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学位论文

THESIS
论文

《使女的故事》女性主义解读

(中文题名)
（中文题名）

A Feminist Reading of The Handmaid s Tale
女权主义对《使女的故事》的解读

(英文题名)
（英文题名）

邴婷婷

(作者姓名)
（作者姓名）

指导教师 申请学位级别学科专业名称研究方向

论文提交日期

论文答辩日期

学位授予日期

吕丽塔副教授

硕 士

外国语言文学英美文学 2014年05月

2014年06月

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评 阅 人:
评阅人：

北京林业大学

硕士论文同意发表的声明

研究生院:
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本人及导师完全同意《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库出版章程》(以下简称“章程”)及我校与中国学术期刊(光盘版)电子杂志社签定的《CNKI共建共享中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(CDMD)和北京林业大学研究生院博硕士学位论文全文数据库(DMD)协议书》(以下简称“协议书”)的有关内容,愿意将本人的硕士学位论文委托研究生院向中国学术期刊(光盘版)电子杂志社的《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库》投稿。所在学科为: 英语语言文学 论文题目为:
本人及导师完全同意《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库出版章程》（以下简称“章程”）及我校与中国学术期刊（光盘版）电子杂志社签定的《CNKI共建共享中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库（CDMD）和北京林业大学研究生院博硕士学位论文全文数据库（DMD）协议书》（以下简称“协议书”）的有关内容，愿意将本人的硕士学位论文委托研究生院向中国学术期刊（光盘版）电子杂志社的《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库》投稿。所在学科为： 英语语言文学论文题目为：

《使女的故事》女性主义解读 希望《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库》给予出版,并同意在《中国博硕士学位论文评价数据库》和CNKI系列数据库中使用,同意按章程和协议书规定享受相关权益。
《使女的故事》女性主义解读希望《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库》给予出版，并同意在《中国博硕士学位论文评价数据库》和CNKI系列数据库中使用，同意按章程和协议书规定享受相关权益。

作者签名:邻φ _{导师签名:}
作者签名：邻φ_{导师签名：}

沁|牛年6月7日

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永久联系电话:
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http://graduate.bjfu.eud.cn中学位工作/学位论文栏目下浏览
http://graduate.bjfu.eud.cn 中学位工作/学位论文栏目下浏览

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本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得北京林业大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

签 名: 日 期: ∩.14、6.1t
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签 导师签名:

期: ^,/4.6.11
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摘要

玛格丽特·阿特伍德是享誉全球的加拿大女作家。《使女的故事》是阿特伍德小说创作生涯中经典的女性主义作品。小说以女性题材为主,通过独特的视角,运用犀利的语言,细腻描述女性生活以及心理状态,探讨在男权制社会下处于特殊境地的女性如何改变命运,探索女性主义未来的发展道路。作品采用第一人称,运用新颖的叙事技巧,时空颠覆的手法,向读者描述了一个假想国基列国 (Gilead)中女性的生活和心理状态。
玛格丽特·阿特伍德是享誉全球的加拿大女作家。《使女的故事》是阿特伍德小说创作生涯中经典的女性主义作品。小说以女性题材为主，通过独特的视角，运用犀利的语言，细腻描述女性生活以及心理状态，探讨在男权制社会下处于特殊境地的女性如何改变命运，探索女性主义未来的发展道路。作品采用第一人称，运用新颖的叙事技巧，时空颠覆的手法，向读者描述了一个假想国基列国（Gilead）中女性的生活和心理状态。

本文以女性主义文学批评理论为基础分析了《使女的故事》。主要围绕阿特伍德与女性主义的复杂矛盾关系展开分析研究。本论文深入探讨基列共和国中占统治地位的男性一大主教们对女性一使女们的压迫,以此反映女性深受“男权制”社会统治的压迫,被迫陷入了作为“会行走的生育工具”的悲惨境地。第一章是对于全文的导论,简要介绍玛格丽特·阿特伍德的生平、获奖情况、及其作品中展现的多重主题,并概述了《使女的故事》的故事梗概,同时分析国外学者对阿特伍德作品的研究现状,进而指出本论文的写作目的和意义。第二章具体论述了小说中女性主义思想的体现。三、四章是文章的主体部分,从女性主义理论分析阿特伍德与女性主义的复杂矛盾关系,以及作者对于女权主义未来发展道路的担忧和憧憬的具体体现。同时,本文通过部分章节将小说的语言,与电影进行了比较:小说和电影都体现着男性社会的集权统治对于女性及社会的危害。然而,电影在改编的时候也更多地注重了情节的表达、叙事的流畅性以及作为观影大众群体在欣赏作品时所寻求的观影的刺激感。除此之外,电影虽然改变了叙事手法,但还是秉承了小说的主旨,隐晦地表达并折射出了阿特伍德的女性主义文学思想。第五章为结论部分,呼吁大家——女性主义在寻求女性自由发展的道路上应该考虑选择其他的方法。

关键词:女性主义,基列国,女权主义运动,玛格丽特·阿特伍德
关键词女性主义基列国女权主义运动玛格丽特阿特伍德

Fe minist Reading of The Handmaid's Tale
Feminist 《使女的故事》朗诵

Master Candidate:Bing Tingting (English Language and Literature) Directed by Associate Professor: Lv Lita
硕士研究生：Bing Tingting （英语语言文学） 指导：吕丽塔

ABSTRACT
抽象

The Handmaid's Tale,a masterpiece of Margaret Eleanor Atwood,a world-renowned
《使女的故事》是世界知名的玛格丽特·埃莉诺·阿特伍德 （Margaret Eleanor Atwood） 的杰作

Canadian female writer,is eonsidered as a classic feminism work in the literary world.Conceived on the theme of feminism from a unique perspective,the fiction has exquisitely described the life and metal status of the female in sharp language, discussed how to change the fate of women in a
加拿大女作家，被誉为文坛经典的女权主义作品。小说以独特的视角构思女性主义为主题，以犀利的语言精炼地描写了女性的生活和金属地位，探讨了如何改变女性的命运。

patriarchal society, and explored future ways of development for feminism.In the fiction,the
父权社会，并探索了女权主义的未来发展方式。在小说中，

writer adopted first person narrative technique, innovative narrativeskills and spatiotemporal
作家采用第一人称叙事手法，创新叙事手法和时空手法

subversion tactics,to portray the life and psychological status of the women in Gilead, a
颠覆策略，描绘基列妇女的生活和心理地位，a

hypothetical country created by the writer.
作者创建的假设国家。

In this thesis,the author focused on thecomplicated relationship between Atwood and feminism and analyzed The Handmaid's Tale with feminism literary critique theories.The author deeply explored the oppression suffered by the female characters,the handmaids,from the ruling male,the archbishops,in the fiction and thus refleeted the miserable conditions of women as “walking reproductive tools"in a male-dominating world.The first chapter is the introductory part of the thesis,briefing the life story of Atwood and introducing the basic story line of The Handmaid Tale.The author also inserted in this part the current researches and studies carried out
在这篇论文中，作者着重探讨了阿特伍德与女权主义之间的复杂关系，并用女权主义文学批评理论分析了《使女的故事》。作者在小说中深入探讨了女性角色、女仆、统治男性、大主教所遭受的压迫，从而重新诠释了女性作为男性主导世界中“行走的生殖工具”的悲惨状况。第一章是论文的导言部分，简要介绍了阿特伍德的生平故事，并介绍了《使女的故事》的基本故事情节。

on the works of Atwood to further clarify the writing purposes and meanings of this thesis.The second chapter diseussed in detail the feminist thoughts embodied in the fiction.And in the third and fourth chapters, which are the main body parts of this thesis,the author analyzed the
关于阿特伍德的作品，以进一步阐明本论文的写作目的和含义。第二章详细阐述了小说中体现的女权主义思想。在 第三章和第四章中，也就是本论文的主体部分，作者分析了

complicated and contradictory relationship between Atwood and feminism and pointed out the
阿特伍德与女权主义之间复杂而矛盾的关系，并指出了

concrete reasons for the worries and hopes that the author beholds to the future development of
具体原因 希望笔者对未来发展抱有希望

feminism.Meanwhile,the author also introdueed into the thesis the film version of the fiction and
女权主义。同时，作者还将小说的电影版引入论文中。

compared the language used in certain chapters of the fietion with that of the film, intended to
将Fietion某些章节中使用的语言与电影中使用的语言进行比较，旨在

获得成果目录清单. 51

Acknowledgements 52
鸣谢52

V

Chapter One Introduction
第一章引言

A Brief Introduction to Margaret Atwood and The Handmaid's
玛格丽特·阿特伍德（Margaret Atwood） 和《使女》简介

Tale
故事

Margaret Eleanor Atwood is the Canadian writer who can, most unequivocally, be named as a literary eelebrity.For more than 50 years,Margaret Atwood has been a published author, well known for the intricacies of her poetry,the power of her fiction and the illumination of her literary criticism.Atwood has won more than 55 awards in Canada and internationally, including two Governor General's Awards:she won the Go vernor-General's Award in 1966 for her second volume of poems The Circle Game (1964);a Booker Prize in 2000 for The Blind Assassin;the Giller Prize for Alias
玛格丽特·埃莉诺·阿特伍德 （Margaret Eleanor Atwood） 是加拿大作家，毫无疑问，她可以被称为文学名人。50多年来，玛格丽特·阿特伍德 （Margaret Atwood） 一直是一位出版作家，以其诗歌的复杂性、小说的力量和文学批评的启发性而闻名。阿特伍德在加拿大和国际上赢得了超过55 个奖项，包括两个总督奖：她于 1966年凭借第二本诗集《圆圈游戏》获得 Governor-General'sAward（1964 年）;2000年凭借《盲人刺客》获得布克奖;Giller别名奖

Grace;the Arts Council Wales International Writers Prize for Bodily Harm in 1982; the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2003,and many other awards and prizes. Graham Huggan devotes a chapter of his book The Post-colonial Exotie to what he calls “Margaret Atwood,Inc.”the Atwood industry, and there he offers several
恩典;1982 年威尔士艺术委员会国际作家人身伤害奖;2003 年诺贝尔文学奖等多项奖项。 格雷厄姆·哈根 （Graham Huggan） 在他的书《后殖民异国情调》中用一章来描述他所谓的“玛格丽特·阿特伍德公司”。阿特伍德工业，在那里他提供了几个

explanations for her remarkable success: first and foremost, hard work and
她取得显著成功的解释：首先，努力工作和

productivity;her ability to funetion as a spokeswoman on a wide range of topics both literary and political;the multiplication of her publie roles as a writer,feminist,poet, novelist,literary critic,essayist,nationalist and environmentalist.
生产力;她作为女发言人在文学和政治广泛话题上的能力;她作为作家、女权主义者、诗人、小说家、文学评论家、散文家、民族主义者和环保主义者的公共角色成倍增加。

As her reputation has grown steadily in international circles,she has produced
随着她在国际圈子里的声誉稳步增长，她制作了

more than 40 books that have been translated into no lessthan 20 languages. The book that I will endeavor to analyze is The Handmaid's Tale.This is Atwood's first best-selling novel,establishing her reputation in the US and internationally which won the 1985 Governor Generals Award and the first Arthur C.Clarke Award in 1987; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award,the 1986 Booker Prize and the
40 多本书已被翻译成不少于20 种语言。 我将努力分析的书是《使女的故事》.这是阿特伍德的第一部畅销小说，在美国和国际上建立了她的声誉，获得了 1985 年总督奖和 1987 年的第一届亚瑟 C.克拉克奖; 它还获得了 1986 年星云奖、1986 年布克奖和

1987 Prometheus Award.It has been adapted for the cinema,radio,opera and stage.
1987 普罗米修斯Award.It被改编成电影、广播、歌剧和舞台剧。

In the fiction,the writer uses the first person narrative situation, prolepsis and
在小说中，作者使用了第一人称叙述情境、prolepsis和

analepsis,and some other innovative teehniques to portray the life and psychological
analepsis，以及其他一些创新的teehniques来描绘生活和心理

Graham Huggan,The Post-colonial Exotic:Marketing the Margins (London:Routledge,2001),208.
格雷厄姆·哈根，《后殖民异国情调：边缘营销》（伦敦：劳特利奇出版社，2001），第208页。

1

states of the women who are living in Gilead,a hypothetical country, reflecting the oppression of these women by men in a male-dominating world and their subsequently miserable condition to be"walking reproductive tools".
生活在基列国（一个假想的国家）的妇女的状况，反映了这些妇女在一个男性主导的世界中被男人压迫，以及她们随后的悲惨状况，即“行走生殖工具”。

As for the relation that Atwood has with Feminism,it is quite eomplicated and full of contradiction.On one hand,she is active in the in-depth study of the thoughts of Feminism; on the other hand,she criticizes the close combination between
至于阿特伍德与女权主义的关系，则相当复杂且充满矛盾。一方面，她积极深入研究女权主义思想;另一方面，她批评了两者之间的紧密结合

Feminism and political movements. Margaret believes that some extreme thoughts
女权主义和政治运动。玛格丽特认为一些极端的想法

about Feminism that are taken advantage of have actually resulted in sabotaging the
关于被利用的女权主义实际上导致了对

real liberty of women. Many radical opinions proposed during the second feminist
妇女的真正自由。第二位女权主义者期间提出的许多激进观点

movement in North America are described in The Handmaid's Tale,which actually refleets Margaret's hopes and fears about the future development of feminism.In the fiction,theexploited and controlled women, in their quest for liberation through resistance and fights for their various rights in Gilead,a patriarehal society,result in a
《使女的故事》中描述了北美的运动，它实际上重新反映了玛格丽特对女性主义未来发展的希望和恐惧。在小说中，被剥削和控制 的妇女，在父权社会基列社会中通过抵抗和争取各种权利来寻求解放和斗争，导致了

series of sharp conflicts with the male go vernors in the country,which indicates the tension thus caused due to the extremity in the seeond feminist mo vement.The writer also calls on the public,through the main character in the fiction, to consider other
与国内男性的一系列尖锐冲突，表明了由于女权主义运动的极端性而造成的紧张。作者还呼吁公众，通过小说中的主角，考虑其他

ways of development in pursuing the liberty of women,which is the main direction of study of this thesis.Meanwhile,the author of this thesis compares some chaptersof the original fiction with the movie adaptation to deepen the analysis of the harm caused by male domination over women in the society.Although the movie lays more emphasis on the plots,the fluency of the narration,and the sensory excitement for audience,it still conveys, in a quite implicit way, the same feministthoughts contained in the fiction.
追求女性自由的发展方式，是本论文的主要研究方向。同时，本论文作者将原著小说的部分章节与电影改编进行了比较，以加深对男性对女性统治在社会中造成的伤害的分析。尽管这部电影更强调情节、叙述的流畅性和观众的感官刺激，但它仍然以 一种相当隐晦的方式传达了小说中包含的同样的女权主义思想。

Literature Review
文献综述

Current Research on Margaret Atwood
玛格丽特·阿特伍德的最新研究

There is a huge international Atwood academic critical industry, and the Margaret Atwood Society Newsletter pub lishes annual updates of scholarly works on Atwood articles and books which are over 50 per year. Most of research emerges
阿 特伍德 有一个庞大的国际学术批评行业，玛格丽特·阿特伍德协会通讯每年发布 50 多篇关于阿特伍德文章和书籍的学术著作的年度更新。大多数研究成果

overwhelmingly through the multiplicity of Atwood's voices and personas and her
压倒性地通过阿特伍德的声音和角色的多样性以及她的

2

formalexperiments with languages and literary conventions are the continuities across
语言和文学惯例的形式实验是

four decades of her writing. Most of the topics have been explored before by many researchers. However, exploring these same topics from different critical and theoretical angles (e.g. recent emphases on postmodernism, post colonialism and environmentalism) and in the light of Atwood's own continuous production may help
她四十年的写作。大多数主题之前已经被许多研究人员探索过。然而， 从不同的批判和理论角度（例如，最近对后现代主义、后殖民主义和环保主义的强调）以及根据阿特伍德自己的连续生产可能会有所帮助

to reevaluate the dynamics of her works.
重新评估她作品的动态。

Some researchers sets out the major themes of her writing which are grounded in her Canadian context, like her fascination with the Canadian history and landscape, but which overforty years have broadened into topics of international relevance with her scrutiny of cultural myths about women, her concern with human rights and
一些研究人员列出了她作品的主要主题，这些主题以 她的加拿大背景为基础，例如她对加拿大历史和景观的迷恋，但四十年来，随着她对女性文化神话的审视，这些主题已经扩大到具有国际意义的话题，她的关注与人权和

threats to the environment and her strong sense of moral responsibility in an
对环境的威胁和她强烈的道德责任感

increasingly globalized context of reference.Lorraine York analyzes the ongoing
日益全球化的参考上下文。LorraineYork分析正在进行的

interrelation between media construetions of Atwood and her own active intervention
媒体对阿特伍德的解读与她自己的积极干预之间的相互关系

in those constructions through her deprecating self-irony and humor in her essays². Robin Wood analyzesthe treatment of national and sexua power politics in her early poems and novels,tracing the topic as it expands into national and international dimensions in her later works.3 David Edelstein also focuses on sexual power politics
通过她在散文中嘲讽的自我讽刺和幽默²， 在这些结构中。罗宾·伍德 （Robin Wood） 在她的早期诗歌和小说中分析了对国家和性权力政治的处理，并在她后来的作品中追溯了这一主题扩展到国内和国际维度。大卫·埃德尔斯坦 （David Edelstein） 也关注性权力政治

with a specifically feminist emphasis on Atwood's representation of female bodies.f
特别强调女权主义对阿特伍德对女性身体的再现。

Shannon Hengen explores Atwood's environmental ethics and the evolution of her ideas about what"being human"means³.Her broadly ranging analysis argues for Atwood's insistence on the symbiotie relation between human and non-human nature,
ShannonHengen探讨了Atwood 的环境伦理学以及她关于“作为人类”意味着什么的思想的演变³。她广泛的分析证明了 阿特伍德对人性和非人性之间共生关系的坚持。

as she spells out the vital connection between seienee and art in defining the position of human beings as the nexus of nature and culture.Rene Denfe ld discusses Atwood's postmodern versions of Canadian history. 6 Marta Dvorak offers a fascinating
正如她阐明了 Seienee 和艺术之间的重要联系，以定义人类作为自然和文化纽带的地位。ReneDenfe ld 讨论了阿特伍德对加拿大历史的后现代版本。6玛尔塔·德沃夏克 （Marta Dvorak） 提供了一个引人入胜的

² Lorraine York,"Satire:The No-Woman`s Land of Literary Modes,"Teaching Atwoods"The Handmaids Tale" and Oiher Works,eds. Sharon R.Wilson, Thomas B.Friedman, and Shannon Hengen(New York:Modern Lan guage Association ofAmerica,1996),48.
² 洛林·约克，“讽刺：文学模式的无女人之地”，“教阿特伍德”使女的故事“和OiherWorks，编辑。SharonR.Wilson、ThomasB.Friedman 和ShannonHengen（纽约：美国现代语言协会，1996 年），48。

3 Robin Wood,*Images and Women,"Issues in Feminist Fietional Critieism,ed.Patricia Erens (Bloomington:
3罗宾·伍德，*图像与女性，“女权主义信仰批判主义的问题”，编辑。帕特里夏·埃伦斯（布卢明顿：

Indiana University Press,1990)377.ltalics in original.
印第安纳大学出版社，1990）377.原文。

4 David Edelstein,Feminist Voice 23 June 1987, in Fictiona1 Review Annual 1988,ed.Jerome S. Ozer
4大卫·埃德尔斯坦，《女权主义之声》，1987 年 6 月23 日，载于Fictiona1ReviewAnnual1988，编辑。杰罗姆·奥泽

(Englewood,NJ:Fietional review Publications)1676.
（新泽西州恩格尔伍德：FietionalreviewPublications）1676 年。

Shannon Hengen,in SarahA.Appleton(ed.)Once Upon a Time:Myth,Fairy Tales and Legends in Margaret
香农·亨根，SarahA.Appleton（ed.）《从前：玛格丽特的神话、童话和传说》

Atwoods Writings (Newcastle:Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2008),48.
AtwoodsWritings（纽卡斯尔：剑桥学者出版社2008），48。

⁶ Rene Denfeld,The New Victorians:A Young WomansChallenge io the Old Feminisi Order (New York:Simon
⁶雷内·丹菲尔德（Rene Denfeld），《新维多利亚时代：一位年轻女性挑战旧女性秩序》（纽约：西蒙

&Schuster,1995).
&Schuster，1995 年）。

3

rhetorical analysis of her skillful use of irony and satire 7.Judith McCombs's anthology,Critical Essays on Margaret Atwood(1988)provides an extremely useful analysis of critical trends and a summary of debates around Atwood's major texts to
对她娴熟地使用反讽和讽刺的修辞分析7.朱迪思·麦库姆斯 （Judith McCombs） 的选集《关于玛格丽特·阿特伍德的批判性论文》（Critical Essays on Margaret Atwood，1988 年）对批评趋势进行了极其有用的分析，并总结了围绕阿特伍德主要文本的辩论，以

date.8 Margaret Atwood:Vision and Forms,edited by Kathryn Van Spanckeren and Jangarden Castro and pub lished at the end of1988,traces Atwood's feminism and her postmodern narrative experiments.°
date.8玛格丽特·阿特伍德：视觉与形式，由凯瑟琳·范·斯潘克伦和扬加登·卡斯特罗编辑，于 1988 年底出版，追溯了阿特伍德的女权主义和她的后现代叙事实验。

Research on The Handmaid s Tale
《使女的故事》研究

The Handmaids Tale is told from the point of view of Offred,a handmaid or fertile woman in the service ofFred,one ofthe Commanders who rule the Republic of Gilead with military power. Since Offred is meant to be silent, her keeping a journal is forbidden,but her story is passed down to a future readership and to us,
使女的故事是从奥弗雷德的角度讲述的，奥弗雷德是一名女仆或有生育能力的女人，为弗雷德服务，弗雷德是以军事力量统治基列共和国的指挥官之一。 因为 Offred 本来就是要保持沉默的，所以她写日记是被禁止的，但她的故事被传递给了未来的读者群和我们，

from transeribed recordings.The narrative itself operates in three main time periods: first,the period of second-wave feminism,that of Offred's youth and her mother's activist involvement; second,Offred's own lifetime,in post-holocaust Gilead,the main substance ofthe novel;while a third period is when Offied's tapes and personal testimony are discovered and put under academic scrutiny by Professor Pieixoto, which serves as an example of male intellectualcontrol over history.
来自Transeribed 录音。叙事本身在三个主要时期运作：第一，第二波女权主义时期，奥弗雷德的青年时期和她母亲的活动家参与; 第二，奥弗雷德自己的一生，在大屠杀后的基列，小说的主要内容;而第三个时期是 Offied 的录音带和个人证词被发现并接受Pieixoto 教授的学术审查，这是男性知识分子控制历史的一个例子。

The novel is composed of 15 sections, with 1 additional section entitled
小说由15个部分组成，其中1 个额外的部分标题为

“Historical Notes.³Seetions,with only one exception,alternate between deseriptions of night and daytime.Consequently, odd-numbered sections (parts 1,3,7,9,13 and 15)bear the same title:Night”The one exeeption is part 5,entitled‘Nap,"which separates sections describing one longand particularly traumatic day.
“历史笔记。³除了一个例外，在黑夜和白天的描述之间交替。因此，奇数部分（第 1、3、7、9、13 和 15 部分）具有相同的标题：夜“一个摘录是第 5 部分，标题为”午睡“，它分隔了描述漫长而特别痛苦的一天的部分。

The novel differs from Atwood's previous and subsequent works which are
这部小说与阿特伍德之前和后续的作品不同，后者是

usually set in contemporary Canada,except insofar as it deals with male and female
通常以当代加拿大为背景，除非它涉及男性和女性

relationships of power,a common theme,particularly in the immediately preceding
权力关系，一个共同的主题，尤其是在紧接着的

7 Marta Dvorak,"Margaret Atwood's Humor³,inCoral Ann Howells(ed.),The Cambridge Companion to
7玛尔塔·德沃夏克，“玛格丽特·阿特伍德的幽默³”，收录于科勒尔·安·豪威尔斯（编），《剑桥伴侣》

Margaret Atwood(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006),123.
玛格丽特·阿特伍德（剑桥：剑桥大学出版社，2006），123。

⁸ Judith McCombs,*Control and Creativity:The Politics of Risk in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaids Tale,"
⁸朱迪思·麦库姆斯，*控制与创造力：玛格丽特·阿特伍德的《使女的故事》中的风险政治，”

Critical Essays on Margaret Atwood,ed.(Boston:G.K.Hall&Co,1988)285.
关于玛格丽特·阿特伍德的评论论文，编辑（波士顿：G.K.Hall&Co，1988）285。

⁹ Arnold E.Davidson,“Future Tense:Making History in The Handmaids Tale,"Margaret Atwood:Vision and Forms,ed.Kathryn VanSpanckeren and Jan Garden Castro (Carbondale,IL:Southern Illinois University Press, 1988)119.
⁹ 阿诺德·戴维森（Arnold E.Davidson），“将来时：在《使女的故事》中创造历史”，玛格丽特·阿特伍德：《视觉与形式》（Margaret Atwood：Vision and Forms），编辑。凯瑟琳·范斯潘克伦和扬·加登·卡斯特罗（伊利诺伊州卡本代尔：南伊利诺伊大学出版社，1988 年）119。

4

Bodily Harm(1981).The Handmaids Tale has been widely studied and was turned into a highly suceessful film(screenplay by Harold Pinter,1990).It is seen,variously, as a science fiction and dystopia which focuses on a religious fundamentalist regime.
身体伤害 （1981）。《使女的故事》被广泛研究，并被改编成一部非常成功的电影（哈罗德·品特编剧，1990 年）。它被看作是一部专注于宗教原教旨主义政权的科幻小说和反乌托邦小说。

It dramatizes the destructive nature of fundamentalist regimes,and their controls over language.Since the story of Offred is our insight into these problematic times,it also illustrates the power of narrative and the strength of individual self.
它戏剧化地展示了原教旨主义政权的破坏性及其对语言的控制。由于Offred 的故事是我们洞察这些充满问题的时间，它也说明了叙事的力量和个人自我的力量。

The Handmaid's Tale can be read in several ways, each related to the themes running throughout Atwood's work.It is satires that eontain humor,and through that perhaps some vision,some hope,when wondering about how likely this dystopia is to become a reality.It questionshistories and the ways in which we construct them.And it is also a powerful feminist critique of a potential future where women's freedoms
《使女的故事》可以用多种方式来解读，每种方式都与贯穿阿特伍德作品的主题有关。讽刺是永恒的幽默，也许通过它，当想知道这个反乌托邦有多大可能成为现实时，一些愿景，一些希望。它质疑历史以及我们构建历史的方式。这也是对女性自由的潜在未来的有力女权主义批评

are entirely eroded,but it also challenges and undermines many of the more rigid
完全被侵蚀，但它也挑战和破坏了许多更僵化的

tenets of feminism,showing the views of second-wave feminism to be both insightful
女性主义的信条，表明第二波女性主义的观点既有洞察力

inplaces and limited.As a favorite of feminist critics,it pro vides an exploration of reproductive technologies and the ways in which language operates as power to repress self,eontrol sexuality and limit freedoms.
在地方和有限。作为女权主义批评家的最爱，它提供了对生殖技术以及语言作为压抑自我、控制性和限制自由的力量运作方式的探索。

Many of the early reviews established a popular reading of the novel as a feminist text that debates issues of reproductive technology and women's roles.They also deal with it as a novel that explores the act of writing reading and interpretation.
许多早期的评论将这部小说确立为一种流行的解读，将其视为 辩论生殖技术和女性角色问题的女权主义文本。他们还将其作为一部探索写作、阅读和解释行为的小说来处理。

It highlights Offred's(the handmaid)role as narrator constructing a tale set in the context of power over expression, which prevents free speech among the handmaidens and everyone else,and various contradictions playing on language or enforced silenee.Much critical writing about the novel relates Atwood's work to
它突出了奥弗雷德（女仆）作为叙述者的角色，在 表达权力的背景下构建了一个故事，这阻止了女仆和其他所有人之间的言论自由，以及各种关于语言或强制 silenee 的矛盾。许多关于这部小说的批评性著作都与阿特伍德的作品有关

feminist critique of reproductive technology.Other issues ofconcern are the reliability
女权主义对生殖技术的批评。其他值得关注的问题是可靠性

of narrative,the partiality of record,and the importance of being able to develop and express an individual subjectivity 10.Mary McCarthy identifies Gilead as a woman's world, ironically policed by men. Lorna Sage recognizes Atwood's critique of American values, seen earlier in Surfacing, and considers Atwood's Republic of
叙事、记录的片面性以及能够发展和表达个人主观性的重要性 10.玛丽·麦卡锡（Mary McCarthy）将基列国视为女性的世界，具有讽刺意味的是，基列由男性监管。Lorna Sage 认识到阿特伍德对美国价值观的批评，这在 Surfacing 前面看到过，并认为阿特伍德的共和国

¹⁰ Mary McCarthy,Review,Book Review,9 February 1986.
¹⁰玛丽·麦卡锡，评论，书评，1986 年 2 月 9 日。

5

Gilead as Middle America undermined by fanaticism,fuelled by fundamentalism". Kate Fullbrook explores how The Handmaid's Tale functions as a dystopian feminist novell²,recognizing it as a version ofseience fiction,as does Cathy Davidsonl³.Jane Brooks Bouson sees the novel as a feminist dystopia containing a warning against a feminist back lash and the rise of the New Right, which in the 1980s sought the
基列是被狂热主义破坏，被原教旨主义助长的中美洲”。 凯特·布鲁克 （Kate Fullbrook） 探讨了《使女的故事》如何作为反乌托邦女权主义小说²发挥作用，认为它是小说的一个版本，凯茜·戴维森 （Cathy Davidsonl） 也是如此。

restoration of women's traditional roles ¹⁴ Brooks Bouson also considers the
恢复女性的传统角色¹⁴BrooksBouson还考虑了

importance of language as a regular in these oppressive times.Through exploring problematical notions of history and reality,the no velencourages readers to reflect on the oppressive realities of contemporary patriarchal ideology, employing tactics to
在这个压迫时期，语言作为常规的重要性。通过对历史和现实的质疑性观念的探索，《无》鼓励读者反思 当代父权意识形态的压迫现实，采用策略

counter and challenge assumptions of male power and superiority.Critics debate the
对抗和挑战男性权力和优越感的假设。批评者对

way in whieh Atwood deals with issues alive for feminism.She shows how language can warp the way we see the world,exposing the potential for a regime to subject men and women to horrifying silences and destructive mindsets.Therefore,the novel is both anti-utopian fiction,a satire of a potential future and a feminist challenge to the forms of dystopian fictions which foeus on maseuline worldviews.
方式 atwood 处理女权主义的活生生的问题。她展示了语言如何扭曲我们看待世界的方式，揭露了一个政权使男人和女人遭受可怕的沉默和破坏性心态的可能性。因此，这部小说既是反乌托邦小说，也是对潜在未来的讽刺，也是对反乌托邦小说形式的女权主义挑战，这些小说与马塞林世界观相悖。

Female Identity in Margaret Atwood's fiction
玛格丽特·阿特伍德小说中的女性身份

Considering this inherently sexist construction of gender,it is no surprise that the body is central to feminist debate.Margaret Sanger wrote in 1922 that“no woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body.It is for women the
考虑到这种固有的性别歧视建构， 身体成为女权主义辩论的核心也就不足为奇了。玛格丽特·桑格 （Margaret Sanger） 在 1922 年写道：“不拥有和控制自己身体的女人，任何女人都不能称自己为自由。它是为女性准备的

key to liberty".l5 The female body,as a site of identity,has always been the means by
自由的钥匙“.l5女性身体作为身份的场所，一直是

which patriarchy exerts control over women. Atwood is concerned with the situations women find themselves in and draws her writing materials from them.As mentioned above,it is explicitly re vealed in her writings that she is especially interested in one significant problem the issue of female identity in the modern world.Critics tended
父权制对女性施加控制。阿特伍德关注女性所处的处境，并从中汲取她的写作材料。如上所述，在她的著作中明确指出，她对一个重大问题特别感兴趣，即现代世界的女性身份问题。批评者往往

Lorna Sage,“Projections fromA Messy Present".Times Literary Supplement,21 March 1986,307.
LornaSage，“来自凌乱的现在的投影”。泰晤士报文学副刊，1986年 3 月 21 日，307。

¹² Kate Fullbrook,Free Women: Ethics and Aesthetics in Twentieth-Century Womens Fiction(Hemel Hempstead:
¹²凯特·福尔布鲁克，《自由女性：二十世纪女性小说中的伦理与美学》（赫默尔·亨普斯特德：

Harvester Wheatsheaf,1990).
HarvesterWheatsheaf，1990 年）。

¹³ Cathy N.Davidson,“A Feminist 1984:Margaret Atwood Talks about Her Exciting New Novel",Ms,14
¹³凯茜·戴维森（Cathy N.Davidson），“女权主义者1984：玛格丽特·阿特伍德（Margaret Atwood）谈论她激动人心的新小说”，女士，14

February 1986,135.
1986 年 2 月，135。

14 Jane Brooks Bouson,BrutalChoreographies:Oppositional Strategies and Narrative Design in the Novels of
14简·布鲁克斯·鲍森（Jane Brooks Bouson），《野蛮的编舞：小说中的对立策略与叙事设计》（BrutalChoreographyies：The CounterpositionalStrategiesandNarrativeDesign in theNovelsof

Margaret Atwood(Amherst,MA:The University ofMassachusetts Press,1993),135.
玛格丽特·阿特伍德（阿默斯特，马萨诸塞州：马萨诸塞大学出版社，1993），135。

Margaret Sanger provides a framework for understanding the female identity in The Less Noble Sex:Scientific,
玛格丽特·桑格 （MargaretSanger） 在《不那么高贵的性别：科学》中提供了一个理解女性身份的框架，

Religious,and Philosophical Conceptions of Womans Nature(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1993).247.
女性自然的宗教和哲学概念（布卢明顿：印第安纳大学出版社，1993 年）.247。

6

to declare “nothing can diminish Margaret Atweod's standing as one of the most accomplished literary stylists that Canada has produced"l6.And interpretation began with recognition of therelevance of the real world to Atwood's fictional worlds.In
宣称“没有什么能削弱玛格丽特·阿特维德作为加拿大培养的最有成就的文学文体家之一的地位”l6。解释 始于认识到现实世界与阿特伍德的虚构世界的相关性。在

1986,Margaret Laurence claimed that Atwood 's novel,The Handmaid s Tale,dealt with such important themes as"the nature of reality,"citing the narrator's questions about"what is real and where can she find some core reality within herself?*17 Laurence's vie w says as much about her own mission as a writer as it does about The Handmaids Tale,sinee the conviction that Atwood's narrator is searching for a"core
1986 年，玛格丽特·劳伦斯 （Margaret Laurence） 声称阿特伍德的小说《使女的故事》涉及“现实的本质”等重要主题，并引用了叙述者关于“什么是真实以及她在哪里可以找到自己内心的一些核心现实”的问题。17 劳伦斯的view也说明了她自己的作为作家的使命，就像它对《使女的故事》所做的那样，坚信阿特伍德的叙述者正在寻找一个“核心”

reality within herself³implies that such a thing exists and that she has hoped that it would be found.Appreciation of Atwood's depiction of ordinary people dealing with conflicts that are rooted in the real world connects her work to the dominant issues of
她内心的现实意味着这样的东西存在，她希望它能被找到。阿特伍德对普通人处理植根于现实世界的冲突的描绘的赞赏将她的作品与以下主要问题联系起来

the day.Atwood's protagonists were as often seen as supporting stances taken by the contemporary Women's Liberation Movement that in some circles her novels were thought to lend themselves to propaganda as"a kind of journalistic reduction to a crusading work for the rights of women"18 Atwood offered explanations of what being Canadian meant to ordinary readers who were struggling with these issues in
那一天。阿特伍德的主人公经常被视为支持当代妇女解放运动所采取的立场，以至于在某些圈子里，她的小说被认为适合于宣传，是“一种新闻简化为妇女权利的十字军东征工作”18。阿特伍德解释了加拿大人对普通读者的意义谁正在努力解决这些问题

the social world.In this century,the world is altering form day to day, so women's
社交世界。在这个世纪，世界每天都在改变着形态，因此女性的

role is constantly changing Many women have proved awkward in adapting
角色不断变化许多女性在适应方面被证明是尴尬的

themselves to their new roles and positions,and thus come across various identity crises.Atwood describes the socialproblem of female identity in her novels,initiating dramatic scenes and keen insights.It provides a specific deseription and analysis on a
自己到新的角色与位置，也因此遭遇各种身份危机。阿特伍德在她的小说中描述了女性身份的社会问题，开创了戏剧性的场景和敏锐的洞察力。它提供了对

specificaspect of this problem The characters and plots were often perceived and
这个问题的具体方面人物和情节经常被感知和

appreciated for basic conventions of realism.Not only were characters understood as symbols against recognizable social forces,but also these characters were ordinary people with whom readers identified.By using contemporary theory,moreover, critics show how Atwood deals with the concept of female space,as well as the spaceofthe female body itself and consider Atwood's representation ofthe female appetite,taking
因现实主义的基本惯例而受到赞赏。不仅人物被理解为反对可识别的社会力量的象征，而且这些人物也是读者所认同的普通人。此外，通过使用现代理论，批评家展示了阿特伍德如何处理女性空间的概念，以及女性身体本身的空间，并考虑了阿特伍德对女性食欲的表现，采取了

¹⁶ Clery,Val.“APlea for the Victim:Surfacing"Rev.of Surfacing Books in Canada 1.12 45-46.
¹⁶克莱里，瓦尔。APleafortheVictim：Surfaceacing“Rev.ofSurfacingBooksinCanada1.1245-46.

¹⁷ Margaret Laurence,The Undeclared War Against Women³(New York:Crown Publishers,lne.,1991).
¹⁷玛格丽特·劳伦斯，《对妇女的不宣而战》³（纽约：皇冠出版社，1991 年）。

¹⁸ Jonas,George.“AChoice of Predators.³Rev.of The Handmaids Tale.The Tamarack Review 54:75-77.
¹⁸乔纳斯，乔治。AChoiceofPredators.³Rev.ofTheHandmaidsTale.TheTamarackReview54：75-77.

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into account its relationship to power and identity.There fore,this paper will analyze the extent to which Atwood's fiction might dismantle eulturally-encoded concepts of feminist and propose a use ful corrective to traditional readings of the female identity
考虑到它与权力和身份的关系。因此，本文将分析阿特伍德的小说在多大程度上可以瓦解女性主义的文化编码概念 ，并提出对女性身份的传统解读的有益纠正

in which the re-embodiment of the self is equated to a re-embodiment ofculture.
其中，自我的再体现等同于文化的再体现。

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Chapter Two Embodiment of Feminism in
第二章女权主义的体现

The Handmaid's Tale
使女的故事

Feminist Politics and Popular Fiction
女权主义政治与通俗小说

It would not be an exaggeration to say that womens liberation as a leaderless
毫不夸张地说，妇女解放是无领导的

amalgam of dispersed groups and practices was held together not by
分散的群体和实践的混合体不是由