这是用户在 2024-10-15 11:25 为 https://app.immersivetranslate.com/word/ 保存的双语快照页面,由 沉浸式翻译 提供双语支持。了解如何保存?

Pathology 1 - test 2 reviews
病理学 1 - 测试 2 评论

a fracture occurs: in areas of thinner trabeculae (spongy)distribution, or call “Zone of weakness”;when there is more stress put on the bone than it can be absorb
骨折发生: 在较薄的小(海绵状)分布区域,或称为“薄弱区”;当骨骼承受的压力超过其吸收能力时

Potts fracture:occur at ankle due to eversion impacted, talus jams into medially (displacement) and distal fibula outward fracture;involved talus and medial malleolus (distal end of tibia)
Potts 骨折:由于 外翻嵌塞,发生在踝关节,距骨卡住内侧(移位)和腓骨远端向外骨折;累及距骨和内踝(胫骨远端)

spiral fracture to the upper limb reaches consolidation for 6 weeks Lower limb transverse fracture reach union for 12 weeks, consolidation 24 weeks more
上肢螺旋骨折达到实变 6 周 下肢横断骨折达到愈合 12 周,实变 24 周 更多

Signs of non-union: persistent, excessive distal swelling & discoloration, increasing pain at site; signs of infection: redness, pain, oozing, discoloration, shiny skin due to swelling, (gangrene rarely happen)
不愈合的迹象: 持续的,过度的远端肿胀和变色,部位疼痛加剧; 感染迹象:发红、疼痛、渗出、变色、肿胀导致皮肤发亮(坏疽很少发生

complication of a fracture that can cause stunted growth: epiphyseal separation
可导致发育迟缓的骨折并发症:骨骺分离

the angle of inclination is the angle between femoral :axis of femoral neck and the axis of the femoral shaft
倾斜角度是股骨:股骨颈轴线与股骨干轴线之间的夹角

coxa valga, the angle of inclination is more than __125___degrees, reduced articulate surface, prone to __hip dislocation____ coxa valgus, cause genu varum/varus (bow leg)
髋外翻,倾斜角度大于 __125___degrees,关节面缩小,易发生 __髋关节脱位____ 髋外翻,导致膝内翻/内翻(弓形腿)

If bilateral: the adductors ____llengthening(weaker)/enlongate_______; so, need to be strengthening these muscles
如果是双侧的:内收肌 ____llengthening(较弱)/enlongate_______; 所以,需要加强这些肌肉

coxa varus: the angle of inclination is _less__ than 125 degrees; this deformity provides improvement of congruence, or increased contact b/w articulating surfaces; it causes increased shear force along the femoral neck predisposing it to fracture
髋内翻:倾斜角_less__大于 125 度;这种畸形改善了一致性,或增加了接触 B/W 关节表面;它导致沿股骨颈的剪切力增加,使其容易骨折

slipped capital epiphysis is most likely to occur in ____adolescents____
头骨骺滑脱最可能发生在 ____adolescents____

femoral retroversion treated by strengthening medial rotators (tensa fascia lata, adductor group which adductor magnum, adductor longus and brevis, gracilis, pecteus) gluteus Medius and minimum)
股骨后倾通过加强内侧旋转肌治疗 (阔筋膜、内收肌、大内收肌、长内收肌和短内收肌、股薄肌、胸肌、臀中肌和最小肌)

- Femoral retroversion Cause toeing out
- 股骨后倾原因脚趾外翻

genu varum (bow leg) compressive forces on __medial___ condyle of the tibia; tensile stresses at__lateral___ collateral ligament
膝内翻(弓腿)对胫骨 __内侧___ 髁的压缩力;拉伸应力 at__外侧___ 副韧带

genu valgus (knock knee): compressive forces on ___lateral___ condyle of the tibia; tensile stresses at __medial_____ collateral ligament
膝外翻(X-膝):胫骨 __外侧___ 髁上的压缩力;__内侧 __ 侧副韧带_____ 处的拉应力

secondary curves in scoliosis due to compensation
代偿 引起的脊柱侧弯的继发性曲线

in scoliosis the largest curve is major curve = ___primary____curve
在脊柱侧弯中,最大的曲线是主曲线 = ___PRIMARY____curve

moderate scoliosis: 20-45 degrees
中度脊柱侧弯:20-45 度

postural scoliosis: small curve that corrects itself by forward flexion disappeared
体位性脊柱侧弯:通过前屈自我矫正的小曲线消失

Fixed scoliosis= structural scoliosis, it is called fixed deformity
固定性脊柱侧弯=结构性脊柱侧弯,称为固定畸形

neuropathic cause of neuromuscular scoliosis: cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis (vaccine: 2nd, 4th, 6th, 18th, 4 years)
神经肌肉性脊柱侧弯的神经性原因:脑瘫、脊髓灰质炎(疫苗:2ND、4TH、6TH、18TH、4 年)

- due to neuropathic caused scoliosis which is “C” shape
- 由于神经性引起的脊柱侧弯呈“C”形

most common curve in scoliosis @ convex to the right on thoracic vertebrae (reverse “S” shape)
脊柱侧弯最常见的曲线 @ 胸椎右侧凸起(反向 “S” 形)

scoliosis: rib hump at posterior convex side
脊柱侧弯:后凸 SIDE 的肋骨隆起

cardinal sign of scoliosis: uneven shoulders, prominent scapula and asymmetry of thoracic cage, breathing is hollowed
脊柱侧弯的主要体征:肩部不均匀、肩胛骨突出和胸廓不对称、呼吸凹陷

osteochondrosis of femoral head: Legg-calve- Perthes disease
股骨头骨软骨病:Legg-calve-Perthes 病

Osgood-Schlatter disease develops as a result of pull off the tibial tuberosity by the patellar tendon
Osgood-Schlatter 病是由于髌腱拉断胫骨结节而发生的

osteomalacia caused by Vitamin D deficiency, phosphorus deficiency and kidney disease
维生素 D 缺乏症、磷缺乏症和肾脏疾病引起的骨软化症

Rickets (osteomalacia in child) triad: rachitic rosary,frontal bossing,harrisons groove.
佝偻病(儿童骨软化症)三联征:Rachitic 念珠、额骨凸起、Harrisons 沟。

Padgett’s disease: there is abnormal proliferation of osteoclast X-ray seen “mosaic bone”
帕吉特病:破骨细胞异常增生 X 线片见“马赛克骨”

The bone disease as an increase in bone porosity due to loss of bone mass: ___Osteoporosis_______
骨病是由于骨量损失导致骨孔隙度增加的:___骨质疏松症_______

CM of osteoporosis: Dowager’s hump (distal cervical and proximal thoracic kyphosis)
骨质疏松症的 CM:Dowager's hump(远端颈椎和近端胸椎后凸)

contusions occur: crushing injury, rupture of capillaries, blood escaping into tissue spaces, seen the bruise
发生挫伤:挤压伤、毛细血管破裂、血液流入组织间隙、看到瘀伤

Complication of contusion that involves substantial blood pooling and clotting: hematoma
涉及大量血液淤积和凝血的挫伤并发症:血肿

Complication of contusion, soft tissue trauma that involves metaplasia of muscle tissue to osseous tissue: myositis ossificans; no massage
挫伤并发症,涉及肌肉组织化生为骨组织的软组织创伤:骨化性肌炎;无按摩

shin splints: muscle strain in anterior of lower leg or hairline fracture of tibia
胫骨夹板:小腿前部肌肉拉伤或胫骨发际线骨折

anterior compartment syndrome occurs due to: increased pressure in a limited anatomical space due to trauma or crushing injury; repetitive strain on the lower extremity (running)
前房室综合征的发生是由于: 由于外伤或挤压伤,在有限的解剖空间内压力增加;下肢的重复性劳损(跑步)

osteomyelitis: bone marrow cavity infection inflammation destruction of bone by lytic enzymes, contained in pus
骨髓炎: 骨髓腔感染 炎症 脓液中含有的溶解酶对骨的破坏

in osteomyelitis, the body uses to wall off an area of infected bone to prevent spread of infection: _reactive____ bone
在骨髓炎中,身体会用来封闭受感染骨骼的一个区域,以防止感染扩散:_reactive____骨

staphylococcus aureus entry of infection leading to osteomyelitis is via a blood vessel feeding the bone
金黄色葡萄球菌 进入导致骨髓炎的感染是通过供骨的血管进入的

bone cancer patient is most likely to die from the disease based on metastasis to vital organs
骨癌患者最有可能根据重要器官的转移而死于疾病

osteosarcoma: begins as a firm white/red mass then becomes soften with a liquid interior is malignant neoplasm does not usually spread to lymph nodes because its bone cancer cells are unable to grow in the lymph node, but it is metastasis is common to the lungs
骨肉瘤:开始时是坚硬的白色/红色肿块,然后变软,内部呈液体状 是恶性 肿瘤通常不会扩散到淋巴结,因为它的骨癌细胞无法在淋巴结中生长,但它的转移在肺部很常见

- Bone caner has persistent pain not relieved by rest
- 骨管有持续的疼痛,休息不能缓解

radiation is a form of treatment used for bone tumors mostly to control pain, palliative treatment
放疗是一种用于治疗骨肿瘤的治疗形式,主要用于控制疼痛、姑息治疗

osteocalstoma (giant cell tumor): aggressive multi nucleated tumor that metastasizes through blood and can recur after removal
骨造口(巨细胞瘤):侵袭性多核肿瘤,通过血液转移,切除后可复发

bone tumor grows out of bone like a mushroom: ___osteochondroma________
骨瘤像蘑菇一样从骨头中长出:___骨软骨瘤________

benign neoplasm: well demarcated and surrounded by sclerotic bone, being limited to the confines of bone
良性肿瘤:边界清晰,被硬化骨包围,仅限于骨骼范围

bone tumor: presence of a mass, impairment of function, pain
骨肿瘤:存在肿块、功能损害、疼痛

the pain caused by malignant tumor is not relieved by __rest__
恶性肿瘤引起的痛苦 __rest__ 不能缓解

osteoporosis: increase in bone porosity due to loss of bone mass/density; Dowager’s hump is CM (kyphosis at distal cervical or proximal thoracic vertebrae)
骨质疏松症:由于骨量/密度的损失,骨孔度增加;Dowager 驼峰为 CM(远端颈椎或近端胸椎后凸)

most likely to develop osteoporosis: white old lady
最有可能患上骨质疏松症:白人老太太

Least likely to develop osteoporosis: dark skin children
最不容易患上骨质疏松症:深色皮肤儿童

Tuberculosis of bone involves: bone destruction and abscess formation
骨结核包括:骨破坏和脓肿形成