finding the landing point of a projectile)
  使用代数重新排列和求解方程（如寻找弹丸的落点）
• Recognise the importance of the straight line graph as an analysis tool for the verification and development of physical laws by experimentation (e.g. choosing appropriate variables to plot to generate a straight line graph with experimental data)
  认识到直线图作为分析工具对通过实验验证和发展物理规律的重要性（例如， 选择适当的变量绘制实验数据以生成直线图）
• Determine the slope and intercept of a linear graph (e.g. finding acceleration from a velocity-time graph)
  确定线性图的斜率和截距（例如，从速度-时间图中找出加速度）
• Calculate the area under the line on a graph (e.g. finding the energy stored in a stretched wire)
  计算图表中直线下的面积（例如，计算拉伸电线中储存的能量）
• Use geometry and trigonometry (e.g. finding components of vectors)
  使用几何和三角法（如求矢量的分量）

What prior knowledge do I need?
我需要哪些先验知识？

• Understanding and knowledge of physical facts, terminology, concepts, principles and practical techniques
  了解和掌握物理事实、术语、概念、原理和实用技术
• Applying the concepts and principles of physics, including the applications of physics, to different contexts
  将物理学的概念和原理，包括物理学的应用，应用到不同的情境中
• Appreciating the practical nature of physics and developing experimental and investigative skills based on the use of correct and safe laboratory techniques
  在使用正确和安全的实验室技术的基础上，了解物理的实用性并发展实验和探究技能
• Communicating scientific methods, conclusions and arguments using technical and mathematical language
  使用技术和数学语言交流科学方法、结论和论据
• Consideration of the implications, including benefits and risks, of scientific and technological developments
  审议科技发展的影响，包括益处和风险
• Understanding how society uses scientific knowledge to make decisions about the implementation of technological developments
  了解社会如何利用科学知识做出实施技术发展的决策
  Understanding of how scientific ideas change over time, and the systems in place to validate these changes
  了解科学思想如何随着时间的推移而变化，以及验证这些变化的现有系统

What will I study later?
我以后要学什么？

• Knowledge and understanding of further physical facts and terminology, deeper concepts, principles and more complex practical techniques
  掌握和理解更多物理事实和术语、更深层次的概念、原理和更复杂的实用技术
• Practical skills and techniques for some key physics experiments
  一些关键物理实验的实用技能和技巧
• How to communicate information and ideas in appropriate ways using appropriate terminology
  如何使用适当的术语，以适当的方式交流信息和观点
• The implications of science and their associated benefits and risks
  科学的影响及其相关的益处和风险
• The role of the scientific community in validating new knowledge and ensuring integrity
  科学界在验证新知识和确保完整性方面的作用
• The ways in which society uses science to inform decision making
  社会利用科学为决策提供信息的方式

1 STANDARD UNITS IN PHYSICS
物理 1 个标准单位

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 学习目标

• Understand the distinction between base and derived quantities.
  理解基量和导出量之间的区别。
  ■ Understand the idea of a fixed system of units, and explain the SI system.
  理解固定单位制的概念，并解释国际单位制。

BASE AND DERIVED QUANTITIES
基量和导出量

SI UNITS SI 单位

• The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, as in fig $\mathbf{A}$$\mathbf{A}$A\mathbf{A}.
  千克是质量单位；它等于国际千克原型的质量，如图 $\mathbf{A}$$\mathbf{A}$A\mathbf{A} 所示。
• The second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.
  其次是与铯-133 原子基态两个超频级之间的转变相对应的辐射持续时间 9192631770 个周期。
• The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum
  米是光在真空中所走路径的长度
• during a time interval of $\frac{1}{299792458}$$\frac{1}{299792458}$(1)/(299792458)\frac{1}{299792458} of a second (see fig B).
  $\frac{1}{299792458}$$\frac{1}{299792458}$(1)/(299792458)\frac{1}{299792458} 秒的时间间隔内（见图 B）。
• The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to $2\times {10}^{-7}$$2\times {10}^{-7}$2xx10^(-7)2 \times 10^{-7} newton per metre of length.
  安培是这样一个恒定电流：如果在两根无限长、圆形截面可忽略不计、相距 1 米的平行直导体中保持恒定电流，并将其放置在真空中，则在这两根导体之间产生的力等于 $2\times {10}^{-7}$$2\times {10}^{-7}$2xx10^(-7)2 \times 10^{-7} 每米长度上的牛顿。
• The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction $\frac{1}{273.16}$$\frac{1}{273.16}$(1)/(273.16)\frac{1}{273.16} of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
  开尔文是热力学温度单位，是水的三相点热力学温度的 $\frac{1}{273.16}$$\frac{1}{273.16}$(1)/(273.16)\frac{1}{273.16} 分数。
• The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. (When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles.)
  摩尔是一个系统的物质的量，它包含的基本实体的数量与 0.012 千克碳-12 中原子的数量相等。(在使用摩尔时，必须指明基本实体，可以是原子、分子、离子、电子、其他微粒或这些微粒的特定组）。

EXAM HINT 考试提示

LEARNING TIP 学习提示

DERIVED UNITS 衍生单位

POWER PREFIXES 电源前缀

SKILLS PROBLEM SOLVING 解决问题的技能

1. Refer to table B and answer the following questions:
   请参考表 B 并回答下列问题：
   (a) Pick any quantity that you have studied before and explain how its base unit equivalent is shown.
   (a) 任选一个你以前学过的量，并解释其基本单位等量如何表示。
   (b) All of the derived quantity units are named after scientists. Compare their names and abbreviations. What do you notice?
   (b) 所有衍生量单位都以科学家的名字命名。比较它们的名称和缩写。您发现了什么？
2. Write the following in standard form:
   用标准格式写出下面的内容：
   (a) 9.2 GW (a) 9.2 千兆瓦
   © 6400 km © 6400 公里
   (b) 43 mm (b) 43 毫米
   (d) 44 ns. (d) 44 ns。
3. Write the following using an appropriate prefix and unit symbol:
   用适当的前缀和单位符号写出下面的内容：
   (a) 3600000 joules (a) 3600000 焦耳
   © 10 millionths of an ampere
   10 百万分之一安培
   (b) 31536000 seconds (b) 31536000 秒
   (d) 105000 hertz. (d) 105000 赫兹。

2 ESTIMATION 2 估算

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 学习目标

Estimate values for physical quantities. Use your estimates to solve problems.
估算物理量的数值。利用估算值解决问题。

ORDER OF MAGNITUDE 数量级

fig A We are three orders of magnitude taller than an ant.
图 A 我们比蚂蚁高三个数量级。
In many situations, physicists are not interested in specific answers, as circumstances can vary slightly and then the specific answer is incorrect. An order of magnitude answer will always be correct, unless you change the initial conditions by more than an order of magnitude. So a physicist could easily answer the question ‘What is the fastest speed of a car?’ because we don’t really want to know the exact true value. To give an exact answer would depend on knowing the model of car, and the weather and road conditions, and this answer would only be correct for that car on that day. By estimating important quantities, like a typical mass for cars, we can get an approximate - order of magnitude - answer. The reason for doing so would be that it allows us to develop ideas as possible or impossible. Also it helps us focus on developing the ideas along lines that will eventually be feasible when we get to developing a specific solution. This reduces time and money wasted by following ideas that are impossible. It also helps us quickly notice any miscalculations in an answer to a question. If we used an equation to calculate the answer to the fastest speed of a particular car in particular conditions, and the answer came out as 300000000 metres per second (the speed of light), we would immediately know that the answer is wrong, and re-check the calculation.
在很多情况下，物理学家对具体的答案并不感兴趣，因为情况可能稍有不同，那么具体的答案就是不正确的。数量级答案总是正确的，除非初始条件的变化超过一个数量级。因此，物理学家可以很容易地回答 "汽车的最快速度是多少 "这个问题，因为我们并不想知道确切的真实值。要给出准确的答案，就必须知道汽车的型号、天气和路况，而且这个答案只对当天的那辆车正确。通过估计重要的量，比如汽车的典型质量，我们可以得到一个近似的数量级的答案。这样做的原因是，它可以让我们提出可能或不可能的想法。同时，这也有助于我们在开发具体解决方案时，专注于按照最终可行的思路来开发想法。这就减少了因遵循不可能的想法而浪费的时间和金钱。它还能帮助我们迅速发现问题答案中的计算错误。如果我们用一个等式来计算某辆汽车在特定条件下的最快速度，而得出的答案是每秒 300000000 米（光速），我们就会立即知道答案是错误的，并重新检查计算结果。

$\mathrm{\Delta }$$\mathrm{\Delta }$Delta\Delta fig C The Fermi Paradox: even the most conservative estimates of the requirements of exploring the galaxy mean that aliens should reach Earth within ten million years of their life beginning. If they existed, they would be here.
$\mathrm{\Delta }$$\mathrm{\Delta }$Delta\Delta fig C 费米悖论：即使是对探索银河系的要求最保守的估计，也意味着外星人应该在其生命开始后的一千万年内到达地球。如果他们存在，他们就会在这里。
You need to work out what steps are needed to make an estimation. First, think about what steps you would take to reach an answer, if you could have any information you wanted. Then, when the necessary data is not all available, make an estimate for the missing numbers. Making sensible assumptions is the key to solving Fermi questions.
您需要制定出估算所需的步骤。首先，想一想如果你能得到任何想要的信息，你会采取哪些步骤来得出答案。然后，在所需数据不全的情况下，对缺失的数据进行估算。做出合理的假设是解决费米问题的关键。

WORKED EXAMPLE 工作范例

CHECKPOINT 检查点

SKILLS ADAPTIVE LEARNING 技能适应性学习

1. Give an order of magnitude estimate for the following quantities:
   估算下列数量的数量级：
   (a) the height of a giraffe
   (a) 长颈鹿的身高
   (b) the mass of an apple
   (b) 苹果的质量
   © the reaction time of a human
   人的反应时间
   (d) the diameter of a planet
   (d) 行星的直径
   (e) the temperature in this room.
   (e) 该房间的温度。
2. Answer the following Fermi questions, showing all the steps and the assumptions and estimates you make.
   请回答下列费米问题，并说明所有步骤以及你所做的假设和估计。
   (a) How many tennis balls would fit into a soccer stadium?
   (a) 一个足球场能容纳多少个网球？
   (b) How many atoms are there in your body?
   (b) 你体内有多少原子？
   © How many drops of water are there in a swimming pool?
   © 游泳池里有多少滴水？
   (d) In your lifetime, how much money will you make in total?
   (d) 在你的一生中，你总共能赚多少钱？
   (e) How many Fermi questions could Enrico Fermi have answered whilst flying from Rome to New York?
   (e) 在从罗马飞往纽约的途中，恩里科-费米可以回答多少个费米问题？

TOPIC 1 MECHANICS 专题 1 力学

1A MOTION 1A 动议

MATHS SKILLS FOR THIS CHAPTER
本章的数学技能

• Units of measurement (e.g. the newton, $N$$N$NN )
  测量单位（如牛顿、 $N$$N$NN )
• Using Pythagoras’ theorem, and the angle sum of a triangle (e.g. finding a resultant vector)
  使用勾股定理和三角形的角和（如求结果向量）
• Using sin, cos and tan in physical problems (e.g. resolving vectors)
  在物理问题中使用 sin、cos 和 tan（如解决矢量问题）
• Using angles in regular 2D structures (e.g. interpreting force diagrams to solve problems)
  在规则的二维结构中使用角（例如，解释力图来解决问题）
• Changing the subject of an equation (e.g. re-arranging the kinematics equations)
  改变方程式的主题（例如重新排列运动学方程式）
• Substituting numerical values into algebraic equations (e.g. calculating the acceleration)
  将数值代入代数方程（如计算加速度）
• Plotting two variables from experimental or other data, understanding that $y=mx+c$$y=mx+c$y=mx+cy=m x+c represents a linear relationship and determining the slope of a linear graph (e.g. verifying Newton’s second law experimentally)
  根据实验数据或其他数据绘制两个变量的图形，理解 $y=mx+c$$y=mx+c$y=mx+cy=m x+c 代表线性关系，并确定线性图形的斜率（例如，通过实验验证牛顿第二定律）。
• Estimating, by graphical methods as appropriate, the area between a curve and the $x$$x$xx-axis and realising the physical significance of the area that has been determined (e.g. using a speed-time graph)
  通过适当的图形方法估算曲线与 $x$$x$xx 轴之间的面积，并认识到所确定的面积的物理意义（例如使用速度-时间图形）

1A 1 VELOCITY AND AGGELERATION
1a 1 速度和加速度

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 学习目标

• Calculate values using equations for velocity and acceleration.
  使用速度和加速度方程计算数值。

$\mathrm{\Delta }$$\mathrm{\Delta }$Delta\Delta fig $\mathbf{A}$$\mathbf{A}$A\mathbf{A} These runners are accelerating to a high speed.
$\mathrm{\Delta }$$\mathrm{\Delta }$Delta\Delta $\mathbf{A}$$\mathbf{A}$A\mathbf{A} 这些选手正在高速加速。

LEARNING TIP 学习提示

DID YOU KNOW? 您知道吗？

LEARNING TIP 学习提示

RATE OF MOVEMENT 运动速度

AVERAGE AND INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
平均速度和瞬时速度

ACCELERATION 加速度