Edited by Werner Platzer 编辑：维尔纳-普雷策尔Translated by Harry Monsen 翻译：哈里-蒙森
Volume I 第一卷
Head and Neck 头颈部
Urban & Schwarzenherg Urban & Schwarzenherg
Volumel:Headand Neek Edited by Wemer Platzer Tanslated by Hlamy Monsert UTban&Selwavenberg 卷首语：Headand Neek 编辑：Wemer Platzer 翻译：Hlamy Monsert UTban&Selwavenberg
Pernkopf Anatomy Pernkopf 解剖学
Atlas of Topographic and Applied Human Anatomy 地形图和应用人体解剖图谱
Edited by 编辑Werner PlatZer, M.D. 维尔纳-普拉特泽医学博士University of Innsbruck 因斯布鲁克大学Translated by 翻译Harry Monsen, Ph. D. 哈里-蒙森博士University of Illinois 伊利诺伊大学Chicago 芝加哥Volume I 第一卷Head and Neck 头颈部
Third Edition 第三版
298 full color and 118 black and white illustrations 298 幅全彩插图和 118 幅黑白插图
Pernkopf Anatomy Pernkopf 解剖学
Volume I: Head and Neck 第一卷：头颈部
Urban & Schwarzenberg, Inc. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Inc.
7 East Redwood Street Baltimore, Maryland 21202 USA 美国马里兰州巴尔的摩市东红木街 7 号 21202
Urban & Schwarzenberg Urban & Schwarzenberg
All rights to reproduction in any form including that of translations are rescrved by the author and publisher. Photomechanical reproduction (photocopy, microcopy) of this book or parts thereof or the use of electronic or mechanical systems for the purpose of storage, retrieval or transmission is prohibited without written permission from the publisher (with the exception of special cases identified under Paragraphs 53, 54 URG). 作者和出版商保留以任何形式复制（包括翻译）的所有权利。未经出版商书面许可，禁止对本书或其部分内容进行照相机械复制（影印、缩微复制），或使用电子或机械系统进行存储、检索或传输（《出版法》第 53 和 54 款规定的特殊情况除外）。
This Atlas consists of 2 separate volumes: 该地图集由 2 册独立的地图组成：
Volume I: Head and Neck 第一卷：头颈部
Volume II: Thorax, Abdomen and Extremitics 第二卷：胸腔、腹腔和胸外器官
Original edition: Pernkopf, Anatomic: Atlas der topographischen und angewandten Anatomie des Menschen. Herausgegeben von Prof. Werner Platzer. 3. Auflage, 1. Band: Kopf und Hals. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München-Wien-Baltimore 1987 原版：Pernkopf, Anatomic: Atlas der topographischen und angewandten Anatomie des Menschen.由 Werner Platzer 教授编辑。第 3 版第 1 卷：头颈部。Urban & Schwarzenberg，慕尼黑-维也纳-巴尔的摩，1987 年
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 美国国会图书馆出版数据编目
IAtlas der topographischen und angewandten Anatomie des Menschen. English 人体地形和应用解剖图集英文版
Pernkopf anatomy : atlas of topographic and applied human anatomy / edited by Werner Platzer : translated from German by Harry Monsen. -3 rd ed. Pernkopf anatomy : atlas of topographic and applied human anatomy / Werner Platzer 编著 : Harry Monsen 译自德文。-3 rd ed.
p. cm.
Translation of: Atlas der topographischen und angewandten Anatomie des Menschen. 1987. 翻译：地形和应用人体解剖图集》。1987.
Includes index 包括索引
Contents: v. 1. Head and neck 目录： v. 1.头颈部
ISBN 0-8067-1553-7 (v. 1) : $175.00 ISBN 0-8067-1553-7（第 1 版）：175.00 美元
Anatomy, Surgical and topographical--Atlases. 2. Anatomy. Human--Atlases. I. Platzer, Werner. II. Title. 解剖学、外科和地形学--图集。2.解剖学。人类--图集。I. Platzer, Werner.I. Platzer, Werner.标题.
The goal of Anatomy is to make available for the future physician the clearest and most accurate illustrations of the different regions of the body since thorough knowledge of morphology provides for an earlier understanding of functional relationships. The practicing physician may also avail himself of an atlas for the recall of anatomical details. 解剖学的目标是为未来的医生提供最清晰、最准确的人体不同区域的图解，因为形态学的透彻知识有助于更早地理解功能关系。执业医师还可以利用地图册来回忆解剖细节。
The work of Eduard Pernkopf is classical among atlases of anatomy. The detailed information on topographic-anatomical relationships and the high quality of the illustrations determine the worth of this volume since the publication of the first edition over 40 years ago. I was honored and exceedingly pleased to be afforded the opportunity of preparing the third edition of this great work; pleased, because I prepared most of the specimens of the head and neck regions which served as bases for the original illustrations. I collaborated with Pernkopf in the years between 1949 and 1955 and, after his sudden death in 1955, supervised the creation of the illustrations of both volumes on the head until 1959. Eduard Pernkopf 的作品是解剖学图谱中的经典之作。自 40 多年前第一版出版以来，有关地形解剖关系的详细信息和高质量的插图决定了这本书的价值。能有机会编写这部巨著的第三版，我感到非常荣幸和欣慰；欣慰是因为我制作了大部分头颈部标本，这些标本是原始插图的基础。从 1949 年到 1955 年，我一直与 Pernkopf 合作，1955 年他突然去世后，我一直负责监督两卷头部插图的创作，直到 1959 年。
I felt that the illustrations from the masters hands, those of Batke, Dietz, Endtresser, Lepier, Schrott, and von Siber should all appear in the new edition, if at all possible. Of course, it was also necessary to include new plates, some of which were drawn by the unforgettable academic painter Franz Batke, as well as a series of illustrations prepared with the perceptive insights and efforts of Mrs. Ulrike Brugger of Munich and Mrs. Kirsten Siedel of Bernried. My heartfelt thanks to both ladies for their willing cooperation and understanding in this time-consuming task. Most illustrations are drawn from dissections, of which I prepared some. For the bulk of the material, however, I am forever grateful to my assistant professor, Dr. Herbert Maurer and the demonstrators of the Institute of Anatomy. I also wish to thank Dr. Otto Dapunt Jr. for some outstanding preparations. Finally, I thank my earlier assistant, Dr. Cornelia Fischer, for some very difficult and carefully developed specimens. 我认为，如果可能的话，出自巴特克、迪茨、恩德特雷瑟、勒皮耶、施罗特和冯-西伯之手的插图都应该出现在新版中。当然，还有必要加入新的图版，其中一些图版是由令人难忘的学院派画家弗朗茨-巴特克绘制的，还有一系列插图是由慕尼黑的乌尔里克-布鲁格夫人和伯尔尼德的克尔斯滕-西德尔夫人以敏锐的洞察力和努力绘制的。我衷心感谢两位女士在这项耗时的工作中给予的合作和理解。大部分插图来自解剖图，其中一些是我准备的。然而，对于大部分素材，我永远感谢我的助教赫伯特-毛雷尔博士和解剖研究所的演示者。我还要感谢小奥托-达彭特博士的一些出色准备工作。最后，我还要感谢我早先的助手科妮莉亚-菲舍尔博士，她为我制作了一些非常困难和精心制作的标本。
All rays have been excluded from this edition. This was not done because of the availability today of a large number of outstanding radiological anatomy textbooks, but their retention would by necessity mean the inclusion of new imaging methods and a consequent expansion of this volume to unmanageable proportions. 本版不包括所有 射线。这样做并不是因为现在有大量优秀的放射学解剖学教科书，而是保留这些教科书必然意味着要纳入新的成像方法，从而使这本书的篇幅扩大到难以驾驭的程度。
The nomenclature has, as much as possible, been adjusted to contemporary usage. Details which are not listed in the Nomina Anatomica are named in a meaningful manner. All leaders have been redrawn and reduced in number in order to improve the overall appearance of the illustrations. 命名法已尽可能根据现代用法进行了调整。解剖学名称》中未列出的细节均以有意义的方式命名。为了改善插图的整体外观，所有领导者都已重新绘制并减少了数量。
The tiresome task of proof-reading was undertaken by my assistant Professor Sepp Poisel, Mrs. Cornelia Fischer, and my wife, Dr. Liselotte Platzer. The completely new legends were authored by Mrs. Anna Mayerhofer. My heartfelt thanks to all of them. 我的助手 Sepp Poisel 教授、Cornelia Fischer 女士和我的妻子 Liselotte Platzer 博士承担了繁重的校对工作。全新的传说则由安娜-迈尔霍夫女士撰写。我衷心感谢他们所有人。
I am also grateful to Mr. Michael Urban who, on behalf of the publisher, provided the necessary facilities. His coworkers, Dr. Silke Dabelstein, Mr. Peter Mazzetti, and Mrs. Renate Hausdorf supported me actively in such a pleasant manner that the work was guaranteed a smooth completion. My thanks to them also. 我还要感谢迈克尔-乌尔班先生，他代表出版社为我提供了必要的便利。他的同事 Silke Dabelstein 博士、Peter Mazzetti 先生和 Renate Hausdorf 夫人以令人愉快的方式积极支持我，保证了工作的顺利完成。我也要向他们表示感谢。
This edition is dedicated to the memory of Professor Eduard Pernkopf and his collaborating artists, Franz Batke, Wilhelm Dietz, Karl Endtresser, Erich Lepier, Ludwig Schrott, and E. von Siber. 此版本献给爱德华-佩恩科普夫教授及其合作艺术家弗朗茨-巴特克、威廉-迪茨、卡尔-恩德特雷瑟、埃里希-莱皮耶、路德维希-施罗特和E-冯-西伯。
Innsbruck, June 1989 因斯布鲁克，1989 年 6 月
Werner Platzer 维尔纳-普雷策尔
Table of Contents 目录
The Head 头部
External Form of the Head 头部的外部形态
Cleavage lincs, regions, points and 裂解线、区域、点和
lincs for orientation ..... LINKS for orientation .....
The Superficial Layers of the Head and the 头部的表层和颅骨
Musculo-skeletal Walls of its Visceral 其内脏的肌肉骨骼壁
Compartments 隔间
Muscles of facial expression. ..... 面部表情肌肉。.....
Parotideo-masseteric region and 副睾丸-睾丸区和
retromandibular fossa ..... 颌后窝 .....
Front view of orbital region ..... 轨道区正视图 .....
The intratemporal fossa ..... 颞内窝 .....
Superficial structures in 表层结构
occipital region ..... 22 枕叶区 .....22
The skull ..... 头骨 .....
Muscles and fasciae of face region ..... 脸部肌肉和筋膜 .....
Vessels and nerves of the head ..... 头部血管和神经 .....
Sections of the head ..... 头部 .....
Visceral Compartments 内脏隔室
Structures of the oral cavity ..... 口腔结构 .....
Structures of the nasal cavity ..... 鼻腔结构 .....
Structures of the orbit ..... 轨道结构 .....
The Base of the Skull and the Ear 颅底和耳朵
Figs 无花果
The interior of the skull base. ..... 颅底内部。.....
The vestibulo-cochlear organ 前庭-耳蜗器官
superior view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148-149 高级景观148-149
posterior view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-152 后视图150-152
lateral view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153-157 侧视图153-157
medial view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158-161 内侧视图158-161
detailed anatomy ..... 详细解剖 .....
The Brain 大脑
The Brain in situ 原位大脑
superior view ..... 优景 .....
anterior view ..... 前视图 .....
lateral view ..... 侧视图 .....
posterior view ..... 后视图 .....
inferior view ..... 下视图 .....
Overviews of parts of the brain ..... 大脑各部分概述 .....
The ventricular system and the 心室系统和
subarachnoid space ..... 蛛网膜下腔 .....
Craniocerebral topography ..... 颅脑地形图 .....
Vessels of the brain ..... 脑血管 .....
Fiber preparations of the brain ..... 脑纤维制剂 .....
Sections of the brain ..... 大脑切片 .....
Nuclei of telencephalon and 端脑和
mesencephalon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272-279 间脑. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272-279
The Neck 颈部
Figs. 图
External Form of the Neck 颈部外部形态
Regions, dermatomes, points 区域、皮层、点
for orientation ..... 用于定向 .....
Figs. 图
The Visceral Neck Compartment 内脏颈部隔间
The Pharynx 咽部
dorsal view ..... 背视图 .....
lateral view ..... 侧视图 .....
The Superficial Layers of the 表层
medial vicw ..... 内侧 vicw .....
Neck and the Musculo-skeletal 颈部和肌肉骨骼
Cross sections of the 的横截面
visceral compartment ..... 内脏腔 .....
Walls of the Visceral and 内脏壁和
Visceral vessels and nerves 内脏血管和神经
of the neck. ..... .....
Neural Compartments 神经区
Superficial layers 表层
Ventro-lateral superficial layers ..... 通风道外侧表层 .....
Retromandibular fossa ..... 287-288 颌后窝 .....287-288
Submandibular triangle ..... 颌下三角区 .....
Carotid triangle ..... 颈动脉三角 .....
Median cervical region ..... 295-298 颈中线区域 ..... 295-298
Lateral cervical region . ..... 299-301 颈侧区域 . .....299-301
Sternocleidomastoid region ..... 胸锁乳突区 .....
Suboccipital region ..... 枕下区 .....
Structures of the neck 颈部结构
Anterior and lateral views of 前视图和侧视图
neck skelcton ..... 颈部 Skelcton .....
Neck musculature ..... 颈部肌肉 .....
Sections of the neck ..... 颈部切面 .....
Fasciae of the neck ..... 颈部筋膜 .....
The superficial vessels and 表层血管和
nerves of the neck ..... 颈部神经 .....
Dorsal view of neck skeleton ..... 332 颈部骨骼背视图 .....332
Intrinsic back muscles ..... 333 背部内在肌肉 .....333
Vessels and nerves of the 血管和神经
suboccipital region ..... 334 枕下区 .....334
Pharyngeal structures ..... 咽部结构 .....
The larynx - thyroid gland - 喉--甲状腺
cupola of plcura 穹顶
Larynx ..... 喉 .....
Laryngeal structures ..... 喉部结构 .....
Thyroid gland ..... 甲状腺 .....
Cupola of pleura ..... 胸膜冲天炉 .....
The Cervical Neural Compartment 颈椎神经室
Structures ..... 结构 .....
The Axial Skeleton of the Neck 颈部轴向骨骼
The cervical vertebral column ..... 颈椎 .....
The atlanto-occipital and 寰枕部和
atlantoaxial joints ..... 寰枢关节 .....
Anthropometric Points ..... 403 人体测量点 .....403
The Head 头部
External Form of the Head 头部的外部形态
Figs. 1a and 图 1a 和
Skin cleavage lines (of LaNGER), a) from front, b) from behind. The best cosmetic results are achieved when surgical incisions are made along the 皮肤乳沟线（LaNGER），a）从前面看，b）从后面看。如果手术切口沿着
Fig. 2 Male head from front. Regions and skin measuring points. 图 2 男性头部正面图。区域和皮肤测量点。
Apex of nose, cutaneous part of sup. lip 鼻尖、上唇皮肤部分
Boundary line between Pressure points for 1 st, cutaneous innervation by trigeminal nerve and 2nd, and 3rd branches of trigeminal nerve cervical nerves ("vertex- 三叉神经和三叉神经颈神经第 2 和第 3 支的第 1、第 2 和第 3 皮神经支配的压痛点之间的分界线（"椎-椎 "分界线）。
Area of ophthalmic nerve ear-chin line"). 眼神经耳颏线区域"）。
Area of maxillary nerve 上颌神经区域
Area of mandibular nerve 下颌神经区域
Fig. 3 图 3
Female head from front. Fields of innervation and pressure points are indicated on the left half of the face. 女性头部正面。左半边脸部标有神经支配区域和压力点。
Front view of the male head with superimposed skeleton and craniometric points. Craniometric points are useful in anthropology, and in medicine for establishing planes when applying certain radiologic techniques and computed tomography. 男性头部正视图，叠加骨骼和颅骨测量点。颅骨测量点在人类学和医学中都很有用，在应用某些放射技术和计算机断层扫描时可用于确定平面。
Solid lines Limits between sensory fields of the three trigeminal nerve divisions 实线 三叉神经三个分支感觉区域之间的界限
Dashed lines Limits between sensory fields of cervical plexus branches 虚线 颈丛分支感觉区域之间的界限
Dashed & dotted line Boundary between sensory ficlds of ventral and dorsal branches of the cervical nerves Dark dotted lines Boundary between 2nd and 3rd cervical dermatomes 虚线和点划线 颈神经腹侧支和背侧支感觉器官之间的分界线 暗点划线 第 2 和第 3 颈神经节之间的分界线
Light dotted lines Boundaries between the anterior, middle, and posterior segments innervated by the trigeminal nerve 浅色虚线 三叉神经支配的前段、中段和后段之间的界限
nd and cervical dermatomes 第 nd 和 颈椎皮节
G.I. = Boundary between trigeminal n. distribution and 2nd cervical dermatome ("vertex-ear-chin line") G.I. = 三叉神经节分布与第 2 颈椎皮节之间的分界线（"顶点-耳颏线"）。
S.v. Anterior segment of trigeminal n. S.v. 三叉神经节的前段。
related to the cranial part of the spinal nucleus of 的脊髓核的颅骨部分有关。
S.m. = Middle segment of trigeminal n., related to the middle part of the spinal nucleus of S.m. = 三叉神经中段，与三叉神经脊髓核的中段有关。
S.h. = Postcrior segment of trigeminal n., related to the caudal part of the spinal nucleus of Areas of innervation of the three branches of the trigeminal . Pressure point for medial br. of supraorbital . S.h. = 三叉神经节后段，与 的脊髓核尾部有关 三叉神经三个分支的支配区域 。 眶上缘内侧的压痛点 。
Pressure point for infraorbital . 眶下压痛点 。
Pressure point for mental . 精神压痛点 。
Pressure point for greater occipital n. 大枕骨 n 的压痛点。
Au.m. = Grcat auricular n. field O.mi. Lesser occipital n. field O.mj. = Greater occipital n. field O.t. rd occipital . ficld T.c. = Transverse cervical n. field. Au.m. = Grcat auricular n. field O.mi. O.mj. = Greater occipital n. field O.t. rd occipital . ficld T.c. = Transverse cervical n. field.
Fig. 5 图 5
Male head from the side with fields of inncrvation and nerve pressure points. 从侧面看男性头部，有穴位和神经压痛点。
AOE, D.H. AOE, D.H.
Fig. 6 图 6
Male head seen from the side with the most important craniometric points on the superimposed skeleton. The boundary between neurocranium and visceral cranium is marked by a broken line. 从侧面看男性头部，最重要的颅骨测量点在叠加骨骼上。神经颅和内脏颅的分界线用一条折线标出。
Fig. 7 图 7
Male head seen from behind . Left: Regions. 从后面看男性头部 .左：区域
Right: Boundary lines between dermatomes. 右图皮膜之间的边界线。
The dotted line indicates the boundary between ventral and dorsal rami of the cervical nerves. 虚线表示颈神经腹侧缘和背侧缘的分界线。
Graniometric points 花岗岩测量点
ast Asterion ast Asterion
eu Euryon eu Euryon
Inion
Lambda
Ophistion
Obelion
Vcrtex
Fig. 8 图 8
Posterior view of male head with superimposed skeleton and craniometric points. 男性头部后视图，叠加骨骼和头颅测量点。
The superficial layers of the head and the musculoskeletal walls of its visceral compartments 头部表层及其内脏器官的肌肉骨骼壁
Fig. 9 The mimic musculature and subcutaneous vessels and nerves of the head from front. 图 9 从正面观察头部的模拟肌肉组织和皮下血管及神经。
Epicranius ., frontal belly of occipitofrontal . Epicranius .，枕额腹部 .
Epicranius ., temporoparietal m. Epicranius ., temporoparietal m.
Epicranius m., occipital belly of occipitofrontal . Epicranius m.，枕额部的枕腹 .
Epicranius m., galca aponcurotica Orbicularis oculi . Epicranius m., galca aponcurotica Orbicularis oculi .
Levator labii superioris . 阴唇上提肌 .
Zygomaticus major . 颧骨大肌 .
Orbicularis oris . 眼轮匝肌 .
Depressor anguli oris . 口角凹陷 .
Risorius Risorius
Platysma
Anterior auricular . 耳前 .
Fig. 10 图 10
Side view of the mimic musculature and subcutancous vessels and nerves of the head 头部模拟肌肉组织、皮下血管和神经的侧视图
Fig. 11 图 11
Parotideomasseteric region and the retromandibular fossa. 副颌区和下颌后窝。
1: Exposure of the facial n. trunk. 1: 露出面部和躯干。
An intraparotid plexus of the facial . is found between the superficial and deep portions of the parotid gland. Search for the plexus might be sought along the retromandibular v. which also runs. 在腮腺的浅层和深层之间有一个腮腺内神经丛 。可以沿着颌后静脉寻找该神经丛。
Fig. 12 图 12
Parotideomasseteric region and the retromandibular fossa. 副颌区和下颌后窝。
2: Wide exposure of the intraparotid facial n. plexus by removal of the parotid gland. The vessels and nerves can be seen in the retromandibular fossa. 2：通过切除腮腺，广泛暴露腮腺内面部神经丛。在下颌后窝可以看到血管和神经。
Fig. 13 图 13
The orbital and nasal regions. 眼眶和鼻腔区域。
1: Subcutaneous vessels and nerves and muscles of facial expression. 1: 皮下血管和神经以及面部表情肌肉。
Fig. 14 图 14
Orbital region, nasal region, and infraorbital region. 眼眶区、鼻腔区和眶下区。
2: The orbital septum, both tarsi, and the nasal cartilages are exposed. Vessels and nerves are seen in the canine fossa of the infraorbital region. 2：眶隔、双跗骨和鼻软骨暴露在外。在眶下区的犬窝中可以看到血管和神经。
Fig. 15 图 15
Ocular region, nasal region, and infraorbital region. 眼区、鼻区和眶下区。
3: The orbit has been entered; the lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculi, and lacrimal sac are exposed. 3： 进入眼眶；暴露出泪腺、泪管和泪囊。
By probing the sup. and inf. canaliculi, their ascending and descending initial paths, respectively. can be determincd. Both curve medially toward the lacrimal sac. 通过探查上、下泪管，可以分别确定其上升和下降的初始路径。两者都向泪囊内侧弯曲。
Fig. 16 图 16
Ocular region, nasal region, and infraorbital region. 眼区、鼻区和眶下区。
4: The lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi . is shown, and the bulbar sheath has been incised. The attachments of the rectus muscles are seen after partial removal of the bulbar conjunctiva. 4：显示眼轮匝肌的泪腺部分 .，球结膜鞘已被切开。部分切除球结膜后，可以看到直肌的附着物。
Lateral pterygoid 翼侧
Depressor anguli inferioris 下角凹陷
Temporal . (insertion) 时间 . (插入)
Depressor labii inferioris . 阴唇下皱襞 .
Orbicularis oculi m., 眼轮匝肌、
Platysma orbital part 扁桃体眶部
Masseter m., superficial part 颌间肌，浅表部
Zygomaticus minor . 小颧骨 .
Sternocleidomastoid . 胸锁乳突肌 .
Levator labii superioris . 阴唇上提肌 .
Lateral lig. 侧韧带
Buccinator . Buccinator .
Masseter . , deep part Masseter 。，深部
Zygomatic major . 大颧骨 .
Zygomatic arch 颧弓
Orbicularis oris . 眼轮匝肌 .
Coronoid process of mandible 下颌骨冠状突
Fig. 17 图 17
Infratemporal fossa. 颞下窝
1: Zygomatic arch is resected; insertion of the temporal m. is exposed. 1: 切除颧弓；暴露颞中线的插入部分。
2: Coronoid process of mandible is resected. The pterygoid muscles and branches of the mandibular . are exposed. 2: 下颌骨冠状突被切除。翼状肌和下颌骨分支 . 暴露在外。
Depressor labii inferioris 阴唇下皱襞
Platysm
Masseter 肌张力
Medial pterygoid . 翼内侧 .
Lateral pterygoid . 翼侧 .
(pterygoid head, (翼状头）、
Styloid process 苯乙烯工艺
Fig. 19 图 19
Infratemporal fossa. 颞下窝
3: The jaw joint is opened after removing the condylar process of the mandible and reflecting the lateral pterygoid . Vessels and nerves are shown in the infratemporal and retromandibular fossae. 3：在切除下颌骨髁突和反映翼外侧 后，下颌关节被打开。血管和神经显示在颞下窝和下颌后窝。
The maxillary a. and accompanying veins run between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandibular lig. The relationship of the maxillary a. to the lateral pterygoid . and the branches of the mandibular . can be quite variable. 上颌横突及伴行静脉位于下颌横突和上颌韧带之间。上颌窦与翼管外侧 . 和下颌 . 的分支之间的关系可能会有很大变化。
Fig. 20 图 20
Infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal structures. 4: Resected ramus of mandible and reflected medial pterygoid . The pharyngeal process of the deep part of the parotid gland enters the lateral pharyngeal space between the sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments. The internal carotid a. lies lateral and somewhat dorsal to the pharynx. Its tortuous course in the region can indent the posterior wall of the pharynx. 颞下窝和咽旁结构。4：切除的下颌骨横突和反射的翼管内侧 。腮腺深部的咽突进入咽外侧间隙，位于上颌韧带和下颌韧带之间。颈内动脉位于咽的外侧和背侧。其在该区域的迂回路线会压迫咽部后壁。
Temporal 时间性 Orbicularis oculi ., 眼轮匝肌 、 orbital part 轨道部分 Levator labii superioris . 阴唇上提肌 . Zygomaticus minor . 小颧骨 . Buccinator . Buccinator . Zygomaticus major . 颧骨大肌 . Risorius m. Depressor labii inferioris . 阴唇下皱襞 .
).
Stylopharyngeus 咽柱
Pterygopharyngeal part 翼咽部
Buccopharyngeal part 颊咽部
Superior pharyng. 卓越的咽喉功能。
Mylopharyngcal part 咽喉部
Glossopharyngeal part 舌咽部分
Levator veli palatini . Levator veli palatini .
Tensor veli palatini . Tensor veli palatini .
Stylohyoid lig.
Fig. 21 图 21
Infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal structures. 颞下窝和咽旁结构。
5: Alveolar portion of mandible is resected. 5： 下颌骨齿槽部分被切除。
Post. auricular a., v., ., retroauricular lymph nodes 耳后 a.、v.、 ., 耳后淋巴结
Post. auricular m. 邮政。
Epicranius . Epicranius .
Trapezius temporoparietal . 斜方肌 颞顶叶 .
Sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌
Semispinalis capitis 半圆形帽
Epicranius m.
Splenius capitis occipital belly of Splenius capitis 枕腹部
Splenius cervicis . 颈脾 .
Fig. 22 图 22
Subcutaneous structures of posterior head and upper cervical regions. 头部后部和上颈部的皮下结构。
The subcutaneous connective tissue - the superficial layer of the cervical fascia and the splenius muscles have been removed from the right side. 从右侧切除皮下结缔组织--颈筋膜表层和脾脏肌肉。
There is usually a tendinous arch between the areas of insertion of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. The occipital a. and v. and the greater occipital nerve are subcutaneous immediately above the arch. 在斜方肌和胸锁乳突肌的插入区域之间通常有一个腱弓。枕骨 A 和 V 神经以及枕骨大神经紧贴在腱弓上方的皮下。
The pressure point of the nerve is in the area. 神经的压痛点就在该区域。
Two or three occipital lymph nodes are almost always present at these sites, and will causc pain on pressure in infections of the scalp. 这些部位几乎总是存在两到三个枕骨淋巴结，头皮感染时按压会引起疼痛。
i = Zygomatic bone i = 颧骨
Zygomatic bone, temporal process 颧骨、颞突
Zygomatic bone, frontal process 颧骨，额突
Zygomatic bone, maxillary process 颧骨，上颌骨突起
Nasal bone 鼻骨
Lacrimal bone 泪骨
Inferior nasal concha 下鼻孔
Vomer 沃玛
Fig. 23 图 23
Adult skull from front. Neurocranium: warm colors. 从正面看成人头骨。神经颅：暖色调。
Visceral cranium: cold colors. 内脏颅骨：冷色调。
\begin{aligned} & \开始{对齐} &
Occipital bone 枕骨
(lower squamous part) (下鳞状部分）
& Occipital bone & 枕骨
& (upper squamous part) & （鳞状上部）
& Temporal bone, petrosal part & 颞骨，枕骨部分
& Temporal bone, squamous part & 颞骨，鳞状部分
& Temporal bone, tympanic part & 颞骨，鼓膜部分
& Temporal bone, styloid process & 颞骨，样式突
& Sphenoid bonc, greater wing & 大翼蝶骨
& Parietal bone & 顶骨
& Ethmoid bone, orbital plate \end{aligned} & Ethmoid bone, orbital plate \end{aligned}（乙状骨，眼眶板）。
Frontal bone, squama 额骨
Frontal bonc, orbital part 额骨，眼眶部分
Frontal bone, nasal part 额骨，鼻部
Frontal bone, zygomatic process 额骨、颧突
Maxilla, body 上颌骨，主体
Maxilla, frontal process 上颌骨，额突
Maxilla, alveolar process 上颌骨，齿槽突
Mandible, body 下颚，身体
Mandible, ramus Mandible, alveolar part 下颌骨，臼齿 下颌骨，齿槽部分
Zygomatic bone 颧骨
Zygomatic bone, temporal process 颧骨、颞突
Zygomatic bone, frontal process 颧骨，额突
Zygomatic bone, maxillary process 颧骨，上颌骨突起
Lacrimal bone 泪骨
Fig. 24 图 24
Adult skull, from right side. Neurocranium: warm colors. 成人头骨，从右侧看。神经颅：暖色调。
Visceral cranium: cold colors. 内脏颅骨：冷色调。
Occipital bonc (lower part of squama) 枕骨（颅骨下部）
Parietal bone 顶骨
Occipital bone (upper part of squama 枕骨（颅骨上部
Maxilla, alveolar process 上颌骨，齿槽突
Temporal bone, petrosal part 颞骨，枕骨部分
Maxilla, palatine process 上颌骨，腭突
Temporal bone, squamous part 颞骨，鳞状部分
Mandible, body 下颚，身体
Temporal bone, styloid process 颞骨，样式突
Mandible, ramus 下颌骨、臼齿
Sphenoid bone, 蝶骨
Inferior nasal concha lateral lamina of 下鼻孔侧膜
Vomer ptcrygoid process Vomer ptcrygoid 过程
Palatine bone, horizontal lamina 腭骨，水平层
Fig. 25 图 25
Adult skull from behind. Neurocranium: warm colors. 从后面看成人头骨。神经颅：暖色调。
Visceral cranium : cold colors. 内脏颅骨：冷色调。
Occipital bone, upper squamous part 枕骨，上鳞部
Parietal bone 顶骨
Frontal bone, squama 额骨
Nasal bone 鼻骨
Fig. 26 图 26
Adult calvaria seen from above. Neurocranium: warm colors. 从上往下看成年花萼。Neurocranium：暖色调。
Visceral cranium: cold colors. 内脏颅骨：冷色调。
Fig. 27 图 27
Adult skull base from below. The right half of the mandible has been removed. 从下往上看的成年颅底。下颌骨的右半部分已被切除。
Midsagittal section of adult skull. Neurocranium: warm colors. 成人头骨的中矢状切面。神经颅：暖色调。
Visceral cranium: cold colors. 内脏颅骨：冷色调。
Occipital bone, basilar part 枕骨，基底部分
Occipital bone, lateral part 枕骨，外侧部分
Occipital bone, lower squama 枕骨，下方形
Occipital bone, upper squama 枕骨，上方形
Temporal bone, petrosal part 颞骨，枕骨部分
= Temporal bone, squamous part = 颞骨，鳞状部分
Temporal bone, tympanic part. 颞骨，鼓膜部分。
Temporal bone, styloid proc 颞骨，趾骨
Sphenoid bone (base) 蝶骨（基部）
Fig. 27 图 27
Sphenoid bone, greater wing 蝶骨，大翼
Sphenoid bone, lateral lamina of pterygoid proc. 蝶骨，翼骨外侧薄片。
Sphenoid bone, medial lamina of pterygoid proc 蝶骨、翼管内侧薄片
Parietal bone (sphenoid and mastoid angles) 顶骨（蝶骨和乳突角）
. Frontal bone, squama Maxilla, zygomatic process . 额骨，鳞状 上颌骨，颧突
Maxilla, alveolar process 上颌骨，齿槽突
Maxilla, palatine process 上颌骨，腭突
Mandible, body 下颚，身体
Zygomatic bone 颧骨
Nasal bone 鼻骨
Vomer 沃玛
n = Palatine bone, horizontal and perpendicular plates n = 腭骨、水平板和垂直板
Fig. 28 图 28
Occipital bone, basilar part 枕骨，基底部分
Occipital bone, lateral part 枕骨，外侧部分
Occipital bone, lower squama 枕骨，下方形
Occipital bone, upper squama Temporal bone, squamous part 枕骨，上鳞部 颞骨，鳞部
Sphenoid bone (presphenoid 蝶骨（前蝶骨
Sphenoid bone (base) 蝶骨（基部）
Sphenoid bone, greater wing Parietal bone 蝶骨，大翼 顶骨
Ethmoid bone, cribriform plate 乙状骨，楔形板
Frontal bone, orbital part 额骨，眼眶部分
Fig. 30 图 30
The mimic musculature, superficial on right side, deep on the left side. 模拟肌肉组织，右侧为浅层，左侧为深层。
Fig. 31 图 31
Dark green Mimic (facial) musculature 深绿色 模仿（面部）肌肉组织
The mimic musculature released from skeletal attachments (mask of face). 模仿的肌肉组织从骨骼附件中释放出来（脸部面具）。
The buccinator . on the right side has been reflected medially. 右侧的颊舌弓 .向内侧反射。
Light green Muscles of mastication 浅绿色 咀嚼肌
Dark green Facial muscles 深绿色 面部肌肉
Fig. 32 图 32
The superficial muscles of mastication, the mimic musculature of the mouth and the suprahyoid muscles. 咀嚼浅肌、口腔模仿肌和舌骨上肌。
Light green Muscles of mastication Dark green Facial muscles 浅绿色 咀嚼肌 深绿色 面部肌肉
Arrow from the retromandibular fossa through 箭头从下颌后窝穿过
Arrow from the retromandibular the lateral pharyngeal space fossa between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandito the infratemporal fossa. bular lig. in the infratemporal fossa. 下颌骨横突与颞下窝之间的咽外侧间隙窝的箭头。
Arrow to infratemporal fossa 箭头指向颞下窝
Arrow to the roof of the 箭头指向
Fig. 36 图 36
The large arteries of the head (semischematic). 头部大动脉（半示意图）。
Fig. 34 图 34
The suprahyoid fascial compartments of the infratemporal and submandibular fossae. 颞下窝和颌下窝的舌骨上筋膜区。
The arrows indicate possible routes for spread of infection from the fascial compartments. Thus, there are two possible connections between the submandibular fossa and the infratemporal fossa. 箭头表示感染从筋膜区扩散的可能途径。因此，下颌下窝和颞下窝之间有两种可能的连接方式。
Fig. 35 图 35
The suprahyoid fascial compartments of the submandibular and retromandibular fossae. 下颌下窝和下颌后窝的舌骨上筋膜区。
Extensions of these compartments into the lateral pharyngeal 这些腔室延伸到咽外侧
and sublingual spaces and the infratemporal fossa are indicated by arrows. 和舌下间隙以及颞下窝用箭头表示。
Infections can spread from the submandibular triangle into the sublingual area or through the tenuous interglandular septum into the retromandibular fossa. They can also extend into the lateral pharyngeal space and along the pharynx. Abscessed tonsils can project into the submandibular trigone. 感染可从下颌下三角区扩散到舌下区，或通过脆弱的腺间隔膜扩散到下颌后窝。感染还可能扩展到咽侧间隙和咽部。脓肿扁桃体可伸入颌下三叉神经。
The large veins and dural sinuses of the head (semischematic). 头部大静脉和硬脑膜窦（半示意图）。
Fig. 38 图 38
Lymph vessels and lymph nodes of the head (schematic). 头部淋巴管和淋巴结（示意图）。
Lymph vessels of the tongue and pharynx are not included. 舌头和咽部的淋巴管不包括在内。
The regional nodes for the subcutaneous drainage of the face are the submandibular, retromandibular, infra-auricular, and retroauricular nodes. The latter two groups and the occipital nodes collect lymph from the scalp. The submandibular nodes receive lymph directly from the teeth of the lower jaw, the tongue, and the tonsillar region. 面部皮下引流的区域性结节有下颌下结节、下颌后结节、耳下结节和耳后结节。后两组结节和枕骨结节收集来自头皮的淋巴。颌下结节直接接收来自下颌牙齿、舌头和扁桃体区域的淋巴。
All nodes drain ultimately into deep cervical nodes. 所有结节最终都会排入颈深结节。
Fig. 39 图 39
Nerves of the head (semischematic). 头部神经（半示意图）。
a = Frontal n
b = Nasociliary n
anterior ethmoid n
= Lacrimal n., communicating br
with zygomatic n
d = Zygomaticotemporal br
of zygomatic n
= Post. sup. nasal brs.
= Marginal mandibularbr
of facial n.
- Cervical br. of facial n
p = Mylohyoid n.
= Post. sup. alveolar brs.
s = Nasopalatine n
\beta = Pterygopalatine ganglion
IX = Glossopharyngeal . IX = 舌咽 .
Violet Ant. gustatory region - Lingual n. Chorda tympani - Intermediate (facial) n. Geniculate ganglion - Intermediate (facial) . Solitary tract - Solitary nuclcus Violet Ant. gustatory region - Lingual n. Chorda tympani - Intermediate (facial) n. Geniculate ganglion - Intermediate (facial) .孤立道 - 孤立核团
Violet dashes Ant. gustatory region Lingual n. - Chorda tympani - Communicating br. - Otic ganglion - Medial sphenoid n. - Greater petrosal n. - Geniculate ganglion - Intermediate |facial| n. - Solitary tract - Solitary nucleus ant. gustatory region - Lingual n. - Chorda tympani Violet dashes Ant. gustatory region Lingual n. - Chorda tympani - Communicating br. - Otic ganglion - Medial sphenoid n. - Greater petrosal n. - Geniculate ganglion - Intermediate |facial| n. - Solitary tract - Solitary nucleus ant. gustatory region - Lingual n. - Chorda tympani
Taste fibers in 品尝其中的纤维
glossopharyngeal . 舌咽 。
Taste fibers in 品尝其中的纤维
chorda tympani 耳鼓
Taste fibers in lingual n., 舌神经中的味觉纤维
in trigeminal . 三叉神经 。
Tympanic . 鼓膜 .
Lesser petrosal n. 小石瓣 n.
Mandibular n. root 下颌 n. 根
of otic ganglion 耳神经节
7 Palatine nerves 7 条帕拉丁神经
Greater petrosal 大瓣
9 = Communicating br. from chorda ympanu to otic ganglion 9 = 从鼓室到耳神经节的通信臂
Med. sphenoid 中鼻骨
Intermediate (facial) n. - Geniculate ganglion Greater petrosal n. (?) - Pterygopalatine ganglion - Ganglionic hrs. - Maxillary n. Trigeminal ganglion - Trigeminal . Solitary tract - Solitary nucleus - mucosa of palate-Palatine nerves - Pterygo palatine ganglion - Greater petrosal . Geniculate ganglion - Intermediate (facial) n. Solitary tract - Solitary nucleus 中间（面部）神经节 - Geniculate ganglion Greater petrosal n. (?) - Pterygopalatine ganglion - Ganglionic hrs.- 三叉神经节 - 三叉神经 。腭神经 - 翼腭神经节 - 大侧腭神经节 。Geniculate ganglion - Intermediate (facial) n. 孤束 - 孤核
Red dots and dashes - Ant. gustatory region Lingual n. - Mandibular n. -Trigeminal ganglion - Trigeminal n. - Solitary trac Solitary nucleus Geniculate ganglion of facial 三叉神经节 - 三叉神经节 - 孤独神经节 孤独神经核 面神经膝状神经节
Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal 舌咽下神经节
Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal n. 舌咽神经上节
Trigeminal ganglion 三叉神经节
Pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节
Otic ganglion Brs. of palatine nerve 耳神经节 腭神经桥
Brs. of lingual . in ant gustatory region 舌尖 。在蚂蚁味觉区域
Brs. of glossopharyngeal in post. gustatory region 后味觉区域的舌咽部
Entry of glossopharyngeal fibers into the solitary nucleus and tract 舌咽纤维进入孤核和孤束
Entry of intermedius fiber into the solitary nucleus and tract 中间纤维进入孤束核和束带
Entry of trigeminal . fibers into the solitary nucleus and tract Brain stem 三叉神经 。纤维进入孤核和脑干束
Fig. 41 图 41
The course of taste fibers in the branchial nerves. Main and collateral pathways. 味觉纤维在支神经中的走向。主通路和侧通路
The areas of innervation by the three branches of the trigeminal . are sepearated by brown lines. Ophthalamic Ma xillary Mandibular . 三叉神经三个分支 的神经支配区域用棕色线条分隔。 眼球 下颌 下颌 。
Violet Dorsal segment within the three areas of innervation ( area is of a darker color) and the fibers from the three bran. ches of the trigeminal ganglion which enter the segments 紫色 三个神经支配区域内的背侧节段（ 区域颜色较深）以及进入节段的三叉神经节三个分支的纤维
Orange Middle segment within the three areas ( , area is of a darker color) and the fibers from the three branches of the trigeminal ganglion which enter the segments. 橙色 三个区域内的中间节段（ ，区域颜色较深）以及进入节段的三叉神经节三个分支的纤维。
Green Rostral segment within the three areas area is of a darker color) and the fibers from the three branches of the trige minal ganglion which enter the segments. 绿色 三个区域内的脊髓节段（ 区域颜色较深），以及进入节段的来自三叉神经节三个分支的纤维。
Central fibers are distributed to all three areas of innervation and all three ses ments of the pontine nucleus of the trige minal . by the roots of the trigeminal ganglion. The spinal nucleus of the trige minal . is devided into three consecutive segments, an upper segment (green; 5)for fibers of the rostal area, a middle segment (orange; 6) for fibers of the middle area and lower segment (violet; 7 ) for fibers of the dorsal area. The spinal nucleus is further subdivided longitudinally (corresponding to the trifurcation of the main trigeminal nerve trunk! into a ventral ( ), middle (m), and dorsal (d) column. Fibers from en ter the ventral column, fibers from , the middle column, and fibers from , the dorsal column. Most caudal fibers to the upper, middle, and lower segments of the spinal nucleus are derived trom Central fibers of the trigeminal ganglion entering the ventral middle, and dorsal columms of the spinal nucleus and the chief (pontine) nucleus of the trigeminal n. 中枢纤维通过三叉神经节的根分布到所有三个神经支配区域和三叉神经桥核的所有三个分支 。三叉神经脊髓核 。脊髓核被分为三个连续的区段，上段（绿色；5）为喙区纤维，中段（橙色；6）为中区纤维，下段（紫色；7）为背区纤维。脊髓核进一步纵向细分（与三叉神经主干的三叉相对应）为腹柱（ ）、中柱（m）和背柱（d）。腹柱的纤维来自 ，中柱的纤维来自 ，背柱的纤维来自 。通往脊髓核上部、中部和下部的大部分尾端纤维来自 ，这些纤维来自三叉神经节的中央纤维，进入脊髓核的腹中柱和背柱以及三叉神经的主核（桥脑）。
Chief sensory nucleus of trigeminal 三叉神经主感觉核
5 - Upper (rostral) part 5 - 喙上部
of spinal nucleus 脊髓核
Middle part 中间部分
7 Lower (cart l) part 7 下部（推车 1）零件
Tiveminal sanglion
Lemniscal fibers from the dorsal column of the spinal nucleus Frontal 来自脊髓背柱核的脑膜纤维 额叶
Supratrochlear n. 耳廓上 n.
Medial br. of supraorbital . 眶上内侧臂 .
Lateral br. of supraorbital 眶上侧
Nasociliary n. 鼻腔 n.
Ext. nasal branch 鼻支
Infratrochlear n. 耳下 n.
with sup. palpebral br 上睑下垂
= Lacrimal n. with sup. palpebral br = 带上睑喙的泪腺 n.
Zygomaticotemporal br Infraorbital n. with sup. labial and buccal brs. 颧颞颊骨 眶下 n. 带唇上和颊骨。
Inf. palpebral br. of infraorbital . Zygomaticofacial br Buccal . Inf. palpebral br. of infraborital . Zygomaticofacial br Buccal .
Inf. alveolar . Inf. alveolar 。
Mental n. with inf. labial brs Auriculotemporal Mental n. with inf. labial brs Auriculotemporal
Fig. 42 图 42
Areas of innervation of trigeminal . 三叉神经的神经支配区域 .
Red Area supplied by ophthalmic n. 红色 由眼科 n 提供的区域。
White Area supplied by maxillary 白色 上颌供应区
Green Area supplied by mandibular . 绿色 下颌供血区 。
Blue Area supplied by second cervical segment 蓝色 第二颈椎节段供血区域
Violet Area innervated by both ophthalmic n. and second cervical segment 紫色 同时受眼神经和第二颈节支配的区域
Fig. 43 图 43
Sensory innervation of the scalp projected on the calvaria. The ophthalmic . carries sensory fibers to the scalp, up to the vertex, where a small triangular area is also innervated by the greater occipital . 头皮的感觉神经投射在小腿上。眼 。将感觉纤维带到头皮，直到顶点，在顶点的一个小三角形区域也由大枕 。
Brown Muscle origins 棕色 肌肉起源
Temporal bone, squamos part 颞骨，鳞骨部分
Sphenoid bone, greater wing 蝶骨，大翼
Parietal bone 顶骨
Fig. 44 图 44
Front view of the skull. Vessels and nerves passing through foramina are indicated. 头骨正视图。图中标出了通过孔道的血管和神经。
Frontal bone, squama 额骨
Maxilla 上颌骨
Mandible 下颌
Zygomatic bonc 颧骨
Nasal bone 鼻骨
Lacrimal bone 泪骨
Fig. 45 图 45
Side view of the skull. Vessels and nerves passing through foramina are indicated. 头骨侧视图。图中标出了穿过颅孔的血管和神经。
Brown Muscle origins 棕色 肌肉起源 Occipital bone 枕骨 Temporal bone 颞骨
Parietal bone 顶骨
Maxilla 上颌骨
Mandible 下颌
Palatine bone 腭骨
Fig. 46 图 46
Back view of the skull. Vessels and nerves passing through foramina are indicated. 头骨后视图。图中标出了通过孔道的血管和神经。
Fig. 47 图 47
External cranial base. The right half of the mandible is removed. 外颅底。下颌骨右半部被切除。
Areas of muscle and cranial base are shown on the right, vessels and nerves passing through foramina on the left. 右侧为肌肉和颅底区域，左侧为通过孔道的血管和神经。
Anterior cranial fossa 前颅窝
Hypophyseal fossa 脑下窝
Middle cranial fossa 中颅窝
Posterior cranial fossa 后颅窝
Occipital bone basilar part 枕骨基底部分
Occipital bone lateral part 枕骨外侧部分
Occipital bone llower squama Occipital bone (upper squama 枕骨（下斜方肌） 枕骨（上斜方肌
Temporal bone petrosal part 颞骨瓣部
Temporal bone squamous part 颞骨鳞状部分
Sphenoid bone body (presphenoid 蝶骨骨体（前蝶骨
Sphenoid bone body (base of sphenoid) Sphenoid bone, greater wing 蝶骨体（蝶骨基部） 蝶骨，大翼
Sphenoid bone, lesser wing 蝶骨，小翼
Parietal bone 顶骨
Ethmoid bone, cribriform plate 乙状骨，楔形板
Frontal bone, squama 额骨
Frontal bone, orbital part 额骨，眼眶部分
Fig. 48 图 48
Internal cranial base. The green lines separate the cranial fossae. Nerves and vessels passing through foramina are shown on the right. 内部颅底。绿线分隔颅窝。右侧为穿过颅孔的神经和血管。
Ethmoid bone, perpendicular plate 乙状骨，垂直板
Frontal bone, squama 额骨
Maxilla, palatine process 上颌骨，腭突
Mandible, body 下颚，身体
Nasal bone 鼻骨
Vomer 沃玛
Palatine bone, horizontal plate 腭骨，水平板
Fig. 49 图 49
Midsagittal section of skull. Vessels and nerves passing through foramina are shown. 头骨中矢状面切面。图中显示了通过孔道的血管和神经。
Red Neurocranium Green Visceral cranium 红色 神经颅 绿色 内脏颅
Frontal section through visceral cranium at the level of the second molars . Infections may spread through the narrow openings of the paranasal sinuses to the orbit, and cranial and oral cavities. 通过第二臼齿水平的内脏颅正面切面 。感染可通过副鼻窦狭窄的开口传播到眼眶、颅腔和口腔。
Red Neurocranium 红色神经颅Green Visceral cranium 绿色 内脏颅骨 Temporal bone, squamous part 颞骨，鳞状部分 Sphenoid bone, body 蝶骨，主体 Sphenoid bone, greater wing 蝶骨，大翼 Parietal bone 顶骨A.sbc. Subcallosal area A.sbc. 副胼胝体区域C.fr. = Anterior horn of C.fr.= 前角the lateral ventricle 侧脑室
Fig. 51 图 51
Frontal section through body of sphenoid bone and ramus of mandible. 通过蝶骨主体和下颌骨横突的正面剖面图。
Red Neurocranium Green Visceral cranium 红色 神经颅 绿色 内脏颅
Occipital bone, squama 枕骨
Temporal bone, squamous part 颞骨，鳞状部分
Sphenoid bone, body (presphenoid) 蝶骨，主体（前蝶骨）
Sphenoid bone body (base) 蝶骨体（基部）
Shpenoid bone, greater wing 蝶骨，大翼
Parietal bone 顶骨
Ethmoid bone, orbital plate Ethmoid bone, perpendicular plate 乙状骨，眶板 乙状骨，垂直板
Maxilla, frontal process 上颌骨，额突
Zygomatic bone 颧骨
Nasal bone 鼻骨
Lacrimal bone 泪骨
Cerebellum 小脑
C.sph. = Sphenoid concha C.sph. = 蝶骨圆锥体
F.h. = Hypophyseal fossa F.h. = 叶下窝
Posterior ethmoid cells 乙状后叶细胞
Mesencephalon 间脑
Septum of sphenoid sinus 蝶窦隔膜
S.sph. Sphenoid sinus S.sph. 蝶窦
Anterior ethmoid cells 乙状前叶细胞
Fig. 53 图 53
Transverse section through the orbit, body of the sphenoid, tentorial notch, and the internal occipital protuberance. 通过眼眶、蝶骨体、触角凹槽和枕骨内突起的横切面。
The Digestive System 消化系统
The oral cavity 口腔
Red Oral cavity 红色 口腔Blue Nasal cavities 蓝色 鼻腔Bluish-green Frontal and 蓝绿色 正面和maxillary sinuses 上颌窦Yellow-green Ethmoid cells 黄绿色 Ethmoid 细胞Yellow Lacrimal ductules, 黄色 泪管、lacrimal sac, and 泪囊，以及nasolacrimal duct 鼻泪管
Arrows Openings of paranasal sinuses in the nasal cavity (on right side only) 箭头 鼻腔副鼻窦开口（仅右侧）
Fig. 54 图 54
Sagittal projection of oral cavity, nasal cavities, and paranasal sinuses. 口腔、鼻腔和副鼻窦的矢状投影。
The oral cavity, paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts are shown on the right. The sphenoid sinus is not shown. 右侧为口腔、副鼻窦和泪管。蝶窦未显示。
Fig. 55 图 55
Roof of oral cavity 口腔顶部
Fig. 56 图 56
Floor of the mouth and the tongue. 口腔底部和舌头
Anlage of deciduous teeth 乳牙齿槽
Fig. 57 图 57
Roof of oral cavity in the newborn. The soft tissues of the jaw are removed on the left. 新生儿口腔顶部。颌骨软组织在左侧被切除。
Point, where the pterygoid hamulus may be palpated medial to the pterygomandibular raphe. 点，在此可触及翼颌下缘内侧的翼束。
Anlage of deciduous teeth 乳牙齿槽
Fig. 58 图 58
Floor of oral cavity and the tongue in the newborn. The soft tissues of the jaw are removed on the right. 新生儿的口腔底部和舌头。右侧的颌骨软组织被切除。
Dotted area fibrous zone 点状区域 纤维区
Cross-hatched area adipose zone 交叉阴影区域 脂肪区
Longitudinally-hatched area glandular zone 纵裂区 腺区
Fig. 59 图 59
Roof of oral cavity in the aged. 老年人的口腔屋顶
Fig. 60 图 60
Floor of mouth and the tongue in the aged. 老年人的口腔底部和舌头。
Fig. 61 图 61
Vessels and nerves of the oral cavity floor, seen from above. 从上往下看口腔底部的血管和神经。
1: The tongue is reflected to the right, the mucosa has been removed on the sublingual side. 1: 舌头向右反射，舌下一侧的粘膜已被切除。
Fig. 62 图 62
Vessels and nerves of the floor of the mouth, seen from above. 从上往下看口腔底部的血管和神经。
2: The tongue is retracted toward the right side. The sublingual gland has been mobilized and displaced so that the submandibular ganglion can be seen. 2： 舌头向右侧缩回。舌下腺已被移动并移位，因此可以看到颌下神经节。
Fig. 63 图 63
Structures in the roof of the mouth. 口腔顶部的结构。
Stylopharyngeus m., br. to stylopharyng. m. Stylopharyngeus m., br. to stylopharyng.
Asc. palatine a., pharyng. n. plexus, Asc.腭a.，pharyng.n.神经丛、
sup. pharyngeal constrictor 咽喉收缩器
Fig. 64 图 64
The hard and soft palates front behind. Structures in the lateral pharyngeal space are exposed by complete removal of the right posterior wall of the nasopharynx. 硬腭和软腭位于前方。完全切除鼻咽右后壁后，咽外侧间隙的结构暴露出来。
Fig. 65 图 65
Front view of oral cavity and faucial isthmus. 口腔和咽峡正视图。
Fig. 66 图 66
Front view of vessels and nerves of the oral cavity. 口腔血管和神经正视图。
Violet Muscles of palate and pharynx 紫色 上颚和咽部肌肉
Light green Muscles of mastication 浅绿色 咀嚼肌
Dark green Mimic musculature 深绿色 模仿肌肉组织
Red Tongue musculature 红色 舌头肌肉组织
Fig. 67 图 67
Front view of oral cavity musculature. 口腔肌肉组织正视图
Intermolar distance (average ) 极间距离（平均 )
Distance between the two maxillary retromolar tuberosities (average ) 两个上颌后牙结节之间的距离（平均 )
Green line Ellipse of dental arch 绿线 牙弓椭圆形
Arrows Direction of central rays in dental roentgenography 箭头 牙科射线照相术中中央射线的方向
Fig. 68 图 68
Teeth of the upper jaw. 上颚的牙齿
The crown of the lateral incisors has a less sharp edge than that of the central incisors. The lateral incisor may be missing. There usually are two depressions on the lingual side of the canine tooth. The premolars have two cusps each one buccal and one lingual, separated by a distinct sulcus. 侧切牙的牙冠边缘不如中切牙尖锐。侧切牙可能缺失。犬齿的舌侧通常有两个凹陷。前臼齿有两个尖牙，一个在颊侧，一个在舌侧，之间有明显的沟。
Fifteen per cent of all first one molars have a well developed anomalous cusp (of Carabelli) that does not reach the occlusal surface. More often we only find a depression (see drawing of first molar.) 在所有的第一臼齿中，有 15% 的第一臼齿有一个发育良好的异常尖突（卡拉贝里尖突），但没有达到咬合面。更常见的情况是，我们只发现一个凹陷（见第一臼齿图）。
The second molar frequently has three cusps only. The third molar varies greatly in shape, but usually has three cusps only (see drawing). 第二磨牙通常只有三个尖牙。第三磨牙的形状变化很大，但通常只有三个尖齿（见图）。
Green line Elliptical curve of alveolar arch 绿线 牙槽弓椭圆曲线
Transverse distance between the buccal alveolar margins of the 颊面牙槽边缘之间的横向距离
Distance between the two second upper molars (average ) maxillary retromolar tuberosities (average ) 两颗第二上臼齿之间的距离（平均 ）上颌后磨牙小结节（平均 )
Half of longitudinal axis of ellipse to the intersection with the tuberal line (average ) 从椭圆纵轴的一半到与结节线的交点（平均 )
Fig. 69 图 69
Alveoli of the upper jaw. 上颚肺泡
Teeth and alveoli 牙齿和肺泡
Green line Parabola of dental arch 绿线 牙弓抛物线
Arrows Direction of central rays in dental roentgenography of individual teeth 箭头 单颗牙齿射线照相术中中心射线的方向
Intermolar distance (average ) 极间距离（平均 )
Distance between the two retromolar trigones (average ) 两个后臼齿三棱锥之间的距离（平均 )
Longitudinal axis of dental arch to the intersection with the intertrigonal line (b) (average ) 牙弓纵轴至三叉间线交点 (b) （平均 )
Bonwill's triangle 邦威尔三角形
Midpoint of mandibular head 下颌头中点
Contact point of the lower central incisors 下中切牙的接触点
Fig. 70 图 70
Dental arch of the lower jaw. 下颌的牙弓。
The sides of the equilateral triangle of Bonwill between the mandibular condyles and the point of contact of the central incisors are approximately long in the adult. The triangle aids in the process of preparing a prosthesis. 成人下颌髁状突与中切牙接触点之间的等边三角形的边长约为 。该三角形有助于制作修复体。
The lower central incisor is the smallest of all the teeth. On the first premolar the buccal cusp is usually larger and taller than the lingual cusp. The first molar commonly has five cusps, two buccal, two lingual, and one distal, while the second molar possesses only four. The number of cusps on the third molar tends to be variable, but most often there are four. 下中切牙是所有牙齿中最小的。第一前臼齿的颊尖通常比舌尖大且高。第一磨牙通常有五个尖突，两个颊尖，两个舌尖，一个远尖，而第二磨牙只有四个尖突。第三磨牙的尖突数量往往不固定，但最常见的是四个。
Fig. 71 图 71
Fig. 72 图 72
Buccal (vestibular) view of teeth on the right side. The pulp cavities have been opened by sectioning a macerated specimen. 右侧牙齿的颊面（前庭）视图。通过对浸渍标本进行切片，打开了牙髓腔。
Fig. 73 图 73
Lingual (palatal) aspect of teeth on the left side. The pulp cavities have been opened by sectioning a macerated specimen. 左侧牙齿的舌侧（腭侧）。通过对浸渍标本进行切片，打开了牙髓腔。
Roots of the permanent teeth 恒牙的牙根
Fig. 74 图 74
Transverse section of dental roots in upper jaw. 上颚牙根横切面。
The oval root of the canine tooth is broader on the labial side than on the lingual side. It is also the longest of all roots. The first premolar frequently has two roots, while the second premolar usually has only one. The molars possess two buccal roots and one labial root. On the molar, the lingual root is higher than the distal buccal, while on the second molar the mesio-buccal root is in close proximity to the lingual root. The roots of the third molar may be fused, for example, the disto-buccal root may be fused with the lingual. 犬齿的椭圆形牙根唇侧比舌侧宽。它也是所有牙根中最长的。第一前磨牙通常有两个牙根，而第二前磨牙通常只有一个。臼齿有两个颊根和一个唇根。在磨牙上，舌根高于远端颊根，而在第二磨牙上，中颊根紧靠舌根。第三磨牙的牙根可以融合，例如，远颊根可以与舌根融合。
Roots of permanent teeth 恒牙根
Fig. 75 图 75
Transverse section of dental roots in the lower jaw. 下颌牙根横切面。
The roots of the lateral incisor may contain two root canals. The molars have two roots, usually mesial and distal. The mesial root of the first molar often has two root canals. 侧切牙的牙根可能包含两个根管。臼齿有两个根，通常是中根和远根。第一磨牙的中根通常有两个根管。
Fig. Row of teeth of the upper jaw 图 上颚的一排牙齿
Upper intermolar distance (45 mm) 上臼间距离（45 毫米）
Distance between the two maxillary retromolar tuberosities ) 两个上颌骨后臼突之间的距离 )
Longitudinal axis of the upper dental arch to the intersection with the tuberal line ) 上牙弓纵轴至与结节线的交点 )
Fig. Row of teeth (I-V) of the lower jaw 图 下颌的一排牙齿 (I-V)
Lower intermolar distance (45 mm) 下臼间距离（45 毫米）
Distance between the two retromolar trigones ( ) 两个后臼齿三棱锥之间的距离 ( )
Longitudinal axis of the lower dental arch to the intersection with the trigonal line ( ) 下牙弓纵轴至三叉线交点 ( )
Figs. 76 and 77 图 76 和 77
Deciduous teeth of a 4 - to 5 -year-old child. 4-5 岁儿童的乳牙。
Fig. 76 图 76
The central deciduous incisor and the deciduous canine each have a well defined tubercle. 中央落叶门齿和落叶犬齿各有一个清晰的小瘤。
The crown of the first deciduous molar is more narrow on the lingual side than on the buccal side and may possess a mesial molar tubercle (see illustr. of right tooth). The second upper deciduous molar usually possesses an anomalous mesio-lingual tubercle (see illustr. of left tooth). 第一臼齿的牙冠舌侧比颊侧更窄，可能会有一个臼齿中侧的小结节（见右侧牙齿的插图）。第二上臼齿通常有一个异常的舌中结节（见左侧牙齿的插图）。
Fig. 77 图 77
The first deciduous molar has a tubercle on its mesio-lingual surface. 第一颗落叶臼齿的舌中面有一个小瘤。
Fig. 78 图 78
Deciduous and developing permanent teeth in a 6 -year-old child. 6 岁儿童的乳牙和正在发育的恒牙。
Eruption of the deciduous teeth begins with the lower central incisor at approximately 6 months of age ( months) and is completed at 2 years ( months). The first permanent tooth, the first molar, erupts during the 6 th year ( months). At this stage, the child's dentition may comprise 24 teeth. Usually, girls'permanent teeth erupt earlier, 乳牙的萌出从下中切牙开始，大约在 6 个月大时（ months），到 2 岁时（ months）完成。第一颗恒牙即第一磨牙在 6 岁时萌出（ months）。在这个阶段，儿童的牙齿可能有 24 颗。通常，女孩的恒牙萌出较早、
Fig. 79 图 79
Vestibular (labial and buccal) surfaces of the right permanent and deciduous teeth. Originally, the deciduous teeth in each quadrant were designated by Roman numerals, the permanent teeth by Arabic numerals. Today, the permanent teeth are identified by prefixes of 1 for the left upper quadrant, 2 for the right upper quadrant, 3 for the right lower quadrant and 4 for the left lower quadrant, followed by the actual number (1-8) of the tooth. The deciduous teeth are referred to along the same pattern 右侧恒牙和乳牙的前庭（唇面和颊面）。最初，每个象限的乳牙用罗马数字表示，恒牙用阿拉伯数字表示。如今，恒牙的识别前缀是 1 代表左上象限，2 代表右上象限，3 代表右下象限，4 代表左下象限，后面是牙齿的实际编号（1-8）。对乳牙的称呼也是如此
by prefixes of 5 to 8 and their actual number, also using Arabic numcrals. 由 5 至 8 的前缀及其实际数字组成，也使用阿拉伯数字。
Central incisor 中门齿
Lateral incisor 侧门齿
Canine tooth 犬齿
First premolar 第一前臼齿
Second premolar Central deciduous incisor First deciduous molar II Lateral deciduous incisor Second deciduous molar III Deciduous canine 第二前臼齿 中央臼齿 第二臼齿 侧面臼齿 第三臼齿 落叶犬齿
Fig. 80 图 80
Lingual surfaces of the right permanent and deciduous teeth (lingual side). 右侧恒牙和乳牙的舌面（舌侧）。
Vertically lined area Mucous glands 垂直内衬区 黏液腺
Crosshatched area Seromucous glands 横线区域 血清粘液腺
Fig. 81 图 81
Glands in roof of oral cavity (schematic). The glands are exposed on the right side. 口腔顶部的腺体（示意图）。腺体暴露在右侧。
Vertically lined area Mucous glands 垂直内衬区 黏液腺
Crosshatched area Seromucous glands 横线区域 血清粘液腺
Horizontally lined area Serous glands 水平衬里区 血清腺
Fig. 82 图 82
Glands in floor of oral cavity and on tongue (schematic). The glands are exposed on the left side. 口腔底部和舌头上的腺体（示意图）。腺体暴露在左侧。
Fig. 83 图 83
Lateral view of salivary glands. The mandible and the buccinator . are partly removed. The three large salivary glands are shown with their excretory ducts. 唾液腺侧视图。下颌骨和颊舌 部分切除。图中显示了三个大唾液腺及其排泄管道。
Fig. 84 图 84
Medial view of salivary glands. The openings of the excretory ducts are shown. The parapharyngeal process of the parotid gland can be seen between the sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments. The uncinate process of the submandibular gland lies medial to the mylohyoid muscle. The palatine and buccal glands are not shown. 唾液腺内侧视图。图中显示了排泄导管的开口。腮腺的咽旁突位于上颌韧带和下颌韧带之间。颌下腺的钩突位于腮腺肌的内侧。腭腺和颊腺未显示。
Fig. 85 图 85
Antero-inferior view of salivary glands. Parts of the mandible, the mylohyoid, and the right buccinator muscles are removed. 唾液腺前内侧视图。部分下颌骨、舌骨肌和右侧颊肌被切除。
Figs. 86a and b 图 86a 和 b
Sections through the submandibular and retromandibular regions. 下颌下区和下颌后区的切面。
Fig. 87 图 87
Arteries and nerves of the jaws and deep face region. 下颌和面部深部的动脉和神经。
Fig. 88 图 88
Veins and lymphatics of the jaws and deep face region. 下颌和面部深部的静脉和淋巴管。
Fields of innervation in oral region 口腔区域的神经支配区域
Right Areas innervated by individual nerves 右侧 由个别神经支配的区域
Mucosal innervation in the roof of the mouth (modified after SCHARLAU 1929). The teeth are cut obliquely; the pulp cavities are opened. 口腔顶部的粘膜神经支配（根据 SCHARLAU 1929 修改）。斜切牙齿；打开牙髓腔。
Fig. 90 图 90
Mucosal innervation on the floor of the mouth and the tongue (modified after Scharlau 1929). The teeth are cut obliquely; the pulp cavities are opened. 口腔底部和舌头的粘膜神经支配（根据 1929 年的沙劳（Scharlau）修改）。斜切牙齿；打开牙髓腔。
Structures in Region of Nasal Cavity 鼻腔区域的结构
Fig. 91 图 91
Mucosal relationships on nasal septum. 鼻中隔的粘膜关系。
Superior nasal meatus 上鼻孔
Supreme nasal concha 最高鼻甲骨
Middle nasal meatus 中鼻孔
Superior nasal concha 上鼻孔
c = Inferior nasal meatus c = 下鼻孔
Middle nasal concha 中鼻孔
Inferior nasal concha 下鼻孔
Fig. 92 图 92
The lateral wall of the left nasal cavity. 左鼻腔外侧壁。
Superior nasal meatus 上鼻孔
Middle nasal meatus 中鼻孔
c Inferior nasal meatus c 下鼻孔
Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha
Cut edge of middle nasal concha 中鼻孔切缘
Cut edge of inferior nasal concha Opening of frontal sinus 下鼻孔切缘 额窦开口
Opening of anterior ethmoid cells 乙状前叶开口
Opening of middle ethmoid cells 中耳杓细胞开口
7 = Opening of posterior ethmoid cells 7 = 后乙状细胞开口
Atrium of middle meatus 中耳心房
Agger nas
Fig. 93 图 93
The lateral wall of the left nasal cavity after removal of the middle and inferior concha. 切除中鼻孔和下鼻孔后的左鼻腔外侧壁。
The arrows point to the openings of the sinuses 箭头指向鼻窦开口处
a Superior nasal meatus Agger nasi a 上鼻孔 Agger nasi
Middle nasal meatus Atrium of middle meatus 中鼻孔 中鼻孔心房
c Inferior nasal meatus Limen nasi c 下鼻孔 Limen nasi
Fig. 94 图 94
The lateral wall of the left nasal cavity after removal of all conchae and opening of the ethmoid air cells. 切除所有鼻螺并打开乙状气室后的左鼻腔侧壁。
I, V-XII Cranial nerves I、V-XII 颅神经
p. = Parotid gland p. = 腮腺P.d. = Hard palate P.d. = 硬腭 Submandibular gland 下颌下腺S.f. Frontal sinus S.f. 额窦S.1. = Sublingual gland S.1. = 舌下腺S.sph. = Sphenoid sinus S.sph. = 蝶窦T.b. = Auditory tube with T.b. = 听觉管，带tensor and levator veli 张力和提拉力palat. muscles (origins) 颚肌
Medial view of vessels and nerves of the mouth, the nasal cavity and the lateral pharyngeal space. The auditory tube with its muscles and the soft palate have been removed so that structures in the infratemporal fossa can be seen. 口腔、鼻腔和咽外侧间隙的血管和神经内侧视图。听小管及其肌肉和软腭已被切除，因此可以看到颞下窝的结构。
Fig. 96 图 96
Arteries and nerves of nasal septum. 鼻中隔的动脉和神经。
Fig. 97 图 97
Structures in the pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, and the lateral pharyngeal recess. The carotid canal, cavernous sinus, pterygoid canal, and the greater palatine canal have been opened. 翼腭窝、颞下窝和咽侧凹的结构。颈动脉管、海绵窦、翼管和大腭管已被打开。
Fig. 98 图 98
Frontal view of nasal cartilages. 鼻软骨正面图。
Fig. 99 图 99
Lateral view of nasal cartilages and muscles. 鼻软骨和肌肉侧视图。
Fig. 100 图 100
The bony and cartilaginous framework of the nasal septum. 鼻中隔的骨和软骨框架。
Fig. 101 图 101
The bony and cartilaginous framework of the lateral wall of the left nasal cavity 左鼻腔外侧壁的骨骼和软骨框架
Cut edge of superior nasal concha 上鼻孔切缘
Cut edge of middle nasal concha 中鼻孔切缘
Cut edge of inferior nasal concha 下鼻孔切缘
Ethmoid bulla 蝶窦
Uncinate process 钩突
Agger nasi
7 = Opening of frontal sinus 7 = 额窦开口
Fig. 103 图 103
The skeleton of the lateral wall of the left nasal cavity. The conchae are removed, and the ethmoid cells are exposed. 左鼻腔侧壁的骨架。鼻甲被切除，乙状结肠细胞暴露出来。
Fig. 图
Frontal section through the bony framework of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses. 鼻腔和副鼻窦骨架的正面剖面图。
gh
Frontal sinus 额窦
Ethmoid bulla 蝶窦
the anterior third 前三分之一
前乙状体细胞 中鼻孔
Anterior ethmoid cells
Middle nasal meatus
Section through 通过部分
Common nasal meatus 总鼻孔
Frontal bone 额骨
the middle third 中三分之一
眼眶 - 下眼眶肉uc
The orbit
- Inferior acol meatuc
Crista galli 克里斯塔-加利
通过 后三分之一部分
Section through
the posterior third
上颌窦 太阳前鼻孔
Maxillary sinus
Sunerior nasal meatus
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone 乙状骨垂直板
6 = Middle nasal concha 6 = 中鼻孔
Uncinate process 钩突
Inferior nasal concha 下鼻孔
Palatine process of maxilla 上颌骨腭突
Vomer 沃玛
Superior nasal concha 上鼻孔
Lacrimal bone 泪骨
13 = Palatine bone 13 = 腭骨
Fig. 图
Frontal section through the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses. Mucosal relationships. 鼻腔和副鼻窦的正面剖面图。粘膜关系。
Anterior ethmoid cells 乙状前叶细胞
S.f. Frontal sinus S.f. 额窦
Middle ethmoid cells 中乙状细胞
S.m. = Maxillary sinus S.m. = 上颌窦
Posterior ethmoid cells 乙状后叶细胞
S.l. = Lacrimal sac S.l. = 泪囊
Fig. 106 图 106
Lateral view of the opened paranasal sinuses. 打开的副鼻窦侧视图。
Of the paranasal sinuses, the maxillary sinus, in particular, may be found to invade adjacent structures. In these cases one can observe alveolar, palatine, infraorbital, and zygomatic processes. The alveolar expansion may be so extensive that only a very thin bony septum (see fig.) separates the sinus from the apices of the molar roots which form elevations in the floor of the sinus. 在鼻旁窦中，尤其是上颌窦可能会侵犯邻近的结构。在这些病例中，可以观察到齿槽、腭窦、眶下窦和颧突。牙槽的扩张可能非常广泛，以至于只有一个非常薄的骨性隔膜（见图）将鼻窦与臼齿根尖隔开，而臼齿根尖在鼻窦底部形成隆起。
In the frontal sinus, the orbital process may be non-existent, or it may be so large that it reaches the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. 在额窦，眶突可能不存在，也可能非常大，以至于达到蝶骨的小翼。
Fig. 107 图 107
The paranasal sinuses projected on the lateral wall (schematic). 副鼻窦投影在侧壁上（示意图）。
Fig. 108 图 108
The paranasal sinuses projected on the side of the skull. A mid-sagittal section is also projected. 副鼻窦投影在头骨侧面。矢状切面中部也有投影。
Floor of anterior cranial fossa 前颅窝底
Superior margin of petrous portion of temporal bone Floor of middle cranial fossa 颞骨石状部分上缘 中颅窝底
Floor of posterior cranial fossa 后颅窝底
Fig. 109 图 109
The paranasal sinuses projected on the front of the skull. 副鼻窦位于头颅前部。
