“共同海损行为, 是在, 并且只有为了共同安全, 使同一海上航程中涉及的财产脱离危险,有意而合理地作出任何特殊牺牲或支付任何特殊费用时,才能存在。” (There is a general average act when, and only when, any extraordinary saçifice or expenditure is 一般用 intentionally and reasonably máde or incurred for the common expense safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure.)
共同海损的两大理论派别
共同海损范围的确定上价值取向的不同
共同安全 (common safety) 派:以英国、日本、IUMI (International
Union of Marine Insurers)为代表,船舶和货物所面临的共同危险解除后发生的所有损失及费用,不得作为共同海损要求分摊。共同利益(common interest)派:以美国、法国为代表, 在共同危险解除后, 为使船舶能够继续安全完成其航程而支付的额外费用, 也应作为共同海损受到补偿, 直至船舶恢复适航条件时为止。
1994/2016 YAR 规则 ।: No jettison of cargo shall be made good (allowed) as general average, unless such cargo is carried in accordance with the recognized custom of the trade. 1994/2016 YAR 规则 ।: 除非货物按照贸易的公认习俗运输,否则不得将货物抛弃作为普通平均损失。
1994/2016 YAR规则V:“船舶不论是否势必搁浅 (might have been driven on shore), 如果为了共同安全有意搁浅 (intentionally run on shore),因此所造成的共同航程中的财产的损失应作为共同海损。”船体与娒府磨损搁浅造成船体、舵、螺旋桨的损坏,以及其他特殊损失和额外费用㙂成造成二次船泛后维修成本高比电器报发、判产品。拱坏
搁线:脱成的费用比济没打探成本低
使搁浅船舶脱浅
机器和锅炉的损坏(damage to machinery and boilers)
1994/2016 YAR 规则VII:“在船舶搁浅并有危险的情况下,如经证明确是为了共同安全, 有意使机器、锅炉冒受损坏的危险 (at the risk of such damage) 而设法起浮船舶, 由此造成任何机器和锅炉的损坏, 应列入共同海损, 但船舶在浮动状态下因使用推进机器和锅炉所造成的损失, 在任何情况下都不得作为共同海损受到补偿。” 强行脱浅而造成的船壳和船底的损坏:如果措施合理;
减载搁浅船舶
1994/2016 YAR规则VIII “Expenses lightening a ship when ashore and consequent damage”: “作为共同海损行为而卸下搁浅船舶的货物、船用燃料和物料时, 其减载、租用驳船和重装(如果发生)的额外费用和由此造成共同航程中的财产的任何灭失或者损坏,都应作为共同海损。
当作燃料消耗掉的货物、船用材料或者物料 (cargo, ship's materials and stores used for fuel)
(a) Expenditure incurred by the parties to the common maritime adventure in the nature of salvage, whether under contract or otherwise, shall be allowed in generat average provided that the salvage operations were carried out for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in the common maritime adventure and subject to the provisions of paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) (a)共同海上冒险各方因救助性质的支出,无论是根据合同还是其他方式,应在普通平均中予以承认,前提是救助行动是为了保护涉及共同海上冒险的财产免受危险,并受到第(b)、(c)和(d)段的规定限制
(b) Notwithstanding (a) above, where the parties to the common maritime adventure have separate contractual or legal liability to salvors, salvage shall only be allowed should any of the following arise: (b)尽管上述(a)规定,但在共同海事冒险的各方对救助人有单独的合同或法律责任的情况下,只有在出现以下情况之一时才允许救助:
there is a subsequent accident or other circumstances resulting in loss or damage to property during the voyage that results in significant differences between salved and contributory values(航程中存在导致灭失或损坏的后续事故或其他情况,致使获救价值和分摊价值之间有显著的差异);
there are significant general average sacrifices(存在显著的共同海损牺牲);
salved values are manifestly incorrect and there is a significantly incorrect apportionment of salvage expenses(获救价值明显不正确,并且救助费用的分摊明显有误);
(iv) any of the parties to the salvage has paid a significant proportion of salvage due from another party(获救的任何一方已支付救助费用中应由另一方承担的明显部分);
(v) a significant proportion of the parties have satisfied the salvage claim on substantially different terms, no regard being had to interest, currency correction or legal costs of either the salvor or the contributing interest(大多数关系方已处理完根据实质上不同条款的救助费用索赔,且未考虑利息、汇率的调整以及救助人或分摊方所支付的法律费用)
(c) Salvage expenditures referred to in paragraph (a) above shall include any salvage remuneration in which the skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimising damage to the environment such as is referred to in Article 13 paragraph 1(b) of the International Convention on Salvage, 1989 have been taken into account. (c)上述第(a)段提到的打捞支出应包括任何打捞报酬,其中考虑了打捞人员在防止或减少对环境造成损害方面所展示的技能和努力,如 1989 年《打捞国际公约》第 13 条第 1 款(b)所述。
(d) Special compensation payable to a salvor by the shipowner under Article 14 of the International Convention on Salvage, 1989 to the extent specified in paragraph 4 of that Article or under any other provision similar in substance (such as SCOPIC) shall not be allowed in general average an来药hall not be considered a salvage expenditure as referred to in paragraph (a) of this Rule. (d) 根据 1989 年《海上救助国际公约》第 14 条规定,船东应向救助人支付的特别补偿,仅限于该条第 4 款规定的范围或类似实质的其他规定(如 SCOPIC),一般平均中不得允许,并不被视为本规则第(a)款所指的救助支出。
2004 YAR规则VI
(a) Salvage payment, including interest thereon and legal fees associated with such payments, shall lie where they fall and shall not be allowed in General Average (a)打捞费,包括利息和与此类支付相关的法律费用,应由其产生的各方承担,不得列入普通平均分摊
Wages shall include all payments made to or for the benefit of the master, officers and crew, whether such payments be imposed by law upon the shipowners or be made under the terms of articles of employment. expenses putting into a port of refuge, etc."避难港额外停留期间的船员工资和给养不再作为 ,但燃料、物料与港口使费仍作为 。
(Any additional expense incurred in place of another expense which would have been allowable as general average shall be deemed to be general average and so allowed without regard to the saving, if any, to other interests, but only up to the amount of the general average expense avoided) 。 任何因替代原本可作为普通平均分摊的费用而产生的额外费用,应被视为普通平均分摊,并且应被允许,而不考虑对其他利益的节省,但仅限于避免的普通平均费用金额。
1994/2016 YAR规则 XXI “Interest on losses made good in general average":
Interest shall be allowed on expenditure, sacrifices and allowances in general average until three months after the date of issue of the 支出、牺牲和一般平均津贴的利息将允许直到发行日期后三个月
payment on account by ththen average deposit fund. 预讨款
(b) The rate for calculating interest accruing during each calendar year shall be the 12-month ICE LIBOR for the currency in which the adjustment is prepared, as announced on the first banking day of that calendar year, increased by four percentage points. If the adjustment is prepared in a currency for which no ICE LIBOR is announced, the rate shall be the 12-month US Dollar ICE LIBOR, increased by four percentage points (b) 每个日历年计算利息的利率应为调整准备的货币的 12 个月 ICE LIBOR,即在该日历年的第一个银行工作日宣布的利率,增加四个百分点。如果调整是以未宣布 ICE LIBOR 的货币准备的,则利率应为 12 个月美元 ICE LIBOR,增加四个百分点。
LIBOR: London Interbank Offered Rate 2004 YAR 规则XXI "Interest on losses allowed in general average":
Each year the Assembly of the Comité Maritime International shall decide the rate of interest which shall apply. This rate shall be used for calculating interest accruing into the following calendar year. 每年国际海事委员会大会将决定适用的利率。该利率将用于计算累积到下一个日历年的利息。
《海商法》第198条第 (一) 项:船舶共同海损牺牲的金额,按照实际支付的修理费, 减除合理的以新换旧的扣减额计算。船舶尚未修理的, 按照牺牲造成的合理贬值计算, 但是不得超过估计的修理费。船舶发生实际全损或者修理费用超过修复后的船舶价值的,共同海损牺牲金额按照该船舶在完好状态下的估计价值, 减除不属于共同海损损坏的估计的修理费和该船舶受损后的价值的余额计算。 推定全损 1994/2016 YAR XVIII “Damage to ship"
以新换旧" (New for Old) 的扣减
1994/2016 YAR 规则XIII “Deductions from cost of repairs" : 用新材料或者新部件更换旧材料或者旧部件时,如果船龄不超过15年,列入共同海损的修理费用不作以新换旧的扣减,否则应扣减二分之一。供应品、物料、锚和锚链不作扣减。
临时性修理不作扣减
1994/2016 YAR Rule XIV: “No deductions 'new for old' shall be 把减 made from the cost of temporary repairs allowable as general ) average."
我国《海商法》未作规定。
临时性修理
1994/2016 YAR Rule XIV “Temporary repairs":
为了共同安全或者对共同海损牺牲进行临时修理:
(a) Where temporary repairs are effected to a ship at a port of loading, call or refuge, for the common safety, or of damage caused by general average sacrifice, the cost of such repairs shall be admitted/allowed as general average. (a) 在装货港口、呼叫港口或避难港口对船只进行临时修理,以维护共同安全或因一般平均损失造成的损害,应承认/允许这些修理费用作为一般平均费用。
对意外事故损坏进行临时性修理
(b) Where temporary repairs of accidental damage are effected in order to enable the adventure to be completed, the cost of such repairs shall be admitted/allowed as general average without regard to the saving, if any, to other interests, but only up to the saving in expenses which would have been incurred and allowed in general average if such repairs had been effected there. (b) 在临时修理意外损坏以便完成冒险的情况下,这些修理的成本应被视为普通平均分摊,而不考虑对其他利益的节省,但仅限于如果进行了这些修理,那么将会发生的费用节省和普通平均分摊允许的费用。
现金担保(cash deposit),设知即可无条件便用:不限于现金共同海损担保函(letter of general average guarantee)
货物留置权 60 玩左出卖
共同海损分㧐请求权的时效
2016 YAR Rule XXIII "Time-bar for contributions tolgeneral average"
(a) Subject always to any mandatory rule on time limitation contained in any applicable law:
(i) Any rights to general average contribution including any rights to claim under general average bonds and guarantees, shall be extinguished unless an action is brought by the party claiming such contribution within a period of one year after the date upon which the general average adjustment is issued. However, in no case shall such an action be brought after six years from the date of termination of the common maritime adventure. 共同海上航程娆束之起6年, (i)任何普通平均贡献权利,包括根据普通平均债券和担保提出索赔的权利,除非索赔方在普通平均调整发出之日起一年内提起诉讼,否则将被消灭。但是,在共同海上冒险终止之日起六年后,不得提起此类诉讼。
中国诉㳂时效不无许胁议
(ii) These periods may be extended if the parties so agree after the termination of the common maritime adventure. 当来人机商可延长( 可延长第二次、第
(b) This rule shall not apply as between the parties to the 不general average and their respective insurers.
时效不造用于货主与其保险人之间
我国《海商法》第263条
“有关共同海损分摊的请求权, 时效期间为一年, 自共同理算结束之日计算。
问题:如果没有理算?
过失与共同海损的关系
《海商法》第197条:引起共同海损特殊牺牲、特殊费用的事故, 可能是 (may have been)由航程中一方的过失造成的,不影响该方要求分㧐共同海损的权利; 但是, 非过失方或者过失方可以就此项过失提出赔偿请求或者进行抗辩。
实践中的举证
“新杰森条款” (New Jason Clause)
In the event of accident, danger, damage or disaster before or after(即伡责付) the commencement of the voyage resulting from any cause 船方过 whatsoever, whether due to negligence or not, for which, or for the 失引起 consequences of which, the carrier is not responsible, by statute, 船方不 contract, of otherwise, the goods, shippers, consignees, or owners能请求 of the goods shall contribute with the carrier in general average to 烦方分提 the payment of any sacrifices, losses, or expenses of a general average nature that may be made or incurred, and shall pay salvage and special charges incurred in respect of the goods. 在航行开始前或之后发生的事故、危险、损害或灾难,无论是由于疏忽还是其他原因,船方不承担责任的,货物、托运人、收货人或货物所有者应与承运人共同分担一般平均的牺牲、损失或一般平均性质的费用,以及支付与货物有关的打捞和特殊费用。
If a salving ship is owned or operated by the carrier, salvage shall be paid for as fully as if salving ship or ships belonged to strangers. Such deposit as the carrier or his agents may deem sufficient to cover the estimated contribution of the goods and any salvage and special charges thereon shall, if required, be made by the goods, shippers, consignees or owners of the goods to the carrier before delivery. 如果救助船只由承运人拥有或经营,那么救助费应当按照救助船只属于陌生人一样全额支付。承运人或其代理人认为足以覆盖货物估计贡献、任何救助费和特别费用的存款,如果需要,在交付前应由货物、发货人、收货人或货物所有人支付给承运人。