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Cell structure and Function
细胞结构与功能

Song Lee 宋李
Song.lee@up.education 宋.李@up.education

Intro tocell structures and function
细胞结构与功能简介

Subtopics 子主题

1. INTRODUCTION TO CELL STRUCTURE
细胞结构简介

  • Cell organelles - structures and function
    细胞器 - 结构与功能
  • Types of cell : Eukaryote and Prokaryote
    细胞类型:真核生物和原核生物
  • Types of cell : Animal cells and Plant cell
    细胞类型:动物细胞和植物细胞

What is the Cell? 细胞是什么?

  • The smallest basic unit that you are made up of.
    你由之构成的最小基本单位。
  • One cell contains all the genetic information necessary to make a human being
    一个细胞包含制造一个人所需的所有遗传信息
  • Main purpose of a cell is to organize many biological processes
    细胞的主要目的是组织许多生物过程
  • Each cell has a different function
    每个细胞都有不同的功能
  • If you were only made of one cell, you’d be able to grow to a certain size, such as bacteria!
    如果你只由一个细胞组成,你将能够生长到一定的大小,比如细菌!

Cell structure 细胞结构

  • From secondary school … 从中学开始……
  • What are cells? 细胞是什么?
    -What are organelles? -细胞器是什么?
  • Can you name three organelles that are common to animal and plant cells?
    你能说出三个动物细胞和植物细胞共有的细胞器吗?
  • Can you name three organelles that are found only in plant cells?
    你能说出三种只在植物细胞中发现的细胞器吗?
  • Can you state the function of the organelles you have listed, above?
    你能说明你上面列出的细胞器的功能吗?

Cell structure and function
细胞结构与功能

  • The structure and function of a variety of cells including plant, animal and microbial cells are studied to appreciate that cells are functional living units
    研究包括植物、动物和微生物细胞在内的多种细胞的结构和功能,以理解细胞是功能性的活单位
  • Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
    植物细胞和动物细胞的相似性和差异性
  • Identify and describe the function of cell structures
    识别和描述细胞结构的功能
Cell organelles: know the function of each and be able to draw a labelled diagram to show them in plant, animal and bacterial cells
细胞器:了解每个细胞器的功能,并能够绘制标注图以展示植物细胞、动物细胞和细菌细胞中的细胞器
  • nucleus 
  • cytoplasm 细胞质
  • cell membrane 细胞膜
  • cell wall 细胞壁
  • chloroplasts 叶绿体
  • vacuole. 液泡。
  • mitochondria 线粒体
  • lysosome 溶酶体
  • perioxisome 过氧化物酶体
    . centriole 中心粒
  • cytoskeleton 细胞骨架
  • endoplasmic reticulum 内质网
  • Golgi body 高尔基体
Describe the structure and role of cell membrane. Include details of Fluid Mosaic Model
细胞膜的结构和作用。包括流动镶嵌模型的细节。

Key ideas 关键思想

The smallest living structures are unicellular (one cell); complex life forms are multi-cellular - all living things are made of cells: that is, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria.
最小的生命结构是单细胞(一个细胞);复杂的生命形式是多细胞的——所有生物都是由细胞组成的:即动物、植物、真菌和细菌。
All cells contain smaller structures inside them - these are called organelles (little organs).
所有细胞内部都包含更小的结构——这些被称为细胞器(小器官)。
You need to be able to identify these organelles from diagrams and photomicrographs. You need to be able to state their function.
您需要能够从图表和显微照片中识别这些细胞器。您需要能够说明它们的功能。
Some organelles are found only in plant cells: can you list three of them?
一些细胞器仅在植物细胞中发现:你能列出其中三个吗?

Prokaryotic
cell
原核生物 细胞

Prokaryotic Cells e.g.E.coli
原核细胞,例如大肠杆菌

  • Cell Wall 细胞壁
  • The cell wall is made up of protein-sugars, it is known as a peptidoglycan cell wall (also called murein). It differs from plant cell wall which are made of cellulose.
    细胞壁由蛋白质-糖组成,称为肽聚糖细胞壁(也叫做肽聚糖)。它与由纤维素构成的植物细胞壁不同。
  • It has a semi-rigid structure.
    它具有半刚性结构。

Its main function is to allow the cell to withstand osmotic pressure.
其主要功能是使细胞能够承受渗透压。

The cell wall also anchors the pili and flagella that enable bacterial cells to move
细胞壁还固定了使细菌细胞能够移动的菌毛和鞭毛

Prokaryotic Cells 原核细胞

- Plasma Membrane - 质膜

  • Permeable to certain molecules.
    对某些分子具有渗透性。
  • Function is to control which molecules enter and leave the cell.
    功能是控制哪些分子进出细胞。
  • In prokaryotes the plasma membrane is an inner layer of protection since a rigid cell wall forms the outside boundary for their cells.
    在原核生物中,质膜是内层保护,因为刚性的细胞壁形成了细胞的外部边界。

The cell wall has pores that allow materials to enter and leave the cell, but they are not very selective about what passes through.
细胞壁有孔,可以让物质进出细胞,但对通过的物质并不是很挑剔。

The plasma membrane, which lines the cell wall, provides the final filter between the cell interior and the environment.
质膜位于细胞壁上,为细胞内部与环境之间提供了最后的过滤。

Prokaryotic Cells 原核细胞

  • Cytoplasm 细胞质
  • The cytoplasm of bacterial cells is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out.
    细菌细胞的细胞质是进行细胞生长、代谢和复制功能的地方。
  • All of the cell’s organelles are found in the cytoplasm.
    细胞的所有细胞器都位于细胞质中。
  • It is enclosed within the cell wall and plasma membrane.
    它被包裹在细胞壁和细胞膜内。
  • It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as
    它是一个类似凝胶的基质,由水、酶、营养物质、废物和气体组成,并包含细胞结构,例如


    ribosomes, the chromosome, and plasmids.
    核糖体、染色体和质粒。

Prokaryotic Cells 原核细胞

- Nucleoid Region - 核区

  • The nucleoid is a region of cytoplasm where the DNA is located.
    核区是细胞质中 DNA 所在的区域。
  • It is not a membrane bound nucleus, but simply an area of the cytoplasm where the strands of DNA are found.
    它不是一个膜结合的细胞核,而只是细胞质中发现 DNA 链的区域。

  • Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome that is responsible for replication.
    大多数细菌只有一个负责复制的单一环状染色体。
Smaller circular auxiliary DNA strands, called plasmids, are also found in the cytoplasm.
较小的圆形辅助 DNA 链,称为质粒,也存在于细胞质中。

Prokaryotic Cells 原核细胞

  • Plasmids 质粒
  • One of the components of the cytoplasm.
    细胞质的一个组成部分。
  • Plasmids, are small, extrachromosomal genetic structures carried by many strains of bacteria. Plasmids replicate independently of the chromosome.
    质粒是许多细菌菌株携带的小型、染色体外的遗传结构。质粒独立于染色体进行复制。
The ability to insert specific genes into plasmids have made them extremely useful tools in the fields of molecular biology and genetics, specifically in the area of genetic engineering.
将特定基因插入质粒的能力使其在分子生物学和遗传学领域,特别是在基因工程方面,成为极其有用的工具。

Prokaryotic Cells 原核细胞

- Ribosomes - 核糖体

  • Ribosomes are microscopic “factories” found in all cells, including bacteria.
    核糖体是存在于所有细胞中的微观“工厂”,包括细菌。
  • They translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nucleic acid to that of amino acids-the building blocks of proteins.
    它们将遗传密码从核酸的分子语言翻译为氨基酸的语言——蛋白质的构建块。

  • Bacterial ribosomes are similar to those of eukaryotes, but are smaller.
    细菌核糖体与真核生物的核糖体相似,但更小。
  • Bacterial ribosomes are never bound to other organelles.
    细菌核糖体从不与其他细胞器结合。

Prokaryotic Cells 原核细胞

  • Flagella 鞭毛
  • Flagella (singular, flagellum) are hair-like structures that provide a means of locomotion for those bacteria that have them.
    鞭毛(单数,鞭毛)是类似毛发的结构,为拥有它们的细菌提供了运动的方式。
  • They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its surface.
    它们可以在细菌的任一端或两端找到,或者遍布其表面。
  • The flagella beat in a propeller-like motion to help the bacterium move toward nutrients; away from toxic chemicals; or, in the case of the photosynthetic
    鞭毛以螺旋桨般的运动拍打,帮助细菌朝向营养物质移动;远离有毒化学物质;或者在光合的情况下


    cyanobacteria; toward the light.
    蓝藻;朝向光明。

Prokaryotic Cells 原核细胞

  • Pili 皮利
  • Many species of bacteria have pili (singular, pilus), small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface.
    许多种类的细菌具有菌毛(单数,菌毛),这些是从细胞外表面突出的细小毛发状结构。
  • These outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces.
    这些突起帮助细菌附着在其他细胞和表面上。

Eukaryotes 真核生物

Song Lee 宋李
Song.lee@up,education 宋.李@上,教育

introduction 介绍

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membranebound organelles.
真核生物是细胞含有细胞核和其他膜结合细胞器的生物。
Good examples are plants, animal and fungi.
好的例子是植物、动物和真菌。

Organelles 细胞器

Nucleus 

Structure 结构
\square Largest organelle  \square 最大的细胞器
\square Spherical  \square 球形
\square Dark patches=chromatin
\square 暗斑=染色质

\square Surrounded by nuclear envelope
\square 被核膜包围

\square Composed of 2 fluid filled membranes
\square 由两个充满液体的膜组成

\square Has nuclear pore-allows large molecules through
\square 具有核孔 - 允许大分子通过

\square Nucleolus inside 细胞核内的核仁
\square Contains DNA  \square 含有 DNA

Function 功能

Contains genetic material
包含遗传物质

\square Chromatin consists of DNA and proteins
染色质由 DNA 和蛋白质组成

\square Contains instructions for making proteins
\square 包含制作蛋白质的说明

Controls cell activity through transcribing DNA
通过转录 DNA 控制细胞活动

\square When cells divide, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
当细胞分裂时,染色质凝缩成可见的染色体

\square Nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes.
\square 核仁制造 RNA 和核糖体。

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
粗糙内质网 (RER)

Structure: 结构:

\square Consists of flattened membrane-bound sacs - cisternae which are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. \square Has ribosomes attached.
\square 由扁平的膜结合囊泡(腔)组成,这些囊泡与外核膜相连。 \square 具有附着的核糖体。

Function: 功能:

Site of protein synthesis
蛋白质合成的场所

Transports proteins made on attached ribosomes.
运输在附着的核糖体上合成的蛋白质。

Proteins are exported via exocytosis to be used outside of the cell
蛋白质通过胞吐作用被排出,以便在细胞外使用

Ribosomes (free) 游离核糖体

Structure 结构

\square Very small organelles in the cytoplasm
细胞质中非常小的细胞器

Consist of 2 subunits, both made of protein and RN/ \square Not surrounded by a membrane
由两个亚单位组成,均由蛋白质和 RNA 构成/ \square 不被膜包围

Function: 功能:

Site of protein synthesis
蛋白质合成的场所

\square Makes proteins which are used in the cell
\square 制造细胞中使用的蛋白质

Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion)
线粒体(单数 = 线粒体)

Structure: 结构:

2 2 ◻2\square 2 membranes separated by a fluid filled space
2 2 ◻2\square 2 膜由充满液体的空间分隔开

Inner membrane is folded to form cristae, site of the electron transport chain
内膜折叠形成脊,电子传递链的场所

Central part is the matrix, the link reaction and
中央部分是基质、连接反应和

Krebs cycle take place here
克雷布斯循环在这里进行

Function 功能

\square Site where ATP is produced during respiration
\square 在呼吸过程中产生 ATP 的地点

Involved in the release of energy from organic compounds.
参与有机化合物能量释放。

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)
高尔基体

Structure: 结构:

\square Consist of many small groups of hollow tubular structure with membranous walls
\square 由许多小的空心管状结构组成,具有膜状壁

Creates transport vesicles
创建运输囊泡

Function: 功能:

synthesis and secretions of enzymes and hormones in the cell Carries materials synthesized by endoplasmic reticulum \square modifies and package into vesicles
细胞内酶和激素的合成与分泌,携带内质网合成的物质 \square ,进行修饰并包装成囊泡

Lysosome 溶酶体

Structure: 结构:

\square Surrounded by a single membrane
\square 被单一膜包围

\square vesicle shape  \square 泡囊形状

Function: 功能:

\square Carries digestive enzyme
\square 含有消化酶

\square breaks materials down and release it to cytoplasm
\square 将材料分解并释放到细胞质中

Lysosome Structure 溶酶体结构


Chloroplast 叶绿体

Structure
\square Generally lens shaped 5 8 μ m 5 8 μ m ◻5-8mum\square 5-8 \mu \mathrm{~m} in length
结构 \square 通常呈透镜状 5 8 μ m 5 8 μ m ◻5-8mum\square 5-8 \mu \mathrm{~m} 长度

Have a 3 membrane system - outer, inner and thylakoid The thylakoids float in a fluid called the stroma
有一个三层膜系统 - 外膜、内膜和类囊体。类囊体漂浮在一种叫做基质的液体中

Function: 功能:

Contain the pigment chlorophyll which captures energy from sunlight and stores it in sugar molecules
含有叶绿素,这种色素能够捕捉阳光中的能量并将其储存在糖分子中

\square Photosynthesis  \square 光合作用

Cell membrane 细胞膜

Structure 结构

\square Phospholipid bilayer
磷脂双层

\square Proteins and cholesterols are embedded
\square 蛋白质和胆固醇被嵌入

Function: 功能:

Allow materials to move across the membrane
允许材料穿过膜移动

\square passive transport and active transport
\square 被动运输和主动运输

Cell wall 细胞壁

Structure 结构

\square composed of cellulose (murine for bacterial cells)
\square 由纤维素组成(小鼠用于细菌细胞)

\square rigid and hard structure
\square 刚性和坚硬的结构

Function: 功能:

\square Permits the plant cell to become turgid
\square 允许植物细胞变得膨胀

\square provides mechanical strength to support the cell
\square 提供机械强度以支撑细胞

\square freely permeable nature to water and substances
\square 自由渗透水和物质的特性

Vacuoles 液泡

Structure 结构

\square Membrane sacs with variety of different function
膜囊具有多种不同的功能

\square Found in all types of eukaryotic cells
\square 在所有类型的真核细胞中发现

\square size and shape vary
\square 尺寸和形状各异

Function: 功能:

\square Storage structure in a cell
\square 细胞中的储存结构

\square Hold food for later use or waste for removal
\square 保存食物以备后用或废物处理

Similarities
E
Differences
相似之处 E 差异

Of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
原核生物与真核生物

PROKARYOTIC CELL 原核细胞

ThoughtCo. 思考公司

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 原核生物 真核生物

Cell Wall 细胞壁
(in some eukaryotes) (在一些真核生物中)
Capsule (some prokaryotes)
胶囊(一些原核生物)

Nucleoid 核糖体

Flagellum 鞭毛

Venn Diagram of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
原核生物和真核生物的维恩图


Venn Diagram of Animal and Plant Cells
动物细胞和植物细胞的维恩图

Animal Cell 动物细胞

  • No cell wall 无细胞壁
  • No chloroplast 无叶绿体
    *\cdot Have many small vacuoles
    *\cdot 有许多小液泡
  • Nucleus is present at the center of cell
    细胞的中心有细胞核
  • Contains lysosomes 含有溶酶体
  • Contains centrioles near the nucleus
    包含靠近细胞核的中心粒
  • Irregular in shape 形状不规则

Cell size and MRS GREN
细胞大小和 MRS GREN

Cell Sizes 细胞大小


-A cell membrane is around 10nm thick
细胞膜厚约 10 纳米
  • Viruses are around 100nm 病毒的大小约为 100 纳米
    -Bacteria are around 1000nm (or 1 μ m 1 μ m 1mum1 \mu \mathrm{~m} )
    细菌的大小约为 1000 纳米(或 1 μ m 1 μ m 1mum1 \mu \mathrm{~m}
  • Organelles (nucleus etc) can be up to 10 μ m 10 μ m 10 mum10 \mu \mathrm{~m}
    细胞器(如细胞核等)可以达到 10 μ m 10 μ m 10 mum10 \mu \mathrm{~m}

    -Cells can be up to 100 μ m 100 μ m 100 mum100 \mu \mathrm{~m}
    -细胞可以达到 100 μ m 100 μ m 100 mum100 \mu \mathrm{~m}

Cells 细胞

  • Our cells carry out many processes such as respiration (metabolism), protein synthesis etc.
    我们的细胞进行许多过程,例如呼吸(新陈代谢)、蛋白质合成等。
  • A unicellular organism is made of only one cell and has to carry out homeostasis, growth, reproduction, nutrition, as well as the normal cell activities.
    单细胞生物仅由一个细胞组成,必须进行体内平衡、成长、繁殖、营养以及正常的细胞活动。
  • So, why are unicellular organisms so small?
    那么,为什么单细胞生物如此小呢?

Characteristics of life 生命的特征

M Movement All living things move, even plants
M 运动 所有生物都会移动,甚至植物

R Respiration Getting energy from food
呼吸 从食物中获取能量

S Sensitivity Detecting changes in the surroundings
S 敏感性 检测周围环境的变化

G Growth All living things grow
生长 所有生物都会生长

R Reproduction Making more living things of the same type  Making more living things of the same   type  {:[" Making more living things of the same "],[" type "]:}\begin{aligned} & \text { Making more living things of the same } \\ & \text { type }\end{aligned} R 复制 Making more living things of the same type  Making more living things of the same   type  {:[" Making more living things of the same "],[" type "]:}\begin{aligned} & \text { Making more living things of the same } \\ & \text { type }\end{aligned}
E Excretion Getting rid of waste
排泄 处理废物

N Nutrition Taking in and using food
营养 吸收和利用食物

So, why are unicellular organisms so small?
那么,为什么单细胞生物如此小呢?

Cell Sizes 细胞大小

As a cell gets bigger its volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area. We say that it has a smaller SURFACE AREA:VOLUME ratio
随着细胞变大,其体积的增加速度快于表面积的增加速度。我们说它的表面积与体积的比率较小。


\square Volume  \square

Surface area- 表面积-

to-volume ratio 体积比

Bigger Cell Volume means that...
更大的细胞体积意味着...

  • More heat and waste will be produced
    将产生更多的热量和废物
  • More resources will be consumed
    将消耗更多资源
  • Less cytoplasm will have access to the cell membrane (less surface area compared to volume)
    细胞质较少将会接触到细胞膜(与体积相比,表面积较小)
  • Therefore, the rate of exchange will slow down
    因此,汇率将会放缓
  • So, the size of our cells is limited: once our body cells reach a certain size they go through cell division.
    所以,我们细胞的大小是有限的:一旦我们身体的细胞达到一定大小,它们就会进行细胞分裂。