We, Ronald Keung, CFA, Steve Qiu, Damian Xie and Leon Wang, hereby certify that all of the views expressed in this report accurately reflect our personal views about the subject company or companies and its or their securities. We also certify that no part of our compensation was, is or will be, directly or indirectly, related to the specific recommendations or views expressed in this report.

Unless otherwise stated, the individuals listed on the cover page of this report are analysts in Goldman Sachs' Global Investment Research division.

The Goldman Sachs Factor Profile provides investment context for a stock by comparing key attributes to the market (i.e. our coverage universe) and its sector peers. The four key attributes depicted are: Growth, Financial Returns, Multiple (e.g. valuation) and Integrated (a composite of Growth, Financial Returns and Multiple). Growth, Financial Returns and Multiple are calculated by using normalized ranks for specific metrics for each stock. The normalized ranks for the metrics are then averaged and converted into percentiles for the relevant attribute. The precise calculation of each metric may vary depending on the fiscal year, industry and region, but the standard approach is as follows:

Growth is based on a stock's forward-looking sales growth, EBITDA growth and EPS growth (for financial stocks, only EPS and sales growth), with a higher percentile indicating a higher growth company. Financial Returns is based on a stock's forward-looking ROE, ROCE and CROCI (for financial stocks, only ROE), with a higher percentile indicating a company with higher financial returns. Multiple is based on a stock's forward-looking P/E, P/B, price/dividend (P/D), EV/EBITDA, EV/FCF and EV/Debt Adjusted Cash Flow (DACF) (for financial stocks, only P/E, P/B and P/D), with a higher percentile indicating a stock trading at a higher multiple. The Integrated percentile is calculated as the average of the Growth percentile, Financial Returns percentile and (100% - Multiple percentile).

Financial Returns and Multiple use the Goldman Sachs analyst forecasts at the fiscal year-end at least three quarters in the future. Growth uses inputs for the fiscal year at least seven quarters in the future compared with the year at least three quarters in the future (on a per-share basis for all metrics).

For a more detailed description of how we calculate the GS Factor Profile, please contact your GS representative. 

Across our global coverage, we examine stocks using an M&A framework, considering both qualitative factors and quantitative factors (which may vary across sectors and regions) to incorporate the potential that certain companies could be acquired. We then assign a M&A rank as a means of scoring companies under our rated coverage from 1 to 3, with 1 representing high (30%-50%) probability of the company becoming an acquisition target, 2 representing medium (15%-30%) probability and 3 representing low (0%-15%) probability. For companies ranked 1 or 2, in line with our standard departmental guidelines we incorporate an M&A component into our target price. M&A rank of 3 is considered immaterial and therefore does not factor into our price target, and may or may not be discussed in research.

Quantum is Goldman Sachs' proprietary database providing access to detailed financial statement histories, forecasts and ratios. It can be used for in-depth analysis of a single company, or to make comparisons between companies in different sectors and markets.

The rating(s) for Alibaba Group (ADR) and Alibaba Group (H) is/are relative to the other companies in its/their coverage universe: Alibaba Group (ADR), Alibaba Group (H), Dada Nexus Ltd., Full Truck Alliance Co., J&T Global Express Ltd., JD Logistics, JD.com Inc. (ADR), JD.com Inc. (H), Kerry Logistics Network Ltd., Meituan, PDD Holdings, S.F. Holding, STO Express, Sinotrans Ltd. (A), Sinotrans Ltd. (H), Tencent Holdings, Vipshop Holdings, YTO Express Group, Yunda Holding, ZTO Express (Cayman) Inc. (ADR), ZTO Express (Cayman) Inc. (H)

The following disclosures relate to relationships between The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (with its affiliates, "Goldman Sachs") and companies covered by Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research and referred to in this research.

Goldman Sachs beneficially owned 1% or more of common equity (excluding positions managed by affiliates and business units not required to be aggregated under US securities law) as of the month end preceding this report: Alibaba Group (ADR) ($90.58) and Alibaba Group (H) (HK$87.20)

Goldman Sachs has received compensation for investment banking services in the past 12 months: Alibaba Group (ADR) ($90.58) and Alibaba Group (H) (HK$87.20)

Goldman Sachs expects to receive or intends to seek compensation for investment banking services in the next 3 months: Alibaba Group (ADR) ($90.58) and Alibaba Group (H) (HK$87.20)

Goldman Sachs has received compensation for non-investment banking services during the past 12 months: Alibaba Group (ADR) ($90.58) and Alibaba Group (H) (HK$87.20)

Goldman Sachs had an investment banking services client relationship during the past 12 months with: Alibaba Group (ADR) ($90.58) and Alibaba Group (H) (HK$87.20)

Goldman Sachs had a non-investment banking securities-related services client relationship during the past 12 months with: Alibaba Group (ADR) ($90.58) and Alibaba Group (H) (HK$87.20)

Goldman Sachs had a non-securities services client relationship during the past 12 months with: Alibaba Group (ADR) ($90.58) and Alibaba Group (H) (HK$87.20)

Goldman Sachs makes a market in the securities or derivatives thereof: Alibaba Group (ADR) ($90.58) and Alibaba Group (H) (HK$87.20)

Goldman Sachs Investment Research global Equity coverage universe

As of October 1, 2024, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research had investment ratings on 2,988 equity securities. Goldman Sachs assigns stocks as Buys and Sells on various regional Investment Lists; stocks not so assigned are deemed Neutral. Such assignments equate to Buy, Hold and Sell for the purposes of the above disclosure required by the FINRA Rules. See 'Ratings, Coverage universe and related definitions' below. The Investment Banking Relationships chart reflects the percentage of subject companies within each rating category for whom Goldman Sachs has provided investment banking services within the previous twelve months.

See company-specific regulatory disclosures above for any of the following disclosures required as to companies referred to in this report: manager or co-manager in a pending transaction; 1% or other ownership; compensation for certain services; types of client relationships; managed/co-managed public offerings in prior periods; directorships; for equity securities, market making and/or specialist role. Goldman Sachs trades or may trade as a principal in debt securities (or in related derivatives) of issuers discussed in this report.

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Buy (B), Neutral (N), Sell (S) Analysts recommend stocks as Buys or Sells for inclusion on various regional Investment Lists. Being assigned a Buy or Sell on an Investment List is determined by a stock's total return potential relative to its coverage universe. Any stock not assigned as a Buy or a Sell on an Investment List with an active rating (i.e., a stock that is not Rating Suspended, Not Rated, Coverage Suspended or Not Covered), is deemed Neutral. Each region manages Regional Conviction lists, which are selected from Buy rated stocks on the respective region's Investment lists and represent investment recommendations focused on the size of the total return potential and/or the likelihood of the realization of the return across their respective areas of coverage. The addition or removal of stocks from such Conviction lists are managed by the Investment Review Committee or other designated committee in each respective region and do not represent a change in the analysts’ investment rating for such stocks.  

Total return potential represents the upside or downside differential between the current share price and the price target, including all paid or anticipated dividends, expected during the time horizon associated with the price target. Price targets are required for all covered stocks. The total return potential, price target and associated time horizon are stated in each report adding or reiterating an Investment List membership. 

Coverage Universe: A list of all stocks in each coverage universe is available by primary analyst, stock and coverage universe at https://www.gs.com/research/hedge.html.  

Not Rated (NR). The investment rating, target price and earnings estimates (where relevant) are not provided or have been suspended pursuant to Goldman Sachs policy when Goldman Sachs is acting in an advisory capacity in a merger or in a strategic transaction involving this company, when there are legal, regulatory or policy constraints due to Goldman Sachs’ involvement in a transaction, when the company is an early-stage biotechnology company, and in certain other circumstances.  Rating Suspended (RS). Goldman Sachs Research has suspended the investment rating and price target for this stock, because there is not a sufficient fundamental basis for determining an investment rating or target price. The previous investment rating and target price, if any, are no longer in effect for this stock and should not be relied upon.  Coverage Suspended (CS). Goldman Sachs has suspended coverage of this company.  Not Covered (NC). Goldman Sachs does not cover this company.  Not Available or Not Applicable (NA). The information is not available for display or is not applicable.  Not Meaningful (NM). The information is not meaningful and is therefore excluded. 

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