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写在前面
在前面写

各位亲爱的同学，四级考试词汇量要求是4200-4500左右，但是即使你把所有的大纲词汇都记住了，你还是会遇到生词，这很正常。 我在之前学习英语的时候，每每遇到生词就会记中文意思在旁边，积累的单词多了可以用英文来记新单词的含义。久而久之遇到的次数多了单词就记住了。我在课堂上会在讲到阅读的方法，但是这些方法都是基于单词的基础的。所以请大家一定要重视单词，勤动手记笔记。笔记不用单独准备笔记本，记在讲义上就行。
各位亲爱的同学，四级考试词汇量要求是 4200-4500 左右，但是即使你把所有的大纲词汇都记住了，你还是会遇到生词，这很正常。在我之前学习英语的时候，每当遇到生词就会在旁边记下中文意思，积累的单词多了就可以用英文来记新单词的含义。时间久了，遇到的次数多了，单词自然就记住了。我在课堂上会讲解阅读的方法，但这些方法都是基于单词的基础的。因此，请大家一定要重视单词，勤于动手记笔记。笔记不需要单独准备笔记本，记在讲义上即可。

如果你词汇量低，可以先刷一刷词汇课35讲。再来听课会轻松得多。
如果你的词汇量较低，可以先学习词汇课程的 35 讲。再来听课时会轻松得多。

阅读部分在英语四级考试中分为三个题型

SectionA 选词填空-这个题10个题只占5%的分数，我们最后来冲刺5篇。
A 部分 选词填空-这个题目有 10 个，只占总分的 5%，我们最后来集中练习 5 篇。

SectionB 长篇阅读-段落匹配 10道题 10%的分数，学会方法较为简单，在课程上会讲系统的做题方法。由于页数较多不建议全部打印，讲义中仅展示一篇。大家需要刷题可以按照自己的需求打印。
B 节 长篇阅读-段落匹配 10 道题，占 10%的分数，学会方法相对简单，在课程中会讲解系统的解题方法。由于页数较多，不建议全部打印，仅在讲义中展示一篇。大家需要练习时可以根据自己的需求进行打印。

2024下半年更新的讲义包含了最新的6篇阅读题，后半部分也选择了与上半年不同的题目，做题完了觉得不过瘾的同学，也可以打印上半年的题刷。
2024 年下半年更新的教材包含了最新的 6 篇阅读题，后半部分也选择了与上半年不同的题目，做题完毕后觉得不过瘾的同学，也可以打印上半年的题进行练习。

SectionC仔细阅读 10道题 占20%的分数 ，我们的课程是这个部分为主。
SectionC 仔细阅读 10 道题占 20%的分数，我们的课程是这个部分为主。

做题顺序：先做sectionC，再做翻译，再做sectionB，最后SectionA
做题顺序：先做 sectionC，再做翻译，再做 sectionB，最后 SectionA

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TEXT1

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
第 46 至 50 题基于以下段落。

Lao Zi once said,“Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner.”
老子曾经说过，“过于在意别人的想法，你就会永远成为他们的囚徒。”

People-pleasing,or seeking self-worth through others' approval is unproductive and an exhausting way to go through life.Why do we allow what others think of us to have so much power over how we feel about ourselves?If it's true that you can't please all people all of the time,wouldn't it make sense to stop trying?
讨好他人，或是通过他人的认可来寻求自我价值，是一种无果且耗尽精力的生活方式。为什么我们允许别人对我们的看法对我们自己的感觉有如此大的影响力？如果确实无法总是取悦所有人，那么停止尝试不是否更有道理？

Unfortunately,sense often isn't driving our behavior.For social beings who desire love and belonging, wanting to be liked,and caring about the effect we have on others,is healthy and allows us to make connections.
不幸的是，直觉往往并未引导我们的行为。对于渴望爱与归属感的社交生物来说，想要被他人喜欢，以及关心我们对他人的影响，是健康的，并且能让我们建立联系。

However,where we get into trouble is when our self-worth is dependent upon whether we win someone's approval or not.
然而，我们陷入困境的地方在于，我们的自我价值依赖于是否能赢得他人的认可。

This need to be liked can be traced back to when we were children and were completely dependent on others to take care of us:Small children are not just learning how to walk and communicate,they are also trying to learn how the world works.We learn about who we are and what is expected of us based on interactions with others, so,to a four-year-old,if Mommy or Daddy doesn't like him or her,there is the danger that they will abandon them.We need to understand that when we desperately want someone to approve of us,it's being driven by that little kid part of us that is still terrified of abandonment.
这种渴望被喜欢的行为可以追溯到我们还是孩子的时候，完全依赖他人照顾我们：小孩子不仅在学习走路和交流，还在尝试学习世界是如何运作的。我们通过与他人的互动了解自己是谁以及对我们的期望，因此，对于一个四岁的孩子来说，如果妈妈或爸爸不喜欢他或她，他们可能会担心会被抛弃。我们需要明白，当我们极度渴望某人认可我们时，这是由我们内心那个仍然害怕被抛弃的小孩部分所驱动的。

As you become more capable of providing yourself with the approval you seek,your need for external validation will start to vanish,leaving you stronger,more confident,and yes, happier in your life.Imagine how much time we lose each moment we restrain our authentic selves in an effort to be liked.
随着你越来越能够自我提供你所寻求的认同，你对外部验证的需求将开始消失，使你变得更加强大、更加自信，是的，在生活中更加幸福。想象一下，我们每时每刻都在抑制真实的自我，努力取悦他人，我们失去了多少时间。

If we base our worth on the opinions of others,we cheat ourselves of the power to shape our experiences and embrace life not only for others but also for ourselves,because ultimately,there is no difference.So embrace the cliche(老话)and love yourself as it's highly doubtful that you'll regret it.
如果我们以他人的看法来衡量自己的价值，我们就会剥夺自己塑造经历和拥抱生活的能力，不仅为了他人，也为了自己，因为最终，这没有什么不同。所以接受老话，爱自己，因为很可能你会后悔不这样做。

46.What can we conclude from Lao Zi's quotation?
46.老子的引言我们可以得出什么结论？

A)We should see through other people's attempt to make a prisoner ofus.
A) 我们应该看穿别人试图将我们囚禁的企图。

B)We can never really please other people even if we try as hard as we can.
B) 即使我们尽全力，我们也不可能真正取悦他人。

C)We can never be truly free if taking to heart others' opinion of us.
C)如果我们心中总是挂念着别人对我们的看法，我们就永远无法真正自由。

D)We should care about other people's view as much as they care about our own.
D) 我们应该像关心自己的观点一样关心别人的观点。

47.What will happen if we base our self-worth on other people's approval?
47.如果我们以他人的认可为基础来衡量自我价值，会发生什么？

 A)Our desire to be loved will be fulfilled. C)Our identity as social beings will be affected.
A)我们对被爱的渴望将会得到满足。C)作为社会生物的身份将会受到影响。

 B)Our life will be unfruitful and exhausting. D)Our sense of self will be sharpened and enhanced.
B)我们的生活将变得毫无成果且令人疲惫。D)我们的自我意识将变得更加敏锐和提升。

48.What may account for our need to be liked or approved of?
48.什么可能导致我们需要被喜欢或得到认可？

 A)Our desperate longing for interactions with others. C)Our knowledge about the pain of abandonment.
A)我们对与他人互动的绝望渴望。C)我们对被抛弃的痛苦的理解。

 B)Our understanding of the workings of the world. D)Our early childhood fear of being deserted.
B)我们对世界运作方式的理解。D)我们童年早期对被遗弃的恐惧。

49.What can we do when we become better able to provide ourselves with the desired approval?
49.当我们能够更好地为自己提供所需的认可时，我们可以做什么？

 A)Enjoy a happier life. C)Receive more external validation.
A)享受更快乐的生活。C)获得更多的外部认可。

 B)Exercise self-restraint. D)Strengthen our power of imagination.
B) 自我约束 D) 加强我们的想象力

50.What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph?
50.作者在最后一段建议我们做什么？

 A)Embrace life for ourselves and for others. C)See our experiences as assets.
A)拥抱生活，为自己和他人。C)将我们的经历视为资产。

 B)Base our worth on others' opinions. D)Love ourselves as we are.
B) 以他人的意见为基础衡量我们的价值。D) 爱我们现在的自己。

TEXT2

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
第 51 至 55 题基于以下段落。

Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However,a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. In reality,education does an aging brain good.
有些人认为衰老更像是滑向健忘的过程，而不是通向智慧的旅程。然而，越来越多的研究表明，晚年学习是可能的。实际上，教育对衰老的大脑有好处。

Throughout life,people's brains constantly renovate themselves.In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections.This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new.
在整个生命过程中，人的大脑不断地自我更新。在 20 世纪 60 年代末，英国脑科学家盖伊弗·莱斯曼通过电子显微镜观察到受损大鼠大脑区域的生长；它们的大脑正在建立新的联系。这意味着每当一个人学习新事物时，大脑可能会发生变化。

Of course,that doesn't mean the brain isn't affected by the effects of time.Just as height usually declines over the years,so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn't necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning,we can alter our brains with new information and experiences.
当然，这并不意味着大脑不受时间影响的效果。就像身高通常随年岁增长而下降一样，大脑体积也会减少：人类从 40 多岁开始，每十年大约会减少 4%。但这并不一定意味着人们思考速度会变慢；只要我们还活着并能正常运作，我们就可以通过新的信息和经历改变我们的大脑。

In fact,scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences,facts,and skills can keep people's minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure,even as the brain shrinks.
实际上，科学家现在怀疑积累新的体验、事实和技能可以保持人们的思维更加灵活。新的路径可以加强我们不断变化的心理结构，即使大脑在缩小。

Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability.Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy.
传统的方法，如字谜游戏和大脑训练应用，可以有助于增强心理韧性。即使是像去杂货店走不同的路线或假期去新地方这样简单的事情，也能保持大脑健康。

A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower.Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease.Openness— a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge—may also help folks pass brain tests.Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude,but those who aren't as genetically gifted aren't necessarily out of luck.While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things,a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences,which can,in turn,refresh the brain.That's why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It's not that old dogs can't learn new tricks.It's that maybe old dogs don't realize why they should.”
对新生活的渴望可以进一步提升智力。关于老年人涉足新事业的研究显示，功能和记忆力的改善，以及减少精神疾病的风险。开放性——由好奇心和求知欲定义的特征——也可能帮助人们通过大脑测试。有些人天生就有这种探索世界的态度，但那些遗传上不太有天赋的人并不一定就没有机会。虽然基因可以促进对新事物的兴趣，但 2012 年《心理学与老龄化》杂志上的一项研究发现，完成如拼图和数字游戏等推理任务可以增强对新奇体验的渴望，这反过来可以刷新大脑。这就是为什么脑科学家理查德·肯尼迪说，“不是老狗学不了新技能，而是可能老狗并不知道为什么应该这样做。”

51.What do some people think of aging adults?
一些人对老年人有什么看法？

52.What can we conclude from Geoffrey Raisman's finding?
52.从杰弗里·莱斯曼的研究结果中，我们可以得出什么结论？

 A)Brain damage seriously hinders one's learning.
A)脑损伤严重阻碍了一个人的学习。 

B)Brain power weakens slower than we imagine. D)Brains forge connections under new conditions.
B)脑力减弱的速度比我们想象的要慢。D)大脑在新条件下形成连接。

53.What is one thing that helps maintain the health of our brain even as it shrinks?
53. 有什么事情可以帮助维护大脑健康，即使大脑在缩小？

 A)Doing daily routines by conventional means. C)Imitating old dogs' way of learning new tricks.
A)通过传统方式执行日常例行程序。C)模仿老狗学习新技巧的方式。

 B)Avoiding worrying about our mental durability. D)Approaching everyday tasks in novel ways.
B) 避免担心我们的心理韧性。D) 以新颖的方式接近日常任务。

54.What does the author say can contribute to the improvement of brain function?
作者认为什么可以促进大脑功能的改善？

 A)Being curious and desiring knowledge. C)Rising to life's challenges and avoiding risks.
A)好奇心和渴望知识。C)面对生活的挑战，避免冒险。

 B)Being eager to pass brain tests at an old age. D)Boosting immunity to serious mental diseases.
B)渴望在老年通过大脑测试。D)增强免疫力以预防严重心理疾病。

55.What is the finding of the 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging?
2012 年《心理学与老龄化》杂志的研究发现是什么？

A)Wishing to solve puzzles enhances one's reasoning power.
A)渴望解决难题可以增强一个人的推理能力。

B)Playing number games unexpectedly stimulates one's memory.
B) 玩数字游戏出乎意料地刺激了一个人的记忆。

Text3

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
第 46 至 50 题基于以下段落。

People often wonder why some entrepreneurs have greater sucess than others.Is it habits,connections, luck,work ethic or any other behavior?I believe the key to success is willpower.Willpower is the ability to control yourself.It is a strong determination that allows you to do something difficult.It is a behavior we are born with more than one we learn;however,it is possible to not only learn it,but also strengthen it with constant exercise.
人们常常疑惑为什么一些企业家的成功比其他人更大。是习惯、人脉、运气、工作态度，还是其他行为？我认为成功的关键是意志力。意志力是你控制自己的能力。它是一种强大的决心，让你能够去做一些困难的事情。这是我们天生拥有的多于我们学习的；然而，不仅可能学习它，而且通过持续的锻炼加强它。

Willpower is just like a muscle;to keep it strong you need to constantly exercise it.People with a great amount of willpower have the discipline to develop positive,successful habits.Even with an incredible amount of talent,without the discipline and motivation to create positive habits,it can be difficult to achieve success.
意志力就像肌肉一样；为了保持其强健，你需要不断锻炼它。拥有大量意志力的人有纪律去培养积极、成功的习惯。即使有惊人的天赋，如果没有纪律和动力去创造积极的习惯，要取得成功可能会很困难。

Willpower and habits go hand in hand.It is critical to create good habits and take the actions necessaryto stick to those habits day in and day out for greater success.Almost half of our daily actions are part of our habits and not decisions,so once the correct habits are in place,you will automatically perform those tasks on a day-to- day basis.
意志力和习惯相辅相成。创建良好习惯并采取必要行动以每天坚持这些习惯对于取得更大的成功至关重要。我们每天几乎一半的行为都是习惯的一部分，而不是决定，因此，一旦建立了正确的习惯，你将自然而然地每天执行这些任务。

The best way to create and stick to a habit is to have strong motivation.It's easier to change your habits to lose weight if you have a health issue and you want to be around longer for your kids,or if your business is something you're passionate about.Having a valuable outcome associated with a habit will help you stick to that habit permanently.
培养并坚持习惯的最佳方法是拥有强烈的动力。如果你有健康问题，为了能更长时间陪伴孩子，或者如果你的事业是你热衷的，改变习惯以减肥会更容易。与习惯相关联的有价值的结果将帮助你永久坚持这个习惯。

The art of self-control is one that most successful individuals have mastered.Self-control enables you to avoid behaviors that don't contribute to your success and adopt those that do.
自制力的艺术是大多数成功人士掌握的技能。自制力使你能够避免那些不促进你成功的行为，并采纳那些有助于你成功的行为。

Because there is a delayed satisfaction associated with self-control,it can be easy to get off track.However, if you work on sticking to those small positive habits one day at a time,it becomes easier to stay strong and achieve that delayed reward. Once a reward is achieved,it is much easier to continue sticking to your habits.
因为自我控制会带来延迟满足，所以很容易偏离轨道。然而，如果你每天努力坚持那些小小的积极习惯，就会更容易保持坚强，实现那个延迟的奖励。一旦获得了奖励，就更容易继续坚持你的习惯。

 46. What does the author say we need to do to strengthen our willpower?
46. 作者说我们需要做什么来增强我们的意志力？

47.How are almost half of our daily actions performed according to the passage?
47.根据文章，我们日常行动中几乎一半是如何执行的？

 A)Out of habit. C)Like muscle building.
A)出于习惯。C)就像肌肉增长。

 B)With determination. D)By self-discipline.
B)以决心。D)通过自律。

48.What will help people stick to doing something constructive automatically?
48.什么能帮助人们自动坚持做建设性的事情？

A)Practising it on a day-to-day basis. C)Possessing a reasonable amount of talent. B)Associating it with improving health, D)Foreseeing the desired outcome it will yield.
A)每天练习。C)拥有合理的才能。B)将其与改善健康联系起来。D)预见它将产生的预期结果。

49.How does the art of self-control help us succeed?
49.自制力的艺术如何帮助我们成功？

 A)By allowing us to remain clear-headed permanently. C)By enabling us to take positive actions.
A)通过让我们始终保持清醒。 C)通过使我们能够采取积极行动。

 B)By enabling us to alter our behaviors constantly. D)By allowing us to avoid taking risks.
B)通过让我们不断改变行为。 D)通过让我们避免承担风险。

50,Why can it be difficult for us to maintain self-control?
50,为什么我们有时难以保持自制力？

 A) Most of us are not in the habit of exercising self-control.
A) 我们大多数人没有养成自我约束的习惯。

B)We may not get immediate rewards from self-control,
B)我们可能不会立即从自制力中获得回报，

C)Self-control tends to be associated with pains.
C) 自制力往往与痛苦相关联。

D)Self-control only brings about small benefits.
D) 自制力只会带来微小的好处。

TEXT4

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
第 51 至 55 题基于以下段落。

Today,most scientific research is funded by government grants,companies doing research and development,and non-profit foundations.As a society,we reap the rewards from this science,but we also help pay for it.You indirectly support science through taxes you pay,products and services you purchase,and donations you make.
今天，大多数科学研究的资金来源于政府拨款、进行研究与开发的公司以及非营利基金会。作为社会的一员，我们从这些科学中获得回报，同时也帮助支付这些成本。你通过缴纳的税款、购买的产品和服务以及做出的捐赠，间接支持着科学。

Funding for science has changed with the times.Historically,science has been largely supported through private patronage ( 资助 ),church sponsorship,or simply paying for the research yourself.Today,researchers are likely to be funded by a mix of grants from various government agencies,institutions,and foundations.Other research is funded by private companies.Such corporate sponsorship is widespread in some fields.Almost 75% of U.S.clinical trials in medicine are paid for by private companies.And,of course,some researchers today still fund small-scale studies out of their own pockets.Most of us can't afford to do nuclear research as a private hobby,but birdwatchers,rock collectors,and others can do real research on a limited budget.
科技资金随时代变迁。历史上，科技主要通过私人赞助、教会支持或自行支付研究费用得到支持。如今，研究人员可能从各种政府机构、机构和基金会的多项补助中获得资金。其他研究则由私营公司资助。这种公司赞助在某些领域非常普遍。美国医学临床试验的几乎 75%都是由私营公司支付的。当然，如今仍有一些研究人员自行资助小规模研究。我们大多数人负担不起作为私人爱好进行核研究，但观鸟者、岩石收集者和其他人可以在有限的预算下进行真正的研究。

In a perfect world,money wouldn't matter—all scientific studies would be completely objective.But in the real world,funding may introduce biases.Drug research sponsored by the pharmaceutical( 制药的)industry is more likely to end up favoring the drug under consideration than studies sponsored by government grants or charitable organizations.Similarly,nutrition research sponsored by the food industry is more likely to end up favoring the food under consideration than independently funded research.
在一个完美的世界里，金钱不会重要——所有的科学研究都会完全客观。但在现实世界中，资金可能会引入偏见。由制药行业资助的药物研究更有可能倾向于考虑的药物，而不是由政府拨款或慈善机构资助的研究。同样，由食品行业资助的营养研究更有可能倾向于考虑的食品，而不是独立资助的研究。

So what should we make of all this?Should we ignore any research funded by companies or special interest groups?Certainly not.These groups provide invaluable funding for scientific research.Furthermore,science has many safeguards in place to catch instances of bias that affect research outcomes.Ultimately,misleading results will be corrected as science proceeds;however,this process takes time.Meanwhile,it pays to examine studies funded by industry or special interest groups with extra care.Are the results consistent with other independently funded studies?What do other scientists have to say about this research?A little examination can go a long way towards identifying bias associated with the funding source.
那么，我们该如何看待这一切呢？我们是否应该忽略由公司或特殊利益集团资助的研究？当然不应该。这些团体为科学研究提供了宝贵的资助。此外，科学已经设定了许多保障措施，以捕获影响研究结果的偏见情况。最终，误导性的结果将随着科学的发展而得到修正；然而，这个过程需要时间。同时，仔细检查由行业或特殊利益集团资助的研究是值得的。这些研究的结果与其他独立资助的研究是否一致？其他科学家对此研究有何看法？一点检查工作可以大大帮助识别与资金来源相关的偏见。

51.What does the passage mainly discuss regarding scientific research?
这段文章主要讨论了科学研究所涉及的主要内容。

 A)Its foundation. C)Its prospect.
A)其基础。C)其前景。

 B)Its rewards. D)Its funding.
B)它的奖励。D)它的资金。

52.What do we learn from the passage about researchers like birdwatchers and rock collectors?
我们从文章中学到，像观鸟者和岩石收集者这样的研究人员有何特点？

 A)They have little access to government funding. C)They can do amateur work in their own fields.
A)他们很少能得到政府资金的支持。C)他们可以在自己的领域做业余工作。

 B)They can do research with limited resources, D)They have no means for large-scale research.
B)他们可以用有限的资源进行研究，D)他们没有进行大规模研究的手段。

53.What would scientific studies look like in a perfect world according to the author? A)They would be totally unbiased.
53.在作者心目中的理想世界中，科学研究会是什么样子？A）它们会完全无偏见。

B)They would be independently funded.
B)它们将独立资助。

C)They would be responsibly conducted.
C)它们将负责任地进行。

D)They would be strictly supervised.
D)他们将受到严格监督。

54.What does the author say about companies and special interest groups? A)They try hard to pull down the safeguards for research.
作者关于公司和特殊利益集团说了什么？A) 他们努力削弱研究的保护措施。

B)They make extra efforts to research their own products. C)They provide valuable resources for scientific research.
B)他们特别努力地研究自己的产品。C)他们提供了宝贵的资源用于科学研究。

D)They reap the most benefits from scientific research.
D)他们在科学研究中获益最多。

55.What does the author think of research funded by industry or special interest groups? A)Its recommendations should be examined for feasibility.
55.作者对由工业或特殊利益集团资助的研究有何看法？A）应对其建议的可行性进行审查。

B)Its misleading results should be corrected in time.
B)其误导性的结果应适时更正。

C)Its validity should be checked with additional care.
C)其有效性应额外小心地进行检查。

D)Its hidden biases should be identified independently.
D)其隐藏偏见应独立识别。

TEXT 5

It may sound surprising,but you don't have to be interested in fashion,or even in history,to enjoy Dress Codes:How the Laws of Fashion Made History.I happen to be interested in both,and ended up enjoying the book for completely different reasons.
这听起来可能令人惊讶，但你不必对时尚感兴趣，甚至不必对历史感兴趣，就能欣赏《着装规范：时尚法则如何塑造历史》这本书。我恰好对两者都感兴趣，并最终因为完全不同的原因享受了这本书。

Richard Thompson Ford is a law professor,and you probably won't forget that for even one page.His carefully reasoned arguments,packed with examples,sound almost like reading a court opinion,only maybe wordier.You will probably never think of fashion as a trifle again.
理查德·汤普森·福特是一位法学教授，你可能不会忘记他，甚至在一页纸上都不会。他的精心论证，充满了例子，听起来几乎像是在阅读法庭判决，只是可能更冗长。你可能永远不会再将时尚视为小事。

Ford's thesis is that the best way to understand what particular fashions meant in any given era is to look at the restrictions placed on them.Through this lens,he shows us that the first laws passed in the 1200s to ensure that only the nobility were allowed to wear certain fabrics,colors and ornaments reflected the rise of the middle class,who were now able to imitate some of these fashions.The status of the upper classes was threatened; fashion was a tool to preserve it.
福特的论点是，要理解特定时尚在任何特定时期的含义，最好的方法是观察这些时尚所受到的限制。通过这个视角，他向我们展示了，12 世纪初通过的第一批法律，旨在确保只有贵族才能穿戴特定的织物、颜色和装饰品，反映了中产阶级的兴起，他们现在能够模仿这些时尚的一部分。上层阶级的地位受到威胁；时尚是保持其地位的工具。

Ford takes the reader through the evolution of fashion while examining the underlying motivations of status, sex,power,and personality,which,he assumes,influenced all innovations in fashion in the past and which continue to influence us today.His writing is more than a little dense—dense with research,clauses,and precise adjectives and nouns.But there's also humor and enough interesting episodes to make the writing appealing.No one is spared his sharp analysis:not the easy targets of 19th century women's crippling(伤害身体的) fashions nor the modern uniforms of Silicon Valley T-shirts.
福特带领读者穿越时尚的演变历程，同时审视地位、性别、权力和个性等深层动机，他认为这些动机影响了过去所有时尚创新，并且继续影响着我们今天的生活。他的写作内容丰富，充满了研究、从句和精确的形容词与名词，但同时也充满了幽默，以及足够吸引人的有趣情节，使得阅读变得引人入胜。没有谁能够逃脱他犀利的分析：无论是 19 世纪女性伤害身体的时尚，还是硅谷 T 恤的现代制服。

But the greatest strength of this book (on fashion!)is its intellectual profoundness.Ford asks us to question unconscious beliefs,to realize that we almost never do so,to understand that the simplest choices are charged with meaning,and yet that meaning can and does change all the time.Consider the fact that a 1918 catalog insisted that boys and girls be dressed in the appropriate color,We believe our thinking today is evolved;Ford shows us it's not.
这本书（关于时尚的！）最大的强项是它的思想深度。福特让我们质疑无意识的信念，意识到我们几乎从不这样做，理解最简单的选择都充满了意义，但这种意义可以并且一直在变化。考虑这样一个事实：1918 年的目录坚持认为男孩和女孩应该穿着合适的颜色，我们相信我们今天的思考是进化的；福特向我们展示了事实并非如此。

46.What does the author think of the book Dress Codes:How the Laws of Fashion Made History?
46.作者对《着装规范：时尚法则如何塑造历史》这本书有何看法？

A)It is read by people for entirely different reasons.
A)人们出于完全不同的原因阅读它。

B)It is meant for those interested in fashion history.
B) 它是为对时尚历史感兴趣的人准备的。

C)It makes enjoyable as well as informative reading.
C) 它既愉快又富有信息性的阅读。

D)It converts fashion into something for deliberation.
D)它将时尚转化为值得深思熟虑的事物。

47.How can people best understand a particular fashion in an era,according to Ford?
47.福特认为，人们如何才能最好地理解某一时代的特定时尚？

 A)By examining the restraints imposed on it. C)By glancing at its fabrics,colors and ornaments.
A)通过检查施加在其身上的限制。 C)通过浏览其面料、颜色和装饰品。

 B)By looking at what the nobility were wearing. D)By doing a survey of the upper and middle classes.
B)通过观察贵族们穿着什么。 D)通过调查上层和中产阶级。

48.What was the aim of the first laws passed regarding fashion in the 1200s?
48.12 世纪通过的第一批关于时尚的法律的目的是什么？

 A)To facilitate the rise of the middle class. C)To help initiate some novel fashions.
A)为了促进中产阶级的崛起。 C)为了帮助启动一些新颖的时尚潮流。

 B)To loosen restrictions on dress codes. D)To preserve the status of the nobles.
B)放宽着装规定。D)保持贵族的地位。

49.What does the author think of Ford's writing?
49.作者对福特的写作有何看法？

A)It uses comparison and contrast in describing fashions of different eras.
A)它使用比较和对比来描述不同年代的时尚。

B)It makes heavy reading but is not lacking in humor or appeal.
B) 它读起来很费劲，但不乏幽默感和吸引力。

C)It is filled with interesting episodes to spare readers intolerable boredom.
C)它充满了有趣的情节，以免读者感到无法忍受的无聊。

D)It is characteristic of academics in presenting arguments.
D) 学术界在提出论点时具有其特色。

50.What does the author say is the greatest strength of Ford's book?
50.作者说福特书的最大优点是什么？

TEXT6

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
第 51 至 55 题基于以下段落。

The art of persuasion means convincing others to agree with your point of view or to follow your course of action.For some of us,persuasion is an instinctive quality and the power of influencing comes naturally.For the rest of us,persuasion skills can be learned and developed over time.
说服的艺术意味着说服他人接受你的观点或遵循你的行动路线。对我们中的一些人来说，说服是一种本能的品质，影响的力量自然而然。对其他人来说，说服技巧可以随着时间的推移学习和培养。

Employers place a great value on employees with persuasion skills because they can impact several aspects of job performance.Besides,teamwork and leadership rely heavily on the power of persuasion to get things done.Without persuasion skills,employees may not be as committed to or convinced of the importance of an organization's vision and long-term mission.Effective use of persuasion skills will not only help get your coworkers excited about your ideas,it'll also help you motivate them to achieve a common goal.
雇主非常重视具有说服力的员工，因为这种能力能显著影响工作表现的多个方面。此外，团队合作和领导力很大程度上依赖于说服力来推动工作进展。没有说服力的技能，员工可能不会对组织的愿景和长期使命抱有同样的承诺或认同。有效运用说服力技能不仅会帮助你的同事对你的想法感到兴奋，还能帮助你激励他们实现共同目标。

In order to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace,you need to understand how to handle conflicts and reach agreements.Good communication is the first step in effective persuasion,but logic and reasoning are just as important.Before you can get somebody on-board with your goal,you should help them understand why they should pursue it.Using visual aids to back up your ideas can help communicate your ideas better and make compelling arguments so your listeners will come to a logical choice and become fully committed to your ideas and plans.
为了在工作中掌握说服的艺术，你需要理解如何处理冲突并达成协议。良好的沟通是有效说服的第一步，但逻辑和推理同样重要。在让某人认同你的目标之前，你应该帮助他们理解为什么他们应该追求这个目标。使用视觉辅助工具来支持你的想法可以帮助更好地传达你的想法，并提出有说服力的论点，使听众能够做出合乎逻辑的选择，并完全投入到你的想法和计划中。

Successful persuasion skills are based on your ability to have positive interactions and maintain meaningful relationships with people.In order to sustain those relationships,you must be able to work in their best interests as well.Your coworkers are more likely to agree with you when they succeed alongside you.The more they achieve and the greater progress they make,the more they trust your judgement and strength.
成功的说服技巧建立在你与人进行积极互动和维持有意义关系的能力上。为了保持这些关系，你必须能够站在他们的最佳利益角度行事。你的同事在与你共成功时更有可能同意你的观点。他们越取得成就，进步越大，就越信任你的判断力和实力。

We persuade and get persuaded every day—we're either convincing or being convinced.A vast majority of people prefer collaboration and teamwork over traditional organizational structures;no one likes to be told what to do or to be pushed around.Therefore,organizations and leaders should adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes.
我们每天都在说服别人，也被别人说服——我们或是说服者，或是被说服者。绝大多数人更倾向于合作和团队工作，而不是传统的组织结构；没有人喜欢被指挥或被压迫。因此，组织和领导者应该采用强大的说服技巧，以推动必要的变革。

51.What does the author say about the ability to be persuasive in the first paragraph? A)People may either be born with it or be able to cultivate it.
51.作者在第一段中对具有说服力的能力有何看法？A)人们可能天生就有这种能力，或者能够培养这种能力。

B)It proves crucial in making others follow one's course of action.
B) 它在促使他人跟随某人的行动路线方面至关重要。

C)It refers to the natural and instinctive power of influencing one's coworkers.
C)它指的是影响同事的自然和本能能力。

D)People may view it as both a means to convince others and an art of communication.
D)人们可能会将其视为说服他人的一种手段，以及一种沟通的艺术。

52.Why are persuasion skills greatly valued in the workplace?
52.为什么说服技巧在职场中备受重视？

A)They enable employees to be convinced of their long-term gains.
他们使员工相信自己的长期收益。

B)They enable employees to trust their leaders unconditionally.
B)它们使员工能够无条件地信任他们的领导者。

C)They help motivate coworkers to strive for a common goal.
C)他们帮助激发同事为共同目标努力。

D)They help an organization to broaden its vision effectively.
D)它们帮助组织有效拓宽视野。

53.What should people do to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace?
53.人们在工作场所应该做什么来学习说服艺术？

 A)Acquire effective communication skills. C)Understand the reason for pursuing their goals.
A)获得有效的沟通技巧。C)理解追求目标的原因。

B)Avoid getting involved in conflicts with others. D)Commit themselves fully to their ideas and plans.
B) 避免与他人发生冲突。D) 全力投入自己的想法和计划。

54.When are you more likely to succeed in persuading your coworkers?
当你更有可能说服你的同事成功的时间是？

A)When they are convinced you work in their interests while sacrificing your own.
当他们确信你是为了他们的利益而牺牲自己的时候。

B)When they become aware of the potential strength of the judgments you make.
B)当他们意识到你做出的判决的潜在力量时。

C)When they become aware of the meaningful relationships you keep with them.
C)当他们意识到你与他们保持的有意义的关系时。

D)When they are convinced they will make achievements together with you.
D)当他们确信会与你一起取得成就时。

55.Why are organizations and leaders advised to adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes?
55.为什么建议组织和领导者采用强大的说服技巧以推动必要的变革？

A)To convince employees of the value of collaboration.
A)说服员工理解合作的价值。

B)To allow for the preferences of most people of today.
B) 为了适应当今大多数人的偏好。

C)To improve on traditional organizational structures.
C) 为了改进传统的组织结构。

 D)To adapt to employees' ever-changing working styles.
D) 适应员工不断变化的工作风格。

TEXT7

Textbooks represent an 11 billion dollar industry, up from $8 billion in 2014. Textbook publisher Pearson is the largest publisher—of any kind—in the world
教科书行业价值 110 亿美元，比 2014 年的 80 亿美元有所增加。教科书出版商培生是世界上最大的出版商，无论哪种类型的出版物。

It costs about $1 million to create a new textbook. A freshman textbook will have dozens of contributors, from subject-matter experts through graphic and layout artists to expert reviewers and classroom testers. Textbook publishers connect professors, instructors and students in ways that alternatives, such as open e-textbooks and open educational resources, simply do not. This connection happens not only by means of collaborative development, review and testing, but also at conferences where faculty regularly decide on their textbooks and curricula for the coming year.
创建一本新教科书的成本约为一百万美元。一本新生用教科书将有数十位贡献者，从专业领域专家到图形和排版艺术家，再到专家审阅者和课堂测试者。教科书出版商通过这种方式将教授、讲师和学生联系起来，这是替代方案，如开放电子教科书和开放教育资源，无法做到的。这种联系不仅通过协作开发、审阅和测试实现，而且在教授定期决定来年教材和课程的会议上也发生。

It is true that textbook publishers have recently reported losses, largely due to students renting or buying used print textbooks. But this can be chalked up to the excessively high cost of their books which has increased over 1,000 percent since 1977. A restructuring of the textbook industry may well be in order. But this does not mean the end of the textbook itself.
确实，最近教科书出版商报告了亏损，主要原因是学生租赁或购买二手印刷教科书。但这可以归因于他们的书籍成本过高，自 1977 年以来已经增加了 1000%。教科书行业的重组可能在所难免。但这并不意味着教科书本身的终结。

While they may not be as dynamic as an iPad, textbooks are not passive or lifeless. For example, over the centuries, they have simulated ( 模拟 ) dialogues in a number of ways. From 1800 to the present day, textbooks have done this by posing questions for students to answer inductively ( 归纳性地 ). That means students are asked to use their individual experience to come up with answers to general questions. Today's psychology texts, for example, ask: "How much of your personality do you think you inherited?" while ones in physics say: "How can you predict where the ball you tossed will land?"
虽然它们可能没有 iPad 那么生动，但教科书并不被动或无生气。例如，在几个世纪里，它们以多种方式模拟（模拟）对话。从 1800 年到现在的教科书就是这样做的，通过提出问题让学生归纳性地回答。这意味着学生被要求利用个人经验来回答一般性问题。例如，今天的心理学教科书会问：“你认为你的个性有多少是遗传的？”而物理教科书则说：“你怎么能预测你扔的球会落在哪里？”

Experts observe that "textbooks come in layers, something like an onion." For an active learner aging with a textbook can be an interactive experience. Readers proceed at their own pace. They "customize" their books by engaging with different layers and linkages. Highlighting, Post-It notes, dog-ears and other techniques allow for further customization that students value in print books over digital forms of books.
专家观察到，“教科书有层次，就像洋葱一样。”对于活跃的学习者来说，随着教科书的使用，这可以是一种互动体验。读者可以按照自己的节奏前进。他们通过与不同层次和链接进行互动，对书籍进行“定制”。高亮、便利贴、折角和其他技术允许进一步的定制，这是学生在纸质书籍中比在数字形式的书籍中更看重的。

46. What does the passage say about open educational resources? A) They contribute to teaching as much as to learning.
46. 文章对开放教育资源说了什么？A) 它们在教学和学习中同样重要。

They don't profit as much as traditional textbooks do.
他们获得的利润没有传统教科书那么多。

They can't connect professors and students as textbooks do.
他们无法像教科书那样连接教授和学生。

They compete fiercely for customers with textbook producers.
他们与教科书生产商激烈竞争以获取客户。

47. What is the main cause of the publishers' losses?
47. 出版商亏损的主要原因是什么？

A) Failure to meet student need. B) Industry restructuring.
A) 未能满足学生需求。B) 行业重组。

Emergence of e-books.
电子书的兴起。

Falling sales.
销量下滑。

48. What does the textbook industry need to do?
48. 教材行业需要做什么？

A) Reform its structures. B) Cut its retail prices.
A) 调整其结构。B) 降低其零售价格。

C) Find replacements for printed textbooks.
C) 找到印刷教科书的替代品。

D）Change its business strategy periodically.
D）定期调整其业务策略。

49. What are students expected to do in the learning process? A) Think carefully before answering each question.
49. 学生在学习过程中应该做什么？A) 在回答每个问题之前仔细思考。

Ask questions based on their own understanding.
根据自己的理解提出问题。

Answer questions using their personal experience.
使用个人经验回答问题。

Give answers showing their respective personality.
展现答案，体现各自的性格。

50. What do experts say about students using textbooks? A) They can digitalize the prints easily.
50. 专家对使用教科书的学生有何看法？A) 他们可以轻松将印刷品数字化。

They can learn in an interactive way.
他们可以以互动的方式学习。

They can purchase customized versions.
他们可以购买定制版本。

They can adapt the material themselves.
他们可以自行调整材料。

TEXT8

when we think of animals and plants, we have a pretty good way of dividing them into two distinct groups: one converts sunlight into energy and the other has to eat food to make its energy.
当我们想到动物和植物时，我们有一个相当好的方法将它们分为两个明显的组：一个将阳光转化为能量，另一个则必须通过进食来获取能量。

Well, those dividing lines come crashing down with the discovery of a sea slug (海蝓) that's truly half animal and half plant. It's pretty incredible how it has managed to hijack the genes of the algae (藻类) on which it feeds.
嗯，随着发现了一种真正兼具动物和植物特性的海洋蜗牛（海蝓），那些分界线也随之崩溃。它能够劫持它所食用的藻类（藻类）的基因，这真是令人难以置信。

The slugs can manufacture chlorophyll, the green pigment (色素) in plants that captures energy from sunlight, and hold these genes within their body. The term kleptoplasty is used to describe the practice of using hijacked genes to create nutrients from sunlight. And so far, this green sea slug is the only known animal that can be truly considered solar-powered, although some animals do exhibit some plant-like behaviors. Many scientists have studied the green sea slugs to confirm that they are actually able to create energy from sunlight.
蜗牛可以制造叶绿素，植物中捕获阳光能量的绿色色素（色素），并将这些基因保留在体内。克隆体术一词用来描述利用劫持的基因从阳光中创造营养物质的做法。到目前为止，这种绿色海蜗牛是唯一已知的能够真正被认为是太阳能驱动的动物，尽管有些动物表现出一些植物行为。许多科学家研究了绿色海蜗牛，以证实它们实际上能够从阳光中产生能量。

In fact, the slugs use the genetic material so well that they pass it on to their future generations. Their babies retain the ability to produce their own chlorophyll, though they can't generate energy from sunlight until they've eaten enough algae to steal the necessary genes, which they can't yet produce on their own.
实际上，蛞蝓利用遗传物质如此之好，以至于它们将其传递给后代。它们的宝宝保留了自己产生叶绿素的能力，尽管它们无法从阳光中产生能量，直到它们吃够了藻类以窃取必要的基因，而这些基因它们目前还无法自行产生。

"There's no way on earth that genes from an alga should work inside an animal cell," says Sidney Pierce from the University of South Florida. "And yet here, they do. They allow the animal to rely on sunshine for its nutrition. So if something happens to their food source, they have a way of not starving to death until they find more algae to eat.
"天底下不可能有藻类基因能在动物细胞内起作用，”来自佛罗里达南部大学的西德尼·皮尔斯说。“然而，这里确实有。它们使动物能够依靠阳光获取营养。所以，如果它们的食物来源出现问题，它们有办法在找到更多的藻类之前不会饿死。”

"The sea slugs are so good at gathering energy from the sun that they can live up to nine months without having to eat any food. They get all their nutritional needs met by the genes that they've hijacked from the algae.
"海蛞蝓从太阳获取能量的能力如此之强，以至于它们可以长达九个月不吃任何食物。它们的所有营养需求都通过从藻类窃取的基因得到了满足。"

51.What is the distinctive feature of a sea slug? A) It looks like both a plant and an animal.
51. 海蛞蝓的特征是什么？ A) 它看起来既像植物又像动物。

It converts some sea animals into plants.
它将一些海洋动物转化为植物。

It lives half on animals and half on plants.
它既依赖于动物，也依赖于植物，生活在其间。

It gets energy from both food and surlight.
它从食物和荧光中获取能量。

52.What enables the sea slug to live like a plant? A)The genes it captures from the sea plant algae.
52.是什么使海蛞蝓能够像植物一样生活？A）它从海藻中捕获的基因。

The mechanism by which it conserves energy.
它如何保存能量的机制。

The nutrients it hijacks from other species.
它从其他物种那里劫持的营养物质。

The green pigment it inherits from its ancestors.
它从祖先那里继承了绿色色素。

53. What does the author say about baby sea slugs? A) They can live without sunlight for a long time.
53. 作者对小海蛞蝓有什么说法？A) 它们可以在没有阳光的情况下存活很长时间。

They can absorb sunlight right after their birth.
它们在出生后就能吸收阳光。

They can survive without algae for quite some time.
它们可以在没有藻类的情况下存活相当长的时间。

They can produce chlorophyll on their own.
它们可以自行产生叶绿素。

54. What does Sidney Pierce say about genes from an alga? A) They are stolen from animals like the sea slug.
54. 西德尼·皮尔斯关于藻类的基因说了什么？A) 它们是从海蛞蝓等动物那里偷来的。

They can't function unless exposed to sunlight.
他们除非被曝露在阳光下否则无法运作。

They don't usually function inside animal cells.
它们通常不在这类动物细胞内起作用。

They can readily be converted to sea slug genes.
它们很容易被转换为海洋蛞蝓基因。

55. What do we learn about sea slugs from the passage? A) They behave the way most plant species do. B) They can survive for months without eating.
55. 从这段话中我们了解到关于海蛞蝓的什么？ A) 它们的行为方式与大多数植物种类相同。 B) 它们可以在不吃东西的情况下生存数月。

They will turn into plants when they mature.
它们成熟时会变成植物。

They will starve to death without sunlight.
没有阳光，他们会饿死。

TEXT9

The fifth largest city in the US passed a significant soda tax proposal that will levy(征
美国第五大城市通过了一个重要的汽水税提案，将征收税款

税) 1.5 cents per liquid ounce on distributors.
税) 每液体盎司对分销商征收 1.5 美分。

Philadelphia's new measure was approved by a 13 to 4 city council vote. It sets a new bar for similar initiatives across the country. It is proof that taxes on sugary drinks can win substantial support outside super liberal areas. Until now, the only city to successfully pass and implement a soda tax was Berkeley, California, in2014
费城的新措施以 13 票赞成、4 票反对的城市议会投票结果获得批准。它为全国类似的倡议设定了新的标准。这证明了糖饮料税可以在超级自由地区之外赢得实质性的支持。到目前为止，唯一成功通过并实施糖税的城市是 2014 年的加利福尼亚州伯克利。

The tax will apply to regular and diet sodas, as well as other drinks with added sugar, such as Gatorade and iced teas. It's expected to raise $410 million over the next five years, most of which will go toward funding a universal pre-kindergarten program for the city.
该税将适用于普通和低糖苏打水，以及含糖的其他饮料，如 Gatorade 和冰茶。预计在未来五年内将筹集 4.1 亿美元，其中大部分将用于资助该市的全民学前班项目。

While the city council vote was met with applause inside the council room, opponents to the measure, including soda lobbyists, made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court.
在市议会投票得到会议室内的掌声后，对该措施持反对意见的人，包括苏打饮料游说者，进行了尖锐的批评，并承诺将对该税收提起法律挑战。

"The tax passed today unfairly singles out beverages-including low-and no-calorie choices," said Lauren Kane, spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association. "But most importantly, it is against the law. So wel will side with the majority of the people of Philadelphia who oppose this tax and take legal action to stop it."
"今天通过的税法不公平地针对了包括低热量和无热量选择在内的饮料，"美国饮料协会的发言人劳伦·凯恩说。"但最重要的是，这违反了法律。所以我们将会站在费城大多数反对这项税收的人一边，并采取法律行动阻止它。"

An industry-backed anti-tax campaign has spent at least $4 million on advertisements. The ads criticized the measure, characterizing it as a "grocery tax.”
一个由行业支持的反税收运动已经在广告上花费了至少 400 万美元。这些广告批评了这一措施，将其描述为“杂货税”。

Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans. "The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushes a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places," said Jim Krieger, executive director of Healthy Food America.l "Indeed, we are already hearing from some of them. It's not 'just Berkeley' anymore."
公共卫生团体对批准的税款表示赞赏，将其视为解决困扰美国人的某些持久性健康问题的一步。"为了重新投资于这些社区，以收回对推动导致糖尿病、肥胖和心脏病的产品的行业的一小部分利润，这一举动对许多其他地方来说肯定会成为灵感来源，"健康食品美国的执行主任吉姆·克里格说。“我们已经从他们中听到了一些声音。这不再只是伯克利的事情了。”

Similar measures in Califormia's Albany, Oakland, San Francisco and Colorado's Boulder are becoming hotbutton issues. Health advocacy groups have hinted that even more might be coming.
加利福尼亚州的奥尔巴尼、奥克兰、旧金山以及科罗拉多州的博尔德等地采取的类似措施正成为争议焦点。健康倡导团体暗示，可能还会有更多措施出台。

46.What does the passage say about the newly-approved soda tax in Philadelphia? A)It will change the lifestyle of many consumers.
46.文章对新批准的费城软饮料税有何说法？A）它将改变许多消费者的日常生活方式。

It may encourage other US cities to follow suit.
它可能鼓励美国其他城市效仿。

It will cut soda consumption among low-income communities.
它将减少低收入社区的苏打消费。

It may influence the marketing strategies of the soda business.
它可能会影响苏打业务的营销策略。

47.What will the opponents probably do to respond to the soda tax proposal? A)Bargain with the city council. B) Refuse to pay additional tax.
47.反对者可能会如何回应汽水税提案？ A)与城市议会协商。 B)拒绝支付额外税款。

Take legal action against it.
对它采取法律行动。

Try to win public support.
尝试赢得公众支持。

48. What did the industry-backed anti-tax campaign do about the soda tax proposal? A) It tried to arouse hostile feelings among consumers. B) It tried to win grocers' support against the measure.
48. 行业支持的反税收运动对软饮料税提案做了什么？A) 它试图在消费者中激起敌意。B) 它试图赢得杂货商对这一措施的支持。

It kept sending letters of protest to the media.
它不断地向媒体发送抗议信。

It criticized the measure through advertising.
它通过广告批评了这一措施。

49.What did public health groups think the soda tax would do? A) Alert people to the risk of sugar-induced diseases. B)Help people to fix certain long-time health issues
49.公共卫生团体认为糖税会做什么？A)提醒人们糖引发疾病的风险。B)帮助人们解决某些长期的健康问题。

C) Add to the fund for their research on diseases.
C) 为他们的疾病研究增加基金。

D)Benefit low-income people across the country.
D)惠及全国低收入人群。

50.What do we learn about similar measures concerning the soda tax in some other cities? A) They are becoming rather sensitive issues.
我们了解到关于某些其他城市征收软饮料税的类似措施？A）它们正在变得相当敏感的问题。

They are spreading panic in the soda industry.
他们在苏打行业传播恐慌。

They are reducing the incidence of sugar-induced diseases. D) They are taking away a lot of profit from the soda industry.
他们正在减少由糖引起的疾病的发病率。D) 他们正在从软饮料行业夺走大量利润。

TEXT10

Popping food into the microwave for a couple of minutes may seem utterly harmless, but Europe's stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found. And the problem- 4is growing. With costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming "status" items, owners are throwing away microwaves after an average of eight years. This is pushing sales of new microwaves which are expected to reach 135 million annually in the EU by the end of the decade.
将食物放入微波炉中几分钟看似完全无害，但一项新的研究发现，欧洲的这些快速烹饪烤箱排放的碳量相当于近 700 万辆汽车。而且这个问题正在增长。随着成本下降和厨房电器成为“身份象征”物品，微波炉所有者在平均 8 年后就会丢弃它们。这正在推动新微波炉的销售，预计到本世纪末，欧盟每年的微波炉销量将达到 1.35 亿台。

A study by the University of Manchester calculated the emissions of CO2-the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change — at every stage of microwaves, from manufacture to waste disposal. "It is electricity consumption by microwaves that has the biggest impact on the environment," say the authors. The authors also calculate that the emissions from using 19 microwaves over a year are the same as those from using a car. According to the same study, efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behaviour. For example, consumers could use appliances in a more efficient way by adjusting the time of cooking to the type of food.
曼彻斯特大学的一项研究计算了微波炉在从制造到废弃的每个阶段产生的二氧化碳排放量——这是导致气候变化的主要温室气体。“微波炉的电力消耗对环境影响最大。”作者说。作者还计算出，一年内使用 19 台微波炉的排放量与使用一辆汽车的排放量相同。根据同一项研究，减少消耗的努力应集中在提高消费者意识和行为上。例如，消费者可以通过调整烹饪时间以适应食物类型来更有效地使用电器。

However, David Reay, professor of carbon management, argues that, although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars. In the UK alone, there are around 30 million cars. These cars emit more than all the microwaves in the EU. Backing this up, recent data show that passenger cars in the UK emitted 69 million tons of CO2 in 2015. This is 10 times the amount this new microwave oven study estimates for annual emissions for all the microwave ovens in the EU. Further, the energy used by microwaves is lower than any other form of cooking. Among common kitchen appliances used for cooking, microwaves are the most energy efficient, followed by a stove and finally a standard oven. Thus, rising microwave sales could be seen as a positive thing
然而，碳管理教授大卫·雷伊（David Reay）认为，尽管微波炉消耗大量能源，但其排放量与汽车相比微不足道。仅在英国，就有大约 3000 万辆汽车。这些汽车的排放量超过欧盟所有微波炉的排放量。支持这一观点，最近的数据表明，2015 年，英国的乘客汽车排放了 6.9 亿吨二氧化碳。这是欧盟所有微波炉年排放量估计值的 10 倍。此外，微波炉使用的能源低于任何其他烹饪方式。在用于烹饪的常见厨房电器中，微波炉是最节能的，其次是炉灶，最后是传统烤箱。因此，微波炉销量的上升可以被视为一件好事。

51What is the finding of the new study?
新研究的发现是什么？

A)Quick-cooking microwave ovens have become more popular. B) The frequent use of microwaves may do harm to our health.
A) 快速烹饪微波炉变得越来越受欢迎。B) 频繁使用微波炉可能对我们的健康有害。

CO2 emissions constitute a major threat to the environment.
二氧化碳排放是对环境构成的主要威胁。

The use of microwaves emits more CO2 than people think.
微波的使用比人们想象的排放更多二氧化碳。

52.Why are the sales of microwaves expected to rise? A) They are becoming more affordable.
52.为什么微波炉的销量预计会上升？A) 他们变得更加实惠。

They have a shorter life cycle than other appliances.
它们的生命周期比其他电器短。

They are getting much easier to operate.
它们的操作变得容易多了。

They take less time to cook than other appliances.
它们比其他电器烹饪时间更短。

53.What recommendation does the study by the University of Manchester make? A) Cooking food of different varieties.
曼彻斯特大学的研究提出了哪项建议？A) 烹饪不同种类的食物。

Improving microwave users' habits.
改善微波用户的习惯。

Eating less to cut energy consumption
减少饮食以降低能耗

Using microwave ovens less frequently.
减少使用微波炉。

54.What does Professor David Reay try to argue?
54.大卫·雷教授试图争论什么？

There are far more emissions from cars than from microwaves.
汽车的排放量远超过微波炉的排放量。

People should be persuaded into using passenger cars less often.
人们应该被劝说减少使用私家车。

The UK produces less CO2 than many other countries in the EU.
英国产生的二氧化碳量少于欧盟中许多其他国家。

More data are needed to show whether microwaves are harmful.
需要更多的数据来表明微波是否有害。

55.What does Professor David Reay think of the use of microwaves? A) It will become less popular in the coming decades.
55.大卫·雷教授对微波炉的使用持何观点？A) 在未来几十年，其使用量将会减少。

It makes everyday cooking much more convenient,
它使日常烹饪变得更加方便

It plays a positive role in environmental protection.
它在环境保护中发挥着积极作用。

It consumes more power than conventional cooking.
它比传统烹饪消耗更多的电力。

TEXT11

The wallet is heading for extinction. As a day-to-day essential, it will die off with the generation who read print newspapers. The kind of shopping—where you hand over notes and count out change in return-now happens only in the most minor of our retail encounters, like buying a bar of chocolate or a pint of milk, from a corner shop. At the shops where you spend any real money, that money is increasingly abstracted. And this is more and more true, the higher up the scale you go. At the most cutting-edge retail stores-Victoria Beckham on Dover Street, for instance-you don't go and stand at any kind of cash register, when you decide to pay. The staff are equipped with iPad to take your payment while you relax on a sofa.
钱包即将走向灭绝。作为日常必需品，它将随着阅读纸质报纸的一代人消失。那种购物方式——你递上钞票并找回零钱——现在只发生在我们零售交易中最微不足道的场合，比如在街角店购买一块巧克力或一品脱牛奶。在你真正花钱的商店里，那里的金钱越来越抽象化。而且，随着你向上层走，这一点变得越来越明显。在最尖端的零售店，比如多佛街上的维多利亚·贝克汉姆店，当你决定付款时，你不需要去任何收银台。店员配备 iPad 在你坐在沙发上时为你处理付款。

Which is nothing more or less than excellent service, if you have the money. But across society, the abstraction of the idea of cash makes me uneasy. Maybe I'm just old-fashioned. But earning money isn't quick or easy for most of us. Isn't it a bit weird that spending it should happen in half a blink ( 眨眼 ) of an eye? Doesn't a wallet-that time-honoured
这无非是优质的服务，如果你有金钱的话。但在整个社会中，现金概念的抽象化让我感到不安。也许我只是老派。但对大多数人来说，赚钱并不快速或容易。难道花掉它应该在眨眼之间就完成，这不是很奇怪吗？钱包——这个历史悠久的

Friday-night feeling of pleasing, promising fatness-represent something that matters?
周五晚上的愉悦、有希望的减肥感是否意味着重要的事情？

But I'll leave the economics to the experts. What bothers me about the death of the wallet is the change it represents in our physical environment. Everything about the look and feel of a wallet—the way the fastenings and materials wear and tear and loosen with age, the plastic and paper and gold and silver, and handwritten phone numbers and printed cinema tickets-is the very opposite of what our world is becoming. The opposite of a wallet is a smartphone or an iPad. The rounded edges, cool glass, smooth and unknowable as a pebble (鹅卵石). Instead of digging through pieces of paper and peering into corners, we move our fingers left and right. No more counting out coins. Show your wallet, if you still have one. It may not be here much longer.
但我将把经济学留给专家。钱包之死让我困扰的是它对我们物理环境所代表的变化。钱包的外观和感觉——随着岁月的磨损、撕裂和松弛，塑料、纸张、黄金和银色，以及手写电话号码和印刷的电影票——与我们世界正在成为的样子完全相反。钱包的对立面是智能手机或 iPad。圆润的边缘，冰冷的玻璃，光滑且像鹅卵石一样不可知。不再需要翻找纸张，不再需要窥视角落，我们只需左右滑动手指。不再数硬币。如果你还有钱包，拿出来看看。它可能很快就会消失。

What is happening to the wallet? A)It is disappearing.
钱包发生了什么？A）它正在消失。

B)It is being fattened.
B)它正在被喂养。

C)It is becoming costly.
C) 它变得越来越昂贵。

D) It is changing in style.
D) 它的风格正在改变。

47.How are business transactions done in big modern stores?
47.大型现代商店中的商业交易是如何进行的？

A)Individually
A)个人

B)Electronically.
B) 电子地.

C)In the abstract.
C) 在摘要。

D)Via a cash register.
D)通过收银机。

48.What makes the author feel uncomfortable nowadays? A)Saving money is becoming a thing of the past.
48.当今什么让作者感到不舒服？A)省钱正在成为过去式。

B)The pleasing Friday-night feeling is fading.
B)令人愉悦的周五夜晚感觉正在消退。

C)Earning money is getting more difficult.
赚取金钱变得越来越困难。

D) Spending money is so fast and easy.
D) 花钱既快捷又容易。

49.Why does the author choose to write about what's happening to the wallet?
49.为什么作者选择撰写关于钱包发生的事情？

A)It represents a change in the modern world
它代表了现代世界的变化

B) It has something to do with everybody's life.
B) 这与每个人的生活都有关系。

C)It marks the end of a time-honoured tradition.
C)它标志着一个久负盛名传统的终结。

D)It is the concern of contemporary economists.
D) 这是当代经济学家关注的问题。

50.What can we infer from the passage about the author? A)He is resistant to social changes.
从文章中我们可以推断出作者：A) 对社会变革持抗拒态度。

B) He is against technological progress.
B) 他反对技术进步。

C)He feels reluctant to part with the traditional wallet.
C)他觉得不愿意放弃传统的钱包。

D) He feels insecure in the ever-changing modern world.
D) 他对不断变化的现代世界感到不安全。

TEXT12

It's late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You're done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues-in your dreams.
晚上已经很晚了：是时候合上书，关掉电脑了。你今天的工作结束了。你可能没有意识到的是，学习过程实际上还在继续——在你的梦中。

It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity (suggesting that there's some truth to the popular notion that we're "getting" a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and retaining what we learn.
这听起来可能像是科幻小说，但研究人员越来越关注我们白天吸收的知识和技能与夜晚产生的片段、往往荒谬的想象之间的关系。科学家发现，梦到我们学习的任务与在那个活动中表现更好有关（暗示流行的观点是有道理的，即一旦我们开始在梦中使用它，我们就“掌握了”一门外语）。更重要的是，研究人员开始认识到，做梦是理解和保留我们所学知识的必要部分。

While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural (神经的) virtual reality. A vivid example of such replay can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper engages in the kind physical movement that does not normally occur during sleep. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape performs the dance moves she learned earlier.
在我们睡觉时，研究表明，大脑会回放清醒时经历的活动模式，使我们能够进入一位心理学家所称的神经虚拟现实。这种回放的生动例子可以在研究人员最近关于睡眠障碍的视频中看到。他们向一组患有如梦游等状况的患者教授了一系列舞蹈动作，这些睡眠者会进行在正常睡眠中不会出现的物理运动。然后他们录下了这些人在睡觉时的画面。视频中，躺在床上，闭着眼睛，其中一名女性患者在重复她之前学习的舞蹈动作。

This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze （迷宫) task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to find their way through the maze compared with participants who did not dream about the task.
这表明，当我们身体处于静止状态时，我们的大脑正在从我们最近遇到的信息和事件中提取重要信息，然后将这些数据整合到我们已知的庞大知识库中。在 2010 年的一项研究中，哈佛医学院的研究人员报告称，那些在梦中回忆起学习过的计算机迷宫任务的大学生，在通过迷宫的能力上比没有梦到该任务的参与者提高了十倍。

Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime or taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming about the material. Think about that as your head hits the pillow tonight.
哈佛的研究人员之一罗伯特·斯蒂格霍尔德建议，睡前学习或在下午的学习会话后打个盹，可能会增加梦到学习材料的可能性。今晚当你头靠枕头时，想想这个。

51.What is scientists' finding about dreaming? .A) It involves disconnected, weird images.
科学家发现关于做梦包括不连贯的、奇怪的图像。

B)It resembles fragments of science fiction.
B)它类似于科幻小说的片段。

C)Dreaming about a learned task betters its performance.
C) 梦想完成一项学习任务可以提高其性能。

D)Dreaming about things being learned disturbs one's sleep.
D)梦想学习的事情会干扰睡眠。

52.What happens when one enters a dream state?
52.当一个人进入梦状态时会发生什么？

A)The body continues to act as if the sleeper were awake.
A)身体继续像睡者还醒着一样行动。

B)The neural activity of the brain will become intensified.
B)大脑的神经活动将会加剧。

C)The brain behaves as if it were playing a virtual reality video game.
C) 大脑的行为就像是在玩一个虚拟现实视频游戏。

D)The brain once again experiences the learning activities of the day.
D)大脑再次经历了白天的学习活动。

53.What does the brain do while we are sleeping?
53.我们在睡觉时大脑在做什么？

A)It systematizes all the data collected during the day.
A)它系统化了一天中收集的所有数据。

B)It substitutes old information with new data.
B)它用新数据替代旧信息。

C)It processes and absorbs newly acquired data.
C)它处理并吸收新获取的数据。

D)It classifies information and places it in different files.
D)它对信息进行分类并将其放入不同的文件中。

54.What does Robert Stickgold suggest about enhancing learning? A)Having a little sleep after studying in the day.
罗伯特·斯蒂格伍德建议，在白天学习后小睡一下可以增强学习效果。

Staying up late before going to bed.
熬夜到睡前。

Having a dream about anything.
做任何事情的梦。

Thinking about the odds of dreaming about the material.
考虑梦到物质的可能性。

55. What can be inferred about dreaming from the passage? A) We may enhance our learning through dreaming.
55. 从文章中可以推断出关于做梦的什么？ A) 我们可能通过做梦提高学习效果。

Dreaming improves your language ability.
梦游能提高你的语言能力。

All sleepwalkers perform dance moves when they are sleeping.
所有梦游者在睡觉时会表演舞蹈动作。

Taking a nap after learning can help you find the way through the maze.
学习后小憩有助于你找到迷宫的出路。

TEXT13

Americans spend billions of dollars each year trying to change their weight with diets, gym memberships and plastic surgery.
美国人每年在饮食、健身房会员资格和整形手术上花费数十亿美元，试图改变体重。

Trying to live up to the images of "perfect" models and movie heroes has a dark side: anxiety, depression, as well as unhealthy strategies for weight loss or muscle gain. It also has a financial cost.Having an eating disorder boosts annual health care costs by nearly US $ 2,000 per person.
试图与“完美”模特和电影英雄的形象相符，有一个阴暗面：焦虑、抑郁，以及不健康的减肥或增肌策略。它还带来了经济成本。患有饮食障碍的人每年的医疗保健费用会增加近 2000 美元。

Why is there both external and internal pressure to look "perfect"? One reason is that society rewards people who are thin and healthy-looking. Researchers have shown that body mass index is related to wages and income. Especially for women, there is a clear penalty at work for being overweight or obese. Some studies have also found an impact for men, though a less noticeable one.
为什么会有来自外部和内部的“完美”压力？原因之一是社会奖励那些看起来瘦削和健康的人。研究显示，体重指数与工资和收入有关。特别是对于女性，工作中超重或肥胖会有明显的惩罚。一些研究还发现对男性也有影响，尽管影响较小。

While the research literature is clear that labor market success is partly based on how employers and customers perceive your body image, no one had explored the other side of the question. Does a person's own perception of body image matter to earnings and other indicators of success in the workplace?
研究文献明确指出，劳动力市场成功在一定程度上取决于雇主和客户对你的体像的看法，但没有人探讨过这个问题的另一面。一个人对自己体像的感知是否对收入和其他工作场所成功指标有影响？

Our recently published study answered this question by tracking a large national random sample of Americans over a critical time period when bodies change from teenage shape into adult form and when people build their identities.
我们最近发表的研究通过追踪大量全国性的随机样本美国人，在一个关键的时间段内，这个时间段内身体从青少年形态转变为成人形态，人们在构建自己的身份时，回答了这个问题。

As in other research, women in our sample tend to over-perceive their weight they think they're heavier than they are while men tend to under-perceive theirs.
在我们的研究样本中，女性往往会高估自己的体重，认为自己比实际上更重，而男性则倾向于低估自己的体重。

We found no relationship between the average person's self-perception of weight and labor market outcomes, although self-perceived weight can influence self-esteem (自尊心), mental health and health behaviors.
我们没有发现普通人对自己体重的感知与劳动力市场结果之间的关系，尽管自我感知的体重可以影响自尊心、心理健康和健康行为。

While the continued gender penalty in the labor market is frustrating, our finding that misperceived weight does not harm workers is more heartening.
劳动力市场中持续的性别歧视令人沮丧，但我们发现被误解的体重并未损害工人的发现更为鼓舞人心。

Since employers' perception of weight is what matters in the labor market, changing discrimination laws to include body type as a category would help. Michigan is the only state that prohibits discrimination on the basis of weight and height. We believe expanding such protections would make the labor market more fair and efficient.
由于雇主对体重的看法是劳动力市场中重要的因素，改变歧视法律，将体形作为类别包括在内，将有所帮助。密歇根州是唯一禁止基于体重和身高进行歧视的州。我们相信扩大此类保护措施会使劳动力市场更加公平和高效。

46.What does the author say may have an adverse impact on people? A)Undergoing plastic surgeries in pursuit of beauty.
46.作者认为，人们可能会受到负面影响的是什么？A)为了追求美丽而进行的整容手术。

B)Imitating the lifestyles of heroes and role models.
B)模仿英雄和榜样的生活方式。

C)Striving to achieve perfection regardless of financial cost. D)Attempting to meet society's expectation of appearance.
C)努力追求完美，不计成本。D)努力满足社会对外表的期望。

47.What have researchers found out about people's earnings? A)They are closely related to people's social status.
47.研究者发现了关于人们收入的哪些信息？A）它们与人们的社会地位密切相关。

B)They have to do with people's body weight and shape.
他们与人们的体重和体型有关。

C)They seem to matter much less to men than to women.
C) 对于男性来说，它们似乎不如女性那么重要。

D)They may not be equal to people's contributions.
D)它们可能不等于人们的贡献。

48.What does the author's recent study focus on?
48.作者最近的研究集中在什么上？

A)Previous literature on indicators of competitiveness in the workplace.
A)工作场所竞争力指标的先前文献。

B)Traits that matter most in one's pursuit of success in the labor market.
B) 在劳动力市场追求成功时最重要的特质。

C)Whether self-perception of body image impacts one's workplace success.
C) 自我感知的身材形象是否影响职场成功。

D)How bosses' perception of body image impacts employees' advancement.
D)老板对体型的看法如何影响员工的职业发展。

49.What is the finding of the author's recent research?
49.作者最近的研究发现了什么？

A)Being overweight actually does not do much harm to the overall well-being of employees.
A)过重实际上并不会对员工的整体福祉造成太多损害。

B)People are not adversely affected in the workplace by false self-perception of body weight.
B)人们在工作场所不会因对自己体重的虚假自我认知而受到不利影响。

C)Self-esteem helps to combat gender inequality in the workplace.
C) 自尊有助于在工作场所对抗性别不平等。

D)Gender inequality continues to frustrate a lot of female employees.
D) 性别不平等仍然让许多女性员工感到沮丧。

50.What does the author think would help improve the situation in the labor market? A)Banning diserimination on the basis of employees' body image.
50.作者认为什么能帮助改善劳动力市场的状况？A)禁止基于员工体态的歧视。

B)Expanding protection of women against gender discrimination.
B) 扩大对女性的性别歧视保护。

C)Helping employees change their own perception of beauty.
C)帮助员工改变他们对美的看法。

D) Excluding body shape as a category in the labor contract.
D) 在劳动合同中排除身体形态作为类别。

TEXT14

The work-life balance is dead. By this, I'm not advocating that you should give up your pursuit ofl having a fulfilling career and a thriving personal life, and I'm definitely not saying that you have to give up one to have the other. I also acknowledge that we have a work-life problem, but I'm arguing that the concept of balance has never been helpful, because it's too limiting. You see, our language makes a difference, and how we refer to things matters because it affects our thinking and therefore our actions.
工作与生活平衡已经终结。我并非提倡你应该放弃追求令人满意的职业生涯和蓬勃发展的个人生活，我当然也不认为你必须放弃一个来拥有另一个。我也承认我们存在工作与生活的问题，但我认为平衡的概念从来就无益，因为它太过局限。你看，我们的语言有区别，我们如何称呼事物很重要，因为它影响我们的思考，进而影响我们的行动。

At the minimum, most of us work because we want to be able to support ourselves, our families, and the people around us. In the ideal world, we're all doing work that we're proud of and that provides meaning and purpose to us. But even if your job doesn't give you shivers of joy each new day, working is a part of what each of us does and the contribution we make to society. When you separate work and life.it's a little bit harder to make that connection. But when you think of work as part of a full life and a complete experience, it becomes easier to see that success in one aspect often supports another.
在最低限度，我们大多数人工作是因为我们希望有能力养活自己、家人以及周围的人。在理想的世界里，我们都从事着让我们自豪的工作，这些工作为我们的生活赋予了意义和目的。但即使你的工作每天不一定能给你带来快乐的激荡，工作也是我们每个人所做的一部分，是我们对社会的贡献。当你将工作与生活分开时，要建立这种联系会稍微困难一些。但当你将工作视为完整生活和完整体验的一部分时，就会更容易看到在某一领域取得成功往往能支持另一领域。

Losing your balance and falling isn't pleasant. A goal to balance suggests that things could quickly get off balance, and that causes terrible outcomes. It's more constructive to think of solutions that continue to evolve over shifts in life and work. Rather than falling or failing, you may have good days or better days or not-so-good days. These variations are normal, and it's more useful to think of life as something that is ever evolving and changing, rather than a high-risk enterprise where things could go wrong with one misstep.
失去平衡并摔倒并不愉快。平衡的目标表明事情可能会迅速失去平衡，这会导致糟糕的结果。更建设性的思考方式是考虑那些随着生活和工作变化而不断演进的解决方案。与其担心摔倒或失败，你可能会有好日子、更好的日子或不太好的日子。这些变化是正常的，将生活视为不断演变和变化的东西，而不是一个高风险的事业，其中一次错误的步骤就可能导致事情出错，这更有用。

How we talk to ourselves matters, and how we talk about issues makes a difference. Let's bury "work-life balance" and think bigger and better about work-life fulfillment to do a little less balancing and a lot more living.
我们如何自言自语很重要，我们如何讨论问题也会产生影响。让我们抛弃“工作与生活平衡”的说法，从更宏大、更积极的角度思考工作与生活的满足，少一些平衡，多一些生活。

51.What does the author suggest by saying "The work-life balance is dead"? A)The hope of achieving a thriving life is impossible to realize.
作者通过说“工作与生活平衡已经死亡”所暗示的是：A) 实现充满活力的生活的希望是不可能实现的。

B)The pursuit of a fulfilling career involves personal sacrifice.
B) 追求令人满意的职业生涯涉及个人牺牲。

C)The imbalance between work and life simply doesn't exist anymore.
C) 工作与生活之间的不平衡已经不复存在了。

D)The concept of work-life balance contributes little to a fulfilling life.
D) 工作与生活平衡的概念对充实的生活贡献不大。

52.What does the author say about our use of language? A)It impacts how we think and behave.
52.作者对我们使用语言有何看法？A) 它影响了我们的思考和行为方式。

B)It reflects how we communicate.
B) 它反映了我们如何沟通。

C)It changes with the passage of time.
C)它会随着时间的推移而变化。

D)It differs from person to person.
D) 它因人而异。

53. What does the author say we do in an ideal world?
53. 作者在理想世界中说我们会做什么？

We do work that betters the lives of our families and friends.
我们做让我们的家人和朋友生活更好的工作。

We do work that gives us bursts of joy each new day.
我们每天的工作都能给我们带来欢乐的爆发。

We do meaningful work that contributes to society.
我们做有意义的工作，对社会有贡献。

We do demanding work that brings our capacity into full play.
我们从事要求极高的工作，充分发挥我们的能力。

54. What does the author say about life?
54. 作者对生活说了什么？

It is cyclical.
它是周期性的。

It is dynamic.
它是动态的。

It is fulfilling.
它很充实。

It is risky.
这很有风险。

55. What does the author advise us to do? A) Make life as simple as possible.
55. 作者建议我们做什么？A) 让生活尽可能简单。

Talk about balance in simpler terms.
讨论平衡的简单说法。

Balance life and work in a new way.
以新的方式平衡生活和工作。

Strive for a more fulfilling life.
追求更加充实的生活。

TEXT15

When is cleaning walls a crime? When you're doing it to create art, obviously. A number of street artists around the world have started expressing themselves through a practice known as reverse graffiti ( 涂鸦 ). They find dirty surfaces and paint them with images or messages using cleaning brushes or pressure hoses (高压水管). Either way, it's the same principle: the image is made by cleaning away the dirt. Each artist has their own individual style but all artists share a common aim: to draw attention to the pollution in our cities. The UK's Paul Curtis, better known as Moose, operates around Leeds and London and has been commissioned by a number of companies to make reverse graffiti advertisements.
什么时候给墙壁清洁变成犯罪？显然，当你用它来创作艺术时就是如此。全世界的许多街头艺术家开始通过一种被称为反向涂鸦（反向喷漆）的实践来表达自己。他们找到脏的表面，并使用清洁刷或压力水管将图像或信息涂在上面。无论哪种方式，原理都是一样的：通过清除污垢来形成图像。每位艺术家都有自己独特的风格，但所有艺术家的共同目标都是：引起对城市污染的注意。英国的保罗·库瑞（Paul Curtis），更广为人知的名字是 Moose，在利兹和伦敦活动，并被多家公司委托制作反向涂鸦广告。

Brazilian artist, Alexandra Orion, turned one of Sao Paulo's transport tunnels into an amazing wall painting in 2006 by getting rid of the dirt. Made up of a series of white skulls ( 颅骨 ), the painting reminds drivers of the effect their pollution is having on the planet. "Every motorist sits in the comfort of their car, but they don't give any consideration to the price their comfort has for the environment and consequently for themselves," says Orion.
巴西艺术家亚历山德拉·奥里昂在 2006 年通过清除污垢，将圣保罗的交通隧道之一变成了令人惊叹的壁画。这幅画由一系列白色的颅骨组成，提醒司机他们的污染对地球的影响。“每个驾车者都坐在舒适的车里，但他们没有考虑到他们的舒适对环境，以及对他们自己的影响。”奥里昂说。

The anti-pollution message of the reverse graffiti artists confuses city authorities since the main argument against graffiti is that it spoils the appearance of both types of property: public and private. This was what Leeds City Council said about Moose's work: "Leeds residents want to live in clean and attractive neighbour hoods. We view this kind of advertising as environmental damage and will take strong action against it." Moose was ordered to "clean up his act." How was he supposed to do this: by making all property he had cleaned dirty again?
反涂鸦艺术家的反污染信息让城市当局感到困惑，因为反对涂鸦的主要论点是它破坏了公共和私人财产的外观。利兹市议会关于 Moose 的作品就是这样说的：“利兹居民希望生活在干净和吸引人的社区中。我们认为这种广告是环境破坏，我们将采取强硬行动反对它。”Moose 被命令“改正他的行为”。他应该如何做：让所有他清理过的财产再次变得肮脏吗？

As for the Brazilian artist's work, the authorities were annoyed but could find nothing to charge him with. They had no other option but to clean the tunnel—but only the parts Alexandra had already cleaned. The artist merely continued his campaign on the other side. The city officials then decided to take drastic action. They not only cleaned the whole tunnel but every tunnel in Sao Paulo.
对于这位巴西艺术家的作品，当局感到不悦，却找不到任何可以指控他的罪名。他们别无选择，只能清理隧道——但仅限于亚历山大已经清理的部分。艺术家只是继续在另一边进行他的运动。然后，城市官员决定采取果断行动。他们不仅清理了整个隧道，还清除了圣保罗的每一座隧道。

46.What do we learn from the passage about reverse graffiti? A)It uses paint to create anti-pollution images.
我们从文章中学到关于反向涂鸦的是：A) 它使用油漆来创作反污染图像。

B)It causes lots of distraction to drivers.
B)它对司机造成很多分心。

C)It creates a lot of trouble for local residents.
C)它给当地居民造成了很多麻烦。

D)It turns dirty walls into artistic works.
D)它把脏墙变成了艺术品。

47. What do reverse graffiti artists try to do? A) Publicise their artistic pursuit.
47. 反向喷漆艺术家试图做什么？A) 公开他们的艺术追求。

Beautify the city environment.
美化城市环境。

Raise public awareness of environmental pollution.
提高公众对环境污染的认识。

Express their dissatisfaction with local governments.
表达他们对地方政府的不满。

48. What do we learn about Brazilian artist Alexandre Orion? A) He was good at painting white skulls.
48. 我们了解到巴西艺术家亚历山大·奥里安的哪些信息？A) 他擅长绘制白色的骷髅。

C) He suggested banning all polluting cars.
C) 他建议禁止所有污染汽车。

B) He chose tunnels to do his graffiti art.
B) 他选择了隧道来进行他的涂鸦艺术。

D) He was fond of doing creative artworks.
D) 他喜欢创作艺术作品。

49. What does the author imply about Leeds City Council's decision? A) It is simply absurd.
49. 作者对利兹市政府的决定暗示了什么？A) 这只是荒谬的。

C) It is rather unexpected
C) 这相当出乎意料

B) It is well-informed. D) It is quite sensible.
B) 它很有见地。D) 它相当有道理。

50. How did Sao Paulo city officials handle Alexandre Orion's reverse graffiti? A) They made him clean all the tunnels in Sao Paulo.
50. 圣保罗市官员是如何处理亚历山大·奥里安的反涂鸦行为的？A) 他们让他清理圣保罗的所有隧道。

They took drastic action to ban all reverse graffiti.
他们采取了果断行动，禁止了一切反向涂鸦。

They charged him with polluting tunnels in the city.
他们指控他污染了城市里的隧道。

They made it impossible for him to practice his art.
他们让他无法继续从事艺术创作。

TEXT16

The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago.Nowadays, American kids on average receive about $ 800 per year in allowance. But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. Although many parents believe that paying an allowance for completing chores benefits their children, a range of experts expressed concern that tying allowance very closely to chores may not be ideal. In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way.
支付儿童零用钱的做法大约在 100 年前在美国变得流行。如今，美国儿童平均每年收到约 800 美元的零用钱。但绝大多数支付零用钱的美国父母会将其与完成家务联系起来。尽管许多家长认为，完成家务活后支付零用钱对孩子们有好处，但一系列专家表示担忧，将零用钱与完成家务活过于紧密地联系起来可能并不理想。事实上，世界各地许多家庭中家务活的工作方式指向了另一种方式。

Suniya Luthar, a psychologist, is against paying kids for chores. Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it's important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. Luthar's suggested approach to allowance is compatible with that of writer Ron Lieber, who advises that allowances be used as a means of showing children how to save, give, and spend on things they care about. Kids should do chores, he writes, "for the same reason adults do, because the chores need to be done, and not with the expectation of compensation.
心理学家苏尼娅·卢瑟反对为孩子们做家务支付报酬。卢瑟不反对给予零花钱，但她认为重要的是要确立家务是出于保持家庭运转的目的，而不是因为会得到报酬。卢瑟关于零花钱的建议方法与作家罗恩·利伯的建议相吻合，后者建议将零花钱用作向孩子们展示如何储蓄、捐赠以及在他们关心的事情上花费的手段。孩子们应该做家务，他写道，“就像成年人一样，因为家务需要完成，而不是期望得到补偿。”

"This argument has its critics, but considering the way chores are undertaken around the world may change people's thinking. Professor David Lancy of Utah State University has studied how families around the world handle chores. At about 18 months of age, Lancy says, most children become eager to help their parents, and in many cultures, they begin helping with housework at that age. They begin with very simple tasks, but their responsibilities gradually increase. And they do these tasks without payment. Lancy contrasts this with what happens in America. "We deny our children's bids to help until they are 6 or 7 years old," Lancy says, "when many have lost the desire to help and then try to motivate them with payment. The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as an incentive to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it."
这个论点有其批评者，但考虑到家务劳动在全球范围内的方式可能会改变人们的看法。美国犹他州立大学的戴维·兰西教授研究了世界各地的家庭如何处理家务。兰西说，大约在 18 个月大时，大多数儿童开始渴望帮助父母，而在许多文化中，他们从那个年龄开始帮助做家务。他们从非常简单的任务开始，但他们的责任逐渐增加。而且，他们做这些任务不求任何报酬。兰西将这与美国的情况进行了对比。“我们直到孩子 6 岁或 7 岁才允许他们帮忙，”兰西说，“那时，许多孩子已经失去了帮忙的意愿，然后我们试图用金钱激励他们做家务。解决这个问题的方法不是试图用金钱作为做家务的动力，而是更早地让孩子参与家务，当他们实际上想做这些事情的时候。”

51.What do some experts think about paying children for doing chores? A) It may benefit children in more ways than one.
51.一些专家对支付孩子做家务有何看法？A) 这可能对孩子有多种益处。

It may help children learn the worth of labor.
它可能有助于儿童了解劳动的价值。

It may not turn out to be the best thing to do.
它可能不会成为最好的选择。

It may not be accepted by low-income parents.
它可能不被低收入家长接受。

52. According to Suniya Luthar, doing chores will help children learn to
52. 根据孙尼亚·卢瑟的描述，做家务有助于孩子们学会

A) share family responsibilities
A) 分享家庭责任

C) cultivate the spirit of independence
C) 培养独立精神

B) appreciate the value of work
B) 珍惜工作的价值

D) manage domestic affairs themselves
D) 自行管理国内事务

53. What does Ron Lieber think should be the goal of giving children allowances? A) To help to strengthen family ties.
53. Ron Lieber 认为给孩子零用钱的目的是什么？A) 以帮助加强家庭纽带。

C) To motivate them to do more housework.
C) 为了激励他们做更多的家务。

B) To teach them how to manage money.
B) 教他们如何管理金钱。

D) To show parents' appreciation of their help.
D) 表示父母对他们帮助的感激。

54. What does David Lancy say about 18-month-olds?
54. 大卫·兰西对 18 个月大的孩子有什么看法？

They have a natural instinct to help around the house.
他们天生就有帮助做家务的本能。

They are too young to request money for what they do.
他们还太年轻，无法要求因所做的事而获得报酬。

They should learn to understand family responsibilities.
他们应该学会理解家庭责任。

They need a little incentive to get involved in housework.
他们需要一点激励来参与家务。

55. What does David Lancy advise American parents to do? A) Set a good example for children in doing housework.
55. 大卫·兰西建议美国父母做什么？A) 为孩子树立做家务的好榜样。

Make children do housework without compensation.
让孩子们做家务而不给予报酬。

Teach children how to do housework.
教会孩子们如何做家务。

Accept children's early bids to help.
接受孩子们的早期提议，以提供帮助。

长篇阅读方法

FromAccountant to Yogi: Making a Radical Career Change
从会计师到瑜伽师：进行激进的职业转变

At some point, almost all of us will experience a period of radical professional change. Some of us will seek it out; for others it will feel like an unwelcome intrusion into otherwise stable careers. Either way, we have choices about how we respond to it when it comes.
在某个时刻，我们所有人都会经历一段职业生涯的激进转变。有些人会主动寻求这种转变；对另一些人来说，这可能会感觉像是对原本稳定职业生涯的不受欢迎的侵扰。无论哪种情况，当这种转变来临时，我们都有选择如何应对的自由。

We recently caught up with yoga entrepreneur Leah Zaccaria, who put herself through the fire of change to completely reinvent herself. In her search to live a life of purpose, Leah left her high-paying accounting job, her husband, and her home, hi the process, she built a radically new life and career. Since then, she has founded two yoga studios, met a new life partner, and formed a new community of people. Even if your personal reinvention is less drastic, we think there are lessons from her experience that apply.
我们最近与瑜伽企业家莉亚·扎卡里亚进行了交谈，她通过彻底的变革之火重塑了自己。在寻找有意义生活的旅程中，莉亚放弃了高薪的会计工作、丈夫和家园。在这个过程中，她构建了一个全新的生活和职业。从那以后，她创办了两家瑜伽工作室，遇到了新的生活伴侣，并形成了一个新的人际网络。即使你的个人重塑不如她那么剧烈，我们相信她的经历中有很多可以借鉴的教训。

Where do the seeds of change come from? the Native American Indians have a saying: “Pay attention to the whispers so you won’t have to hear the screams.” Often the best ideas for big changes come from unexpected places — it’s just a matter of tuning in. Great leaders recognize the weak signals or slight signs that point to big changes to come. Leah reflects on a time she listened to the whispers: “About the time my daughter was five years old. I started having a sense that ‘this isn’t right.”’ She then realized that her life no longer matched her vision for it.
变化的种子来自何处？美洲原住民有这样一句谚语：“注意倾听低语，以免听到尖叫。”很多时候，重大变革的最佳想法来自出人意料的地方——只是需要调整心态。伟大的领导者认识到那些指向即将发生重大变化的微弱信号或细微迹象。莉亚反思了一次她倾听低语的时刻：“大约在我女儿五岁的时候。我开始有种感觉，‘这不对劲。’”然后她意识到，她的生活不再符合她对生活的愿景。

Up until that point, Leah had followed traditional measures of success. After graduating with a degree in business and accounting, she joined a public accounting firm, married, bought a house, put lots of stuff in it, and had a baby. “I did what everybody else thought looked successful,” she says. Leah easily could have fallen into a trap of feeling content; instead, her energy sparked a period of experimentation and renewal.
直到那时，莉亚遵循着传统的成功标准。从商学院毕业后，她加入了一家公共会计事务所，结婚，买了房子，把很多东西都放进了房子里，还生了孩子。“我做了大家认为看起来成功的事情，”她说。莉亚很容易就会陷入满足的陷阱；相反，她的精力激发了一段实验和重生的时期。

Feeling the need to change, Leah started playing with future possibilities by exploring her interests and developing new capabilities. First trying physical exercise and dieting, she lost some weight and discovered an inner strength. “1 felt powerful because 1 broke through my own limitations,” she recalls.
感到需要改变，莉亚开始探索未来的可能性，通过发掘自己的兴趣并培养新的能力。她首先尝试了体育锻炼和节食，减轻了体重，发现了内在的力量。“我感到强大，因为我突破了自己的限制，”她回忆道。

However, it was another interest that led Leah to radically reinvent herself. “I remember sitting on a bench with my aunt at a yoga studio,’’ she said, having a moment of clarity right then and there: Yoga is saving my life. Yoga is waking me up. I’m not happy and I want to change and I’m done with this.” In that moment of clarity Leah made an important leap,conquering her inner resistance to change and making a firm commitment to take bigger steps.
然而，是另一份兴趣引导莉亚彻底重塑自我。“我记得和我姑妈坐在瑜伽工作室的长椅上，”她说，在那一刻她有了清晰的认识：瑜伽拯救了我的生命。瑜伽唤醒了我。我不快乐，我想改变，我受够了。”在那一刻的清晰认识中，莉亚做出了重要的飞跃，克服了内心对改变的抗拒，坚定地承诺要迈出更大的步伐。

Creating the future you want is a lot easier if you are ready to exploit the opportunities that come your way. When Leah made the commitment to change, she primed herself to new opportunities she may otherwise have overlooked. She recalls:
创造你想要的未来要容易得多，只要你准备好利用摆在你面前的机会。当莉亚决定改变时，她为自己准备了新的机会，这些机会她可能会错过。她回忆道：

One day a man I worked with, Ryan, who had his office next to mine, said, “Leah, let’s go look at this space on Queen Anne.” He knew my love for yoga and had seen a space close to where he lived that he thought might be good to serve as a yoga studio. As soon as I saw the location, I knew this was it. Of course I was scared, yet I had this strong sense of “I have to do this.” Only a few months later Leah opened her first yoga studio, but success was not instant.
有一天，我和他共事的一个人，名叫瑞安，他的办公室紧挨着我的，他说：“莉亚，我们去女王安街看看那个空间吧。”他知道我对瑜伽的热爱，并且在他住的地方附近看到了一个他认为可以作为瑜伽工作室的好地方。我一看到这个位置，就知道这就是我们要找的。当然，我感到很害怕，但我有一种强烈的直觉，“我必须这样做。”几个月后，莉亚开设了她的第一家瑜伽工作室，但成功并非一蹴而就。

Creating the future takes time. That’s why leaders continue to manage the present while building toward the big changes of the future. When it’s time to make the leap, they take action and immediately drop what’s no longer serving their purpose. Initially Leah stayed with her accounting job while starting up the yoga studio to make it all work.
创造未来需要时间。这就是为什么领导者在构建未来的大变革的同时，继续管理当前的情况。到了需要迈出那一步的时候，他们会采取行动，立即放弃不再服务于他们目标的事物。最初，莉亚在继续她的会计工作的同时，开设了瑜伽工作室，以确保一切都能顺利进行。

Soon after, she knew she had to make a bold move to fully commit to her new future. Within two years, Leah shed the safety of her accounting job and made the switch complete. Such drastic change is not easy.
不久后，她知道必须做出大胆的举动，全身心投入到她的新未来中。在两年内，莉亚放弃了她的会计工作，完成了彻底的转变。如此剧烈的变化并不容易。

Steering through change and facing obstacles brings us face to face with our fears. Leah reflects on one incident that triggered her fears, when her investors threatened to shut her down: “I was probably up against the most fear I’ve ever had，” she says. “I had spent two years cultivating this community, and it had become successful very fast, but within six months I was facing the prospect of losing it all.”
穿越变化，面对障碍，让我们直面恐惧。莉亚反思了一件触发她恐惧的事件，当她的投资者威胁要关闭她的业务时：“我可能面临了我有过的最大恐惧，”她说。“我花了两年时间培养这个社区，它发展得非常快，但在六个月内，我面临着失去一切的前景。”

She connected with her sense of purpose and dug deep, cultivating a tremendous sense of strength. “I was feeling so intentional and strong that I wasn’t going to let fear just take over. I was thinking, ‘OK, guys, if you want to try to shut me down, shut me down.’And I knew it was a negotiation scheme, so I was able to say to myself, ‘This is not real.’” By naming her fears and facing them head-on, Leah gained confidence. For most of us, letting go of the safety and security of the past gives us great fear. Calling out our fears explicitly, as Leah did,can help us act decisively.
她与自己的目标感相连，深入挖掘，培养出巨大的力量感。“我感到如此有目的和强大，以至于不会让恐惧完全占据我。我在想，‘好吧，朋友们，如果你想尝试关闭我，那就关闭我吧。’我知道这是一场谈判策略，所以我能对自己说，‘这不是真实的。’”通过命名她的恐惧并直面它们，莉亚获得了自信。对我们大多数人来说，放弃过去的安全和稳定会给我们带来巨大的恐惧。像莉亚那样明确地叫出我们的恐惧，可以帮助我们果断行动。

The cycle of renewal never ends. Leah’s growth spurred her to open her second studio— and it wasn’t for the money.
重生的循环永不停歇。莉亚的成长促使她开设了第二家工作室——这并非为了金钱。

I have no desire to make millions of dollars. It’s not about that; it’s about growth for me. Honestly, I didn’t need to open a second studio. I was making as much money as I was as an accountant. But I know if you don’t grow, you stand still, and that doesn’t work for me.
我没有追求赚取数百万美元的欲望。那不是目的；对我来说，是关于成长。说实话，我本不必开设第二家工作室。作为会计师时，我赚的钱已经足够多。但我知道，如果不成长，就会停滞不前，这不符合我的理念。

Consider the current moment in your own life, your team or your organization. Where are you in the cycle of renewal: Are you actively preserving the present, or selectively forgetting the past, or boldly creating the future? What advice would Leah give you to move you ahead on your journey? Once we’re on the path of growth, we can continually move through the seasons of transformation and renewal.
考虑你个人生活、团队或组织的当前时刻。你在再生周期中的位置是：你是否积极地保存现状，还是有选择性地忘记过去，或者大胆地创造未来？莉亚会给你什么建议来推动你的旅程向前发展？一旦我们走上成长的道路，我们就可以不断地通过转变和再生的季节。

Readiness to take advantage of new opportunities will make it easier to create one’s desired future.
抓住新机遇的准备将使创造自己理想未来变得更加容易。

By conventional standards, Leah was a typical successful woman before she changed her career.
按照传统标准，莉亚在改变职业之前是一个典型的成功女性。

Leah gained confidence by laying out her fears and confronting them directly.
莉亚通过列出自己的恐惧并直接面对它们获得了自信。

In search of a meaningful life, Leah gave up what she had and set up her own yoga studios.
在追求有意义生活的道路上，莉亚放弃了她所拥有的一切，创立了自己的瑜伽工作室。

40 Leah's interest in yoga prompted her to make a firm decision to reshape her life.
40 莉亚对瑜伽的兴趣促使她坚定地决定重塑自己的生活。

Small signs may indicate great changes to come and therefore merit attention.
小迹象可能预示着即将到来的重大变化，因此值得重视。

Leah’s first yoga studio was by no means an immediate success.
莉亚的第一家瑜伽工作室绝非一蹴而就的成功。

Some people regard professional change as an unpleasant experience that disturbs their stable careers.
有些人认为职业转换是一种不愉快的经历，会打乱他们稳定的职业生涯。

The worst fear Leah ever had was the prospect of losing her yoga business.
莱雅最害怕的事情是失去她的瑜伽业务。

As she explored new interests and developed new potentials，Leah felt powerful internally.
随着她探索新的兴趣并开发新的潜力，莉亚内心感到强大。

长篇阅读答案：G D L B F C H A K E

TEXT2

How to determine if a company is a good fit for you
如何判断一家公司是否适合你

A)On paper, the job seemed perfect for me: The position was completely in line with my degree, the duties and responsibilities were compatible with my interests, and the office maintained a well-stocked kitchen that would satisfy my every snack desire.
A)在纸上，这份工作对我来说似乎完美无缺：这个职位完全符合我的学位，职责和责任与我的兴趣相匹配，办公室还备有丰富的厨房，能满足我所有的零食欲望。

B) Sounds like my dream job, right? There was only one small problem: I simply didn't get along with the company culture.They favored a more rigid, closed-door, corporate atmosphere, while I would have preferred something more collaborative and open. They were complete clock watchers, while I would have liked a more flexible schedule. To put it plainly, we just weren't on the same page.
B) 听起来是我的理想工作，对吧？只有一个小小的问题：我与公司的文化格格不入。他们更倾向于一种更严格、封闭、企业化的氛围，而我则更喜欢一种更合作、开放的环境。他们是完全的时间守卫者，而我则希望有一个更灵活的工作时间。简单来说，我们就是不在一个频道上。

C)When it comes to looking for a new job,you already know that a big part of the interview process involves the company evaluating whether or not you're a good fit for their open role. But, it's important to keep in mind that the employer isn't the only one who needs to identify a good match—you should be looking for that same exact thing. Company culture can have a big impact on how you feel about your work, so you want to make sure you sign an offer letter with an organization you're truly excited about.
C)当寻找新工作时，你已经知道面试过程中的一个重要部分是公司评估你是否适合他们的空缺职位。但重要的是要记住，不仅仅是雇主需要找到合适的匹配，你也应该寻找同样的匹配。企业文化对你的工作感受有很大影响，因此你希望确保与一个你真正兴奋的组织签订工作合同。

D) However, figuring out what a company is like before you actually work there can be a bit of a challenge. Luckily, there are a few things you can do to determine whether or not a company is a good fit for you—before you ever sign your name on that dotted line.
然而，在真正开始工作之前了解一家公司的状况可能会有些挑战。幸运的是，有几件事你可以做，以确定这家公司是否适合你——在你签署那条点线之前。

E)First of all, know what you want.It's hard to make any decisions when you don't really know what you're looking for.So before you can determine whether you and a specific company would be compatible together, it's important to have a solid handle on what exactly you want from your employer. Many of us have an easier time identifying the things that we absolutely don't want. If those are the only things you can think of, don't worry! That's still a good place to start.
E) 首先，明确你想要的是什么。当你对自己正在寻找的东西一无所知时，做出决定会很困难。在确定你和特定公司是否适合合作之前，明确你从雇主那里想要什么是非常重要的。我们中的许多人更容易识别我们绝对不想要的东西。如果你只能想到这些，不要担心！这仍然是一个很好的起点。

F)Start by writing down the things you didn't like about previous employers, as well as the parts you really valued. There's no wrong answer here—so from big things to small details, write them all down on your list. This will help you immediately identify what you're looking for in an organization, as well as the things you're trying to stay far, far away from.
F) 首先，写下你对以前雇主不满意的事情，以及你真正欣赏的部分。这里没有错误的答案——所以，无论是大事还是小细节，都将它们全部写在你的清单上。这将帮助你立即识别你正在寻找的组织的特点，以及你试图远离的事情。

G)Make sure to do your research.Now comes the part when you put on your detective hat and do a little digging. The Internet will be your best friend when you're trying to familiarize yourself with a company's culture before ever walking through their office doors.And where exactly should you look for these culture clues? Start with the most obvious place first: the company's website.Read through their copy and blog. Do they use formal, direct language? Or is it casual, conversational, and maybe even a little humorous? This can be a big indicator of what sort of atmosphere the company is trying to cultivate.
G) 确保进行你的研究。现在到了戴上侦探帽，做一些调查的时候了。在尝试了解公司文化之前，互联网会是你最好的朋友。当你踏入办公室大门之前，熟悉公司文化。你应该在哪里寻找这些文化线索呢？首先从最明显的地方开始：公司的官方网站。浏览他们的文案和博客。他们使用正式、直接的语言吗？还是轻松、对话式的，甚至可能带有一点幽默感？这可能是公司试图营造氛围的重要指标。

Next, turn your attention toward their social media outlets.Are they sharing photos of their team's Thursday afternoon barbecue or Halloween costume contest? Or are their social media accounts strictly reserved for company-related announcements and product launches?
接下来，关注他们的社交媒体平台。他们是否分享了团队的周四下午烧烤或万圣节服装比赛的照片？还是他们的社交媒体账号仅用于公司相关公告和产品发布？

An industry review website like Glassdoor is another spot to check in order to find some insider information about what you can expect about a company. However, remember to take the reviews you read with a grain of salt-many of them are written by scorned(被鄙视的)employees .
像 Glassdoor 这样的行业评论网站是另一个可以检查的地方，以找到关于公司的一些内部信息，了解你对公司的期望。然而，请记住，你阅读的评论要持保留态度——其中许多是由被忽视的员工撰写的。

Finally, you can never fail with personal connections. Send a quick message to a current or previous company employee on Linked In or by email and ask if they would be willing to have a quick conversation with you about the organization in general. If you get a yes to your request for a chat, you'll be armed with some pretty powerful and helpful information heading into your interview!
最后，通过个人联系，你永远不会失败。在 LinkedIn 或通过电子邮件向当前或以前公司的员工发送一条简短的信息，并询问他们是否愿意与你进行一次关于该组织的一般性简短交谈。如果你得到了你请求交谈的肯定回答，你将拥有进入面试时非常强大且有帮助的信息！

Learn more by asking questions. You know that part at the end of a job interview when the hiring manager asks if you have any questions, and you just stare across the table blankly with your mouth hanging open? That's the perfect opportunity to speak up and get your burning company culture questions answered! So yes, you can definitely ask your interviewer about what it's like to work for that particular organization. Simple questions like,“What three words would you use to describe the culture here?”or “What's your favorite part about working for this company?”can reveal a lot about what it's really like behind closed doors.
了解更多信息，通过提问。你知道在工作面试的最后部分，招聘经理会问你是否有任何问题，而你只是茫然地盯着对面的桌子，嘴巴大张着吗？这是提出问题并了解公司文化的好机会！所以，你绝对可以向面试官询问在该特定组织工作的情况。像“你会用哪三个词来形容这里的文化？”或者“你最喜欢在这家公司工作的是什么？”这样的简单问题，可以揭示出在幕后真实的情况。

L)Prioritize your values.What does my dream company culture look like? Well, I could come and go as I please, as long as I was getting the work done. My boss would genuinely listen to and value all of my ideas arid suggestions. My co-workers would all be friendly with one another, without ever falling into the office gossip trap. The kitchen would have endless options of pizza and cookies. Oh, and they'd give me two months of paid vacation with a very generous salary.
L)优先考虑你的价值观。我梦想中的企业文化是什么样子的？嗯，只要我能完成工作，我可以自由进出，随心所欲。我的老板会真正倾听并珍视我所有的想法和建议。我的同事都会彼此友好，从不陷入办公室八卦的陷阱。厨房里会有无限的比萨和饼干选择。哦，他们会给我两个月的带薪假期，以及非常优厚的薪水。

M)What are my chances of finding all of those things with one employer? Slim to none — believe me, I've looked. This is why it's so important to know which aspects of a company's culture you value most.Is it an open communication style or a flexible schedule? Focus on the top spots on your priority list, and ensure a potential employer at least checks those boxes. Unfortunately, this is reality, you can't have everything you want but a few are certainly achievable.
M)我找到所有这些事情的机会与一个雇主有关吗？微乎其微——相信我，我已经找过了。这就是为什么了解你最重视的公司文化方面如此重要。是开放的沟通风格还是灵活的工作时间？专注于你优先级列表的顶级位置，并确保潜在雇主至少满足这些要求。不幸的是，这就是现实，你不能得到你想要的一切，但有些是可以实现的。

When you're hunting for a new job, you already know that the employer is trying to decide whether or not you're a good fit for the position.But you should also look at the process through a similar lens. You may not be the one conducting the actual interview, but you're still trying to determine whether or not the company is a good fit for you.
在寻找新工作时，你已经知道雇主正在决定你是否适合这个职位。但你也应该从类似的角度审视这个过程。你可能不是实际面试的执行者，但你仍然在判断这家公司是否适合你。

Keep these tips in mind to figure out whether you and a potential employer are a perfect match or just a recipe(方案)for disaster.After all, it's a good thing to know before actually accepting an offer.
记住这些建议，以判断你与潜在雇主是否完美匹配，或者只是灾难的配方。毕竟，在真正接受提议之前，了解这一点是件好事。

36.Clues about the culture of a company can be found on its website.
36.公司的文化线索可以在其网站上找到。

37.It can be difficult to know the real situation in a company until you become part of it.
37.在成为公司的一部分之前，了解公司的实际情况可能会很困难。

38.It is impossible for a job applicant to have every expectation met.
38.求职者不可能满足所有的期望。

39.Simply by reading its description, the author found the job offered ideal.
通过阅读描述，作者发现提供的职位非常理想。

40.Job applicants are advised to make a written list of their likes and dislikes in their previous employment.
40.求职者被告知应列出他们在以往工作中喜好的事项和不喜好的事项。

41.At the end of an interview, a job applicant should seize the opportunity to get answers to their urgent questions.
在面试结束时，求职者应抓住机会解答他们紧迫的问题。

42.To begin with, job applicants should be clear what they expect from their future employer.
42.首先，求职者应该清楚他们对未来雇主的期望是什么。

Job applicants should read with a critical eye what is written about a company on the website.
求职者应以批判性的眼光阅读网站上关于公司的描述。

Job satisfaction has a lot to do with company culture.
工作满意度很大程度上与公司文化有关。

45.A chat with an insider of a company can give job applicants very useful information when they prepare for an interview.
45.与公司内部人士交谈可以为求职者提供在准备面试时非常有用的信息。

第二篇 阅读答案： G D M A F K E I C J

第三篇 There's a stress gap between men and women
第三篇 男性和女性之间存在压力差距

"I used to work very hard. I love to create things, grow them and solve problems," said Meng Li, a successful app developer in San Francisco. "I didn't really care about my mind and my body until they decided to go on strike."
"我过去工作非常努力。我喜欢创造事物，培育它们并解决问题，"成功的旧金山应用开发者孟丽说。"直到我的身心决定罢工，我并不真的关心它们。"

Ms. Li said her stress led to sleeplessness. When she did sleep, she experienced "problem-solving dreams," which left her feeling unrested when she woke up. "After I became a first-time mother, I quickly realized I was so busy caring for other people and work that I felt like I'd lost myself," shesaid.
李女士说，她的压力导致了失眠。当她睡觉时，她经历了“解决问题的梦”，这使得她醒来时感到疲惫不堪。“在我成为新手妈妈后，我很快意识到我忙于照顾他人和工作，感觉自己好像迷失了自我，”她说。

It's a common story-one we frequently ridicule and readily dismiss, for example, by claiming that women tend to complain more than men, despite the growing sum of research that underlines the problem. Women are twice as likely to suffer from severe stress and anxiety as men, according to a 2016 study published in The Journal of Brain & Behavior. The American Psychological Association reports a gender gap year after year showing that women consistently report higher stress levels.Clearly, a stress gap exists.
这是一则常见的故事——我们经常嘲笑并轻易地忽视它，例如，我们声称女性比男性更容易抱怨，尽管越来越多的研究强调了这个问题。根据 2016 年发表在《大脑与行为杂志》上的一项研究，女性遭受严重压力和焦虑的可能性是男性的两倍。美国心理学会年复一年地报告了一个性别差距，显示女性始终报告更高的压力水平。显然，存在压力差距。

"The difference is not really news to me, as a clinical psychologist," said Erin Joyce, a women and couples therapist in Los Angeles. "It's been well documented in extensive research over the years that prevalence rates for the majority of the anxiety disorders are higher in women than men." Some people may argue that this is merely reported data, and they say many men feel the same pressures as women in terms of fulfilling responsibilities at work and home. In other words, we're all really, really stressed.
"这种差异对我来说并不是真正的新闻，因为我是一名临床心理学家，"洛杉矶的一名女性和伴侣治疗师艾琳·乔伊斯说。"多年来，大量的研究已经很好地记录了大多数焦虑障碍的发病率在女性中比男性高。"有些人可能会争辩说，这只是报告的数据，他们说许多男性在工作和家庭责任方面与女性感受到的压力一样大。换句话说，我们所有人都真的非常紧张。

"The difference, however, is in the nature and scope of these responsibilities in the home environment in particular," Dr. Joyce said. For example, the United Nations reported that women do nearly three times as much unpaid domestic work as men. The problem is, housework is often overlooked as work, even though it is often as laborious (or in some cases, more so) as any paid job. As the scholar Silvia Federici put it in 1975, the unpaid nature of domestic work reinforces the assumption that "housework is not work, thus preventing women from struggling against it."
然而，区别在于这些责任在家庭环境中的本质和范围，Joyce 博士说。例如，联合国报告称，女性几乎比男性多做三倍的无偿家务工作。问题在于，家务工作往往被忽视为工作，尽管它通常与任何有偿工作一样费力（或在某些情况下，甚至更费力）。正如学者 Silvia Federici 在 1975 年所说，无偿的家务工作强化了“家务不是工作”的假设，从而阻止女性对抗它。

It's not just inside the home, though. Research from Nova Southeastern University found that female managers were more likely than male managers to display "surface acting," or forcing emotions that are not wholly felt. "They expressed optimism, calmness and sympathy even when these were not the emotions that they were actually feeling," the study said.
虽然这不仅仅发生在家庭内部。诺瓦东南大学的研究发现，女性经理比男性经理更有可能表现出“表面表演”，即强装并非完全真实感受到的情绪。“即使这些不是他们实际感受到的情绪，他们也会表达乐观、平静和同情”，这项研究说。

Surface acting is a prime example of "emotional labor," a concept that the writer Jess Zimmerman made familiar in a 2015 essay. The essay sparked a massive thread on the internet community blog Meta Filter. Hundreds of women spoke up about their own experience with emotional labor; the duties that are expected of them, but go unnoticed. These invisible duties become apparent only when you don't do them. Like domestic labor, emotional labor is generally dismissed and not labeled work. But research shows it can be just as exhausting as paid work. Emotional labor can lead to difficulty in sleeping and family conflict. Sure, circumstantial stress, like losing a job, may lead to these same issues. But emotional labor is not circumstantial. It's an enduring responsibility based on the socialized gender role of women.
表面表演是“情感劳动”的典型例子，这是作家杰斯·辛普森在 2015 年的一篇散文中使人们熟悉的概念。这篇文章在互联网社区博客 Meta Filter 上引发了一场大规模的讨论。数百名女性讲述了她们自己的情感劳动经历；他们所承担的职责，但往往被忽视。只有当你不做这些职责时，这些隐形的职责才会变得明显。就像家务劳动一样，情感劳动通常被忽视且不被视为工作。但研究表明，它可能与有偿工作一样令人疲惫。情感劳动可能导致睡眠困难和家庭冲突。当然，失业等偶然性压力可能会导致同样的问题。但情感劳动并非偶然性的。它是基于社会对女性角色的期望而持续的责任。

Like Ms. Li, many women try to manage the added stress to reach what Dr. Joyce said was an unattainable ideal. "Some professional women aim to do it all. They want to reach the top of the corporate ladder and fly like supermom," she said. When women don't reach this ideal, they feel guilty; and even more stressed. After her own struggle with this, Ms. Li took a step back and used her experience to build Sanity & Self, a self-care app and platform for overworked women. "The realizations I had in that process helped me gain insights and ultimately got me ready to integrate selfcare into my daily life," she said.
像李女士一样，许多女性试图管理增加的压力，以达到 Joyce 博士所说的无法达到的理想状态。“一些职业女性希望做到一切。她们希望攀登公司的阶梯，像超级妈妈一样飞翔，”她说。当女性无法达到这个理想时，她们会感到内疚；并且更加压力重重。在经历了自己的挣扎后，李女士退了一步，利用自己的经验创建了“理智与自我”，一个为过度劳累的女性提供自我关怀应用和平台。“我在那个过程中获得的领悟帮助我获得了洞察力，最终让我准备好将自我关怀融入到日常生活中。”她说。

The stress problem extends beyond mental health when you consider the link between stress, anxiety and heart health. Worse, most of what we know about heart disease comes from studies involving men. However, "there are many reasons to think that it's different in women," Harvard Medical School reported. For example, women are more likely to experience disturbed sleep, anxiety and unusual fatigue before a heart attack. Stress is so normalized that it is easy for women to shrug off those symptoms as simply the consequences of stress. Many women also do not experience chest pain before a heart attack the way men do, which leads to fewer women discovering problematic heart issues. Harvard reports that women are "much more likely than men to die within a year of having a heart attack" and "many women say their physicians sometimes don't even recognize the symptoms."
当你考虑压力、焦虑与心脏健康之间的联系时，压力问题远远超出了心理健康。更糟糕的是，我们对心脏病了解的大部分内容都来自于涉及男性的研究。然而，哈佛医学院报告称，“有很多理由认为这在女性身上是不同的”。例如，在心脏病发作前，女性更有可能经历睡眠障碍、焦虑和不寻常的疲劳。压力被正常化到如此程度，以至于女性很容易将这些症状视为仅仅是压力的后果。许多女性在心脏病发作前也不像男性那样经历胸痛，这导致了较少的女性发现有潜在的心脏问题。哈佛报告称，“女性在心脏病发作后一年内死亡的可能性远高于男性”，“许多女性表示，她们的医生有时甚至不认出这些症状”。

The good news is, women are more likely than men to take charge of their stress and manage it, the American Psychological Association reports. The concept of self-care, at its core, is quite simple."The basics of adequate sleep, healthy diet and exercise are a good place to start," Dr. Joyce said."Support from trusted relationships is vital. This includes professional support from various health and wellness providers if stress is becoming increasingly overwhelming.”
好消息是，美国心理学会报告指出，女性比男性更有可能掌控自己的压力并进行管理。自我照顾的概念，其核心其实相当简单。“充足的睡眠、健康饮食和运动的基本原则是开始的好地方，”Joyce 博士说。“来自可靠关系的支持至关重要。这包括在压力变得越来越难以应对时，从各种健康和福利提供者那里获得专业支持。”

Disconnecting from work and home responsibilities is also obviously important. But it's much easier said than done. It is important to understand what causes your stress in the first place. "Get really specific with what's stressing you out," Ms. Li said. "We often chalk up our stress to broad experiences like work. But work stress can take many different forms. Is a colleague being disrespectful of your time? Is a boss undermining your day-to-day control over decision making? These are different causes of stress and can benefit from different kinds of self-care."
从工作和家庭责任中抽离出来显然也很重要。但说起来容易做起来难。理解最初是什么导致你的压力至关重要。“对让你感到压力的具体原因进行详细说明，”李女士说。“我们往往将压力归咎于工作等广泛的经验。但工作压力可以以多种不同的形式出现。同事是否不尊重你的时间？老板是否在削弱你对日常决策的控制？这些是压力的不同原因，需要采取不同种类的自我关怀措施。”

Ideally, your spouse or partner will be supportive, rather than dismissive, of your stress. It is important to talk through these issues before they come to a head. "Women working outside of the home should make an effort to have a conscious conversation with their partners about more equitable sharing of household and family responsibilities," Dr. Joyce said.
理想情况下，你的配偶或伴侣会支持你面对压力，而不是忽视你的压力。在问题恶化之前讨论这些问题很重要。“在家外工作的女性应该努力与伴侣进行有意识的对话，关于更公平地分担家庭和家庭责任，”Joyce 博士说。

Some career women who aim high tend to feel guilty if they fail to achieve their goals.
一些追求高目标的职业女性，如果未能实现目标，往往会感到内疚。

The unpaid housework done by women is triple that done by men.
女性所承担的未获报酬的家务劳动是男性三倍。

It is reported that women consistently suffer more from severe stress than men.
据报道，女性遭受严重压力的程度始终超过男性。

Women are advised to identify the specific causes of their stress so that steps can be taken to deal with it.
女性建议识别其压力的具体原因，以便采取措施应对。

One study showed that women managers often expressed positive emotions that they didn't really feel.
一项研究显示，女性管理者经常表达的积极情绪往往并非她们真正感受的。

Women tend to mistake signs of heart attacks for symptoms of stress.
女性往往会将心脏病发作的迹象误认为是压力的症状。

For a time an app developer in America was so busy attending to work and family that she suffered from sleeplessness.
一段时间里，美国的一位应用开发者因为工作和家庭事务繁忙，患上了失眠症。

The emotional labor women do is noticed only when it is not done.
女性所承担的情感劳动只有在没有完成时才会被注意到。

Dr. Joyce suggests that apart from self-care, women should seek professional support if they experience severe stress
Joyce 博士建议，除了自我照顾，如果女性经历严重压力，她们应该寻求专业支持。

Some people believe that there may not exist a stress gap between men and women.
有些人认为，男性和女性之间可能不存在压力差距。

阅读答案： H E C KJ F I B G J D TEXT4
阅读答案： 阅读答案： H E C KJ F I B G J D TEXT4

Do In-Class Exams Make Students Study Harder?
在线考试会让学生更努力学习吗？

Research suggests they may study more broadly for the unexpected rather than
研究表明，他们可能更广泛地研究意外情况，而不是

search for answers.
查找答案。

I have always been a poor test-taker. So it may seem rather strange that I have returned to college to finish the degree I left undone some four decades ago. I am making my way through Columbia University, surrounded by students who quickly supply the verbal answer while I am still processing the question.
我一直不是一个好的考试者。因此，我回到大学完成四十年前未完成的学位，这可能看起来有些奇怪。我正在哥伦比亚大学学习，周围的学生很快就给出了口头答案，而我还在处理问题。

Since there is no way for me to avoid exams, I am currently questioning what kind are the most taxing and ultimately beneficial. I have already sweated through numerous in-class midterms and finals, and now I have a professor who issues take-home ones. I was excited when I learned this, figuring I had a full week to do the research, read the texts, and write it all up. In fact, I was still rewriting my midterm the morning it was due. To say I had lost the thread is putting it mildly.
由于无法避免考试，我现在在思考哪一类考试最费力且最终最有益。我已经经历了多次课堂中的期中和期末考试，现在又有一位教授布置了离线考试。当我得知这个消息时感到非常兴奋，以为自己有整整一周的时间来进行研究、阅读文本并完成写作。实际上，我在考试截止的早晨还在重写我的期中考试答案。说我已经失去了思路，这还算是轻描淡写。

As I was suffering through my week of anxiety, overthinking the material and guessing my grasp of it, I did some of my own polling among students and professors. David Eisenbach, who teaches a popular class on U.S. presidents at Columbia, prefers the in-class variety. He believes students ultimately learn more and encourages them to form study groups. “That way they socialize over history outside the class, which wouldn’t happen without the pressure of an in-class exam,”he explained,“Furthermore, in-class exams force students to learn how to perform under pressure, and essential work skill.”
在我经历了一周的焦虑，过度思考材料并猜测自己对它的掌握程度后，我做了一些自己的学生和教授调查。哥伦比亚大学教授大卫·艾森巴赫（David Eisenbach）教授受欢迎的美国总统课程，更倾向于课堂形式的考试。他认为学生最终能学到更多，并鼓励他们组建学习小组。“这样，他们可以在课堂之外的社会化历史中进行交流，如果没有课堂考试的压力，这不会发生。”他解释说，“此外，课堂考试迫使学生学会在压力下工作，这是必不可少的工作技能。”

He also says there is less chance of cheating with the in-class variety. In 2012, 125 students at Harvard were caught up in a scandal when it was discovered they had cheated on a take-home exam for a class entitled “Introduction To Congress.” Some colleges have what they call an “honor code,” though if you are smart enough to get into these schools, you are either smart enough to get around any codes or hopefully, too ethical to consider doing so. As I sat blocked and clueless for two solid days, I momentarily wondered if I couldn’t just call an expert on the subject matter which I was tackling, or someone who took the class previously, to get me going.
他还说，在课堂上进行的考试作弊的可能性较小。2012 年，哈佛大学有 125 名学生卷入了一起丑闻，原因是他们被发现在一个名为“国会简介”的课程的在家完成的考试中作弊。一些大学有他们所谓的“荣誉守则”，不过，如果你足够聪明能够进入这些学校，你要么足够聪明能够绕过任何守则，要么希望你足够道德，不会考虑这样做。当我坐了两天，被阻塞和无头绪时，我短暂地想知道，是否不能只是找一个我正在处理的主题的专家，或者之前上过这门课的人，来帮助我开始。

Following the Harvard scandal, Mary Miller, the former dean of students at Yale, made an impassioned appeal to her school ’ s professors to refrain from take-hone exams. “Students risk health and well being, as well as performance in other end-of-term work, when faculty offers take-home exams without clear, time-limited boundaries,” she told me. “ Research now shows that regular quizzes, short essays, and other assignments over the course of a term better enhance learning and retention.”
在哈佛丑闻之后，耶鲁大学前学生院院长玛丽·米勒向该校教授发出强烈呼吁，要求他们避免进行带回家的考试。“当教授提供带回家的考试而没有明确的时间限制边界时，学生面临健康和福祉的风险，以及期末其他工作的表现风险，”她告诉我。“现在的研究表明，一学期中定期的小测验、短文和其他任务更能促进学习和记忆。”

Most college professors agree the kind of exam they choose largely depends on the subject. A quantitative-based one, for example, is unlikely to be sent home, where one could ask their older brothers and sisters to help. Vocational-type classes, such as computer science or journalism, on the other hand, are often more research-oriented and lend themselves to take-home testing. Chris Koch, who teaches “ History of Broadcast Journalism ” at Montgomery Community College in Rockville, Maryland, points out that reporting is about investigation rather than the memorization of minute details. “In my field, it’s not what you know— it’s what you know how to find out,” says Koch. “There is way too much information, and more coming all the time, for anyone to remember. I want my students to search out the answers to questions by using all the resources available to them.
大多数大学教授都认为，他们选择的考试类型很大程度上取决于科目。例如，基于定量的考试不太可能让学生带回家，他们可以请哥哥姐姐帮忙。而像计算机科学或新闻学这样的职业类课程，通常更侧重于研究，适合进行在家考试。来自马里兰州罗克维尔的蒙哥马利社区学院的克里斯·科赫教授指出，报道工作是关于调查而不是记忆琐碎细节。科赫说：“在我的领域，重要的是你知道如何找到答案，而不是你知道什么。信息量太大，而且不断增多，没有人能记住。我希望我的学生能够利用所有可用的资源来寻找问题的答案。”

Students’ test-form preferences vary, too, often depending on the subject and course difficulty. “I prefer take-home essays because it is then really about the writing, so you have time to edit and do more research,”says Elizabeth Dresser, a junior at Barnard. Then there is the stress factor. Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says, “I find the in-class ones are more stressful in the short term, but there is immediate relief as you swallow information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take-homes require thoughtful engagement which can lead to longer term stress as there is never a moment when the time is up.” Meanwhile, Olivia Rubin, a sophomore at Emory, says she hardly even considers take-homes true exams. “If you understand the material and have the ability to articulate (说出) your thoughts, they should be a breeze.”
学生的考试表格偏好也各不相同，通常取决于科目和课程难度。“我更喜欢在家完成的论文，因为那真正考验的是写作能力，这样我可以有时间编辑和进行更多研究，”巴纳德大学的三年级学生伊丽莎白·德斯勒说。然后是压力因素。米德尔伯里学院的四年级学生弗朗西斯卡·哈斯说：“我发现现场考试短期内压力更大，但你疯狂吸收信息后立即感到解脱。而带回家的考试则需要深入思考，这可能导致长期压力，因为总会有时间不够用的时刻。”与此同时，埃默里大学的二年级学生奥利维亚·鲁宾几乎不把带回家的考试视为真正的考试。“如果你理解材料并有能力表达（说出）你的想法，它们应该是轻而易举的。”

How students ultimately handle stress may depend on their personal test-taking abilities. There are people who always wait until the last minute, and make it much harder than it needs to be. And then there those who, not knowing what questions are coming at them, and having no resources to refer to, can freeze. And then there are we rare folks who fit both those descriptions.
学生最终如何应对压力可能取决于他们的个人考试能力。有些人总是等到最后一刻，使事情变得比必要时更困难。然后是那些不知道即将面临什么问题，也没有参考资料可以参考的人，可能会感到不知所措。然后就是我们这些既符合这两种描述的罕见人群。

Yes, my advanced age must factor into the equation ( 等式 ), in part because of my inability to access the information as quickly. As another returning student at Columbia, Kate Marber, told me, “We are learning not only all this information, but essentially how to learn again. Our fellow students have just come out of high school. A lot has changed since we were last in school.”
是的，我年事已高，必须考虑这个因素（等式），部分原因是我无法快速获取信息。正如哥伦比亚大学的另一位返校学生凯特·马伯告诉我，“我们不仅在学习所有这些信息，而且基本上是如何重新学习。我们的同学刚从高中毕业。自从我们上一次上学以来，已经发生了很大的变化。”

If nothing else, the situation has given my college son and me something to share, When I asked his opinion on this matter, he responded, “I like in-class exams because the time is already reserved, as opposed to using my free time at home to work on a test,” he responded. It seems to me that a compromise would be receiving the exam questions a day or two in advance, and then doing the actual test in class the ticking clock overhead.
如果没有其他事情，这种情况给了我和我上大学的儿子一些可以分享的东西。当我征求他对这个问题的意见时，他回答说：“我喜欢课堂考试，因为时间已经预留好了，而不是用我在家的空闲时间来做测试。”在我看来，一个妥协的方式可能是提前一到两天收到考试题目，然后在课堂上进行实际测试，有计时器的压力。

Better yet, how about what one Hunter College professor reportedly did recently for her final exam: She encouraged the class not to stress or even study, promising that, “It is going to be apiece of cake.”When the students came in, sharpened pencils in hand, there was not a bluebook in sight. Rather, they saw a large chocolate cake and they each were given a slice.
更好的是，让我们来看看一位 Hunter College 的教授最近在期末考试中所做的一件事：她鼓励学生不要紧张，甚至不要复习，承诺说，“这将会像吃蛋糕一样简单。”当学生们带着削尖的铅笔走进教室时，他们根本看不到蓝皮书。相反，他们看到了一块大巧克力蛋糕，每个人都被分发了一块。

Elderly students find it hard to keep up with the rapid changes in education.
老年人学生发现很难跟上教育的快速变化。

Some believe take-home exams may affect students' performance in other
一些人认为，家庭作业考试可能会影响学生在其他方面的表现

courses.
课程.

Certain professors believe in-class exams are ultimately more helpful to
某些教授认为，课堂考试最终更有助于

students.
学生

In-class exams are believed to discourage cheating in exams.
课堂教学被认为可以防止考试作弊。

The author was happy to learn she could do some exams at home.
作者很高兴得知她可以在家做一些考试。

Students who put off their work until the last moment often find the exams
临近考试时才开始学习的学生往往发现自己处于困境

more difficult than they actually are.
比实际上更难。

Different students may prefer different types of exams.
不同的学生可能偏好不同类型的考试。

Most professors agree whether to give an in-class or a take-home exam
大多数教授都同意是否应该进行课堂内考试或家庭带回家考试

depends on type of course being taught.
取决于所教授课程的类型。

The author dropped out of college some forty years ago.
作者四十年前辍学了。

Some students think take-home exams will eat up their free time.
一些学生认为家庭作业会占用他们的空闲时间。

TEXT5

The Health Benefits of Knitting
编织的健康益处

A)About 15 years ago, I was invited to join a knitting group. I agreed to give it a
大约 15 年前，我被邀请加入一个编织小组。我同意尝试一下。

try.
尝试。

B)My mother had taught me to knit at 15, and I knitted in class throughout college and for a few years thereafter. Then decades passed without my touching a knitting needle. But within two Mondays in the group, I was hooked, not only on knitting but also on crocheting(钩织)，and I was on my way to becoming a highly productive crafter.
B) 我母亲在我 15 岁时教会了我编织，我在大学期间以及随后几年的课堂上都一直在编织。然后几十年过去了，我没有碰过编织针。但在小组的两个星期天内，我被编织和钩织所吸引，我开始成为一个高产的手工艺人。

I’ve made countless baby blankets, sweaters, scarves, hats, caps for newborns. I
我已经为新生儿制作了无数的婴儿毯子、毛衣、围巾、帽子和头盔。我

take a knitting project with me everywhere, especially when I have to sit still and listen. As I discovered in college, when my hands are busy, my mind stays focused on the here and now.
随身携带一个编织项目，尤其是在我必须静坐聆听的时候。就像我在大学时发现的那样，当我的双手忙碌时，我的思绪会集中在当下。

It seems, too, that I’m part of a national renewal of interest in needle and other handicrafts(手工艺). The Craft Yarn Council reports that a third of women ages 25-35 now knit or crochet. Even men and schoolchildren are swelling the ranks, among them my friend’ s three small grandsons. Last April, the council created a “Stitch Away Stress” campaign in honor of National Stress Awareness Month. Dr. Herbert Benson, a pioneer in mind/body medicine and author of The Relaxation Response, says that the repetitive action of needlework can induce a relaxed stats like that associated with meditation(沉思)and yoga. Once you get beyond the initial learning curve, knitting and crocheting can lower heart rate and blood pressure.
看来，我也成为了国家对针线和其他手工艺重新产生兴趣的一部分。工艺线团委员会报告称，25-35 岁的女性中有三分之一现在会编织或钩织。即使是男性和小学生也在加入，其中包括我朋友的三个小孙子。去年四月，该委员会为了纪念国家压力意识月，创建了一个“远离压力的针线”活动。在身心医学领域的先驱、《放松反应》一书的作者赫伯特·本森博士说，编织和钩织的重复动作可以诱导类似于冥想和瑜伽时的放松状态。一旦你超越了最初的上手曲线，编织和钩织可以降低心率和血压。

E)But unlike meditation, craft activities result in tangible and often useful products that can enhance self-esteem. I keep photos of my singular accomplishments on my cellphone to boost my spirits when needed.
E) 但与冥想不同，手工艺活动会产生实际的、通常是有用的产品，这些产品可以提升自尊。我将自己独一无二的成就的照片保存在手机上，需要时用来提振精神。

Since the 1990s, the council has surveyed hundreds of thousands of knitters and
自 1990 年代以来，该委员会对数十万织布者进行了调查

crocheters, who routinely list stress relief and creative fulfillment as the activities’ main benefits. Among them is the father of a prematurely born daughter who reported that during the baby’s five weeks in the intensive care unit, “learning how to knit infant hats gave me a sense of purpose during a time that I felt very helpless. It’s a hobby that I’ve stuck with, and it continues to help me cope with stress at work, provide a sense of order in hectic(忙乱的) days, and allow my brain time to solve problems.”
编织者，他们经常将减轻压力和创造满足感列为这些活动的主要益处。其中一位是早产女儿的父亲，他报告说，在婴儿在重症监护室的五周时间里，“学习如何编织婴儿帽子让我在感到非常无助的时候找到了目标。这是一项我坚持下来的爱好，它继续帮助我应对工作中的压力，为忙碌的日子提供秩序感，并给我的大脑时间来解决问题。”

A recent email from the yarn(纺纱) company Red Heart titled “Health Benefits of Crocheting and Knitting” prompted me to explore what else might be known about the health value of activities like knitting. My research revealed that the rewards go well beyond replacing stress and anxiety with the satisfaction of creation.
最近，一家名为 Red Heart 的纱线公司发送了一封电子邮件，标题为“钩织和编织的健康益处”，这促使我探索了关于像编织这样的活动的健康价值的其他信息。我的研究揭示，奖励远远超出了用创造的满足感替代压力和焦虑的范畴。

H)For example, Karen Hayes, a life coach in Toronto, conducts knitting therapy programs, including Knit to Quit to help smokers give up the habit, and Knit to Heal for people coping with health crises, like a cancer diagnosis or serious illness of a family member. Schools and prisons with craft programs report that they have a calming effect and enhance social skills. And having to follow instructions on complex craft projects can improve children’s math skills.
例如，多伦多的生活教练凯伦·海斯（Karen Hayes）会开展编织疗法项目，包括“织布戒烟”（Knit to Quit）帮助烟民戒掉习惯，以及“织布疗愈”（Knit to Heal）为应对健康危机的人们提供帮助，比如癌症诊断或家庭成员的重大疾病。拥有工艺项目的学校和监狱报告称，这些项目具有镇定作用，能提升社交技能。而且，遵循复杂工艺项目的手工指令可以提高儿童的数学技能。

I）Some people find that craftwork helps them control their weight. Just as it’s challenging to smoke while knitting, when hands are holding needles and hooks, there’s less snacking and mindless eating out of boredom.
一些人发现，手工艺有助于他们控制体重。就像在编织时很难抽烟一样，当双手拿着针和钩子时，会减少因无聊而吃零食和无意识进食的情况。

I’ve found that my handiwork with yarn has helped my arthritic(患关节炎的) fingers remain more dexterous(灵巧的) as I age. A woman encouraged to try knitting and crocheting after developing an autoimmune disease that caused a lot of hand pain reported on the Craft Yarn Council site that her hands are now less stiff and painful.
我发现，用线编织的手工活帮助我在年老时，关节炎的手指保持了更多的灵巧。一位在发展了导致手部疼痛的自身免疫性疾病后被鼓励尝试编织和钩织的女性，在 Craft Yarn Council 网站上报告说，她的手现在不再僵硬和疼痛。

A 2009 University of British Columbia study of 38 women with an eating disorder who were taught to knit found that learning the craft led to significant improvements. Seventy-four percent of the women said the activity lessened their fears and kept them from thinking about their problem.
2009 年，不列颠哥伦比亚大学对 38 名患有饮食障碍的女性进行的一项研究发现，学习编织这一技艺导致了显著的改善。74%的女性表示，这种活动减轻了她们的恐惧感，并使她们不再思考自己的问题。

Betsan Corkhill, a wellness coach in Bath, England, and author of the book Knit
巴思，英格兰的一位健康教练，也是《编织》一书的作者，贝茨安·科克希尔

for Health & Wellness, established a website, Stitchlinks, to explore the value of what she calls therapeutic knitting. Among her respondents, 54 percent of those who were clinically depressed said that knitting made them feel happy or very happy. In a study of 60 self-selected people with persistent pain, Ms. Corkhill and colleagues reported that knitting enabled them to redirect their focus, reducing their awareness of pain. She suggested that the brain can process just so much at once, and that activities like knitting and crocheting make it harder for the brain to register pain signals. Perhaps most exciting is research that suggests that crafts like knitting and crocheting may help to keep off a decline in brain function with age. In a 2011 study, researchers led Dr. Yonas Geda at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester interviewed a random( 随机的 ) sample of 1,321 people ages 70-89, most of whom were cognitively(在认知方面) normal, about the cognitive activities they engaged in late in life. The study, published in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, found that those who engaged in crafts like knitting and crocheting had a diminished chance of developing mild cognitive disorder and memory loss.
为了健康与福祉，她创建了一个名为 Stitchlinks 的网站，以探索她所谓的治疗性编织的价值。在她的受访者中，54%的临床抑郁症患者表示，编织使他们感到快乐或非常快乐。在一项对 60 名自我选择的持续性疼痛患者的调查中，Corkhill 女士及其同事报告称，编织使他们能够重新定向注意力，减少对疼痛的意识。她建议，大脑一次只能处理这么多信息，而编织和钩织等活动使大脑更难接收到疼痛信号。最令人兴奋的是，研究表明，像编织和钩织这样的手工艺可能有助于防止随年龄增长的大脑功能衰退。在 2011 年的一项研究中，由罗切斯特梅奥诊所的 Yonas Geda 博士领导的研究人员随机采访了 1,321 名 70-89 岁的人，其中大多数人在认知上是正常的，询问他们在晚年进行的认知活动。 发表在《神经精神病学与临床神经科学杂志》上的研究表明，那些参与编织和钩织等手工艺的人发展轻度认知障碍和记忆丧失的风险较小。

M）Although it is possible that only people who are cognitively healthy would pursue such activities, those who read newspapers or magazines or played music did not show similar benefits. The researchers speculate that craft activities promote the development of nerve pathways in the brain that help to maintain cognitive health.
虽然可能只有认知健康的人会从事这类活动，但阅读报纸或杂志或演奏音乐的人并未显示出类似的好处。研究人员认为，手工艺活动促进了大脑中有助于维持认知健康的神经通路的发展。

In support of that suggestion, a 2014 study by Denise C. Park of the University of Texas at Dallas and colleagues demonstrated that learning to knit or do digital photography enhanced memory function in older adults. Those who engaged in activities that were not intellectually challenging either in a social group or alone, did not show such improvements.
为了支持这一建议，2014 年，德尼丝·C·帕克（Denise C. Park）及其达拉斯大学的同事进行的一项研究显示，学习编织或进行数字摄影可以增强老年人的记忆功能。那些参与的活动既不具有智力挑战性，无论是在社交群体中还是独自进行的活动，都没有显示出这样的改善。

Given that sustained social contacts have been shown to support health and a long life, those wishing to maximize the health value of crafts might consider joining a group of like-minded folks. I for one try not to miss a single weekly meeting of my knitting group.
鉴于持续的社会交往已被证明能支持健康和长寿，那些希望最大化手工艺健康价值的人可能会考虑加入一群志同道合的人的团体。我个人尽量不错过每周一次的编织小组会议。

36.When the author was a college student, she found that knitting helped her
36. 当作者还是大学生时，她发现编织有助于她

concentrate.
集中

Knitting can help people stay away from tobacco.
织毛衣可以帮助人们远离烟草。

Even men and children are now joining the army of knitters.
即使是男性和儿童现在也加入了编织大军。

Being a member of a crafts group enhances one’s health and prolongs one’s
成为手工艺团体的一员可以增进健康并延长寿命

life.
生活.

Knitting diverts people’s attention from their pain.
织毛衣能转移人们的注意力，减轻他们的痛苦。

41.The author learnt to knit as a teenager, but it was not until she was much older
41. 作者在青少年时期学会了编织，但直到她年长得多时，情况才发生了变化。

that she became keenly interested.
她变得非常感兴趣。

When people are knitting, they tend to eat fewer snacks.
当人们在编织时，他们往往会少吃零食。

Survey findings show that knitting can help people relieve stress.
调查结果显示，编织可以帮助人们减轻压力。

According to a study, knitters and crocheters are less likely to suffer mild
根据一项研究，编织者和钩织者患轻微疾病的可能性较小

cognitive damage.
认知损害.

The products of knitting can increase one’s sense of self-respect.
编织产品的产出可以提升一个人的自尊感。

选词填空冲刺1 答案见最后一页
选择填空冲刺 1，答案在最后一页

The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has 26 from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming into life.
美国汽车创新的中心在过去十年中已经远离了 2000 英里。它从底特律移动到了硅谷，那里自动驾驶汽车正在诞生。

In a 27 to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced 28 that could make their state the best place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road.
在 27 项措施中，为了将生产带回密歇根州底特律，密歇根州立法机构提出了 28 项措施，这些措施可能使该州成为全国乃至全球开发自动驾驶汽车并将其上路的最佳地点。

“Michigan’s 29 in auto research and development is under attack from several states and countries which desire to 30 our leadership in transportation. We can’t let happen,” says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead 31 of four bills recently introduced.
“密歇根州在汽车研究与开发领域的 29 个位置正受到多个州和国家的攻击，这些州和国家希望夺取我们在交通领域的领导地位。我们不能让这种情况发生，”参议员迈克·科瓦尔表示，他是最近提出的四项法案的主要发起人。

If all four bills pass as written, they would 32 a substantial update of Michigan’s 2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturer would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on public roads. They would be allowed to send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips, and even set on-demand 33 of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building.
如果所有四项法案都能按原样通过，它们将对密歇根州 2013 年的法律进行重大更新，该法律允许在有限条件下测试自动驾驶车辆。制造商将在公共道路上测试其自动驾驶技术方面享有几乎完全的自由。他们将被允许派遣一组自动驾驶汽车进行跨州公路旅行，甚至设置按需的自动驾驶汽车服务，就像通用汽车和 Lyft 正在建设的那样。

Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial application of self-driving technology. In 34 , California, home of Silicon Valley, recently proposed far more 35 rules that would require human drivers be ready to take the wheel, and commercial use of self-driving technology.
密歇根州的立法者显然希望使该州准备好应用自动驾驶技术的商业应用。在 2019 年，加利福尼亚州，硅谷的所在地，最近提出了更为严格的规则，要求人类驾驶员准备好随时接管驾驶，并允许使用自动驾驶技术进行商业用途。

选词填空冲刺 2 答案见最后一页
选择填空冲刺 2 答案在最后一页

Just because they can’t sing opera or ride a bicycle doesn’t mean that animals don’t have culture. There’s no better example of this than killer whales. As one of the most __26__ predators（食肉动物），killer whales may not fit the __27__ of a cultured creature. However, these beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly __28__ behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development.
仅仅因为他们不会唱歌剧或骑自行车，并不意味着动物没有文化。这方面的最佳例子莫过于虎鲸。作为最狡猾的捕食者之一，虎鲸可能不符合有文化的生物的定义。然而，这些海中的巨兽确实展现出一种广泛的高度复杂行为，这些行为似乎正在推动它们的基因发展。

The word “culture” comes from the Latin “colere,” which __29__ means “to cultivate.” In other words, it refers to anything that is __30__ or learnt, rather than instinctive or natural. Among human populations, culture not only affects the way we live, but also writes itself into our genes, affecting who we are. For instance, having spent many generations hunting the fat marine mammals of the Arctic, the Eskimos of Greenland have developed certain genetic __31__ that help them digest and utilize this fat-rich diet, thereby allowing them to __32__ in their cold climate.
"文化"这个词来源于拉丁语"colere"，其含义是“培养”。换句话说，它指的是任何通过学习或培养获得的事物，而不是本能或自然的。在人类群体中，文化不仅影响我们的生活方式，还写入了我们的基因，影响我们的身份。例如，格陵兰的爱斯基摩人在许多代人中狩猎北极的肥美的海洋哺乳动物，他们发展出某些特定的遗传特征，帮助他们消化和利用这种富含脂肪的饮食，从而能够在寒冷的气候中生存。

Like humans, killer whales have colonized a range of different __33__ across the globe, occupying every ocean basin on the planet, with an empire that __34__ from pole to pole. As such, different populations of killer whales have had to learn different hunting techniques in order to gain the upper hand over their local prey（猎物）. This, in turn, has a major effect on their diet, leading scientists to __35__ that the ability to learn population-specific hunting methods could be driving the animals’ genetic development.
如同人类，虎鲸在全球范围内占据了从极地到赤道的广阔海域，占领了地球上每一个海洋盆地，建立起庞大的帝国。因此，不同地区的虎鲸群体不得不学会不同的捕猎技巧以在与当地猎物的竞争中占据优势。这进而对它们的饮食产生了重大影响，使得科学家推测，学习群体特定的捕猎方法的能力可能正在驱动这些动物的基因发展。

H) humble
谦卑

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage. 答案见最后一页
第 26 至 35 题基于以下段落。答案见最后一页。

microplastics?
微塑料

26.H 27.A 28.G 29.D 30.I 31.N 32.J 33.E 34.B 35.K

C 27.I 28.K 29.J 30.A 31.B 32.O 33.G 34.F 35.M

26.B 27.M 28.I 29.C 30.K 31.L 32.O 33.G 34.E 35.J