IC700IM
IC700IM 系列

Sustainability to protect the environment
可持续发展，保护环境

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© Chisholm Institute 启思蒙学院 2023

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所有有关使用和可用性的请求和查询均应直接发送至

Teaching and Learning
教与学

Chisholm Institute
奇泽姆研究所

PO Box 684, Dandenong VIC 3175
POBox684，丹德农VIC3175

Telephone: +61 3 9212 5000
电话：+61 3 9212 5000

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本作品受版权保护。除非《版权法》允许，否则未经书面许可，不得通过任何程序复制、传输、存储、传播或录制任何部分。

Any enquiries regarding copyright or permissions for reproduction must be made to Chisholm Institute.
任何有关版权或复制许可的查询必须向ChisholmInstitute 提出。

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本文档可能包含来自 iStock、Shutterstock 或其他指定来源的图片。

Cover image: kotkoa on Freepik.com
封面图片：kotkoa on Freepik.com

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启思蒙学院教学楼Box 684 Dandenong VIC 3175，

电话：: +61 3 9212 5000.
电话：： +61 3 9212 5000.

这份指南受版权保护。除非版权法允许，否则未经书面许可，不得以任何方式复制、传输、存储、传播或记录任何部分。

任何关于版权或复制许可的咨询必须由启思蒙学院答复。

本文档可能包含来自iStock, Shutterstock或其他指定来源的图像。
本文档可能包含来自iStock， Shutterstock或其他指定来源的图像。

Contents
内容

GETTING STARTED 1
开始使用1

ABOUT THIS RESOURCE 1
关于此资源1

LEARNING TOPICS AND ACTIVITIES 2
学习主题和活动2

WORKING IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE WAY 2
以环境可持续的方式工作2

Introduction 2
引言2

IDENTIFYING RESOURCES USED AT WORK 3
确定工作中使用的资源3

Looking at an example 3
查看示例3

Manufacturing a chest of drawers 3
制作抽屉柜3

Measuring usage levels 5
测量使用级别5

Resource usage measurements for a chest of drawers 5
抽屉柜的资源使用测量5

Other resources used 6
使用的其他资源6

IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AT WORK 7
识别工作中的环境问题7

Hazardous substances 7
有害物质7

Safety data sheets 7
安全数据表7

Dealing with spills 9
处理溢出物9

General guidelines on handling and storage 9
处理和储存的一般准则9

STORMWATER 10
雨水10

Trade wastewater 11
贸易废水11

Air quality 11
空气质量11

Volatile organic compounds 11
挥发性有机化合物11

Dust 12
尘埃12

Burning 12
燃烧12

FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS 13
遵守环境法规13

How do laws and regulations relate to policies and procedures? 13
法律和法规与政策和程序有何关系？13

Due diligence 13
尽职调查13

Who polices environmental laws? 14
谁负责监管环境法？14

IMPROVING RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 15
提高资源效率15

Power 15
幂15

Lighting 15
照明15

Equipment 15
设备15

A sustainable program 15
可持续发展的计划15

Waste 16
废弃物16

Reduce 16
减少16

Reuse 16
重复使用16

Recycle 17
回收17

Disposal 18
处置18

WHAT CAN I DO? 19
我该怎么办？19

Power prices 19
电价19

Renewable energy 19
可再生能源19

Install solar power 19
安装太阳能19

Switch to green power 19
切换到 green power19

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 20
其他资源20

What is sustainability? 20
什么是可持续性？20

What is environment risk? 20
什么是环境风险？20

Types of Environmental risk 20
环境风险的类型20

Key definitions 1 21
关键定义 121

Key definitions 2 21
关键定义 221

How to manage environmental risk? 22
如何管理环境风险？22

Key elements of an EMS 22
EMS 22 的关键要素

Environmental risk assessment 22
环境风险评估22

Aspects or cause 22
方面或原因22

Environmental hazards 23
环境危害23

Environmental risks understand the type of impact 23
环境风险 了解影响的类型23

Prioritising Identify common risks. 23
确定优先级 识别常见风险。23

Common 23
普通23

Prioritise by greatest risk. 23
根据最大风险确定优先级。23

Complexities 23
复杂度23

Assessment process 23
评估过程23

Chemicals: Identification and assessment 24
化学品：鉴定和评估24

Glossary 27
词汇表27

LIST OF FIGURES 29
图29 列表

REFERENCES 30
参考资料30

GETTING STARTED
开始使用

Welcome to the learning resource for IC700IM Sustainability to protect the environment
欢迎使用 IC700IM 可持续发展保护环境的学习资源.

Permits may be required for some work environments, such as confined spaces, heights, near live electrical apparatus and site rehabilitation.
某些工作环境可能需要许可证，例如密闭空间、高处、靠近带电的电气设备和现场修复。

No licensing, legislative or certification requirements apply to this unit at the time of publication.
在发布时，本单元不适用任何许可、立法或认证要求。

ABOUT THIS RESOURCE
关于此资源

This learning resource will assist you to develop the skills necessary to demonstrate the competencies required for this unit. It is to be used with the other associated training and assessment materials.
此学习资源将帮助您培养必要的技能，以展示本单元所需的能力。它应与其他相关的培训和评估材料一起使用。

This learning resource includes topics and activities used throughout your training in this unit.
此学习资源包括本单元整个培训过程中使用的主题和活动。

The learning activities have instructions explaining how to complete them in a classroom or individually at your own pace.
学习活动包含说明，说明如何在课堂上或按照您自己的进度单独完成这些活动。

These learning activities are not part of your formal assessment. All required assessments are located in the Assessment Guide for this unit.
这些学习活动不是您正式评估的一部分。所有必需的评估都位于本单元的评估指南中。

You may need access to the internet and a computer to read or watch digital resources embedded within some topics.
您可能需要访问互联网和计算机才能阅读或观看某些主题中嵌入的数字资源。

Please talk to your trainer and/or assessor if you need assistance.
如果您需要帮助，请咨询您的培训师和/或评估员。

This resource is only intended as a guide for learning.
此资源仅用作学习指南。

LEARNING TOPICS AND ACTIVITIES
学习主题和活动

WORKING IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE WAY
以环境可持续的方式工作

The following notes are from Chisholm teacher/student guide: ‘Participate in environmentally sustainable work practices’ (dated 31 August 2014).
以下说明来自 Chisholm 教师/学生指南：参与环境可持续的工作实践（日期为 2014 年 8 月 31 日）。

Introduction
介绍

Basically, it's all about employing work practices that use up less natural resources and produce the minimum amount of waste and pollution, so that our activities don't hurt the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and enjoy a good quality of life.
基本上，这一切都是为了采用消耗较少自然资源并产生最少废物和污染的工作实践，这样我们的活动就不会损害子孙后代满足自身需求和享受良好生活质量的能力。

There are four (4) sections in this learning guide:
本学习指南包含四 （4） 个部分：

Identifying resources used at work
确定工作中使用的资源

Identifying environmental issues at work
识别工作中的环境问题

Following environmental regulations
遵守环境法规

Improving resource efficiency
提高资源效率

Note: You will find a glossary at the back of the guide that will help you with any terms you don't fully understand.
注意：您会在指南后面找到一个词汇表，它将帮助您解决您不完全理解的任何术语。

IDENTIFYING RESOURCES USED AT WORK
确定工作中使用的资源

This is because the process of making a product not only consumes the natural resources or manufactured materials that go into the product, it also requires energy to power the process itself.
这是因为制造产品的过程不仅消耗用于产品的自然资源或制造材料，还需要能源来为过程本身提供动力。

Looking at an example
查看示例

Say you worked in a factory producing whitewood furniture. For every chest of drawers you make there will be various materials and pre-manufactured products needed. All of these will ultimately have come from natural resources. But in addition to the components that you can see and touch, there are countless other resources used to provide the system of operation that allows you to carry out your job. Let's look at this example in more detail.
假设您在一家生产白木家具的工厂工作。您制作的每个抽屉柜都需要各种材料和预制产品。所有这些最终都将来自自然资源。但是，除了您可以看到和触摸的组件之外，还有无数其他资源用于提供允许您执行工作的操作系统。让我们更详细地看一下这个例子。

Manufacturing a chest of drawers
制造抽屉柜

 Whitewood timber for the drawers and outer cabinet
抽屉和外柜采用白木

 Medium density fibreboard (MDF) used in the drawer bases and the unit's backing
中密度纤维板 （MDF） 用于抽屉底座和单元的背衬

 Steel and plastic drawer runners
钢制和塑料抽屉滑轨

 Steel staples for fixing the unit together
用于将装置固定在一起的钢钉

 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) glue in the joints
接头中的聚氯乙烯 （PVC） 胶水

Polyurethane finish on the completed chest of drawers
成品抽屉柜采用聚氨酯饰面

Other 'consumable' materials and products used in the manufacturing process:
制造过程中使用的其他“消耗性”材料和产品：

Drill bits, router bits and saw blades used to machine the timber
用于加工木材的钻头、路由器钻头和锯片

Sandpaper to sand down the timber
用砂纸打磨木材

 Process energy (energy used directly in the manufacturing process):
过程能源（在制造过程中直接使用的能源）：

Electricity to power the drills, routers, saws and other machining equipment
为钻头、路由器、锯子和其他加工设备供电的电力

Compressed air to power the staple gun and spray gun
压缩空气为钉枪和喷枪提供动力

Non-process energy (energy used in support activities):
非过程能源（用于支持活动的能源）：

Electricity to power factory lighting, computers, appliances and other facilities
为工厂照明、计算机、电器和其他设施供电

Fuel to power delivery trucks
燃料到动力运输卡车

Gas to power forklift trucks
燃气动力叉车

We are already getting a very big list of materials and energy sources, and we haven't even started on the resources used by administrative and sales staff. And it doesn't stop there - once the chest of drawers is delivered to the retail store that will re-sell it, there is a myriad of resources required to get the item from the store to the purchaser's home.
我们已经得到了一个非常大的材料和能源清单，我们甚至还没有开始处理行政和销售人员使用的资源。而且它并不止于此 - 一旦五斗柜被送到将转售它的零售店，就需要无数的资源才能将物品从商店送到购买者家中。

But for the purposes of our example, let's stay with the immediate materials and energy sources needed to make the product and trace each of them back to the basic resources that came from the natural environment.
但就我们的例子而言，让我们继续讨论制造产品所需的直接材料和能源，并将它们每一种追溯到来自自然环境的基本资源。

Table 1: Natural resources used to manufacture a chest of drawers
表 1：用于制造抽屉柜的自然资源

Measuring usage levels
测量使用级别

But before you can look for ways of improving your efficiency, you need to have some idea of your current resource usage, so that you've got a benchmark to compare any improvements against. This allows you to see how much you are saving, and which strategies work best and are most economical.
但是，在寻找提高效率的方法之前，您需要对当前的资源使用情况有所了解，以便有一个基准来比较任何改进。这使您可以查看您节省了多少，以及哪些策略最有效且最经济。

However, there are still ways of measuring the usage of various resources, so that you can make comparisons in the quantity being consumed over time. Let's see how we could quantify the materials and energy supplies that go into making a chest of drawers. Below is a set of tables showing the resources we have already identified for this item, together with their units of measurement and typical quantities used.
但是，仍然有一些方法可以测量各种资源的使用情况，以便您可以比较一段时间内消耗的数量。让我们看看如何量化制作抽屉柜所需的材料和能源供应。下面是一组表格，显示了我们已经为该项目确定的资源，以及它们的计量单位和使用的典型数量。

Resource usage measurements for a chest of drawers
抽屉柜的资源使用测量

Table 2: Resource usage measurements for a chest of drawer
表 2：抽屉柜的资源使用度量

* fraction represents the number of units (chests of drawers) that can be manufactured before this item needs to be replaced.
* 分数表示在需要更换此商品之前可以生产的商品数量（五斗柜）。

Other resources used
使用的其他资源

Here are some examples:
以下是一些示例：

 Electricity used to power air compressors can be conserved by fixing leaks in air hoses and couplings
通过修复空气软管和接头中的泄漏，可以节省用于为空气压缩机提供动力的电力

Gas used in forklift trucks can be conserved by being more efficient with forklift movement
通过提高叉车移动效率，可以节省叉车中使用的汽油

We will look at practical ways of reducing energy consumption in more detail in Section 4: Improving resource efficiency.
我们将在第 4 节：提高资源效率中更详细地研究减少能源消耗的实用方法。

IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AT WORK
识别工作中的环境问题

Over the last few years, environmental laws and regulations have become much stricter than they were a generation ago. This is a reflection of the growing understanding in the community that if we're not really careful, the way we live and go about our business can have an incredibly damaging effect on the natural world around us.
在过去的几年里，环境法律法规比上一代人要严格得多。这反映了社区中日益增长的理解，即如果我们不真正小心，我们的生活和开展业务的方式可能会对我们周围的自然世界产生难以置信的破坏性影响。

We'll talk more about the actual laws and regulations in the next section, but first we need to look at why these laws are necessary. That is, what are the problems that need to be controlled? Below are the main issues that face businesses involved in the manufacturing industry.
我们将在下一节中更多地讨论实际的法律和法规，但首先我们需要了解为什么这些法律是必要的。也就是说，需要控制的问题有哪些？以下是制造业企业面临的主要问题。

Hazardous substances
有害物质

But they also include thousands of other liquids, gases and materials used by manufacturers during the course of making products, operating machines or undertaking other workplace activities.
但它们也包括制造商在制造产品、操作机器或进行其他工作场所活动过程中使用的数千种其他液体、气体和材料。

Some hazardous substances, such as gas and diesel fuel, are classified as dangerous goods. The storage, transportation and use of these products are controlled by law, because of their potential to cause fires or explosions.
一些有害物质（例如汽油和柴油）被归类为危险品。这些产品的储存、运输和使用受法律控制，因为它们可能会引起火灾或爆炸。

Every hazardous substance is required to have a safety data sheet (SDS), which is published by the manufacturer of the substance. The SDS is designed to give you important information on how to use the product safely, how to store it and transport it, and what to do in the event of a spillage.
每种有害物质都需要有安全数据表 （SDS），该数据表由该物质的制造商发布。SDS 旨在为您提供有关如何安全使用产品、如何储存和运输产品以及在发生溢出时该怎么做的重要信息。

Below is an example of a typical SDS summary that might be used by employees as a ready-reckoner. The full SDS issued by the manufacturer  would be kept in the administration office or maintenance workshop. The summary would be developed by the workplace's safety officer or supervisor, using the original document as a basis, but only containing the essential information needed by employees. It would typically be printed out on a single page and pinned up near where the product is used or stored.
下面是一个典型的 SDS 摘要示例，员工可能会将其用作现成的计算器。 制造商签发的完整 SDS 将保存在管理办公室或维修车间。摘要将由工作场所的安全官或主管制定，以原始文件为基础，但仅包含员工所需的基本信息。它通常会打印在单页上，并固定在产品使用或储存位置附近。

Table 3: MSDS summary - rapid coat
表 3：MSDS 摘要 - 快速涂层

Dealing with spills
处理溢出物

If you have a serious spill at your workplace, or if you're worried about safety, call the fire brigade on 000. Note that if a spill occurs that might harm the environment, you must tell the EPA or local council as soon as you become aware of it.
如果您的工作场所发生严重泄漏，或者您担心安全，请拨打 000 联系消防队。请注意，如果发生可能危害环境的泄漏，您必须在发现后立即告诉 EPA 或地方议会。

General guidelines on handling and storage
处理和储存的一般准则

Here's some general guidelines to follow when you're handling or storing hazardous substances.
以下是处理或储存有害物质时要遵循的一些一般准则。

Never use plain drink bottles or other unmarked containers to store chemicals. Clearly label all containers with the name of the product it contains if it is no longer in its original packaging.
切勿使用普通饮料瓶或其他无标记的容器来储存化学品。如果商品不再使用原包装，请在所有容器上清楚地标明其所含商品的名称。

Keep 'incompatible' chemicals well away from each other, that is, chemicals that are likely to react with each other.
使“不相容”的化学品彼此远离，即可能相互反应的化学品。

Dispose of hazardous waste properly, using a licensed contractor to take it to a licensed depot.
妥善处理危险废物，由有执照的承包商将其运送到有执照的仓库。

Make sure that all vehicle activity is carried out well clear of the chemical storage area, so that the containers don't get bumped or knocked over.
确保所有车辆活动都在远离化学品储存区域的地方进行，以免容器被碰撞或撞倒。

STORMWATER
雨水

Unlike sewerage, stormwater isn't treated to remove any pollutants that are in it. So if it's contaminated with litter, wastes, grease, oil or other chemicals, these will find their way into the natural environment and could have a serious effect on the fish, plants and other life forms that live in that ecosystem.
与污水处理不同，雨水未经处理以去除其中的任何污染物。因此，如果它被垃圾、废物、油脂、油或其他化学物质污染，它们会进入自然环境，并可能对生活在该生态系统中的鱼类、植物和其他生命形式产生严重影响。

There are many simple things you can do on a day-to-day basis to stop rainwater from becoming polluted as it runs off into the stormwater drains, such as:
您每天可以做许多简单的事情来防止雨水在流入雨水渠时受到污染，例如：

making sure that contaminates aren't allowed to accumulate in areas
确保污染物不允许积聚在区域内

where they could be washed away by rain, especially near drains
它们可能会被雨水冲走的地方，尤其是在下水道附近

keeping driveways and yard areas free of litter
保持车道和院子区域没有垃圾

providing containers for cigarette butts
提供烟头容器

keeping drains clear, so that debris isn't allowed to build up over time and stop the free flow of water when it rains.
保持排水管畅通，这样就不会让碎屑随着时间的推移而堆积，并在下雨时阻止水的自由流动。

Trade wastewater
贸易废水

Before you let wastewater go into the sewerage system, you need to remove the contaminants, and your company needs to get a wastewater permit from the local water authority. This permit will specify the treatment process required and any other standards that may apply.
在让废水进入污水处理系统之前，您需要去除污染物，并且您的公司需要从当地水务局获得废水许可证。该许可证将指定所需的处理过程和可能适用的任何其他标准。

But not all businesses need to put their wastewater into the sewerage system.
但并非所有企业都需要将废水排入污水处理系统。

recycle the wastewater on-site, and treat it so it can be used in other production processes, for watering the garden
现场回收废水，并对其进行处理，以便将其用于其他生产过程，用于浇灌花园

 collect the wastewater in drums, and have it taken to a waste disposal station.
将废水收集在桶中，并将其带到废物处理站。

Remember that if you're sending wastewater to a waste facility, the transportation must always be done by a licensed contractor.
请记住，如果您要将废水输送到废物处理设施，运输必须始终由有执照的承包商完成。

Air quality
空气质量

Volatile organic compounds
挥发性有机化合物

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemical compounds that can evaporate into the air and cause serious environmental problems and chronic health conditions. They include ormaldehyde, paints, protective coatings and other solvents. The best way to limit the amount of evaporation when you're not using these substances is to keep the containers well sealed.
挥发性有机化合物 （VOC） 是可以蒸发到空气中并导致严重环境问题和慢性健康状况的化合物。它们包括醛、油漆、保护涂层和其他溶剂。当您不使用这些物质时，限制蒸发量的最佳方法是保持容器密封良好。

Dust
灰尘

There are two main ways of managing dust that is generated in the workplace:
管理工作场所产生的灰尘主要有两种方法：

good housekeeping
良好的内务管理

collecting the dust as close to its production source as possible
尽可能靠近生产源收集灰尘

You can also control dust build-up by sweeping or vacuuming the area.
您还可以通过清扫或吸尘来控制灰尘的堆积。

Burning
灼烧痛

Burning off waste products or rubbish can cause serious air pollution, especially when the waste contains plastics or other chemical compounds. Even ordinary paper and other wood-based products can be responsible for problem emissions and smoke haze.
焚烧废物或垃圾会导致严重的空气污染，尤其是当废物中含有塑料或其他化合物时。即使是普通的纸张和其他木质产品也可能是造成问题排放和烟雾的原因。

FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
遵守环境法规

For example, the law states that if pollution occurs when you are doing something and it threatens or harms the environment, you must tell the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the local council as soon as you can.
例如，法律规定，如果您在做某事时发生污染并且它威胁或损害环境，您必须尽快告诉环境保护署 （EPA） 或地方议会。

How do laws and regulations relate to policies and procedures?
法律和法规与政策和程序有何关系？

Both laws and regulations are imposed by the government. Laws are acts of parliament, and regulations are the additional details on how the acts will apply in particular instances.
法律和法规均由政府实施。法律是 议会的行为，法规是关于这些法案如何在特定情况下适用的额外细节。

Policies and procedures, on the other hand, are put in place by the company you work for and apply specifically to your own organisation. Policies are general statements about the organisation's approach to particular issues, while procedures set out the methods that employees must use to carry out an activity.
另一方面，政策和程序由您工作的公司制定，并专门适用于您自己的组织。政策是关于组织处理特定问题的方法的一般性陈述，而程序则规定了员工执行活动必须使用的方法。

Due diligence
尽职调查

All businesses have a legal obligation to look after the environment when they carry out their work. Under the law this is called showing 'due diligence'.
所有企业在开展工作时都有保护环境的法律义务。根据法律，这被称为显示“尽职调查”。

Due diligence in environmental care means that the company needs to:
环境保护方面的尽职调查意味着公司需要：

 take all reasonable steps to prevent pollution
采取一切合理措施防止污染

 promote action to prevent environmental damage or minimise its impact
促进防止环境破坏或尽量减少其影响的行动

 show that all that could have reasonably been done has been done to prevent an incident from occurring
表明已采取所有本可以合理地采取的措施来防止事件发生

 ensure that all control measures, such as blowers and chemical holding areas, are in place and are regularly checked and maintained
确保所有控制措施（例如鼓风机和化学品存放区域）都已到位，并定期检查和维护

But employees also have legal obligations to protect the environment, and to notify the authorities if something happens that might cause environmental damage.
但员工也有保护环境的法律义务，并在发生可能导致环境破坏的事情时通知当局。

Who polices environmental laws?
哪些环境法是监管的？

In each state the EPA, or its equivalent body, oversees the laws concerning environmental care. One of their main functions is to regulate the activities of large industries, and issue clean-up notices or prevention notices if companies do the wrong thing. If the offence is serious enough, they will prosecute the company.
在每个州，EPA 或其同等机构负责监督有关环境保护的法律。他们的主要职能之一是规范大型工业的活动，如果公司做错了事，就会发出清理通知或预防通知。如果罪行足够严重，他们将起诉该公司。

Local councils also play a role in environmental protection, and regulate smaller businesses and industries through planning controls, notices and prosecutions.
地方议会还在环境保护方面发挥作用，并通过规划控制、通知和起诉来监管小型企业和行业。

IMPROVING RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
提高资源效率

There are many things you can do at work that will have an immediate effect on how efficiently you utilise the resources made available to you each day. All of the actions described below are commonsense, and you may be doing a lot of them already, but it helps to remember that each one makes its own contribution to a more environmentally sustainable workplace, and in the end, a healthier natural world.
您可以在工作中做很多事情，这些事情将对您每天利用可用的资源的效率产生立竿见影的影响。下面描述的所有行动都是常识性的，您可能已经做了很多，但请记住，每一项行动都为更环保的工作场所做出了自己的贡献，并最终为更健康的自然世界做出了贡献。

At an economic level, most of these ideas will also save your company money. You'll be using less materials, consuming less power and disposing of less waste. So you can be pretty confident that if you're not already making use of these ideas, your boss will support any new measures that have the effect of improving the company's efficiency and profitability.
在经济层面上，这些想法中的大多数也将为您的公司节省资金。您将使用更少的材料、消耗更少的电力和处理更少的废物。因此，您可以非常自信地认为，如果您还没有利用这些想法，您的老板将支持任何具有提高公司效率和盈利能力效果的新措施。

Power
权力

This applies to both large scale power stations and on-site diesel or petrol generators.
这既适用于大型发电站，也适用于现场柴油或汽油发电机。

Lighting
照明

The simplest ways to reduce artificial lighting costs are to:
降低人工照明成本的最简单方法是：

 use natural light as much as possible
尽可能使用自然光

 turn off the lights that aren't needed
关掉不需要的灯

Equipment
设备

With equipment, you'll save power by:
使用设备，您可以通过以下方式节省电力：

 cleaning and maintaining equipment regularly
定期清洁和维护设备

 replacing inefficient parts or machines
更换效率低下的零件或机器

 checking air hoses and compressors for leaks
检查空气软管和压缩机是否泄漏

A sustainable program
可持续发展的项目

The three (3) ways to cut down waste, making a big difference to the amount that ends up in landfill are known as the three Rs – reduce, reuse and recycle. By thinking about what you really need and refusing what you don’t, giving items more than one life and disposing of rubbish thoughtfully, you can reduce waste and show others that you value our resources and the environment. In addition to these three Rs, how a company disposes of waste is also important.
减少废物的三 （3） 种方法，对最终进入垃圾填埋场的数量产生重大影响，被称为三个 R——减少、再利用和回收。通过考虑您真正需要的，拒绝您不需要的，赋予物品不止一次的生命并深思熟虑地处理垃圾，您可以减少浪费并向他人表明您重视我们的资源和环境。除了这三个 R 之外，公司如何处理废物也很重要。

Waste
浪费

If you can't do that, you then have to consider whether the discarded items could be broken down to their raw materials again and made into new products.
如果你做不到，你就必须考虑是否可以将废弃的物品再次分解成原材料并制成新产品。

This hierarchy of options is the 3 Rs
这个选项层次结构是 3 个 R.

Notice that disposal doesn't even rate a mention in the three Rs, because it is the last resort, and should only be used if you've already exhausted the other possibilities.
请注意，处置甚至不会在三个 R 中提及，因为它是最后的手段，只有在您已经用尽了其他可能性的情况下才应该使用。

Here are some practical examples.
以下是一些实际示例。

Reduce
减少

Reduce is what most tips about the environment are about. Reduce the energy you use, reduce the waste you produce, reduce the water you use, reduce the use of your car and so on. Many of the problems created by waste can be addressed by reducing the amount of waste we produce in the first place. Reducing waste includes rethinking what you buy and refusing things you don’t need.
减少是大多数关于环境的提示。减少您使用的能源，减少您产生的废物，减少您使用的水，减少您的汽车使用等等。废物产生的许多问题可以通过首先减少我们产生的废物量来解决。减少浪费包括重新考虑你买的东西和拒绝你不需要的东西。

There are many ways to reduce the amount of waste you produce:
有很多方法可以减少您产生的废物量：

Try to use materials as efficiently as you can and minimise the amount of reject stock you produce. If you need to cut certain materials to specific sizes, work out which stock sizes will give you the best recovery, and therefore, the least amount of off-cuts.
尽量高效地使用材料，并尽量减少产生的不合格库存量。如果您需要将某些材料切割成特定尺寸，请确定哪些库存尺寸将为您提供最佳回收率，从而获得最少的边角料。

Reduce your use of single use and disposable products where possible and choose alternatives which can be used again. For example, instead of buying bottled water on the run, take a bottle with you from home.
尽可能减少使用一次性和一次性产品，并选择可以再次使用的替代品。例如，与其在旅途中购买瓶装水，不如从家里带一瓶水。

Use products with minimal packaging where possible.
尽可能使用包装最少的商品。

Buy in bulk to reduce the amount of packaging you collect. This can also save you money.
批量购买以减少您收集的包装数量。这也可以为您省钱。

Choose concentrated products or refillable containers.
选择浓缩产品或可再填充的容器。

Refuse plastic bags when you don’t need them. Keep reusable bags handy so you remember to take them to the shops. You can also use boxes or your own shopping trolley bag on wheels.
当您不需要塑料袋时，请拒绝使用它们。将可重复使用的袋子放在手边，以便记得带它们去商店。您也可以使用带轮子的箱子或自己的购物拉杆箱。

When you’re buying fruit and vegetables, pop them straight into your shopping trolley rather plastic bags.
当您购买水果和蔬菜时，请将它们直接放入购物推车而不是塑料袋中。

Save on plastic wraps and freezer bags in kitchen by using re-usable containers as much as possible.
尽可能使用可重复使用的容器，节省厨房中的保鲜膜和冷冻袋。

If you don’t read advertising mail, put a sign on your letterbox.
如果您不阅读广告邮件，请在您的信箱上贴上标志。

Plan your meals to use items before they go out of date. Compost your food scraps or use them in a worm farm.
计划您的膳食，以便在物品过期之前使用它们。将食物残渣堆肥或在蠕虫农场使用它们。

When building or renovating, build only what you need and think carefully about your design. Good design can make existing space more usable and comfortable. Choose durable materials and finishes as they should last longer.
在建造或翻新时，只建造你需要的东西，并仔细考虑你的设计。好的设计可以使现有空间更实用、更舒适。选择耐用的材料和饰面，因为它们应该更耐用。

Reuse
再使用

See if your suppliers can deliver their products in returnable packaging, such as pallets and drums. Then they can pick them up when they drop off your next order. The same thing applies to plastic containers.
查看您的供应商是否可以使用可回收包装（例如托拍和桶）配送商品。然后他们可以在投递您的下一个订单时取货。同样的事情也适用于塑料容器。

It’s amazing how many things can have a second or even third life. If you can’t re-use something, there may someone else who can. Repairing household items instead of replacing them can be a great way to reduce waste and save money. You might also be helping keep local specialist services like repairers and refurbishes in business. You might find innovative ways to re-use old bags, containers, building materials, clothing, and unwanted things. Choose well made durable items. These products may cost a little more, but their lifespan will be longer. When you reuse items you’ve bought, they become more cost-effective. Not only do you save money. You’ll also prevent those material being discarded as waste. You’ll also help reduce the amount of energy used to manufacture new products.
令人惊讶的是，有多少事物可以拥有第二次甚至第三次生命。如果您不能重复使用某些东西，则可能还有其他人可以重复使用。修理家居用品而不是更换它们是减少浪费和省钱的好方法。您可能还会帮助维持维修和翻新等当地专业服务的业务。您可能会找到创新方法来重复使用旧袋子、容器、建筑材料、衣服和不需要的东西。选择制作精良的耐用物品。这些产品的成本可能会更高一些，但它们的使用寿命会更长。当您重复使用您购买的物品时，它们会变得更具成本效益。您不仅可以省钱。您还可以防止这些材料作为废物丢弃。您还将帮助减少制造新产品的能源消耗。

Here are some simple ways to re-use items:
以下是一些重复使用项目的简单方法：

Give unwanted clothe, household items, furniture or appliances to family or friends, or donate them to charities.
将不需要的衣服、家居用品、家具或电器送给家人或朋友，或将它们捐赠给慈善机构。

Washed takeaway containers make good stackable for frozen food.
清洗过的外卖容器可以很好地堆叠冷冻食品。

Wash glass jars and use them again to store food or things like buttons and nails. You can also give glass jars to friends or groups who make jams.
清洗玻璃罐并再次使用它们来储存食物或纽扣和钉子等物品。您也可以将玻璃罐送给制作果酱的朋友或团体。

Use small plastic bags to wrap wet and smelly rubbish or pick up after your pet.
使用小塑料袋包裹潮湿和发臭的垃圾或捡起您的宠物。

See whether your trash could be treasure for someone. For example, there might be a gardener or someone with chickens who wants your organic waste.
看看你的垃圾是否能成为某人的宝藏。例如，可能有一个园丁或养鸡的人想要你的有机垃圾。

If you are building or renovating, consider using recycled materials such as windows or floorboards – you can save money and add character at the same time.
如果您正在建造或翻新，请考虑使用回收材料，例如窗户或地板——您可以节省资金并同时增加特色。

Recycle
回收

See if your suppliers can deliver their products in returnable packaging, such as pallets and drums. Then they can pick them up when they drop off your next order. The same thing applies to plastic containers.
查看您的供应商是否可以使用可回收包装（例如托拍和桶）配送商品。然后他们可以在投递您的下一个订单时取货。同样的事情也适用于塑料容器。

Many products are now recyclable, and some companies offer to pick them up for free, or even pay you by the tonne when they collect them. Recyclable materials include glass, aluminium, steel, plastic, paper and cardboard, and toner cartridges.
现在许多产品都是可回收的，一些公司提供免费取货，甚至在收集时按吨数付费。可回收材料包括玻璃、铝、钢、塑料、纸张和纸板以及碳粉盒。

Buying recycled products saves resources and reduces impacts of pollution. When disposing of products make sure only the items accepted for recycling go in your recycling bin. These usually include glass, hard plastics, aluminium and steel, paper, cardboard and milk or juice cartons. See if appliances and furniture can be repaired instead of replaced. Charities and specialist repair services might want your broken goods to turn into recycled products.
购买回收产品可以节省资源并减少污染的影响。处理产品时，请确保只有接受回收的物品进入您的回收箱。这些通常包括玻璃、硬塑料、铝和钢、纸张、纸板和牛奶或果汁纸盒。看看电器和家具是否可以修理而不是更换。慈善机构和专业维修服务可能希望您的破损商品变成回收产品。

Find out what drop-off and recycling facilities are available in your area local area. Contact your local council – they may collect other items for recycling, including mobile phones and printer cartridges.
了解您所在地区有哪些投递和回收设施。联系您当地的议会 – 他们可能会收集其他物品进行回收，包括手机和打印机墨盒。

Contact your local council to find out what e-waste recycling services they offer for larger electronic and electrical products.
请联系您当地的议会，了解他们为大型电子和电气产品提供哪些电子垃圾回收服务。

If you have hazardous household waste or building material waste, check with your local council for safe ways to dispose of these.
如果您有危险的生活垃圾或建筑材料垃圾，请与当地议会联系，了解处理这些垃圾的安全方法。

Look for products that use recycled materials or are recyclable. This way you’ll know that you’re helping to keep useful material and metals out of landfill.
寻找使用回收材料或可回收的商品。这样，您就会知道您正在帮助防止有用的材料和金属进入垃圾填埋场。

Recycle unwanted plastic bags at your supermarket or give them to charity stores who may use them.
在您的超市回收不需要的塑料袋，或将它们交给可能使用它们的慈善商店。

Disposal
处理

Remember, too, that you mustn't bury waste on-site - this constitutes a landfill activity and is illegal unless your company has an EPA waste licence.
还要记住，您不得在现场掩埋废物 - 这构成垃圾填埋活动，除非您的公司拥有 EPA 废物许可证，否则这是非法的。

Never put liquid waste into the waste bin. Materials in the waste bin generally go to landfill, so it should only ever be used for dry, solid waste. Always drain and clean anything containing leftover fluid before you put it in the bin.
切勿将废液放入垃圾桶。垃圾桶中的材料通常会被填埋，因此只能用于干燥的固体废物。在将任何含有剩余液体的东西放入垃圾桶之前，请务必将其排干并清洁。

Depending on the type of liquid it is, you can then either recycle it on-site, treat it and discharge it, if your company has a permit, or put it aside for removal by a waste disposal contractor.
根据液体的类型，如果您的公司有许可证，您可以在现场回收、处理和排放，或者将其放在一边供废物处理承包商清除。

WHAT CAN I DO?
我该怎么办？

Energy is connected to nearly every aspect of daily life. But the energy resources we rely on the most – like coal, oil, and natural gas – are being used up and can’t be replaced for a million years. Producing energy from these sources also releases harmful greenhouse gases which impact on our environment. There are many actions you can take to use renewable energy sources instead and to be energy efficient at home. Being more energy efficient will cut your energy costs and help protect valuable energy resources for the future.
能源几乎与日常生活的方方面面都息息相关。但是，我们最依赖的能源资源（如煤炭、石油和天然气）正在耗尽，并且在一百万年内都无法替代。从这些来源生产能源也会释放有害的温室气体，从而影响我们的环境。您可以采取许多措施来使用可再生能源并在家中提高能源效率。提高能源效率将降低您的能源成本，并有助于保护未来宝贵的能源资源。

Power prices
电价

Electricity and gas costs form a large part of household bills. You may feel you don’t have much control over these costs, but you can reduce our bills. Individual behaviour and the choices we make have a bigger impact on our bills than most of us think.
电费和煤气费占家庭账单的很大一部分。您可能觉得您对这些费用没有太多控制权，但您可以减少我们的账单。个人行为和我们所做的选择对账单的影响比我们大多数人想象的要大。

Renewable energy
可再生能源

Renewable energy systems use sources like solar, wind and hydro (water) to generate power. The most common renewable energy systems used for Australian homes are solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines.
可再生能源系统使用太阳能、风能和水力（水）等资源来发电。澳大利亚家庭最常用的可再生能源系统是太阳能光伏 （PV） 板和风力涡轮机。

Install solar power
安装太阳能

This is a great way of capturing the sun’s energy to generate electricity ay home. Once your system is installed, it will help reduce your electricity bills as well as your impact on the environment. Solar power systems are also low-maintenance and can increase the value of your home.
这是捕获太阳能以在家中发电的好方法。安装系统后，它将有助于减少您的电费以及对环境的影响。太阳能发电系统维护成本低，可以增加您房屋的价值。

Switch to green power
切换到绿色电力

This is energy generated from renewable sources like wind, solar, hydro (water) and even decomposing organic waste material. Switching to green power commits your energy retailer to sourcing some or all your energy from renewable sources.
这是由风能、太阳能、水力（水）甚至分解有机废料等可再生能源产生的能源。改用绿色能源意味着您的能源零售商承诺从可再生能源采购部分或全部能源。

Did you know?
您知道吗？

A standard electric clothes dryer can add 3 kilograms of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere for each load of washing.
一台标准的电动干衣机每洗涤一次，就会向大气中增加 3 公斤的温室气体。

Washing clothes in cold water can reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions from washing by up to 80%.
用冷水洗衣服可以减少高达 80% 的洗涤温室气体排放。

An average household can use around a quarter of its total energy on heating water.
普通家庭可以将大约四分之一的总能源用于取暖。

A water efficient showerhead can save about 14,500 litres per home, per year.
一个节水淋浴喷头每年每个家庭可以节省约 14,500 升水。

A tap dripping at a rate of one drip a second could waste more than 12,000 litres of water a year.
一个水龙头以每秒一滴的速度滴落，每年可能会浪费超过 12,000 升水。

The most efficient dishwaters use half the water of average models.
最高效的洗碗水使用的水是普通型号的一半。

Keeping a traditional lawn green can use up to 90% of your gardening water.
保持传统的草坪绿色可以使用高达 90% 的园艺用水。

The average amount of grey water produced per person each day is 84 litres.
每人每天的平均灰水产量为 84 升。

Deforestation of 13 million hectares per year provides 18% of greenhouse gas emissions.
每年 1300 万公顷的森林砍伐提供了 18% 的温室气体排放。

When wood and garden wastes decompose in landfill, methane is created. Methane is a more damaging greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
当木材和花园废物在垃圾填埋场分解时，会产生甲烷。甲烷是一种比二氧化碳更具破坏性的温室气体。

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
其他资源

Note: The following information is from a downloaded PowerPoint slide – Session 9: Sustainability and environmental risk management at UQ and QUT -DO NOT REUSE FOR ANYTHING ELSE
注意：以下信息来自下载的 PowerPoint幻灯片 - 第 9 节：昆士兰大学和昆士兰科技大学的可持续性和环境风险管理 - 不要再用于 其他任何事情

What is sustainability?
什么是可持续性？

Fig 17: What sustainability is
图 17：什么是可持续性

What is environment risk?
什么是环境风险？

Environmental risk arises from a relationship between humans and human activity and the environment
环境风险源于人类与人类活动和环境之间的关系

Ecological risk management deals with risks associated with past, present, and future human activities on flora, fauna, and ecosystems. It is a sub-set of environmental risk management
生态风险管理涉及与过去、现在和未来人类活动对动植物和生态系统相关的风险。它是环境风险管理的一个子集

Types of Environmental risk
环境风险的类型

Risk to the environment. This type of risk recognises that activities of an organisation can cause some form of environmental change. Environmental risks can relate to
环境风险这种类型的风险认识到组织的活动可能导致某种形式的环境变化。环境风险可能与:

flora and fauna
动植物

human health and wellbeing
人类健康和 福祉

human social and cultural welfare
人类社会和文化福利

earth, air and water resources
地球、空气和水资源

energy and climate
能源与气候

Risk to an organisation from environment-related issues. This includes the risk of not complying with existing (or future) legislation. Associated risks include business losses an organisation may suffer because of:
环境相关问题对组织构成的风险。这包括不遵守现有（或未来）法规的风险。 相关风险包括组织可能由于以下原因而遭受的业务损失：

poor management, such as loss of reputation, fines, costs of litigation,
管理不善，例如声誉损失、罚款、诉讼费用、

failure to secure amd maintain permission for development and operational activities
未能获得 AMD 维护开发和运营活动的权限

Both have environmental, legal, financial, reputational and operational impacts
两者都会对环境、法律、财务、声誉和运营产生影响

Key definitions 1
关键定义 1

Source of risk
风险来源

All sources of a risk where there is a cause-effect relationship
存在因果关系的所有风险来源.

Hazard
危险

A source of potential harm
潜在伤害的来源.

Environmental aspects
环境因素

Elements of an organisation’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment
组织活动、产品或服务中可与环境交互的元素.

Incidents (or event)
事件（或事件）

Any occurrence that can have impact on the environment. An incident releases the intrinsic potential of the hazard
任何可能对环境产生影响的事件。事故释放了危险的内在潜力.

Impacts
影响

Include, where relevant, effects and consequences
在相关情况下包括影响和后果.

Consequence
后果

Is the outcome of impact of an event
是事件影响的结果.

Environmental impact
环境影响

Any change to the environment wholly or partly resulting from an organisation’s activities, products or services
全部或部分由组织的活动、产品或服务引起的环境变化.

Risk management
风险管理

Structured, systematic approach to decision-making
结构化、系统的决策方法.

Key definitions 2
关键定义 2

Fig 18: Key definitions 2 (risk and impact)
图 18：关键定义 2（风险和影响）

How to manage environmental risk?
如何管理环境风险？

Environmental management system (EMS)
环境管理体系 （EMS）

Refers to the management of an organisation's environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner:
指以全面、系统、有计划和记录的方式管理组织的环境计划：

Serves as a tool to improve environmental performance
作为提高环境绩效的工具

Provides a systematic way of managing an organisation’s environmental affairs
提供管理组织环境事务的系统化方法

Addresses immediate and long-term impacts of its products, services and processes on the environment
解决其产品、服务和流程对环境的直接和长期影响

Gives order and consistency for organisations to address environmental concerns through the allocation of resources, assignment of responsibility and ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures and processes
通过资源分配、责任分配和对实践、程序和流程的持续评估，为组织解决环境问题提供秩序和一致性

Focuses on continual improvement of the system
专注于系统的持续改进

An EMS follows a plan-do-check-act cycle.
EMS 遵循计划-执行-检查-行动循环。

Key elements of an EMS
EMS 的关键要素

Policy statement. A statement of the organisation’s commitment to the environment
策略声明。组织对环境的承诺声明

Identification of significant environmental impacts. Environmental attributes of products, activities and services and their effects on the environment
识别重大环境影响 产品、活动和服务的环境属性及其对环境的影响

Development of objectives and targets. Environmental goals for the organisation
制定目标和指标 组织的环境目标

Implementation. Plans to meet objectives and targets
实施。实现目标和指标的计划

Training. Instruction to ensure employees are aware and capable of fulfilling their environmental responsibilities
培训指导，确保员工意识到并有能力履行其环境责任

Management review
管理评审

Environmental risk assessment
环境风险评估

Established and mature system.
成熟而成熟的系统。

Evolved from a certified ISO 14001 system
从经过认证的 ISO 14001 体系演变而来

Recognises relationships with:
识别与以下机构的关系：

OH&S risk
职业健康安全风险

Legal risk
法律风险

Financial risk
财务风险

Aspects or cause
方面或原因

Purpose:
目的：

Complete understanding of impacts
全面了解影响

Engage stakeholders
吸引利益相关者

Raise awareness
提高知名度

Review existing aspects
查看现有方面

Environmental hazards
环境危害

Understand the extent of potential impacts
了解潜在影响的程度

Raise awareness of potential impacts
提高对潜在影响的认识

Environmental risks understand the type of impact
环境风险了解影响的类型

Understand the scale of impact
了解影响的规模

Understand the interrelationships and determine approach
了解相互关系并确定方法

Prioritising Identify common risks.
确定优先级 识别常见风险。

To identify ‘accepted’ and ‘unacceptable’ risks.
识别“已接受”和“不可接受”的风险。

To focus resources.
集中资源。

To establish a basis for continued improvement.
为持续改进奠定基础。

Common
常见

Prioritise by greatest risk.
根据最大风险确定优先级。

Complexities
复杂性

Intrinsic risk can be high risk.
内在风险可能是高风险的。

Competing risks do not equal the environmental risk.
竞争风险并不等于环境风险。

Assessment process
评估过程

The sustainability office (or equivalent) of a company discusses cause of environmental issues, hazard identification, risk and risk priority with all stakeholders
公司的可持续发展办公室（或同等职位）与所有利益相关者讨论环境问题的原因、危害识别、风险和风险优先级.

On completion of this process the sustainability office informs management to support the risk management decision.
完成此过程后，可持续发展办公室通知管理层以支持风险管理决策。

Chemicals: Identification and assessment
化学品：鉴定和评估

Glossary
词汇表

Some words have strict technical meanings. Other words can have a variety of meanings, depending on the context they are used in. The following definitions provide the meanings of particular words used in the context of working in the manufacturing industry in an environmentally sustainable way.
有些词语具有严格的技术含义。其他单词可以有多种含义，具体取决于它们的使用上下文。以下定义提供了在以环境可持续的方式在制造业工作时使用的特定词语的含义。

LIST OF FIGURES
图表列表

Fig 1: Person walking in a creek 2
图 1：在小溪中行走的人2

Fig 2: Worker checking machine 3
图 2：工人检查机3

Fig 3: Worker making a chest of drawers 3
图 3：工人制作五斗柜3

Fig 4: Worker measuring 5
图 4：工人5

Fig 5: Forklift being used 6
图 5：正在使用的叉车6

Fig 6: Working with hazardous substances 7
图 6：处理有害物质7

Fig 7: Spill kit 9
图 7：溢液套件9

Fig 8: Stormwater spill 10
图 8：雨水泄漏10

Fig 9: Wastewater 11
图 9：废水11

Fig 10: Recycling water 11
图 10：循环水11

Fig 11: Dust extractor 12
图 11：除尘器12

Fig 12: Fire 12
图 12：Fire12

Fig 13: Environmental signage 13
图 13：环境标牌13

Fig 14: Lighting 15
图 14：照明15

Fig 15: Recycling logo 16
图 15：回收标识16

Fig 16: Recycling cardboard 18
图 16：回收纸板18

Fig 17: What sustainability is 20
图 17：什么是可持续性20

Fig 18: Key definitions 2 (risk and impact) 21
图 18：关键定义 2（风险和影响）21

REFERENCES
引用

Springer Link, 2015, Social and environmental risk management in supply chains: A survey in the clothing industry, last viewed 07 June 23, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12159-015-0121-8
Springer Link，2015 年，供应链中的社会和环境风险管理：服装行业的调查，最后浏览日期为 6 月23 日，https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12159-015-0121-8

Australian government, 1995, Environmental risk assessment: An Australian perspective, last viewed 07 June 23, https://www.dcceew.gov.au/science-research/supervising-scientist/publications/ssr/environmental-risk-assessment-australian-perspective
澳大利亚政府，1995 年，环境风险评估：澳大利亚视角，最后浏览日期 07 年 6 月 23 日，https://www.dcceew.gov.au/science-research/supervising-scientist/publications/ssr/environmental-risk-assessment-australian-perspective

University of the Sunshine Coast, 2010, Session 9: Sustainability and environmental risk management at UQ and QUT (PowerPoint), last viewed 07 June 23, https://about.uq.edu.au/files/5465/Session9.ppt
阳光海岸大学，2010 年，第 9 节：昆士兰大学和昆士兰科技大学的可持续性和环境风险管理 （PowerPoint）最后浏览于 https://about.uq.edu.au/files/5465/Session9.ppt 年 6 月 23 日

Chisholm Institute, 2014, Participate in environmentally sustainable work practices (Chisholm teacher / student guide)
Chisholm Institute，2014 年，参与环境可持续的工作实践（Chisholm 教师/学生指南）