①Ballad（民谣）
Ballad is oral literature of the English people，it is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited and were passed down from generation to generation.
Ballad 是英国人民的口头文学，它是一种以诗歌形式讲述的故事，可以歌唱或朗诵，并代代相传。
A Ballad is a story usually in 4-line stanzas，with the second and fourth lines rhymed.
一首抒情诗通常由四行一节组成，第二行和第四行押韵。
The subjects of ballads are various such as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families.
民谣的题材多种多样，如年轻的恋人在封建思想家庭面前的抗争。
Two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition and the ballad stanza. Ballads often open abruptly，present brief descriptions and use concise dialogues.
民谣的两个特点是逐步重复和民谣 stanza。民谣往往突然展开，提供简短的描述并使用简洁的对话。
The folk Ballad is usually anonymous and the presentation is impersonal.
民谣通常没有署名，表现形式也较为不个人化。
Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge's The Rime of Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.
罗宾汉是一位著名的民谣歌手，歌颂罗宾汉的善行。柯勒律治的《古舟子吟》是 19 世纪的英国民谣。
Epic（史诗）
史诗
Epic,in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.
在史诗诗歌中，指的是关于神祇和英雄行动的长篇作品。
Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes:they also summarize and express the nature or ideas of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period.
史诗不仅仅是传奇或历史英雄的娱乐故事：它们还总结并表达了某个重要或关键时期整个民族的性质或理念。
Beowulf; Paradise Lost;Paradise Regained;Samson Agonists
贝奥武夫; 失乐园; 复乐园; 撒母耳戏剧
扩：In its instinct sense the term epic or heroic poem is applied to work that meets at least the following criteria:
在本能意义上，史诗或英雄诗这一术语应用于满足以下至少一项标准的作品：
1* It is a long verse narrative on a serious subject,told in a formal and elevated style,and centered on a heroic. figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe,a nation,or the human race.
它是一首严肃主题的长诗叙事，以正式和崇高的风格讲述，并以一个英雄人物为中心，该人物的行为决定了部落、民族或整个人类的命运。
2*There is a standard distinction between traditional and literary epics.”traditional epics”(also called “folk epics”or”primary epic”)were written versions of what had originally been oral poems about a tribal or national hero during a warlike age. (Odyssey and Beowulf). ”literary epics”were composed by individual poetic craftsmen in deliberate imitation of the traditional form.
2*传统史诗和文学史诗之间有一个标准区分。“传统史诗”（也称为“民间史诗”或“原始史诗”）是最初以口头诗歌形式讲述的部落或民族英雄在战争时代的版本。（如《奥德赛》和《贝奥武夫》）。“文学史诗”是由个别诗人工匠故意模仿传统形式创作的。
3*The literary epic is certainly the most ambitious of poetic enterprises,making immense demands on a poet’s knowledge invention,and authority of a poem that tends to encompass the world of its day and a large portion of its learning.
文学史诗无疑是诗歌创作中最雄心勃勃的项目，对诗人的知识、创造力和权威提出了巨大的要求，一部文学史诗往往涵盖了当时的世界和大量的知识。
4*Literary epics are highly conventional compositions.
文学史诗是高度规范化的作品。
Alliteration (initial rhyme/head rhyme)
头韵
(1)Alliteration means the repetition of the initial consonant sounds of severe words in a line or group.
(1)头韵指的是诗行或一组词中严重词语开头辅音的重复。
(2)In old English alliterative meter,alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line.
(2)在古英语的头韵诗体中，头韵是诗行的主要组织手段。
(3)Beowulf and Robert Frost’s poem Acquainted with the Night is a case in point”I love stood still and stopped the sound of feet”.
(3)贝奥武夫和罗伯特·弗罗斯特的诗《夜的相识》就是一例，“我爱伫立不动，停止了脚步的声音”。
(4)Usually the term is applied only to consonant,and only when the recurrent sound is made emphatic because it begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word.
(4)通常这个术语只应用于辅音，并且只有当重复的声音因为位于词首或词内重读音节的开头而被强调时才使用。
(5)In later English versification,however, alliteration is used only for specific stylistic effects,such as to reinforce the meaning, to link related words,or to provide tone color
(5)然而，在后来的英语韵文中，头韵仅用于特定的修辞效果，例如强化意义、连接相关词语或提供音色
“Piers Plowman””Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”
“张彻 plowman” Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Romance
Romance is a popular literary form in the Medieval England.
浪漫是中世纪英格兰流行的文学形式。
Originally, the term refers to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings,queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.
原来，这个词指的是中世纪的故事，讲述国王、王后、骑士和贵妇人的爱情与冒险，并包括一些不可能的或超自然的事件。
It was a long composition sometimes in verse,sometimes in prose,the central character was the knight;The code of manners and morals of a knight is chivalry.
它是一篇长篇作品，有时是诗，有时是散文，中心人物是骑士；骑士的行为和道德规范称为骑士精神。
The romances are divided in such groups as the matters of Britain,matters of France,and matters of Rome.The matters of Britain are about adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of medieval romances.
这些传奇分为关于不列颠、法国和罗马的故事。关于不列颠的故事讲述亚瑟王及其圆桌骑士的冒险。《高文与绿骑士》是中世纪传奇中的最佳作品。
The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.The romances had nothing to do with the common people.They were composed for the noble,of the noble.
忠君爱国的主题在侠义小说中反复被强调。这些侠义小说与普通百姓无关，它们是为贵族、由贵族创作的。
Beowulf
贝奥武夫
Beowulf the first great English epic poem, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.
贝奥武夫是第一部伟大的英诗史诗，是古英语诗歌的典型例子，被认为是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的 greatest national epic，保持不变。
The epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero,Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years.While fighting against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded.However, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life.
这部史诗描述了斯堪的纳维亚英雄贝奥武夫在年轻时与怪物格伦德、报复心强的母亲以及一条喷火的龙战斗的 exploits。在与龙战斗时，贝奥武夫身受致命伤。然而，他还是以生命为代价杀死了龙。
Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also a protector of the people.
贝奥武夫不仅被展现为一位光荣的英雄，还是人民的保护者。
Robin Hood
罗宾汉
Robin Hood is legendary hero of a serious of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.
罗宾汉是多首英语民谣中的传奇英雄，其中有些民谣可追溯到至少 14 世纪。
The character of Robin Hood is many-sided,brave and intelligent,he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.
罗宾汉这个角色是多面的，勇敢而聪明，同时又心地温柔、感情丰富。
The dominant key in his character on his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.
他性格中的主导因素是对残酷压迫的仇恨以及对贫苦受压迫者的关爱。
Another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king.Robin Hood was a people’s hero as King Arthur was a noble’s hero.
罗宾的观点另一个特点是尊敬国王。罗宾汉是人民的英雄，就像亚瑟王是贵族的英雄。
Renaissance(文艺复兴） 第一个人文主义者，文艺复兴之父——Petrarc
文艺复兴（Renaissance） 第一个人文主义者，文艺复兴之父——Petrarc
The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western.Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.
“Renaissance”这个词意味着“再生”或“复兴”。它指的是将希腊和罗马的完整文化遗产重新引入西欧。
The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitude and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down in the era of Humanism and Reformation.
文艺复兴的本质是人文主义。14 世纪和 15 世纪的特点延续到了人文主义和宗教改革的时代。
The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist Thomas More “Utopia”.
英国文艺复兴的主流是伊丽莎白时期的戏剧，以威廉·莎士比亚为主要剧作家，托马斯·莫尔《乌托邦》。
Humanism(人文主义）
人文主义
Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
人文主义是文艺复兴的本质。
It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.
它强调了人的尊严和现世生活的重要性。
Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.
人文主义者表达了他们认为人是宇宙的中心，人没有权利享受当下的美好生活，但却有能力完善自我并创造奇迹的观点。
Spenserian stanza(斯宾塞诗节）
斯宾塞诗节
Spenserian stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenser.
斯宾塞 stanza 是埃德蒙·斯宾塞的创作。
It refers to a stanza of nine lines,with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter rhyming ababbcbcc. 9行诗（8+1）
它指的是九行诗，前八行采用抑扬五音步，最后一行采用抑扬六音步，并且押韵为 ababbcbcc。9 行诗（8+1）
Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.
斯宾塞的《仙后》就是用这种诗节写的。
10、Conceit(奇想）
10、奇想
（1）Conceits，from the Italian concetto ,”concept”or“idea”,are used in Renaissance poetry to mean a precise and detailed comparison of something more remote or abstract with something more present or concrete,and often detailed through a chain of metaphors or similes.
（1）Conceits，从意大利语 concetto ，“概念”或“想法”，在文艺复兴时期的诗歌中用来表示一种精确而详细的比较，将较为遥远或抽象的事物与较为具体或现实的事物进行比较，通常通过一系列隐喻或明喻来实现。
(2) In other words,conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor,a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.
(2) 换句话说，自命不凡是一种夸张的明喻或隐喻，当说话者将两种差异极大的事物进行比较时，就会出现文学上的自命不凡。
(3)Conceits were closely linked to emblem, to the degree that the verbal connection between that emblem picture and its meaning was detailed in an interpretative conceit.
(3) 想象与 Emblem 密切相关，以至于那幅 Emblem 图画与其含义之间的文字联系是在一个解释性想象中详细说明的。
(4)Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.
(4) conceit 在约翰·多恩的诗歌中被广泛运用。
11、Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌）
11、玄学派诗歌
（1）Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.
（1）形而上学诗歌通常用来称呼受约翰·多恩影响的 17 世纪作家的作品。
(2)With a rebellious spirit,the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.
(2)怀着叛逆的精神，玄学诗人试图摆脱伊丽莎白时期爱情诗歌的陈规陋习。
(3)Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess,ingenious structure,irregular meter,colloquial language,elaborate imagery,and a drawing-together of dissimilar ideas.
(3) 形而上学诗歌以言辞机智和过度、巧妙的结构、不规则的韵律、口语化的语言、细腻的意象以及不相似观念的结合为特征。
(4)The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods,and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.
(4) 与伊丽莎白时期或古典主义时期的用词相比，用词更为简单，且接近普通话语音和语调。
(5)The imagery is drawn from actual life.
(5) 这些意象源自现实生活。
12、Sonnet
12、十四行诗
（1）Sonnet is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.
（1）十四行诗是欧洲最传统和最有影响力的一种诗歌形式。
（2）A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines,usually in iambic pentameter,restricted to a defined rhyme scheme.
（2）十四行诗是一种十四行的抒情诗，通常为抑扬五音步，受限于固定的韵律方案。
（3）Sonnet express different aspects of a single thought,mood,or feeling,sometimes resolved or summed up in the last lines of the poem.
（3）Sonnet 表达单个思想、情绪或感受的各个方面，有时会在诗歌的最后一行得到解决或总结。
(4)Shakespeare’s sonnet are well known.
(4)莎士比亚的十四行诗广为人知。
扩：（5）Of all English metrical forms it is closing to the natural rhythms of English speech,yet flexible and adoptive to diverse levels of discourse.
扩：（5）在所有英语韵律形式中，它最接近英语口语的自然节奏，同时又灵活多变，能够适应不同的语境层次。
（6）①Soon after blank verse was introduced by the Earl of Surrey,it became the standard meter for Elizbethan and later poetic drama.②A free form of blank verse remained the medium in such 20th century poem as The wasteLand by TS Eliot.
（6）①莎士比亚 Earl of Surrey 引入了散文诗后，它很快成为了伊丽莎白时代及后来戏剧诗歌的标准韵律。②20 世纪的诗歌如 T.S. 艾略特的《荒原》仍使用自由形式的散文诗。
（7）Division in blank verse poems,used to set off a sustained passage,are called verse paragraphs.See ,for example,the great verse paragraph of 20 lines which initiates Milton’s Paradise Lost,beginning with “of man’s first disobedience and ending with”And justify the ways of God to men”.
（7）在自由诗中用于分隔长段落的分行，称为诗段。例如，弥尔顿的《失乐园》以“人的首次不顺从”开始，直到“并使世人理解上帝的作为”这 20 行诗句，就是一个伟大的诗段。
13、Blank verse
13、无韵诗
（1）Blank verse is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
（1）空白韵诗是用未押韵的抑扬五音步写的诗。
（2）It is the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.
（2）自 16 世纪中叶以来，它是英语戏剧和叙事诗的主要诗体形式。
(3)It is the verse form used in some of the greastest English poetry,including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.
(3)这是某些最伟大英诗，包括威廉·莎士比亚和约翰·弥尔顿的作品中使用的诗体形式。
14、Meter
14、米
（1）The word”meter”is derived from the Greek word “metron” of meaning”measure”.
（1）“meter”一词源自希腊语“metron”，意为“测量”。
（2）In English when applied to poetry,it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
（2）在诗歌中，它指的是音节的规律性强弱排列。
（3）The analysis of the meter is called scansion.
（3）分析韵脚的过程称为音步分析。
15、Allegory
15、寓言
（1）Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something.Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surdace meaning of the story itself.Put simply: it is a tale in verse or prose in which caracters,actions,or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.
寓言是一种用来解释或教导某种事物的故事。特别是那些含义比表面意思更深刻、更复杂的长篇故事。简单来说，寓言是一种用诗歌或散文叙述的故事，其中的人物、行动或场景代表抽象的思想或道德品质。
（2）Allegory novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meaning or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels stand for different values such as virtue and vice.
（2）寓言小说通过扩展的隐喻来传达道德意义或抨击某些社会恶习。这些小说中的角色代表不同的价值观，如美德和罪恶。
(3)Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress，Golding's Lord of the Flies and Melville's Bobby DIck are three examples of this kind.
(3)班扬的《天路历程》、戈尔丁的《蝇王》和梅尔维尔的《白鲸》是这种类型的例子。
(4)two main types:historical and political allegory;the allegory of ideas;
(4)两种主要类型：历史寓言和政治寓言；观念寓言；
(5)the central device is the personification of abstract entities.
(5)中央装置是对抽象实体的人格化。
16、stanza
16、 stanza
（1）It's a structural division of a poem，consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.
（1）它是诗的一种结构划分，由一系列通常具有重复的韵律和韵脚模式的诗行组成。
(2)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry，usually four or more，arranged according to a fixed plan.
(2)Stanza 是一组诗歌行，通常四行或更多，按照固定计划排列。
(3)The stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.
(3)诗节是诗中的结构单位，诗人不会在一首诗中改变这个单位。
17、university wits
17、大学才子
（1）university wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge.They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers.Some of them later became famous poets and play Wrights.They were called"university wits".
（1）大学才子是指伊丽莎白时代从牛津或剑桥毕业的一群学者。他们来到伦敦，怀有成为专业作家的抱负。其中一些后来成为著名的诗人和剧作家。他们被称为“大学才子”。
(2)Thomas Greene，John Lily，Christopher Marlowe were among them.
(2)Thomas Greene，John Lily，Christopher Marlowe 都在其中。
(3)They played the way，to some degree，for the coming of Shakespeare.
(3)他们以某种方式为莎士比亚的到来铺垫。
18、Soliloquy（独自）
(1)In drama，an extended speech delivered by a character alone on stage.The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience，as if thinking aloud .
（1）在戏剧中，一个角色独自在舞台上进行的长篇独白。角色直接向观众倾诉其最深层的 thoughts 和 feelings，仿佛在自言自语。
(2)In the line"To be，or not to be，that is the question，”which begins the famous Soliloquy from Act 3 Scene 1 of Shakespeare's Hamlet.In this Soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living，and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.
(2)在“要存在，还是不存在，这就是问题所在”这一句中，来自莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》第三幕第一场著名的独白的开头。在这段独白中，哈姆雷特质疑生活是否值得继续，并谈论了他不结束自己生命的原因。
19、Foreshadowing（预兆）
19、预兆
（1）The use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will happen next.
（1）小说或戏剧中用于暗示接下来会发生什么的提示或线索。
(2)Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.To be specific，it is a method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.
(2)作家使用伏笔来制造兴趣和增加悬念。具体来说，这是一种通过提供即将发生事情的线索来制造悬念的方法。
(3)In Shakespeare's Someone and Juliet，Romeo's expression of fear in Act 1,Scene 4 foreshadows the catastrophe to came:
(3)在莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中，罗密欧在第一幕第四场的恐惧表达预示了即将发生的灾难：
fear too early; for my mind misgives
恐惧来得太早；因为我的理智有所顾虑
some consequence yet hanging in the stars.
星空中还悬着一些后果。
20、Understatement
20、言过其实
It is a figure of speech in literature writing.It deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or important than it really is ，or is ordinary considered to be.The effect usually is ironic.
它是一种修辞手法，在文学写作中使用。它故意将某事物描绘得比实际小得多或不那么重要，或者比通常认为的要普通。这种效果通常具有讽刺意味。
21、Assonance
21、押韵
The repetition of identical or similar vowels—especially in stressed syllables—in a sequence of nearby words.(Keats's Ode on a Grecian Urn)
在相邻的几个词中，重叠或相似的元音——尤其是重读音节中的元音——的重复。（济慈的《希腊古瓮颂》）
Thou still unravished bride of quietness
你依然未被玷污的宁静新嫁娘
Thou foster child of silence and slow time.
你这沉默与缓慢时光的养子。
22、Consonance尾韵
22、Consonance 尾韵
（1）It refers to the repetition of similar Consonance sounds in a group of words.
（1）它指的是词组中类似辅音音素的重复。
(2)Sometimes the term refers to the repetition of Consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words.
(2)有时该术语指的是单词中部或末尾辅音音素的重复。
(3)Sometimes the term is used for slant rhyme in which initial and final consonants are the same but the vowels are different litter/letter;green/groan
(3)有时这个词用于描述斜韵，即开头和结尾的辅音相同但元音不同的情况，如 green/groan
23、Morality plays 道德剧
23、道德剧
（1）A kind of medieval and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good or evil through allegorical characters.
（1）一种中世纪和早期文艺复兴时期的戏剧，通过寓意性的人物展现善与恶的冲突。
(2)The characters tend to be personified abstractions of voices and virtues,which can be named as Mercy,conscience.
(2)这些角色往往是声音和美德的人格化抽象，可以命名为怜悯、良知。
(3)Unlike a mystery or a miracle play,morality plays does not necessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.
(3)与神秘剧或奇迹剧不同，道德剧不一定使用圣经或严格的宗教材料，因为它发生在每个人内心和心理层面。
24、Pastoral牧歌
24、牧歌
（1）At type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life.
（1）一种以理想化方式描写牧人和乡村生活的诗体。
(2)Two pastoral poems are Christopher Marlow's The Passionate Shepherd to His lover and Sir Walter Raleigh's The Nymph's Reply to the shepherd.
(2)两首田园诗分别是克里斯托弗·马洛的《致恋人的牧人》和萨缪尔·德·沃拉尔的《仙女对牧人的答复》。
(3)Ralegh's poem might be called anti-pastoral because of it's realistic tone.
(3)瑞利的诗歌可能因为其现实主义的基调被称为反田园诗。
25、Classicism古典主义
25、古典主义
（1）Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art，literature or music that reflects the principles manifest educate in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.
（1）古典主义是指艺术、文学或音乐中的一种运动或倾向，反映了古希腊和罗马艺术中的原则。
(2)Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal and places value on reason,clarity,balance and order.
(2)古典主义强调传统和普遍性，并重视理性、清晰、平衡和秩序。
Classicism，with its concern for reason and universal themes,is traditionally opposed to Romanticism,which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.
古典主义，注重理性与普遍主题，传统上与注重情感和个人主题的浪漫主义相对立。
Benjamin Franklin，Samuel Johnson，Joseph Addison，Richard Steele ，John Dryden，Alexander Pope
26、Neoclassicism (=Classicism)
26、新古典主义（=古典主义）
（1）In the field of literature，the Enlightment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work.
（1）在文学领域，启蒙运动带来了对旧古典作品的兴趣复兴。
(2)This tendency is known as neoclassicism.The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgin and those of the contemporary French ones.
(2)这种倾向被称为新古典主义。新古典主义者认为文学形式应当模仿古希腊和罗马作家如荷马和维吉尔以及当时法国作家的作品。
They believed that the artistic ideals should be order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy,and that literature should be judged in terms of it's service to humanity.
他们认为艺术的理想应该是秩序、逻辑、克制的情感和准确性，并且文学应该以其对人类的 service 来评判。
This belief led them to seek proportion,unity,harmony and in literary expressions,in an effort to delight,instructor and correct human beings,primarily as social animals.Thus a polite,witty,and intellectual art developed.
这种信念使他们追求比例、统一和和谐，在文学表达中努力使人愉悦、指导并纠正人类，尤其是作为社会动物的人类。于是，一种礼貌、机智且富有智力的艺术发展起来。
27、The Enlightment Movement 启蒙运动
27、启蒙运动
（1）Enlightment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flour is he did in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.
（1）启蒙运动是 18 世纪法国兴起的 progressive 智识运动，并波及了西欧各国。
(2)The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th century to the mid-17th century.
(2)这场运动从 14 世纪延续到 17 世纪中叶，是文艺复兴的进一步发展。
(3)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideals.
它的目的是用现代哲学和艺术理想之光照亮整个世界。
(4)It celebrates reason or rationality,equality and science.
(4)它庆祝理性、平等和科学。
(5)Famous among the great enlighteners were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele two pioneers of familiar essays.John Swift,Richard Brings let Sheridan,Daniel Defoe,Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.etc.
(5)在伟大的启蒙者中，有像约翰·德莱顿、亚历山大·蒲柏、约瑟夫·艾迪生和理查德·斯蒂尔这样的伟大作家，他们是闲谈散文的先驱。乔纳森·斯威夫特、理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹、丹尼尔·笛福、亨利·菲尔丁和塞缪尔·约翰逊等人也位列其中，等等。
（6）They believed that when reason served as the yard stick for the measurement of all-human activities and relations,every superstition,injustice and oppression was to yield place to "eternal truth","eternal justice"and "natural equality"
（6）他们认为，当理性成为衡量所有人类活动和关系的标准时，每一个迷信、不公正和压迫都将让位于“永恒的真理”、“永恒的正义”和“自然的平等”
They advocated universal education and on the condition that people were well educated,there would be great chance for a democratic and human society.
他们倡导普及教育，并且在人们受教育良好条件下，会有很大的机会建立一个民主和人文的社会。
In fact，literature at that time was heavily didactic and moralizing,which was a very popular means of public education.
事实上，当时的小说内容非常说教和道德化，这是非常流行的公共教育手段。
28、The Graveyard school
28、墓地学派
（1）The Grave yard school refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or mediation on life,past and present,with death and graveyard as themes.
（1）墓地学校是指 18 世纪一群诗人的流派，他们的诗歌大多致力于对生活、过去和现在的感伤哀叹或沉思，以死亡和墓地为主题。
(2)Thomas Gray is the leading figure.
(2)Thomas Gray 是领军人物。
(3)His Elegy Written in a country churchyard is a case in point of this school.
(3)他的《乡村墓地哀歌》就是这一流派的一个例子。
Thomas Pamell—Night Piece on Death
托马斯·帕梅尔—夜思死亡
Edward Yang—Night Thoughts
Edward Yang—夜思
29、Elegy
29、挽歌
（1）In Greek and Roman times,the term Elegy was used to refer to any poem composed in elegiac meter.
（1）在希腊和罗马时期，术语 Elegy 用于指任何用哀歌体韵律编写的诗。
（2）Since the 17th century,Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflecting poems that lament the loss of something or someone,or death more generally,although in Elizabethan times it was also used to refer to certain love poems.
（2）自 17 世纪以来，哀歌通常被用来指代哀悼失去某物或某人、或者更普遍意义上的死亡的反思诗，尽管在伊丽莎白时代，它也曾用来指某些爱情诗。
(3)Elegies written in English frequently take the form of the pastoral elegy.
(3) 用英语写的挽歌经常采用田园挽歌的形式。
(4)Elegy refers to a poem of mourning,usually over the death of an individual.It may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or meditation on the nature of death.
(4)挽歌是指为哀悼某人而作的诗歌，通常是为了纪念一个人的死亡。它也可能是对生命和美的逝去的哀叹，或对死亡本质的沉思。
(5)It is a type of lyric poem,usually formal in language and structure,and someone or even melancholy in tone.
(5)这是一类抒情诗，语言和结构通常正式，情绪上可能带有忧郁的色彩。
30、Satire
30、 satire
（1）Satire is a literary manner which blends a critical attitude with humor and wit to the end that human institutions or humanity may be improved.
讽刺是一种文学手法，将批判态度与幽默和机智融为一体，旨在通过这种方式改善人类机构或人类本身。
In other words,it means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness or wrong doing of individ groups,institutions or humanity in general.
换句话说，这指的是一种写作方式，它以嘲笑或轻蔑的态度对待个体、机构或人类普遍的弱点或错误。
The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.
讽刺作家旨在为社会设定一个道德标准，并试图通过笑声的力量说服读者接受他们的观点。
Swift's Gulliver's Travels is a great Satire of the then English society from different aspects.
Swift 的《格利佛游记》是从不同方面对当时英国社会的讽刺杰作。
31、Sentimentalism
31、感伤主义
（1）Sentimental is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion，assumed feeling，self-regarding pasture of grief and pain.
（1）Sentimental 是一个贬义词，用来描述虚假或表面的情感、假设的情感以及自我中心的悲伤和痛苦。
(2)In literature it denotes over much use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by"pathetic"
(2) 在文学中，它表示过多使用感伤效果，试图通过“感伤”的方式引起情感共鸣
(3)The vocal of wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point.
(3)沃尔夫黑姆的歌声由奥利弗·戈德史密斯演唱，就是一个例证。
(4)By the middle of the 18th century，Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter disconfent with social reality among the enlighteners people.
(4)到 18 世纪中叶，感伤主义在启蒙人士对社会现实的深刻失望中产生。
(5)The Sentimentalism continued the struggle against feudal ism.But they sensed at the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalism development.
(5)浪漫主义继续与封建主义斗争，但同时他们也意识到了资本主义发展过程中的矛盾。