沉浸式翻译
"Unified Field Theory"
2024.7.1
7th edition
Author: Zhang Xiangqian
Chapter 1, Unified Field Theory
Chapter 2: Revealing the mystery of the nature of gravity
Chapter 3: Revealing the mystery of the nature of electric charge and electromagnetic field
Chapter 4, Zhang Xiangqian’s mathematical theory
Chapter 5, a concise version of Zhang Xiangqian’s unified field theory
Chapter 6: Revealing the Essence of Light
Chapter 7: Successful test of changing electromagnetic field to generate gravitational field (with theoretical derivation)
Chapter 8: Application report for research and development of artificial field scanning technology
Chapter 1, Unified Field Theory
About the Author:
Zhang Xiangqian is from Lujiang County, Anhui Province, China, male, farmer, junior high school level, born in 1967.
In the summer of 1985, I contacted extraterrestrial civilizations and learned from them the essential mysteries of the universe, time, space, mass, charge, field, light speed, momentum, energy, force, motion...
Obtained the grand unified equation of the universe, wrote the four forces of the universe in one equation, and obtained the core secrets of the universe, the unified field theory, the universe space information field theory, the secrets of light-speed flying saucers, artificial field scanning technology, etc.
For the first time in the world, it was discovered experimentally that changing electromagnetic fields produce gravitational fields.
Now living in Erlongxin Street, Tongda Town, Lujiang County, he makes a living by welding and repairing bicycles. He studies and promotes unified field theory theory and artificial field scanning technology in his spare time.
I welcome collaboration between polytechnics and research institutions.
The author’s phone number and WeChat address are 18714815159
Email zzqq2100@163.com
Table of contents:
Foreword.
1. The composition of the universe and the basic principles of unified field theory
2. Definition of matter
3. The falsity of the physical world
4. How do physical concepts arise?
5. Basic physical concepts and derived physical concepts
6. Classification of basic physical concepts
7. How to describe the movement of space itself
8. Why do objects and space in the universe move?
9. The law of spiral motion
10. Parallel principle
11. Geometric symmetry is equivalent to physical conservation
12. Continuity and discontinuity of space
Thirteen, the description of motion cannot be separated from the observer
14. Why is space three-dimensional?
Fifteen, space can store unlimited information
16. Basic assumptions of unified field theory
17. The physical definition of time
18. Space-time identity equation
19. Spiral space-time wave equation
Twenty, understand the nature of the speed of light
21. Explain the constant speed of light in Lorenz transformation
Twenty-two, the general definition of the four major fields in the universe
Twenty-three, the defining equations of gravitational field and mass
Twenty-four, unified field theory momentum formula
25. Unified field theory dynamic equations
Twenty-six, explain Newton’s three major theorems
Twenty-seven, prove that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass
Twenty-eight, explain the nature of gravity
Twenty-nine, gravitational field and space-time wave equation
30. Definition equations of charge and electric field
Thirty-one, velocity multiplied by the rate of change of mass with time is the electromagnetic field force
Thirty-two, the defining equation of nuclear force field
Thirty-three, the definition equation of magnetic field
Thirty-four, derivation of Maxwell’s equations
Thirty-five, the gravitational field that changes with time produces an electric field
36. Changes in the gravitational field of an object moving in a straight line at a uniform speed produce an electric field
Thirty-seven, the magnetic field of moving charges produces a gravitational field
38. Experimental conditions of gravitational field generated by changing electromagnetic field
Thirty-nine, unified field theory energy equation
Forty, photon model
Appendix: Main Applications of Unified Field Theory
Preface
The unified field theory was first proposed by Einstein. He spent more than 40 years hoping to unify the electromagnetic field and the gravitational field, but failed.
Human beings have discovered that there are four different forms of forces in nature: weak force, electromagnetic field force, universal gravitation, and nuclear force. Among them, electric field force and magnetic field force have been unified by human beings. Nuclear force is currently very imperfectly understood by human beings. In the eyes of mainstream scientists, the weak force is It is also unified in the electromagnetic field force.
This article believes that electric field force and magnetic field force are not the same force. The weak force is the resultant force of electromagnetic field force and nuclear force, not a fundamental force.
The unification of electric field force, magnetic field force, universal gravitation and nuclear force discussed in this article is simply to write the electric field force, magnetic field force, universal gravitation and nuclear force in one mathematical formula, and to use mathematical formulas to write out the electric field, magnetic field and universal gravitation field. The relationship between [gravitational field] and nuclear force field.
Since the unified field theory involves time, space, motion, force, light speed, speed, mass, charge, energy, momentum...these are the essential issues of physics, the completion of the unified field theory is of great significance to mankind, but it is also extremely important. Great difficulty.
Notice:
In this article, unless otherwise noted, capital letters are vectors.
This article only describes the simplest and most basic movement of particles in a vacuum, and does not describe the movement of shaped objects in media.
The concept of mass point that appears in this article is that in order to conveniently describe the movement of object particles, we idealize the object and regard it as a point, regardless of the shape and line length of the object particles. It is meaningless to discuss the volume and geometric length of the particle in this article because it violates our convention.
The unified field theory attributes all the properties of the particle to the movement of the particle in space or the movement of the space itself around the particle. It is meaningless to discuss the internal conditions of the particle.
The unified field theory mainly describes the movement of the space itself around the object [or particle], so the unified field theory can also be called spatial kinematics.
The basic assumption of the unified field theory is that the speed of light moves divergently in the space around an object. Based on this assumption, the explanation, modification, expansion, and in-depth understanding of Newtonian mechanics, relativity, and Maxwell's equations are launched.
The core idea of the unified field theory is that the existence of the physical world is false, and all physical phenomena are just human descriptions!
This idea must be carefully understood, otherwise the unified field theory cannot be understood.
The "vertical principle" of the article is difficult to understand, so you should pay attention to this when reading.
The composition of the universe and the basic principles of unified field theory
The universe is composed of objects and the space around them, and there is no third thing that coexists with them.
All physical phenomena and physical concepts are descriptions of the movement of objects in space and the movement of space around the objects by our observers.
Without the description of our observers, only the objects and space that really exist in the universe, and the rest would not exist. The rest are the results of our observers’ description of the objects and space.
The universe we see and feel before our eyes is false, and the real universe that exists behind it is composed of objects and space.
Space and objects do not exist and are composed of a more basic thing. Space and objects cannot be transformed into each other. The universe is dualistic, not unidimensional.
The human brain describes objects and spaces in the universe in different ways, giving birth to the geometric world and the physical world.
When we describe the movement of objects and space, the physical world is born; when we describe the size, quantity, direction, and structure of objects and space, the geometric world is born.
The physical world is mainly processed by people based on their own feelings, while the geometric world is mainly processed by people based on their own rationality.
The physical world is described by our observers, and the geometric world is also described by our observers. Without our observers, there is neither a physical world nor a geometric world. The only things that exist are objects and space.
The main differences between the physical world and the geometric world are:
Physics mainly describes motion, or the phenomena that occur due to motion.
The geometric world is the primary and simple processing of objects and spaces in the universe by the human brain; physics is the deep and complex processing of objects and spaces in the universe by the human brain, especially when it comes to the description and processing of motion.
Compared with physics, the scope of geometric description is wider, and the geometric world is closer to the origin of the universe.
We know that mathematics includes geometry. In fact, mathematics also includes physics. We can also think that physics is just the part of mathematics that describes motion.
As for why the universe is composed of objects and space, why can't objects and space transform into each other?
Unified field theory cannot answer these questions. Unified field theory only identifies this fact and uses this fact as the theoretical basis to carry out reasoning.
The main task of the unified field theory is to explain time, displacement, mass, charge, gravitational field, electric field, magnetic field, nuclear force field, energy, speed of light, speed, momentum, gravity, electromagnetic force, nuclear force, motion...
The nature of these basic physical concepts, and the relationships between them.
2. Definition of matter
Things that exist objectively independent of our observers are matter.
In the universe, only objects and spaces exist truly and independently without relying on observers. Therefore, matter is composed of objects and spaces. Except for objects and spaces, everything else is just human description and does not exist apart from our observers.
For example, a tree or a river in front of us are "things", and the growth of the tree and the flow of the river are "things".
In the universe, objects and space are "things", and the rest, such as time, displacement, mass, charge, field, energy, speed of light, speed, momentum, force, temperature, sound... are all "things" and are relative to "things" A property described by our observers when they move.
This basic principle denies that energy and time are part of matter, and denies that field is a special kind of matter.
Fields are either effects caused by the motion of matter particles or effects caused by motion in space.
The unified field theory determines that the essence of the field is the effect caused by the changing space.
Starting from the basic principles of unified field theory, we can also infer that dark matter, dark energy, God particles, gravitons, ether, strings and membranes in string theory... all do not exist and are all fabricated by people.
The space of the universe is infinite, and the objects in the universe are also infinite. Time is just a description of how people feel about space movement. Time is a physical quantity described by the observer.
As long as there are observers, the time of the universe exists.
The universe has neither beginning nor end. The space and age of the universe are infinite. The Big Bang theory can only adapt to local areas of the universe. It is wrong to say that the entire universe was created by the Big Bang.
3. The falsity of the physical world
Physics is born from the perception of objects and spatial movement by our observers, and then the description of it by the brain.
The existence of the physical world we see and feel before our eyes is false and does not exist apart from our observers. What really exists is the geometric world behind it composed of objects and space.
The geometric world is closer to the origin of the universe, and the physical world is mainly the description and processing of the geometric world by the brains of our observers.
4. How do physical concepts arise?
It is meaningless to discuss how objects and space are created and how they originate, because objects and space are the most basic things that make up the universe, and objects and space cannot be made of more basic things.
Objects can be transformed from one form to another, but they will not appear or disappear without reason.
Objects and space have always existed, just like the universe has always existed. It is meaningless to discuss how the universe came into being and the origin of the universe.
We cannot use a more basic thing to define objects and space, because there is nothing more basic than objects and space. However, we can use objects and spaces to define other physical concepts.
All phenomena and physical concepts in physics essentially come from the sensations of objects and spatial movement. Physical concepts are the result of the human brain processing these sensations.
Except for objects and space, all other physical concepts, such as time, field, mass, charge, speed of light, force, momentum, energy... are the movement of objects in space, or the movement of the space itself around the object, relative to our observers The properties displayed are all formed by motion and are therefore related to displacement.
It can be considered that time, field, mass, charge, speed of light, force, momentum, energy... are all functions of spatial displacement, and we can all express them in terms of spatial displacement.
Among physical concepts, physical concepts such as sound, color, force, and temperature are formed when the movement of objects in space touches our observers and causes our observers to feel, and we observers analyze and summarize these feelings.
However, field and time are a bit special. Field is the effect of spatial motion around an object, and time is the sensation caused by our observation of spatial motion around the body.
5. Basic physical concepts and derived physical concepts
Some physical concepts are basic, and some physical concepts are derived from these basic concepts. For example, time and displacement are basic, and velocity is derived from time and displacement.
Is there any more fundamental physical concept than displacement and time?
Since the universe is composed of two things, object and space, object and space are the most basic physical concepts and the basic bricks that constitute the universe building. They cannot be defined, while other physical concepts can be defined by objects and space. .
Below is a schematic diagram representing these physics concepts from advanced to basic to low level.
Object [or particle], space → time, displacement, field → speed, speed of light → mass, charge → momentum → force → energy, work → temperature, light, sound, color, etc.
6. Classification of basic physical concepts
Basic physical quantities are divided into two categories, one is scalar, and the other is vector. Scalar quantities can be represented by numbers, while vectors can be represented by numbers plus direction.
Scalars can be divided into positive and negative scalars and purely positive scalars without distinction between positive and negative. For example, a positive charge is a positive scalar, and a negative charge is a negative scalar.
7. How to describe the movement of space itself
Unified field theory believes that space itself is moving all the time. Modern physics describes the movement of objects in space. So how do we describe the movement of space itself qualitatively and quantitatively?
We divide space into many small pieces, and each small piece is called a spatial geometric point, referred to as a geometric point, or a space point. The route along which a space point moves is called a space line. By describing the movement of these space points, the movement of space itself can be described.
The mathematical methods of fluid mechanics and wave equations are also suitable for describing the movement of space itself. In fact, we regard space as a special medium similar to fluid.
The unified field theory also confirms that space exists objectively. The existence of space does not depend on the feelings of our observers. If there are no people, space will still exist. However, if there are no people, time will not exist.
8. Why do objects and space in the universe move?
Physics is our description of the geometric world [composed of objects and space]. Therefore, for any physical phenomenon, we can always find a corresponding geometric state.
The state of motion we describe in physics is equivalent to the vertical state in geometry. If we don't describe it, the state of motion is actually the vertical state in geometry.
Note that part of this is reasoning, because the state of motion always has a corresponding geometric state. As for what geometric state corresponds to the state of motion, this requires assumptions.
In unified field theory, the vertical principle is used to explain why objects and space move. The vertical principle is expressed as follows:
Relative to our observers, any object in the universe can draw up to three mutually perpendicular straight lines at any point in the surrounding space. This is called the three-dimensional vertical state of space.
Any spatial point in this vertical state must move relative to our observer, and the changing direction of movement and trajectory can reconstitute a vertical state.
The above can be called a qualitative description of the vertical principle. In the future, we will also need to prove the quantitative description of the vertical principle.
Movement with constantly changing directions must be curved motion, and circular motion can have up to two mutually perpendicular tangents.
Since space is three-dimensional, at any point along its motion trajectory, three mutually perpendicular tangent lines must be drawn, so linear motion must be superimposed in the vertical direction of the circular motion plane.
A reasonable view is that points in space move in a cylindrical spiral [which is the combination of rotational motion and linear motion perpendicular to the plane of rotation].
Objects exist in space, and the location of the object will move due to the influence of the movement of space itself.
This is the explanation for why all objects in the universe move.
We think that the reason why objects move is due to force, which is only a superficial understanding. The reason behind the movement of all objects in the universe is caused by the movement of space itself. In turn, we can use spatial motion to explain the nature of force.
Objects can affect the surrounding space, and then affect the objects existing in the space, so that objects can interact through space without any special medium to transmit the interaction force.
We must realize that the movement of the space around an object is caused by the object. The object exists in the space and can have an impact on the surrounding space. The degree of this impact can be measured by the degree of movement of the surrounding space.
An object exists in space, affects the surrounding space, and causes movement in the surrounding space. The movement of the space will inevitably affect the position of other objects existing in the space, causing the position of this object to change, or have a tendency to change.
All interactions between objects, including gravitation, electric field force, magnetic field force, and nuclear force, are essentially carried out through the movement of space itself. Objects transmit forces to each other through the changing space of motion.
Space exists objectively and does not depend on our observers. We can also think of space as a special medium.
Does the object cause the movement in space, or does the movement in space cause the movement of the object? This can only be said to be cause and effect, regardless of priority. Objects and space are closely connected.
We should note that the description of motion in space has the same points as our description of the motion of ordinary objects, but also has differences.
The spatial motion described by the unified field theory refers to the space around the object. If there are no objects, it is meaningless to simply describe the motion of the space.
Because describing motion requires determining the starting moment of time and the spatial position of the initial state, pure space cannot determine the starting moment and the spatial position of the initial state.
Determining the starting moment of time and the spatial position of the initial state requires joint determination by the object and our observers.
The movement of space itself originates from objects and ends with objects. Without objects or observers, it is meaningless to describe the movement of pure space.
The vertical principle is one of the core secrets of the universe and is closely related to spiral motion. Faraday's electromagnetic induction principle in physics is also related to the vertical principle.
Vector cross products and curls in mathematics are also related to the vertical principle. However, the argument is too complicated and is omitted here.
9. The law of spiral motion
Everything in the universe, as small as electrons, photons, and protons, as large as the earth, the moon, the sun, the Milky Way... all the particles that exist freely in space, without exception, move in a spiral, including the space itself, which also moves in a cylinder. Moving in a spiral shape.
The law of spiral motion is one of the core laws of the universe. Everything in the universe seems to be moving over and over again, but it is not closed.
The vector cross product in mathematics is related to the spiral law. However, the argument is too complicated and is omitted here.
10. Parallel principle
The parallel state described in physics corresponds to the proportional property in mathematics.
If two physical quantities can be represented by line segments and are parallel to each other, they must be directly proportional.
The vector dot product in mathematics is closely related to this.
11. Geometric symmetry is equivalent to physical conservation
Conservation properties described in physics are equivalent to symmetries in geometry.
A conserved physical quantity, if it can be represented by a line segment, is line symmetric in geometric coordinates; if it can be represented by area, it is plane symmetric in geometric coordinates; if it can be represented by volume, it is stereosymmetric in geometric coordinates. of.
12. Continuity and discontinuity of space
When we humans come into contact with space and understand space, we all think that space is continuous. Many of our mathematical systems for humans dealing with space assume that space is continuous.
However, in some cases, space can appear to be discontinuous. For example, if an object moves relative to our observer at the speed of light, the length of space along the direction of motion shortens to zero, and the space in which the object is located can appear discontinuous relative to our observer. This is the fundamental reason for quantum entanglement in quantum mechanics.
This is related to the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, but this is another vast research field that will take many years and many people to figure it out, so it will not be discussed in detail here.
Thirteen, the description of motion cannot be separated from the observer
The theory of relativity holds that many physical concepts such as time, displacement, electric field, magnetic field, force, and mass are relative. For different observers measuring relative motion, there may be different values. The word "relative" is extended to mean that it is relative to the observer.
Because time, displacement, speed, force, mass, energy...these physical concepts come from the movement of an object [relative to our observer] or the movement of the space itself around the object.
Therefore, it is meaningless to describe motion without our observer, or without specifying the observer. Time, displacement, speed, force, mass, energy... many physical concepts lose their meaning.
At first glance, the above view seems to be a kind of idealism. However, idealism believes that once there are no observers and no one, everything is gone. This is also wrong.
The correct view should be this:
All movements in the universe are relative to our observers. Once there is no observer, the scene of the universe is like a freeze-frame shot of a camera, rather than non-existence.
The state of motion in physics is a vertical state from a geometric point of view. Behind the two phenomena, they are the same phenomenon. It is because we observers look at them from different angles [that is, from a physical point of view and a geometric point of view] that different phenomena appear. the result of.
The state of motion is the result of us constantly affirming, denying, affirming, denying, affirming, denying... the position of an object in space.
Some people believe that everything in the universe was still moving before humans existed, so the existence of motion has nothing to do with humans.
In fact, the phrase "before human beings" is a wrong sentence. Without human beings, there is no such thing as before human beings.
The three words "no one" means that people have been excluded. Since you have excluded people, you can no longer use people to define before or after.
Before or after are all defined by people. Without us people, where would the front and back, up and down, left and right, east, west, north and south come from?
Note that the motion described in physics must have three things: space, object [or particle], and observer. Otherwise, the motion will lose its meaning.
Describing changes in time is a bit special. The observer and the object are actually the same thing - our human body.
Human beings' understanding of motion has a developmental process. Newtonian mechanics believes that to describe the motion of an object, one must find a reference object that is considered stationary. As a reference object, the description of motion emphasizes the object's movement in space during a certain period of time. The distance traveled.
Newtonian mechanics holds that the measurement of time and space length has nothing to do with the movement of the observer.
The theory of relativity inherits the basic views of Newtonian mechanics, but the theory of relativity emphasizes that different observers may measure different values of space, time and other physical quantities.
The theory of relativity holds that the measurement of time and space length is related to the speed of movement of the observer. At low speeds, the relationship is not obvious, but when it is close to the speed of light, it is particularly obvious.
Unified field theory believes that describing motion must be relative to a certain observer. Without an observer, or without specifying that observer, it is meaningless to describe motion.
The physical state of motion is described by us, and the state of rest is also described by us. Without us as observers, there would be no state of motion and no state of rest. The universe would only be left with objects and space.
Without an observer, or without specifying which observer, it is impossible to determine whether objects and space are in a state of motion or rest. It is meaningless to discuss motion or rest.
Choosing a reference to describe movement is sometimes unreliable.
The unified field theory believes that time is formed by the movement of the observer in space, and it must be related to the movement of the observer. That is to say, the measurement of time is related to the observer. The time experienced by the same thing will be different for observers moving with each other. There may be different results.
Since space itself is moving all the time, spatial displacement is also related to the movement of the observer, and different observers may have different results.
The unified field theory, like the theory of relativity, emphasizes that your time and space, and my time and space, are different and cannot be confused when you and I are moving with each other.
14. Why is space three-dimensional?
We know that up to three mutually perpendicular directed straight lines can be drawn along any point in space, which is called a three-dimensional space. Why does it happen to be three, not two, or four?
This reason is caused by the movement of space. If the space moves in a straight line, it produces a one-dimensional space. If the space moves in a curve, it produces a two-dimensional space. The real situation is that the space moves in a cylindrical spiral, so what is produced is a three-dimensional space. .
The reason why space is three-dimensional is that space moves in a cylindrical spiral at all times.
Since the three directions of space are equal, no direction is special. When space moves, it must move in all three directions. Coupled with the continuity of movement, space can only move in a cylindrical spiral. .
In other words, space moves in a cylindrical spiral to form a three-dimensional space. These two statements are causal to each other.
The space we live in is a right-handed spiral space, that is, the thumb of the right hand points in the direction of linear movement in space, and the direction in which the four fingers of the right hand circle is the direction of circular movement in space.
As for whether there is a left-handed spiral space in the universe, the logical analysis is: assuming that a left-handed spiral space exists, it will be repelled by the universal right-handed spiral space. After hundreds of millions of years, it will be repelled to the infinity of the universe. That means there is, We can't find it either.
Two right-handed spiral spaces [facing us as observers, both rotating counterclockwise] collide with each other. The spaces where the rotations touch each other will decrease, showing mutual attraction. When the left-handed spiral space and the right-handed spiral space meet, they will repel each other.
Later, we also pointed out that the space around positive and negative charges is a right-handed helix.
However, this issue still needs to be explored in theory and practice. It is not ruled out that humans can artificially create a left-handed spiral space in the future.
Fifteen, space can store unlimited information
Definition of information: Information is the form of movement of matter [composed of objects and space].
The amount of information can be expressed in terms of possibilities. The more possibilities, the greater the amount of information.
The objects we know are divided into "things" and "things", and information belongs to things.
The amount of information stored or carried by any object particle in the universe is always limited.
Any space in the universe can store all the past, present, and future information of the entire universe. In other words, any piece of space can store unlimited information.
In other words: infinite amounts of information can be stored in any limited space area of the universe.
The reason behind this is: space can be infinitely continuous and infinitely divisible.
It can also be proven logically:
The space around an object radiates in all directions at the speed of light, bringing all the information about the object to the surrounding space.
Due to the three-dimensional space moving at the speed of light, the length of the space along the direction of motion shortens to zero due to the speed of light and becomes a two-dimensional space.
Therefore, the speed of light movement in space can bring all the information of an object to any space in the universe in an instant, rather than spreading step by step at the speed of light as everyone thinks.
The universe has only two-dimensional space and three-dimensional space. There is no one-dimensional space and four-dimensional and above-four-dimensional space.
Since the two-dimensional space has zero volume and can maintain zero distance from any three-dimensional space in the universe, the information stored in the two-dimensional space can permeate any three-dimensional space in the universe.
Conversely, we can also say that any three-dimensional space in the universe contains all the past, present, and future information of the entire universe.
Why is future information also included?
Because time is the feeling of our observers. Without us observers, time does not exist. All the information in the universe hundreds of millions of years ago and billions of years later can be overlapped at a point in space.
In addition to the infinity of time and space, the universe also contains the infinity of information.
The infinite nature of the information contained in the universe can be described in another sentence:
The universe contains infinite possibilities, and the repeated evolution of the universe must express all possibilities, and it must be expressed repeatedly and infinitely.
Information that occurs in a three-dimensional space can be stored in a two-dimensional surface space. For strict proof, Gauss' theorem in field theory can be used.
The information generated in the two-dimensional curved space can be stored in the one-dimensional linear space. For strict proof, Stokes' theorem in field theory can be used.
We need to pay attention to:
The generation of information requires the participation of object particles, which must be completely excluded. Pure space cannot produce information, but it can spread, store and believe it. Information requires description by an observer; without an observer, information does not exist.
16. Basic assumptions of unified field theory
When any object in the universe [including the body of our observer] is at rest relative to our observer, the surrounding space is centered on the object and spirals in a cylindrical shape [a combination of uniform rotational motion and uniform linear motion in the vertical direction of the rotation plane] , with the vector speed of light C [Unified field theory believes that the speed of light can be a vector, represented by the capital letter C (quantity or module, or scalar is c, c remains unchanged), the direction of the vector speed of light C can change] divergent movement in all directions.
The motion in the space around the object in the picture above spreads out in a cylindrical spiral.
The above said that the Big Bang theory of the universe is wrong. The universe has no beginning and no end. The universe has always existed.
The strong evidence for the modern Big Bang theory of the universe is - how is space expanding relative to any observer?
The real reason for the expansion of space is that any object in the universe, including any observer, the surrounding space moves divergently in a cylindrical spiral with the object as the center, at the speed of light, and the stars in the space also move away from our observer.
Then why don't the moon and the sun move away from us observers at the speed of light?
There is another constraint here, which is related to the initial state of motion of objects and planets.
For example, the earth remains stationary with us observers from the beginning, and the moon remains close to stationary with us [compared to the speed of light]. Only very distant planets, which have little relevance to us observers, are moving away from us very quickly.
17. The physical definition of time
The basic principle of unified field theory points out that all physical concepts come from the description of motion by our observers.
There are two most basic forms of motion in the universe, one is the motion of objects in space, and the other is the motion of the space itself around the object.
The most basic physical concept comes from the movement of an object in space or the movement of the space around an object, giving us a feeling as an observer. We observers analyze, describe, and summarize these feelings to form physical concepts.
We feel that time is passing all the time in our lives, and time can also be thought of as something
The movement of the body in space or the movement of the surrounding space gives us a feeling.
So what is it about movement that gives us the sense of time?
We send a person in a spaceship to an area of space tens of billions of light years away. After dropping the person off, the spacecraft immediately flies back.
Other planets in this space area are very, very far away. It can be imagined that this person still has a sense of time.
What is it that is moving that gives this person a sense of time? In this case, there is only the person's body and the surrounding space. Moreover, a person sees his or her body as still, and the only thing that moves is the space around the person.
The correct and reasonable view is:
Time is how we observers feel about the movement of space around our bodies.
Combining the above basic assumptions of unified field theory - all objects in the universe and the surrounding space move divergently in a cylindrical spiral at the speed of light, we can give a physical definition of time:
The space around any object in the universe (including the body of our observer) moves radially around the object in a cylindrical spiral with the object as the center and at the vector light speed C. This movement in space gives us the observer the feeling of time.
Some people believe that there was still time in the universe before humans existed. Therefore, it is wrong to think that time is a human feeling.
In fact, the sentence "before there were humans" is a wrong sentence. Without humans, how could there be a time before humans?
This logical error is: in the first step, you have excluded people from the four words "without people", and in the second step, you use people to define "before". Since you have excluded people, you can no longer use people to define it. .
Without us, where would the front and back, sequence, up and down, left and right, east, west, north and south come from?
"Time" is a physical concept born from a person's description of how the movement of the space around his body feels.
18. Space-time identity equation
The above physical definition of time also defines the speed of light. In the unified field theory, time, space, and the speed of light are bundled together. The speed of light reflects the identity of space and time, that is, the essence of time is how we describe the speed of light movement in space.
We extend the speed of light to a vector. The direction of the vector light speed C [modulo c] can change with time t, the speed of the light source, and the movement speed of the observer.
C = scalar speed of light c times unit vector N.
The scalar light speed c does not change with time t, the movement speed of the observer, or the movement speed of the light source.
From the above physical definition of time, it can be considered that:
Time is proportional to the distance traveled by space around the observer at the speed of light.
With the help of the concept of space point, it can be considered that:
Time is the feeling given to us by the many space points around our observer moving in a cylindrical spiral with the observer as the center and diverging in all directions at the vector speed of light C.
The time t experienced by a space point p at zero time from where our observer is at the vector light speed C is proportional to the distance traveled R.
This leads to the space-time identity equation:
R(t) = Ct = xi+ yj + zk
i, j, k are unit vectors along the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis respectively. The scalar form is:
r² = c²t²= x² + y² + z²
These two equations can be considered as space-time identity equations, corresponding to the relativistic space-time relativity equation, reflecting that space and time have the same origin. It can also be said that time can be represented by spatial displacement at the speed of light.
What we need to pay attention to is that not only time, but also basic physical concepts such as mass, charge, field, momentum, force, energy... these basic physical concepts, as well as all physical concepts, are caused by and composed of spatial displacement. Trace back We will find that the essence of these physical concepts can ultimately be reduced and decomposed into spatial displacement.
This is also the essence of physics - physics is just a subject that describes motion, and all motion is composed of spatial displacement.
19. Three-dimensional cylindrical spiral space-time equation
As mentioned above: All objects [or particles] in the universe, including space itself, move in a cylindrical spiral. The law of spiral motion is one of the most basic laws of the universe.
The unified field theory believes that the space around the object itself also moves in a cylindrical spiral.
Next, we will establish the three-dimensional cylindrical spiral space-time equation in the unified field theory to replace the four-dimensional space-time equation in the theory of relativity.
Imagine that there is a particle point o in a certain space area, which is stationary relative to our observer. We use point o as the origin to establish a three-dimensional Cartesian rectangular coordinate system x, y, z.
At time t'= 0, we examine any space point p in the space around object point o, and we use x for its position. ,y. ,z. To express, we use R as the spatial displacement loss from point o to point p [abbreviated as position vector]. To represent.
After the movement of point p for a period of time t, it reaches the subsequent positions x, y, z of point p at time t". That is, the spatial position coordinates of point p at time t" are x, y, z,
The spatial displacement from point o to point p [abbreviated as position vector] is represented by R.
In cylindrical spiral motion, it can be decomposed into rotational motion vector and linear motion vector. Note that displacement cannot be confused with linear motion. Displacement can be regarded as the synthesis of rotational motion vector and linear motion vector.
According to the above vertical principle, R changes with the change of spatial position x, y, z and time t, so there is:
R(t) =(x,y,z)
The specific relationship between R(t) and (x, y, z) is given, which is the above space-time identification equation:
R(t) = R. + Ct = (x.+x) i+ (y.+y) j + (z.+z) k
This equation can sometimes be abbreviated as:
R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j + z k
Scalar form: r² = c²t² = x²+ y²+ z²
r is the number of vectors R.
The above equation also appears in the theory of relativity, which is considered to be a four-dimensional space-time distance. The real situation is that the essence of time is our description of space moving at the speed of light. If any one dimension in a three-dimensional space moves at the speed of light, we can think of it as time.
The existence of space is basic, but time is not. Without human observer, time does not exist, but space still exists.
Since time is our observer's description of space moving at the speed of light, the amount of time is equivalent to the spatial displacement of the speed of light.
The theory of relativity obviously does not realize this. The theory of relativity does not know the nature of time. It regards time as another dimension equal to space and ranks it as a four-dimensional space-time alongside the three-dimensional space.
The theory of relativity does not realize that space is basic and real, and it still exists apart from our observers. Time is described by humans. The existence of time is false, and it does not exist apart from our observers.
The understanding in this regard is obviously that the theory of relativity is flawed.
If point p rotates at an angular velocity ω on the x and y planes and moves linearly at a uniform speed h on the z axis, and the projection length of R on the x and y planes is r, then there is:
x = x. + r cosωt
y = y. + r sinωt
z = z. + h t
The above can also be expressed by the following vector equation,
R=R. +Ct
= （x。+ r cosωt）i+ （y。+ r sinωt ） j +（z。+ h t ） k
The above can be called a three-dimensional spiral space-time equation.
Sometimes this equation can be simplified to:
R = r cosωt i+ r sinωt j + h t k
The unified field theory believes that all mysteries of the universe are determined by the above equations, ranging from the Milky Way and planets to the movement of electrons, protons and neutrons, as well as why objects have mass and charge, all the way to human thinking, etc. ..., are all related to this equation.
In the three-dimensional spiral space-time equation, what is the relationship between rotational motion and linear motion?
The spatial rotational displacement vectors X, Y along the coordinates x and y axes and the spatial linear displacement vector Z along the coordinates z-axis should satisfy the following cross-product relationship:
X×Y=Z
Y×X=-Z
The above formulas X and Y are rotation amounts. If X×Y = Z represents a right-handed spiral relationship, then Y×X = - Z represents a left-handed spiral relationship.
The formulas X×Y = Z and Y×X= - Z reflect the connection between rotational motion and linear motion in space.
These two formulas are derived from the previous "parallel principle" and "perpendicular principle".
The "parallel principle" points out that if two physical quantities can be represented by line segments and are parallel to each other, they must be directly proportional.
The "vertical principle" states that the direction of a plane or curved surface is in its vertical direction.
The direction of circular motion is in the vertical direction of the circumferential plane, and the reason behind it is also the "vertical principle".
In the formula X×Y = Z, X×Y can be regarded as a vector area. The size of the area is equal to the number of
According to the parallel principle, the vector area X×Y is proportional to Z. Of course, under certain circumstances, the proportionality constant can also be set to 1, written as X×Y = Z.
For the above three-dimensional spiral space-time equation, we need to pay attention to the following points:
1. There are many space points around point o, and point p is just one of them. Mode:
R=R. +Ct
= （x。+ r cosωt）i+ （y。+ r sinωt ） j +（z。+ h t ） k
, does not mean that there is only one vector like R around point o, but that there are many vectors like this radially and evenly distributed around point o [when point o is stationary relative to us].
However, because the movements are synchronized with each other, no movement direction is opposite. Therefore, in the space around a single particle point, there are no two spirals intersecting in space.
2. Spirals originate from and end at mass points. They will not appear for no reason in a space without mass points.
When the object point o is stationary relative to our observer, the movement in the surrounding space is uniform, and the spiral the space point follows is continuous and will not be interrupted for no reason.
We also need to realize that the establishment and selection of coordinate axes are arbitrary. The coordinate axes are just a mathematical tool for us to describe space and will not affect the distribution of spirals and motion spaces.
3. The cylindrical spiral motion in space is the superposition of linear motion and rotational motion. It can also be considered that linear motion is a special case of r = 0 in the cylindrical spiral motion mentioned above.
The essence of the field is the effect of the cylindrical spiral motion of space. In field theory, divergence describes the linear motion part of the cylindrical spiral motion of space, and curl describes the rotational motion part.
4. What is described in the cylindrical spiral equation is: one endpoint of the space vector R does not move at point o of the object, and the other endpoint p draws a circle and moves in a straight line along the vertical direction of the circle plane. It cannot be understood as just point p. The point is drawing a spiral, but the space vector R is drawing a spiral.
5. The space point p at zero time may start from a plane passing through point o, not exactly from point o.
6. Spiral equation R =R. +Ct
= (x. + r cosωt) i + (y. + r sinωt ) j + (z. + h t ) k, if x and y are equal to zero, the space point moves in a straight line along the z axis, and the spiral equation cannot be considered in this case It is not suitable, but should be changed to the equation of linear motion.
The correct understanding should be that x and y approach zero, and the radius of rotation of the cylindrical spiral motion of point p approaches zero. And the spiral equation still applies.
Of course, there are also situations where x or y approaches infinity and z approaches zero.
These situations can be included in the spiral equation, which simplifies our understanding of the problem.
7. The vector speed of light is obtained by deriving the derivative of the spiral motion equation with respect to time. This cannot be understood as being obtained by simply deriving the derivative of the straight line part of the cylindrical spiral motion with respect to time, because this will result in super-light speed. It is obtained by taking the derivative of the position vector R [linear displacement plus rotational displacement] with respect to time t.
8. A space point corresponds to a spiral, and the spiral radius is between 0 and infinity. It is meaningless to ask how many meters the specific value is, just like it is meaningless to ask how many electric field lines there are around a charge.
9. When the particle o is stationary relative to our observer, the motion in the surrounding space is uniform, and the distribution of the spiral is uniform and continuous.
When point o moves relative to our observer, the uniformity of motion in the surrounding space is expected to be broken. When point o reaches the speed of light, the spiral is expected to be interrupted.
Twenty, understand the nature of the speed of light
1. The nature of the speed of light
With the in-depth development of physics, the importance of the concept of light speed has attracted more and more attention. The speed of light has become equally important as time, space, field, mass, charge, momentum, force, energy...these basic physical concepts.
When people mention the speed of light, they involuntarily think of luminescence. In fact, the speed of light can better reflect the essential laws of nature than the phenomenon of luminescence.
In the unified field theory, extending the speed of light into a vector is equivalent to broadening people's understanding of the speed of light. Unified field theory also has a deep understanding of the speed of light.
In the unified field theory, it is determined that the speed of light reflects the identity of space and time, that is, space is fundamental, and the movement of space forms time. Time is our observer's description of space moving at the speed of light.
The physical definition of time bundles space, time, and the speed of light. It uses motion space to define time and at the same time, it also defines the speed of light.
Time and space have the same origin, and it is the speed of light that connects them.
It is determined that the speed of light is a constant, and space and time are originally the same thing, which means that space is extended, time is extended accordingly, and space is shortened and time is shortened accordingly. This is the identity of space and time.
The above equation R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j + z k is the space-time identity equation.
Electrons in atoms live in a small space, move extremely fast, and have an extremely short period of movement. In the solar system, planets move in a large range of space with small speeds and long periods. Behind all this is the identity of space and time.
The space-time identity of the unified field theory and the space-time relativity of the relativity theory are contradictory on the surface, but they are essentially the same. The space-time identity equation is basic. From the space-time identity, the space-time relativity equation of the relativity theory can be derived. Later we will The derivation process will be given.
2. Explain the relativistic effects related to the speed of light
Let’s first talk about why the speed of light is the highest speed in the universe.
According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light is the highest speed in the universe. The theory of relativity is mainly based on mathematical formulas, because if the moving speed of an object exceeds the speed of light, some physical quantities will appear as imaginary numbers and lose their meaning.
In fact, it is very simple to logically deduce that the speed of light is the highest speed in the universe.
Imagine an alien spacecraft. Its length is 10 meters when it is stationary relative to us. When it moves relative to us at a certain speed, we find that the length of the spacecraft is shortened and becomes 5 meters. When the speed reaches the speed of light, when , shortened to zero.
If the spacecraft moves relative to us at super-light speed, and analyzed according to the changing trend, will it happen that the spacecraft is shorter than the length of zero? ——Apparently not.
The theory of relativity holds that if a clock is placed inside the spacecraft and we hold another clock in our hands, the two clocks will keep the same time when they are stationary.
As the spacecraft moves relative to us, the clock inside the spacecraft slows down relative to the clock in our hands.
An observer inside the spacecraft measures the time interval between two events that occur at the same location inside the spacecraft. From the outside of the spacecraft, we observers see that the time interval between these two events has lengthened.
When the spacecraft reaches the speed of light, from the perspective of our observers outside the spacecraft, the length of the spacecraft shortens to zero, and the clock inside the spacecraft runs very slowly, so slow that it freezes and stops moving.
There is an alien planet 50 light years away from us. The aliens drive a light-speed spacecraft to our earth. We think it will take 50 years for the spacecraft to reach our earth.
However, the aliens in the spacecraft believed that they had traveled an infinite distance in their zero seconds, so they reached our earth in an instant.
If there is super-light speed, according to the trend of motion, is there any faster motion than traveling an infinite distance without taking time? ——Apparently not.
The above involves the famous shrinkage and species slowness of the theory of relativity.
An object has zero length and zero volume. Logically, it does not exist if its volume is zero. Many people cannot accept this conclusion of the theory of relativity.
Some people think that this is an observer effect, caused by the observation of the observer.
Is the clock shrinkage really happening, or is it just an observer effect? In comparison, most people think it is the observer effect.
Many people think:
The slow effect of shrinkage is relative to an observer outside the spacecraft, and the actual size of the spacecraft does not change. When an object moves at close to the speed of light, it does not deform, but the light and electromagnetic waves it reflects change. To our observers, it appears that the object has deformed.
To put it simply, the clock does not slow down and the ruler does not shrink. Everything is just due to your observation and measurement.
However, some people think that shrinkage and slowness do not occur only when you observe it. If you do not observe it, you will not shrink or slow down. As long as there is relative motion speed, the clock slowdown has already happened.
Some people adopt a compromise solution and say that the "shrinking effect" is an observational effect and the "clock slowing effect" is an actual effect.
The unified field theory believes that ruler contraction and clock slowness are tied together, and there is no one that is an observer effect and the other is a real effect.
The unified field theory believes that the shrinkage of rulers and the slowness of clocks are both real effects and observer effects.
In the unified field theory, there is no absolute difference between the real effect and the observer effect, they are unified.
First of all, you cannot completely oppose the observer effect to the real effect. There is no essential difference between the two.
Why does the universe you see happen to look like that - because this is what your brain describes. The real universe only contains objects and spaces, and everything else is just the description and calculation processing of your brain.
In the unified field theory, space is formed by motion. Space is born from positive charges in space, diverging towards the surrounding space at the speed of light, and converging towards negative charges at the speed of light.
Spatial movement requires human description. The space you see is not static, but moving at the speed of light. This movement has definite meaning relative to our observers.
It is meaningless to talk about the movement of space without relating the movement of space to the observer.
The existence state of space is also the state of motion. The three-dimensional vertical state of space is caused by the cylindrical spiral movement of space at all times.
The geometric three-dimensional vertical state of space is equivalent to the physical motion state.
The motion state of space is the result of our description of the three-dimensional vertical state of space. Why does the space you see look like that? Exactly what you described.
The red you see, why is it red, because that's your description. Without our human description, there would be no red color in the universe.
Everything you see, the blue of the sky, the beauty of flowers and plants, are the result of processing and analysis of the electromagnetic wave signals obtained by the brain.
The reason why it is like that is exactly what your brain tells you after calculation.
What is the heat you feel? Heat is described by your brain. Without your brain's description, heat does not exist. The essence of heat is people's description of the degree of irregular movement of molecules.
The sound you feel also comes from your description. The difference between having sound and not having sound is that the positions of molecules in the air are different.
Sound is not actually a real thing. Without human description, sound does not exist.
Many people view the real effect and the observer effect as opposites - this is the thinking of ordinary people.
However, the core idea of the unified field theory is that the existence of the physical world is false. Except for the existence of objects and spaces in the universe, we cannot describe it. All other physical phenomena are just descriptions of us.
In the unified field theory, there is no absolute difference between the observer effect and the real effect.
We say that colors, sounds, and heat are all descriptions of people’s feelings. They are all observer effects. They are not real things. Some people can understand them carelessly now.
However, once it is said that the state of motion is also described by people [we need to note that the state of rest is also described by us, without us observers, there is no state of motion or rest in the universe], many people's thinking You can't adapt anymore.
Except for one situation where it is not the observer effect [that is, there are objects and spaces in the universe], everything else in the universe is the observer effect, which is described by our observers, including the state of motion and the state of rest.
Why is the existence of objects and space not an observer effect?
Because what really exists in the universe are objects and space, and the rest is our description of the movement of objects and space, and the rest is the observer effect.
The existence of objects and space is the basis for the birth of all phenomena in the universe. Everything else is human description, including motion, stillness, time, mass, charge, energy, force...
Someone will ask:
Some observer effects are consistent with what actually happened, and some observer effects are inconsistent with what really happened. How to distinguish between these two situations?
——There are no inconsistencies.
What you see is what really happened, and what really happened must be described by an observer. Without an observer to describe the so-called real situation, it is meaningless to talk about it.
A lot of things are happening in the universe every moment. When we discuss these things, we always have to relate them to a certain observer. To put it simply, it means how it is relative to someone.
You don't say it is relative to someone, you ignore which observer it is relative to, and you often get specious and ambiguous results.
This is where the theory of relativity is often questioned and criticized. It can only be said that the theory of relativity is an incomplete theory, and a thorough theory should be a unified field theory.
According to the unified field theory, the existence of objects and spaces in the universe has nothing to do with our observers. This is an objective fact, and the rest are human descriptions. The rest are subjective and belong to the observer effect.
In the unified field theory, the slow clock effect can be concretely applied.
The unified field theory believes that when an object moves at the speed of light, its length along the direction of motion shortens to zero, and it does not occupy our space. It is possible for an object with zero volume to pass through a wall, and both the wall and the object are intact.
The unified field theory can also use the vertical principle to explain the shortening of space caused by motion. Since the physical state of motion and the geometric vertical state are equivalent, when the object moves in a straight line at a uniform speed along the x-axis at every speed, the x-axis is tilted. When the movement speed reaches the speed of light, it rotates 90 degrees - resulting in The projected length of space along the direction of motion on the x-axis is zero.
In specific applications, the unified field theory believes that objects have mass and charge because the space around the object moves divergently at the speed of light, and the number of divergences is proportional to the mass of the object.
When a changing electromagnetic field is used to generate an anti-gravitational field and illuminate an object, it can reduce the number of light-speed motions in the space around the object. When the number of light-speed motions in the space around the object is reduced to zero, the mass becomes zero, and the object suddenly The speed of light moves relative to us [this is the principle of alien flying saucers flying at the speed of light].
When the mass is close to zero, although it will not move at the speed of light, it is in a quasi-excited state and can pass through walls without causing any damage to walls or objects.
If the clock slowdown is purely an observer effect, it is obviously impossible for the rigid body predicted by the unified field theory above to pass through the wall and both remain intact.
Some people think that the mass of an object is zero, and the molecules inside the object have no force on each other and disperse like dust.
In this case, one observer thinks that the mass of the object is zero, and the other observer thinks that the mass is the same as usual.
This sum has zero mass relative to any observer, and there is a difference.
The theory of relativity holds that a spacecraft moves relative to us at the speed of light. We find that the length of the spacecraft along the direction of motion is zero, resulting in a volume of zero;
Observers inside the spacecraft believe that there is no process from the beginning to the end of the movement of the spacecraft. This trip, no matter how far it is, arrives in an instant.
This is hard for us to accept.
The unified field theory believes that time is formed by the divergent movement of light speed in the space around the observer. When you move at the speed of light, you have caught up with space. If you have caught up with the light speed movement of space, you have caught up with time.
Therefore, from our point of view, you have no space, and your time has stopped moving and has frozen.
This makes it easier for us to understand.
The theory of relativity holds that when an object moves at the speed of light, its moving mass becomes infinite, and it is difficult for us to accept infinite mass.
The unified field theory believes that the mass of an object reflects the number of spatial displacements around the object at the speed of light within a certain three-dimensional angle.
When this object moves close to the speed of light, the solid angle will become close to zero due to the relativistic space contraction, and the number of objects will not change with the speed, so the mass will tend to be infinite.
Since mass is a physical quantity observed by our observers, mass reflects the degree of motion in the space around an object, and the essence of mass is the effect of spatial motion. Therefore, it is easy for us to understand that the mass of an object is infinite or zero.
In the unified field theory, all physical concepts and physical quantities are described by our observers.
Speed is no exception. Only the speed of my movement relative to the observer is the truly meaningful speed. Only the speed of light relative to our observer is the constant speed of light and the maximum speed of light in the universe.
For the speed of movement and the events formed by movement, the beginning and end of the event are related to the observer me, so that there will be a clear result. There is no point in talking about results for speeds and events that have no relevance to me as an observer.
For example, if we rotate our bodies on the earth, one revolution per second, compared to an alien planet that is tens of billions of years old, and relative to our observers, the linear speed of the planet's rotation must be faster than the speed of light.
However, this super-light speed has no causal relationship with us observers, so this super-light speed is meaningless.
For example, we observers stand on the earth and see two spacecraft moving at 0.9 times the speed of light, one moving eastward and the other moving westward relative to each other.
We observers believe that whatever speed that ship is moving relative to our observers is not faster than the speed of light. However, in my opinion, the relative motion speed of the two spacecraft is 1.8 times the speed of light. However, this superluminal speed is not superluminal relative to us observers.
There is no super-light speed relative to us observers.
In the unified field theory, there is a case where the speed of light can be less than 300,000 kilometers per second.
When the light source moves in a straight line with a uniform speed V relative to our observer, the speed of light along the vertical direction of V is indeed less than 300,000 kilometers per second.
3. Use the physical definition of time to explain the constant speed of light in the theory of relativity.
The theory of relativity is based on the constant speed of light. However, the theory of relativity does not explain and has no ability to explain why the speed of light does not change. The theory of relativity only takes the constant speed of light as a factual basis and expands and modifies Newtonian mechanics.
In the theory of relativity, the constant speed of light means:
When the light source is stationary or moving at speed v, the speed c of the light emitted by the light source remains unchanged relative to our observer.
If you know the physical definition of time, you will immediately know why the speed of light does not change.
The above physical definition of time is:
The space around any object in the universe [including the body of our observer] is centered on the object and moves divergently in all directions at the speed of light c, while light is stationary in space and is carried outward by the movement of space. This movement of space The feeling given to us as observers is time.
In this way, the amount of time t is proportional to the displacement r of the moving space with the speed of light c, that is:
r = c t
The speed of light c = r/t is a fraction. From primary school mathematics, we know that a fraction is the numerator divided by the denominator.
The numerator in the speed of light, the spatial displacement r, and the denominator in the speed of light, time t, are actually the same thing. We artificially call one thing two names.
For example, Zhang Fei, also known as Zhang Yide, although they have two names, they refer to the same person.
Therefore, if there is any change in the numerator of the speed of light - the spatial displacement r, the denominator of the speed of light - time t will definitely change synchronously, because r and t are originally the same thing, and they are called two names by us observers.
In this way, the value of the speed of light c = r / t always remains unchanged. This is the reason why the speed of light does not change.
For example, if we see that Zhang Fei has gained weight and gained 5 pounds, we can immediately conclude that Zhang Yide must have gained 5 pounds because the two names refer to the same person.
The weights of Zhang Fei and Zhang Yide are increasing, but the ratio of Zhang Fei's weight to Zhang Yide's weight remains unchanged.
When the light source moves relative to us at a speed v, the change in the spatial displacement r, the numerator of the speed of light, will definitely cause a synchronous change in the denominator of the speed of light, time t.
When the light source moves relative to us in any way, the spatial displacement r, the numerator of the speed of light, changes in a certain way, which will definitely cause the denominator of the speed of light, time t, to change synchronously in that way.
From the above, it can be deduced that the speed of light always remains unchanged whether the light source is moving at a constant speed or accelerating relative to our observer.
This shows that general relativity is basically correct, because the basic principle of general relativity is that observers who accelerate each other observe the same beam of light at the same speed.
21. Explain the constant speed of light in Lorenz transformation
1. Explanation of the constant speed of light in Lorenz transformation
There are two rectangular inertial coordinate systems s and s'. The location and time of any event occurring in the s and s' systems are represented by (x, y, z, t), (x', y', z', t').
This article focuses on the simplest case of Lorenz transformation, which is to examine the point p stationary in the s’ system.
In the picture below,
The x-axis and x' coincide with each other. At the moment t' = t = 0, the origin o of the s system [the observer in the s system stands on point o] and the origin o' of s' [observation in the s' system The person is standing at point o'] and the points overlap each other.
Subsequently, point o' moves linearly along the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed v relative to point o.
Suppose that an explosion occurs at a certain moment. Measured in the s' system, the space and time coordinates of the explosion that occurred at point p are x', y, z' and t' respectively.
That is to say, the explosion occurred at time t', and the coordinate of the location p on the x' axis is at a distance x' from the origin o'. Moreover, point p is stationary relative to the s’ system.
Measured in the s system, the space and time coordinates of the explosion event occurring at point p are x, y, z and t respectively.
That is to say, the explosion occurs at time t, and its coordinates are at a distance x from the origin o on the x-axis. Moreover, point p is moving at a speed v relative to the s system.
Let's find the relationship between the time and space coordinates of an explosion event that occurred at point p, and the coordinate values in the two inertial reference systems.
In the picture above, you can intuitively see:
x'= x–vt
x = x'+ vt'
According to the idea of Galileo’s principle of relativity, the measurement of time and space length has nothing to do with the observer’s movement speed v, so the above formula can be established, and t = t’.
However, the theory of relativity holds that the measurement of time and space length is related to the observer's mutual motion speed v, and the space length shrinks and becomes smaller as the speed v increases.
From the perspective of an observer in the s system, x' in the formula x' = x–vt needs to be shortened and multiplied by a relativistic factor 1/k before the equation can be established. Therefore, there is the formula:
(1/k)x' = x - vt
F:
x'= k(x - vt) (1)
From the perspective of an observer in the s' system, x in the formula x = x'+ vt' must be multiplied by a relativistic factor 1/k to be true, so there is the formula:
(1/k)x = x'+vt'
F:
x = k(x'+ vt') (2)
Since the s system is moving in a straight line at a uniform speed relative to the s' system, we should reasonably think that the relationship between x' and (x–vt), x and (x'+ vt') should be linear, and we are satisfied with the simple direct ratio.
The principle of relativity of the theory of relativity holds that physical laws are the same or equal in all inertial reference systems, and the forms of physical equations in different inertial reference systems should be the same.
Therefore, the same constant k can be used in equations (1) and (2).
For the value of k, the Lorenz transformation is calculated using the constant speed of light.
Imagine that a beam of light traveling in the positive direction of the x-axis is emitted from the origin o and o' at the coincident zero time, and the speed of light is c.
Assume that the space-time coordinates of the wavefront [or photon, space point] point p of the beam are (x, y, z, t) in the s system, and (x', y', z' in the s' system ,t').
The event that the wavefront [or photon, space point] p of the light beam reaches its subsequent location is the object of our investigation.
If the speed of light c is the same in the s system and the s' system, we have
x = ct (3)
x’= ct’ (4)
Combining equations (1), (2), (3) and (4), we can derive:
ct'= k(x - vt)
ct = k(x'+vt')
Multiplying the above two equations can be derived:
c²t t'= k² (x –vt) (x'+ vt')
= k² (xx’+ xvt’ - vtx’- v²tt’)
= k² (xx’+ ctvt’ – vtct’- v²tt')
= k² (c²tt’ - v²tt’)
Export again:
c²= k² (c² - v²)
k = 1/√(1- v²/c²)
Putting the above formula into formula (1) and formula (2), we can get:
x'= (x–vt) /√（1- v²/c²) (5)
x =(x'+ vt') /√（1- v²/c²) (6)
From equations (5) and (6), eliminating x’, we get:
t'=(t–v x/c²)/√（1- v²/c²） (7)
From equations (5) and (6), eliminating x, we get:
t=(t'+ vx'/c²)/√(1- v²/c²) (8)
Mode:
x'= (x–vt) /√（1- v²/c²） （9）
y'= y (10)
z' = z (11)
t'=(t–vx/c²)/√(1- v²/c²) （12）
This is the Lorenz positive transformation.
Mode:
x = (x'+ vt') /√(1- v²/c²)
y = y’
z = z’
t=(t'+ vx'/c²)1/√(1- v²/c²)
It is the inverse Lorenz transformation.
Note that y and z are unchanged in the Lorenz transformation.
Below we use the physical definition of time to explain the constant speed of light in equations (3) and (4).
According to the previous physical definition of time.
Observers in the s' system believe that there will be a space point p [or wavefront, photon] leaving point o' [or point o, because point o and point o' coincide with each other at zero time], so that The speed of light c moves in a straight line at a uniform speed in the positive direction along the x' axis [or Location. So x’/t’= c.
Observers in the s system believe that there will be a space point p leaving point o at time zero [or point o', because point o and point o' coincide with each other at zero time], along the x-axis [or x'-axis, Because the x-axis and the x'-axis coincide with each other] it moves in a straight line at a uniform speed in the positive direction. After a period of time t, it has traveled a distance of x and reached the position where point p later was.
The above physical definition of time tells us that time is proportional to the distance traveled by a space point p in the space around the observer.
Therefore, the time t in the s system is greater than the time t’ in the s’ system, which is equal to the distance x traveled by the space point in the s system than the distance x’ traveled by the space point in the s’ system, that is:
t/t’ = x/ x’
Make a transformation to the above equation,
x/t = x'/t'
Since x/t and x'/t' are both displacement ratios and time, the dimension is velocity, and x'/t'= c, so
x/t = x'/t' = velocity = c
Therefore, the above shows that there must be a special rate that is closely related to time [we use c to represent it]. From the perspective of two observers moving with each other, the value of c is equal.
As long as the above physical definition of time is correct, it must be able to prove that the speed of light c in equations (3) and (4) is equal.
Next, we use the idea of unified field theory to interpret the above Lorenz transformation.
(1). The Lorenz transformation inherits the Galilean transformation. The s system sees the s’ system moving at speed v, and the s’ system sees the s system moving at speed - v.
The time and space position of the same thing happening in two inertial systems are considered to be invariant in the Galilean transformation. This is negated by the Lorenz transformation.
Lorenz transformation inherits part of the idea of Galileo's transformation and denies part of it, but it is not a complete negation.
(2) Unified field theory believes that all forms of motion and physical phenomena are described by our observers. It is meaningless to talk about physical phenomena and motion states without our observers.
We always default to the s’ system and the s system. There must be an inertial reference system that is the reference system where the observer is located.
(3), s’ series and s series only I think you are a sports person, you think I am a sports person, it is equal rights, not absolutely equal rights.
We always default that only one of the s' system and the s system can be the reference system I am in. The reference system I am in is superior. All physical quantities and physical concepts are described by me, and they can only be determined relative to me. physical meaning, and I only have one.
(4) Unified field theory believes that four basic conditions need to exist to describe motion, one is space and the other is time, including the starting moment, process, and ending moment of time.
One is the observer, and the other is the object being described, that is, the object or the event caused by the movement and change of the object.
4 conditions, without one, it is meaningless to describe motion.
In special cases, the described object and the observer can be the same thing, which is to describe the movement of our observers themselves. However, this description is meaningful only in special cases and is meaningless in general cases.
In the unified field theory, space is in motion. To describe the motion of space, it must be the space around an object. Without an object, or without specifying which object, it is meaningless to describe simple spatial motion.
So, in the Lorenz transformation, we must:
It is necessary to identify the observer, determine the object being described [composed of an object or an event formed by the movement of an object], determine the start and end moments of the event and the elapsed time, and determine the spatial location where the event occurred, otherwise confusion may occur.
(5) Although it cannot be said which one of the s’ series and the s series is moving absolutely, absolute motion is meaningless. However, relative motion [that is, moving relative to a certain observer] is meaningful.
We are accustomed to call the system where the described object point p (an object or an event caused by the movement and change of an object) is stationary called the s’ system, also called the dynamic system, and the s system is called the static system.
Some people think that it is necessary to introduce a third system [the commonly used reference system where the earth's surface is located] to compare the s system and s' before we can determine who is the static system and who is the dynamic system.
If you introduce me [I am the only one] into the reference system, there is no need for a third system for comparison, and you can also distinguish between the static system and the dynamic system.
(6), when I, the observer, am standing in the s system by default [that is, I am moving relative to the point p of the object being observed], Lorenz positive transformation will be used;
When I am standing in the s’ system by default [that is, I am stationary relative to the observed object point p], the Lorenz inverse transformation will be used.
2. Explain why the speed of light does not change in a reference frame
We still have a question: As far as a reference system is concerned, why is the speed of light also constant?
This can be understood in this way, time is completely equivalent to the movement of space around the observer, that is:
Space of motion = time.
In order to prevent dimensional confusion when "moving space = time" holds in physics, we need to multiply time in front of time by a constant that does not change with time or moving space - the speed of light.
Space of motion = speed of light times time.
From a mathematical point of view, when a variable takes its derivative with respect to itself, the result is 1 or a constant.
3. Explanation that the speed of light remains unchanged when the motion direction of a space point is perpendicular to the speed v
Some people may think that light can run in any direction, so doesn’t space also run in any direction? To describe any movement, a reference object is needed. Who does the movement in space refer to?
In the unified field theory, the space around an object is indeed centered on the object and moves divergently around it.
The movement of space refers to objects. When we describe the movement of space, we refer to how the space around an object moves.
In the special case, there are no objects, and the movement we describe in space is relative to our human body.
Without any objects, it is meaningless to simply describe the movement of space.
Next, let us consider the explanation of the constant speed of light when the direction of movement of the space point is perpendicular to the movement speed v of the observation object.
In the figure below, the x-axis and x' coincide with each other. At the moment t' = t = 0, the origin of the two-dimensional rectangular coordinate system s is point o [the observer in the s system is standing at point o] and the two-dimensional rectangular coordinate system The origin o' of the coordinate system s' [the observer in the s' system is standing at point o'] coincides with each other.
Subsequently, point o’ moves linearly along the positive direction of the x-axis with uniform speed V [scalar is v] relative to point o.
Imagine that there is a particle o’ that is always stationary at the origin o’ of the two-dimensional rectangular coordinate system s’.
At zero time, s' is the observer's physical definition of time. He finds that a space point p starts from point o' and travels a distance of o'p in the y' direction at the speed of light c in time t'. [So With o'p / t' = c], when we reach the point p, it is the point p marked in the picture.
The fact that space point p starts to move to point p at zero time, from the perspective of an observer in the s system, point p has traveled a distance of op in time t.
Although op’s distance is farther than o’p, all time t should be longer than time t’.
Because, according to the physical definition of time, time is proportional to the distance traveled by the space point p relative to the observer. Therefore, there is the formula:
op /o’p = t / t’
Transform the above equation to get:
op/t = o’p/t’
Obtained from o’p / t’ = c:
op /t = o’p / t’ = c
The above formula explains why the speed of light remains unchanged relative to the values of two observers moving toward each other.
Let’s find out the relationship between t and t’ to see whether it is consistent with the theory of relativity. Depend on
op /t = o’p / t’ = c,
op = √(o’p²+v²t²), you can get:
t’ = t√(1-v²/c²)
The differential form can be obtained:
d t /dt’ =1/√(1－v²/c²)
The theory of relativity holds that when something happens, the observer is stationary relative to the location where the event occurred, that is, the start and end moments of the event are both at the same location. The time taken to measure this event is the inherent time, which is the above t'.
The inherent time in the theory of relativity is the shortest, and this result is the same as the result of the theory of relativity.
We take the derivatives of both sides of the Lorenz inverse transformation t=(t'+ vx'/c²)/√(1- v²/c²) with respect to time t', and get:
dt/dt' =1/√（1- v²/c²）
Note that x’ in the formula does not change with time t’, because the quantities of x’ and t’ are both observed in the s’ system, and in s’, the position x’ of point p is stationary.
We take the Lorenz positive transformation t’=(t - vx/c²)1/√ (1- v²/c²) and take the derivatives of both sides with respect to time t, and we get:
dt’/dt =1/√（1- v²/c²）-（v²/c²）/√（1- v²/c²）
= (1- v²/c²)/√（1- v²/c²） =√（1- v²/c²）
F:
d t /dt’ =1/√(1－v²/c²)
Note that x in the formula is the position of the point p in the s system, which changes with time t, so there are dx/dt = v and d(vx/c²)/dt = v²/c², because the quantities of x and t They are all observed in the s system, and in s, the position x of the point p is moving at a speed v.
This result is the same as above.
We have one more question:
Are the distance traveled by the space point p on the y-axis in the s system and the s’ system equal?
All this special theory of relativity is proved by the imaginary experiment of a train drilling through a cave:
Imagine there is a cave with a train parked outside. The height of the carriage is equal to the height of the cave roof. Now let the train drive into the cave at a constant speed. Will the height of the moving train change?
Assume that the height of the train becomes smaller due to movement. In this way, an observer standing on the ground thinks that the height of the train becomes smaller due to movement, and the height of the cave remains unchanged due to no movement. The train must enter the cave smoothly.
However, the observer inside the train believes that the train is stationary, so the height of the train remains unchanged, but the cave is moving, the height of the cave will decrease, and the train cannot pass through the cave. This creates a contradiction.
However, whether the train can drive into the cave is a certain physical fact and should not be related to the observer's choice. The only reasonable point of view is:
Uniform linear motion cannot shorten the length of space in the vertical direction of motion. For the same reason, it cannot extend, and the result remains unchanged.
Maybe people still have a question? There are many space points in the space around the observer. Why can the movement of one space point represent time?
This should be understood in this way. Time reflects a property of space motion. By describing one of many spatial points in space, we observers can express the changing nature of space with time. This also shows that time It cannot exist independently from the observer.
4. The relationship between the light source movement speed V and the vector light speed C
We introduced the concept of vector speed of light earlier, but did not discuss it in depth.
Whether the speed of light can be regarded as a vector is not discussed in depth in the theory of relativity. According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light has nothing to do with the speed of the light source, the choice of the observer, time, or spatial position. It is purely a constant.
Therefore, the theory of relativity tends to believe that the speed of light cannot be regarded as a vector. In other words, it is meaningless to discuss the vectoriality of the speed of light in the theory of relativity.
The speed of light is a constant first came from Maxwell's electromagnetic wave equation, and the speed of light in the wave equation appears as a constant.
The unified field theory puts forward a different view, believing that the speed of light can be expressed as a vector in some cases, and its direction has a functional relationship with the speed of the light source.
In order to distinguish, the unified field theory calls the vector speed of light the speed of light, represented by a capital C. The size of C [that is, modulus c] does not change, but the direction can change.
The speed of light is called the speed of light, also called the scalar speed of light, represented by the lowercase letter c, which remains unchanged.
The components Cx, Cy, and Cz of the vector speed of light C in the rectangular coordinates x, y, and z axes can change in size. Since the scalar speed of light remains unchanged, the sum of the squares of the three components is always the square of the speed of light.
In the unified field theory, the relationship between the movement speed V of the light source and the vector light speed C is very important. Let's explore this relationship below.
Let's consider a special situation first.
We let the angle between the vector light speed C and the light source movement speed V be θ = (π/2)-β.
Let’s first roughly judge the value range of the scalars v and β of V.
From the theory of relativity, we know that from the constant speed of light, it can be deduced that V can cause changes in the speed of light in the direction perpendicular to V, but it cannot cause changes in the speed of light in the direction parallel to V.
In the unified field theory, the change of C only changes the direction and the quantity remains unchanged.
As V increases, the direction of C gradually deviates from its original position. When the deviation angle β is slightly greater than 0, it corresponds to v being slightly greater than 0. The angle of deviation β = 90 degrees, the corresponding number v is equal to the speed of light c.
Therefore, the β value should be between 90 degrees and 0 degrees, and the value of the number v should be between 0 and the speed of light c [including the speed of light].
In the picture below:
The origin o of the two-dimensional rectangular coordinate system s system and the origin o of the s’ system coincide with each other at time 0, and the x-axis and x’-axis also coincide with each other.
Later, they move in a straight line at a uniform speed V [scalar is v] along the positive direction of the x-axis.
A particle o has been stationary at the origin o of the s’ system. Now, observers of the s system and s’ system jointly inspect a space point p.
At zero time, point p starts from point o and moves along the y’ axis at the speed of light.
If we think of light as a photon, the point o here is the light source, and the point p is a photon. If we think of light as a wave, the point p here is the wave front.
In the unified field theory, light is regarded as excited electrons moving with space. Even if there are no excited electrons or photons, the particle o does not emit light and is not a light source. It is just an ordinary object, but the surrounding space still moves at the vector light speed C Movement outward.
In the latter case, point p can be regarded as a space point, that is, point p is represented as a small space around point o.
An observer in the s' system thinks that point p starts from the particle o at zero time, and after time t', it reaches the position where point p later is, and has traveled so far op = C't' at the vector speed of light C' distance.
An observer in the s system thinks that point p starts at zero time and travels a distance of op = ct at the vector speed of light C [the quantity is c] in time t.
As can be seen in the picture above:
| Vt| /| C t| = sinβ = v/c
Eliminating t, we can get:
| V| /| C | = sinβ = v/c
Since the angle between C and V is θ=(π/2)-β, there is:
cosθ=| V| /| C | = v/c
From the above formula, we can derive sinθ =√(1- v²/c²), which is actually the reason for the relativistic factor.
From the above analysis, the following opinions can be drawn:
When the number v of V approaches zero, V and the vector light speed C are perpendicular to each other in the initial state. In the future, when the number v of V gradually increases, it will cause C to gradually deviate from the original position. When v approaches When the speed of light C is an amount c, C deviates by 90 degrees.
The movement speed V of the light source can cause the direction of the vertical vector light speed C of V to deflect, which can also be explained by the inverse theorem of the previous vertical principle.
The principle of verticality tells us that the vertical state of space at a 90-degree angle can cause movement.
The converse theorem is: Movement can cause the vertical state of space to tilt. When the movement speed reaches the speed of light, the vertical state disappears completely [lying flat].
The above formula sinβ = v/c or cosθ= v/c can be regarded as a quantitative analysis of the vertical principle.
The essence of the vertical principle is that the angle of space and the speed of movement are equivalent and complementary.
The above only analyzes the relationship between the vector light speed C and the light source movement speed V [scalar is v] under special circumstances.
To reveal the universal relationship between them, the vector light speed C needs to be transformed between the inertial frame s’ and the s frame.
In s’, the three components of the vector light speed C’ are: Cx’, Cy’, Cz’,
In s, the three components of the vector light speed C are: Cx, Cy, Cz,
Using the positive velocity transformation of relativity theory [we have proven above that the Lorenz transformation is correct, and the relativistic velocity transformation is obtained by taking the time derivative of the Lorenz transformation, so the relativistic velocity transformation can be used] we can derive the three The relationship between the components and the three components of C is:
Cx’ = (Cx – v)/[1- (Cx v/c²)]
Cy’ = [Cy√（1-v²/c²）]/ [1- (Cx v/c²)]
Cz’ = [Cz√（1-v²/c²)]/ [1- (Cx v/c²)]
From the above it can be derived:
(Cx’)²+(Cy’)²+(Cz’)²
= [(Cx – v)²+ Cy² (1-v²/c²) + Cz² (1-v²/c²) ]/[1- (Cx v/c²)]²
= c²c²[Cx²+ Cy²+ Cz²-2 Cx v+ v²-(c²-Cx²)v²/c²]/(c²-Cx v)²
= c²c²[c²-2 Cx v+ v²-(c²-Cx²)v²/c²]/(c²-Cx v)²
= c²[c²c²-2 c²Cx v+ Cx²v²]/（c²-Cx v)²
=c²
It is derived from this that the vector light speeds C and C’ satisfy the following relationship:
C’·C’ = C·C = c²
The directions of C and C’ are different, but the quantities are the same.
The above does not fully explain the relationship between C and V. This issue still needs to be explored.
5. Derivation of the invariance of time and space intervals in the theory of relativity
Now imagine that there are two observers in the s system [the space-time coordinates are (x, y, z, t)] and the s' system [the space-time coordinates are (x, y, z, t')]. The s system is relative to s' moves along the positive direction of the x-axis at a speed V.
Imagine that at time t = t’= 0, the origins o and o’ of the s system and s’ system coincide with each other. A space point p starts at time 0, starting from points o and o’, and after a period of time reaches the current position of point p.
Dot multiply the formula R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j + z k by itself, the result is:
r²= c²t² = x²+ y²+ z²
r is the number of vectors R. r reflects the movement distance of the space point p relative to the origin measured by the observer in the s system.
The above equation also appears in the theory of relativity, which is considered to be a four-dimensional space-time distance.
By the same token, it can be derived that in the s’ system, the observer measures the movement distance of point p relative to point o’:
r’² = c²t’²= x’²+ y’² + z’²
From r² = c²t²= x²+ y²+ z² it can be derived:
c²t² - (x² + y² + z²) = 0
From r’² = c²t’² = x’²+ y’² + z’² it can be derived:
c²t’²-（x’²+ y’² + z’²） = 0
From the above equation, it can be concluded that the space-time interval is constant in two inertial systems moving in a relatively uniform straight line.
The unified field theory believes that the invariance of the space-time interval is essentially the unification of space-time, and time is formed by the movement of space at the speed of light.
6. Correct interpretation of twin Yang Miao
According to special relativity, a moving clock runs slowly.
So some people imagine that as soon as twins A and B are born, A takes a high-speed spaceship to travel to distant space, while twin B stays on the earth and returns to the earth after a few years.
According to B on the earth, A is in motion and A's life process proceeds slowly, so A is younger than B;
From the perspective of person A on the spacecraft, person B is moving, so person B is younger.
Returning to the comparison of encounters, the result should be unique. It seems that the special theory of relativity has encountered insurmountable difficulties.
The explanation of the twin paradox is quite confusing for both those who support the theory of relativity and those who oppose the theory of relativity.
According to the unified field theory, describing and calculating a motion process requires determining the observer, the starting moment and place, and the ending moment and place.
There is no point in discussing the results of a movement without being sure of the observer, the moment and place of its beginning and end.
In the twin problem, A and B break up, and the final place where A and B meet is on the earth, so the earth can be used as a reference point.
Since A is moving relative to the earth, A is younger than B. B is stationary relative to the earth, and B's time is proper time.
What if Person A and Person B were born in space, embraced each other, and later broke up, without the Earth as a reference point? How do we judge?
At this time, it is necessary to determine which of the two people started to accelerate and move away from the other.
This actually involves a fundamental issue about motion - there is a reason for the change of the object's motion state [that is, acceleration], and the object will not change its motion speed for no reason [including accelerating from a static state of zero speed to a certain speed】. That is to say, A and B, who were originally hugging each other, will not separate for no reason.
Suppose that at a certain moment, A starts to accelerate and leaves B, A turns around and comes back, and the two meet, then A is young.
If two people A and B hug each other in space, and then kick each other, they both leave each other with the same force and the same kicking method, and then meet each other after turning around in the universe, who is younger?
In this case, A and B should be equally young.
Twenty-two, the general definition of the four major fields in the universe
In mathematics a field is defined as:
If each point in the space (or a certain part of the space) corresponds to a certain quantity, then such a space is called a field.
When the quantity corresponding to each point in the space is a quantity, the space is called a quantity field. When the quantity corresponding to each point in the space is a vector, the space is called a vector field.
It can be seen from the definition of mathematical field that a field is represented by a point function in space. On the contrary, if a function of a certain point in space is given, a field is given.
We have done a lot of analysis before, connecting the gravitational field (referred to as the gravitational field), electric field, magnetic field, and nuclear force field with the movement of space itself, and identified the four major fields in physics [gravitational field, electric field, magnetic field, and nuclear force]. The fields together form a space that moves in a cylindrical spiral.
In the unified field theory, it is believed that the weak force field is not a basic field, but a combination of electric field, magnetic field and nuclear force field. The electric field and the magnetic field are not the same field, because the electric field and the magnetic field sometimes have different directions, cannot superimpose each other, and cannot directly exert force.
Fields of the same kind can superimpose or subtract from each other, and can also produce interactive forces.
Therefore, we give a unified definition of the four major fields of physics here. Later, we will give precise definitions of the gravitational field, the nuclear force field, the electric field, and the magnetic field respectively.
The unified definitions of the four major fields of physics are:
Relative to our observer, at any space point p in the space Ψ around the particle o, the displacement vector [referred to as the position vector] R from point o to point p changes with the spatial position (x, y, z) or changes with time t , such a space Ψ is called a physical field, or it can also be called a physical force field.
Mathematically speaking, the field is the derivative of the spatial position around the object or the derivative of time. In fact, it is the degree of movement of space relative to our observer.
In actual operation, we use the degree of motion in the movement space around the object particles to define the four major physical fields.
This is also in line with our previous basic principle of unified field theory - all physical phenomena are caused by the movement of a particle in space (or the space itself around the particle) relative to our observer.
To put it simply, a field is a moving space. It is the space itself that is moving. All the effects of the field are the movement effects of the space.
The influence of the field on the object, the application of force on the object, and the movement of the object are all achieved by changing [or will change, or have a tendency to change] the spatial position of the object.
From the above definitions, we can know that the four major fields of physics are all vector fields. Different fields have different degrees and forms of motion because our observers observe the cylindrical spiral motion space from different angles and different ways.
Note that the field is a property shown by the movement of the space around the particle relative to our observer. None of the four basic conditions of space, particle, observer, and motion are indispensable [In special cases, the particle and the observer can be the same things], otherwise, the field loses its meaning.
We also need to realize that fields come in three forms.
We describe the movement of an object in space relative to our observer, measure the displacement of the object in space, and then take the derivative of time, that is, compare it with time, to get the speed. Speed represents the degree of movement of the object in space, and Acceleration represents the degree of change in the speed of motion.
Because the essence of the field is the derivative of the displacement of the moving space around the object with respect to the spatial position or time [relative to our observer].
To describe a field, our first step is to indicate the amount of displacement in the space around the object. In the second step, we look for a motion quantity like time that can be used as a reference to compare with the spatial displacement.
Of course, we can say that the field is:
In a certain time interval, what is the spatial displacement of a certain place in the space around the object?
However, in many cases we can say that the field is:
What is the amount of spatial displacement within a certain static three-dimensional range?
What is the amount of spatial displacement within a certain three-dimensional range of motion?
What is the displacement in space on a stationary surface?
What is the displacement in space on a certain moving surface?
What is the displacement of space on a stationary curve.
What is the amount of spatial displacement on a certain motion curve.
In a certain time interval, what is the spatial displacement in a certain spatial range.
Thus, fields come in three forms:
The distribution of fields in three dimensions.
Distribution of fields on a two-dimensional surface.
The distribution of a field on a one-dimensional curve.
With the help of Gauss's theorem of field theory, we can use divergence to describe the relationship between the distribution of the field on the solid surface and the distribution on the curved surface.
With the help of Stokes' theorem of field theory, curl can be used to describe the relationship between the distribution of the field on the surface and the distribution of the field on the curve.
With the help of the gradient theorem of field theory, the distribution of physical quantities on a certain curve in the scalar field [or quantity field] can be described.
The essence of the field is a space that moves in a cylindrical spiral. The cylindrical spiral motion is the synthesis of rotational motion and linear motion in the vertical direction of the rotation plane. The divergence describes the linear motion part of the space, and the curl describes the rotational motion of the space. part.
Twenty-three, the defining equations of gravitational field and mass
In the unified field theory, the mass m of object point o represents the number of spatial displacements R of divergent movement in a cylindrical spiral at the speed of light within a 4π solid angle around point o.
The gravitational field A generated around point o represents the number of spatial displacements that move divergently at the speed of light through the Gaussian sphere s surrounding point o.
1. The definition equation of gravitational field:
Imagine that there is a particle point o that is stationary relative to our observer, and any space point p in the surrounding space starts from point o at the vector light speed C at time zero, and moves in a cylindrical spiral in a certain direction, after time t, At time t' it reaches the position where p will be later.
We let point o be at the origin of the rectangular coordinate system xyz, and the vector radius R from point o to point p is given by the previous space-time identity equation R = C t = x i+ y j + zk:
R is a function of spatial position x, y, z and time t, which changes with the change of x, y, z, t, and is recorded as:
R = R(x,y,z,t)
Note that the trajectory of point p in space is a cylindrical spiral. We can also think that one endpoint o of the vector diameter R does not move, and the other endpoint p moves and changes, causing R to draw a cylindrical spiral in space. type trajectory.
We take the scalar length r of R in R = Ct as the radius and construct a Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² [In general, the Gaussian sphere may not be a regular sphere, but the sphere is continuous and cannot have holes] surrounding the particle o.
We divide the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² evenly into many small pieces. We select a small vector surface element ΔS where the p point is located [We use N to represent the ΔS direction, and its number is the surface Δs]. We inspect and find that there are Δn displacement vectors R of space points similar to p pass through vertically.
Note: The radius of the Gaussian sphere s may not be equal to the scalar length of R. We set it to be equal. The advantage is that the inspection point p happens to fall on the Gaussian sphere s.
In this way, the gravitational field A generated by point o at point p in space [the quantity is a]:
a = constant times Δn/Δs
The definition of the gravitational field given by the above formula is simple and clear, but it is too rough and cannot express the vector properties of the gravitational field, nor does it bring the spatial displacement R moving at the vector speed of light into the formula.
In order to achieve the above purpose, we mainly examine the situation around point p.
The vector displacement R = C t of point p passes perpendicularly through ΔS. In general, the vector displacement R = C t may not be perpendicular through ΔS, and may have an angle θ with the normal direction N of the vector surface element ΔS.
At point o, it is stationary relative to our observer. The motion of the space around point o is uniform, and no direction is special. Moreover, the Gaussian sphere we use is a perfect round sphere. Under these conditions, the vector R = C t is the vertical passage through the vector surface element ΔS.
In this way, the gravitational field A [vector form] generated by point o at point p in the surrounding space can be written as:
A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs
In the formula, g is the gravitational constant and k is the proportionality constant. Note that the gravitational field A is in the opposite direction to the position vector R pointing from point o to point p in space.
Imagine that there are n space displacement vectors similar to R around point o, with point o as the center, distributed in a radial shape, but the directions of any two are different.
The physical meaning of n times R = nR means that the directions of n spatial displacements are all the same and are superimposed together.
Therefore, when the above R is a vector, it has physical meaning only when Δn=1. However, we should note that n multiplied by r [r is the quantity of R], when n is an integer greater than 1, it still has physical meaning.
So there is the formula:
A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs = - g k (R/r)/Δs
Why is the unit vector R/r of R used in the above formula instead of using the vector R directly?
This is because we can only examine the direction and number of vector R on the Gaussian sphere s, but not the length of vector R, so the formula Δn R/Δs actually has no physical meaning.
If R is not completely vertical through the vector surface element ΔS [the number is Δs], and has an angle θ with the normal direction N of the vector surface element, when the number n of the spatial point displacement R is set to 1, the above equation It can also be expressed using the vector dot product formula.
A·ΔS = - a Δs cosθ = - g kΔn
In the above formula, a is the quantity of gravitational field A.
The gravitational field A is determined by two quantities: magnitude and direction cosine.
The size refers to the density (1/Δs) of the distribution of the spatial displacement R of the speed of light on the Gaussian sphere s.
1/Δs or Δn/Δs represents a function with two independent variables, which changes as Δn and Δs change.
The direction cosine is the cosine of the angle θ between the normal directions N and R of ΔS, which is cosθ.
The direction cosine cosθ is a function containing only one independent variable, and this function changes as θ changes.
The physical meaning of the formulas a = constant times Δn/s and A = - g kΔn(R/r)/Δs tells us:
On a small vector surface element ΔS of the Gaussian sphere s=4πr², the density of the vector displacement R [R = C t] vertically passing through the space reflects the gravitational field strength there.
We express Δs in the formula A = - g k Δn (R/r)/Δs by the solid angle Ω and the radius r of the Gaussian sphere, that is, Δs = Ωr².
A = - g k Δn（R/r）/ Ωr² = - g k ΔnR/Ω r³
In the figure above, we represent a small vector surface element Δs in the Gaussian sphere as ds. but:
ds = r dθ r sinθ dφ = r² dθ sinθ dφ = r²dΩ
2. The definition equation of mass
What is the essence of quality? What is the relationship between mass and gravitational field?
Since the concept of mass originated from Newtonian mechanics, we compare the above definition equation of the unified field theory gravitational field geometric form A = - g k ΔnR/Ω r³ with the Newtonian mechanics gravitational field equation A = - g m R/r³, and we can get The mass definition equation of object point o should be:
m = kΔn/Ω
The differential is:
m = k dn /dΩ
The above formula k is a constant. Since space can be divided infinitely, the above differential of n, that is, dn, is meaningful.
Integrate around the right side of the above equation, and the integration area is between 0 and 4π, then:
m = k∮dn / ∮dΩ =k n /4π
The physical meaning of the above formula is:
The mass m of point o represents that there are n spatial displacement vectors R = C t distributed within the surrounding solid angle 4π.
The above m = k dn /dΩ is the differential defining equation of the geometric form of mass.
In many cases, we set n to 1 and get a simplified definition of mass:
m = k /Ω
Once we know the nature of mass, we can explain the gravitational field equation A = - g m R/r³ in Newtonian mechanics.
According to Newtonian mechanics, we take the earth [represented by point o, our observer is standing on the earth] as an example. There is a satellite [represented by point p] above the earth, and the position vector from point o to point p [indirect position vector] Expressed by R [the quantity is r].
Then the gravitational field A = - g m R/r³ generated by point o at point p is expressed on the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² with radius r, divided into a small vector surface element ΔS, and ΔS passes through 1 Vector R , and R and A are in opposite directions.
The number of ΔS The reciprocal of Δs reflects the size of the gravitational field, and the opposite direction of ΔS is the direction of the gravitational field.
What we need to pay attention to is that the gravitational field equation of the unified field theory reflects the situation at a certain moment, or at a certain moment.
Calculate the curl of the stationary gravitational field A = - g k Δn R/Ω r³ of the unified field theory. When Δn and Ω are constants [that is, the mass is a constant], only R/ r³ is a variable, and the result is zero:
▽×A = 0
Find the divergence of the stationary gravitational field A = - g k Δn R/Ω r³. When (m = kΔn/Ω) is a constant, only R/ r³ is a variable, and the result is also zero:
▽·A = 0
But when r approaches zero [it can also be said that the space point p approaches point o infinitely], and point o can be regarded as an infinitesimal sphere, the formula appears 0/0. Using Dirac δ function, we can get:
▽·A =4π g u
g is the gravitational constant, u = m/ΔxΔyΔz is the density of object point o.
The curl and divergence of the gravitational field definition equation given by the unified field theory are consistent with the divergence and curl of the gravitational field given by Newtonian mechanics.
4. Derive the relativistic mass-speed relationship from the mass definition equation
The theory of relativity uses momentum conservation and the relativistic speed transformation formula to derive the relativistic mass-speed relationship - the mass increases as the object's speed increases.
The theory of relativity also uses the mass-velocity relationship to derive the relativistic mass-energy equation, so the mass-velocity relationship is very important.
Below we use the definition equation of mass to directly derive the mass-velocity relationship.
Imagine a particle o with mass m’, always resting on the coordinate origin o of the s’ system.
The s system moves in the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V [scalar is v] relative to the s’ system, and the x-axis of the s system and the x’-axis of the s’ system coincide with each other.
From the perspective of an observer in the s system, the mass of point o is m. We use the above mass geometric definition equation m∮dΩ =k ∮dn to find the mathematical relationship between V, m, and m’.
When point o moves, we should reasonably believe that it will not cause a change in the number n of the spatial point vector displacement R, but may only cause a change in the solid angle Ω. Therefore, we only need to find the relationship between the motion speed V and Ω, which is the relativistic transformation of Ω, and then we can find the relationship between m’ and m.
The solid angle Ω is defined as:
On the spherical surface s with point o as the center and radius r = 1, divide a small piece Δs, with Δs as the base and point o as the vertex, to form a cone h, then Δs is equal to the solid angle of the cone h.
The solid angle Ω of the cone h is the ratio of the base area Δs of the cone to the square of the radius r of the sphere. When Δs becomes infinitely small, it becomes ds, which is:
dΩ = ds/r²
When r = 1, the above equation becomes dΩ = ds.
The above is to use the base area of the vertebral body to define the solid angle. Now we generalize the above definition of the solid angle and use the volume of the vertebral body to define the solid angle.
On the spherical surface s with point o as the center and radius r = 1, divide a small piece Δs, with Δs as the base and point o as the vertex, to form a cone h, then the volume of the cone h
Δv is equal to the solid angle of the cone h.
The solid angle Ω of the cone h is the ratio of the volume Δv of the cone to the radius r cube of the sphere. When Δv becomes infinitely small, it becomes dv, which is:
dΩ = dv/r³
When r = 1, the above equation becomes dΩ = dv.
With the above preparatory knowledge, let us consider that the above point o is in the s’ system, and the mass at rest is
m’ = k∮dn/∮dΩ’
We use a unit sphere with a radius of 1 and divide it into a cone with a vertex at the center point o and a volume of dv’, replacing dΩ’ in the above formula, then:
m’ = k∮dn/∮dv’
Correspondingly, in the s system, when point o moves in a straight line at a uniform speed V [scalar is v], the mass
m = k∮dn/∮dv
Note that n is the same in the s’ system and the s system, that is, the movement speed V of point o cannot change the number n of geometric point displacement.
We only need to find the relationship between dv’ = dxdydz’ and dv = dx dy dz, and then we can find the relationship between m and m’.
According to the simplest version of the Lorenz positive transformation in the theory of relativity [because we default to the observer I in the s system, the particle o is moving relative to me]:
x’ = (x - vt )/√ (1- v²/c²)
y’ = y
z’ = z
In the simplest version of the Lorenz transformation, since the position x’ of the point o in the s’ system is stationary, it moves at a speed V in the s system.
Only when we take the time t in the s system to be a fixed moment can it make sense to compare x and x’ with each other. Therefore, dt/dx=0, and we get the differential formula:
dx’ = dx/√（1- v²/c²）
dy’ = dy
dz’ = dz
from that we get:
m’ = k∮dn/∮dv’ = k ∮dn/∮dx’dy’dz’
m = k ∮dn/∮dv = k∮dn/∮dx dy dz
由∮dx’dy’dz’ = ∮dy dz dx/√（1- v²/c²）
Can export:
m’= m√(1- v²/c²)
When point o moves at speed V, the mass increases by a relativistic factor √ (1- v²/c²). This result is consistent with the theory of relativity.
5. Lorenz transformation of gravitational field
With the definition equations of the gravitational field and mass, the mass velocity relationship equation, and the Lorenz transformation of the theory of relativity, we can derive the transformation of the gravitational field between the two reference systems s’ system and s system that move in a straight line with each other at a uniform speed.
Assume that the inertial reference frame s moves in a straight line at a uniform speed along the x-axis with a speed V [scalar is v] relative to the s’ frame. In the s’ system, a stationary thin rectangular panel with mass generates a gravitational field A on the thin panel.
We make the sheet perpendicular to the x-axis,
Then from the perspective of an observer in the s system, the component Ax of the gravitational field A along the x-axis does not seem to change.
Because the previous definition equation of the gravitational field tells us that the strength of the gravitational field is proportional to the number of spatial displacements passing through the surface, that is, proportional to the density. The area of the thin plates here does not change, the number of strips does not change, and the density does not change.
However, the mass of the sheet increases by a relativistic factor √(1- v²/c²).
The increase in mass, from a geometric point of view, should be the corresponding change between the direction of the spatial displacement vector and the examined solid angle, so:
Ax = Ax’/√(1- v²/c²)
Ax’ is the component of the gravitational field A in the s’ system along the x’ axis.
When we place the thin plate parallel to the x-axis,
The thin plate shrinks by a relativistic factor, plus increases in mass by a relativistic factor. Note that the positive and negative components of the projection of the tilted gravitational field line on the x-axis cancel each other to zero. So, we get:
Ay = Ay’/(1- v²/c²)
Az = Az’/(1- v²/c²)
Ay’ and Az’ are the two components of the gravitational field A in the s’ system on the y’ axis and z’ axis.
From the previous definition equation of gravitational field, we get:
Ax’ = -g m’x’/r’³
Ay’ = -g m’y’/r’³
Az’ = -g m’z’/r’³
Derived from this:
Ax = -(g m’x’/r’³)/√(1- v²/c²)
Ay = -（g m’y’/r’³）/（1- v²/c²）
Az = -(g m’z’/r’³)/(1- v²/c²)
From this we get:
Ax = - g mγ( x- vt)/{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
Ay = - g mγy /{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
Az = - g mγz /{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
From this we get:
A= - g mγ[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]/{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
Let θ be the angle between the vector radius R [the scalar is r =√[γ²(x-vt)²+y²+z²] and the speed V [the scalar is v], A can be expressed in polar coordinate form:
A = - g m /γ²r² [√（1- β ²sin²θ）] ³【r】
In the formula, g is the universal gravitational constant, γ = 1/√ (1- v²/c²), β = v/c, [r] is the unit vector of the vector diameter R (scalar is r).
This result is the same as the relativistic transformation form of the electric field. This shows that Gauss's theorem is applicable to the stationary gravitational field and to the gravitational field of uniform linear motion.
In the s’ department, there are,
▽·A=∂Ax'/∂x' +∂Ay' ∂y'+∂Az' /∂z' = g m'/dv'
In the S series there are:
▽·A=∂Ax/∂x +∂Ay /∂y+∂Az /∂z = g m/dv
Where g is the universal gravitational constant, dv’=dxdydz’ in the s’ system, the mass is m’, dv=dxdydz in the s system, the mass is m.
From the above gravitational field transformation, it can be proved that both Gaussian formulas can be established. Gaussian theorem is not only applicable to the stationary gravitational field of stationary objects, but also to the gravitational field of moving objects.
Note that γdx = dx’ in the formula is obtained by differentiating the Lorenz forward transformation x’ =γ(x-vt).
Twenty-four, unified field theory momentum formula
1. Rest momentum formula of unified field theory
The basic assumptions of unified field theory are:
When any object o in the universe is stationary relative to our observer, the surrounding space always moves outward in a cylindrical spiral with the object as the center and at the vector speed of light.
Suppose there is a particle point o that is stationary relative to our observer. Any space point p in the surrounding space starts from point o at zero time and moves in a certain direction at the vector light speed C', after time t', at t" Time reaches the position where point p is later.
Assume that there are a total of n vector displacements of space points in the space around the particle o. We use R’ = C’t’ to represent the displacement of one of them.
We take an appropriate solid angle Ω around point o, which happens to contain a space vector displacement R = C’t’
L = k R’/Ω
It can reflect the amount of space movement in the local area around point o. k in the formula is the constant of proportionality, and Ω is a solid angle of any size.
Calculating the partial derivative of R' in L = k R'/Ω with respect to time t' can reflect the degree of motion of the local area of point o with time t'.
∂L /∂t' = k (∂R'/∂t')/Ω = kC'/Ω
Note that R’ = C’t’. Using the previous definition equation of mass m = k / Ω,
The above equation can be rewritten as the rest momentum formula of the unified field theory:
Pstatic = m’C’
In the momentum definition equation here, the mass is represented by m' in order to distinguish the motion mass m that will appear, and C' is in order to distinguish the motion vector light speed C that will appear.
The rest momentum of point o reflects the degree of motion of the surrounding space when point o is stationary.
We must realize that the rest momentum of point o is the degree of change of the motion displacement R’ of the surrounding space point p with the change of the solid angle Ω and time t’, and does not change with the change of the distance between point o and point p.
Therefore, when we measure the static momentum of point o of an object, we do not need to consider the distance between point o and an inspection point p in the surrounding space. This is different from the gravitational field. When point o moves, the situation of motion momentum is similar.
2. Motion momentum formula
Assume that the s’ system moves linearly along the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V [scalar is v] relative to the s system.
The above point o is stationary relative to the observer in the s’ system and has rest momentum m’C’.
We analyzed earlier that when point o moves at speed V relative to the observer in the s system, the two parts of the rest momentum - mass and vector light speed - will change.
In the s’ system, the rest mass at point o is m’, which becomes a moving mass m in the s system.
In the s' system, the vector light speed of the space point p around point o relative to the observer in the s' system is C'; in the s system, the vector light speed of the space point p around the o point relative to the observer in the s system is C .
The directions of C and C’ are different, but the modules are the same, both are c, that is:
C’·C’= C·C = c²
The detailed proof is in Section 22, "Explanation of the Invariance of the Speed of Light in the Lorenz Transformation", Section 4, "The Relationship between the Movement Speed of the Light Source V and the Vector Light Speed C."
In the s system, can the momentum of motion be written as m C?
Obviously not, because C is the speed of the space point p around the particle point o relative to the observer in the s system, not the movement speed relative to the particle point o.
Momentum reflects the movement of the space around the particle o, rather than the movement of the space around the observer.
In the s’ system, the observer and the particle point o are relatively stationary, and there is no difference between the speed of point p relative to the particle point o and the speed relative to the observer.
However, there is a difference in the s system, because in the s system the particle point o moves in a straight line along the x-axis with a speed V relative to the observer.
In the s system, C is the speed of point p relative to the observer in the s system, and C is also the superposition of the movement speed of point p relative to particle point o [we use U to represent it] and V, that is, C = U+V.
Therefore, in the s system, the movement speed of point p relative to point o should be:
U=C-V
Therefore, the momentum of motion can be written as:
P = mU = m(C-V)
Relativistic mechanics and Newtonian mechanics believe that the speed of light motion in the space around an object does not exist, that is, C = 0. Therefore, the momentum equation of Newtonian mechanics and relativity is
P = m V
It can also be said that the momentum mV of the theory of relativity and Newtonian mechanics is just a change when m C changes in the momentum formula P of the unified field theory = m (C-V).
The unified field theory momentum formula only expands the Newtonian and relativistic momentum formulas to include the vector light speed motion in the surrounding space when the object is stationary. It does not completely negate the relativity theory and Newtonian mechanical momentum formulas.
3. The momentum of an object when it is moving is equal to the amount when it is at rest.
Multiply both sides of the motion momentum formula P motion = m (C–V) by themselves, and the result is:
p² = m² (c²– 2C·V + v²)
p = m√(c²– 2C·V + v²)
We should reasonably think that the quantity m'c of the stationary momentum m'C' of the object when it is at rest, and the quantity m√(c ² – 2C·V + v²) of the motion momentum m (C–V) when it is moving should be Equal, the only difference is the direction. So, there should be:
m’c = m√(c²– 2C·V + v²)
Due to the constant speed of light and the limitation of the maximum speed of light, when the moving speed V of an object is very large, it is close to the speed of light C, and the angle θ between V and C will also tend to zero. If it does not tend to zero, there will be super-light speed. Appear. The strict proof is as follows:
The s’ system moves in a straight line relative to the s system at a uniform speed V along the x-axis [or the x’-axis, the x’-axis and the x-axis coincide with each other].
In the s' system, let the vector light speed of the space point p around the object point o be C', Cx' be the component of C' on the x' axis, θ' be the C' and x' axes [or Cx', because Cx 'parallel to the x' axis]. F:
cosθ’= cx’/c
cx’ is the scalar of Cx’, and c is the scalar of C’.
In the S series, there are:
cosθ= cx/c
θ is the angle between C and Cx in the s system. cx is the scalar component of C on the x-axis.
According to the inverse transformation formula of Lorenz velocity transformation:
cx=(cx’+v)/(1+ cx’ v/c²)
Adding the above cosθ= cx/c, cosθ’= cx’/c, it can be derived:
cosθ= (cosθ’+v/c) / [1+(v/c)cosθ’]
It can be seen from the above formula that when the quantity v of the speed V is close to the speed of light c, cosθ is close to 1, that is, θ is close to zero.
When the motion speed V and the speed of light C are very close, we ignore the difference between the number v of V and the number c of C, and the angle θ between V and C also tends to zero. The results are:
When v≈c, C·V≈v² [If we choose C·V≈c², the result will be an imaginary number and meaningless], the results are:
m’c = m√(c²–v²)
Note that although we ignore the difference between c and v in the above formula, we retain the difference between c² and v².
For example, the difference between 9 and 8 is 1, and the difference between 9² and 8² is 17. We can only ignore the small values and retain the large values, which is reasonable.
Dividing both sides of the above equation by the scalar speed of light c, we get:
m’= m√(1–v²/c²)
Does this style look familiar to everyone? Yes, it is the famous relativistic mass velocity formula.
It turns out that when an object moves at speed V, the increase in mass m is at the expense of reducing the original speed of light C in the surrounding moving space, and the total amount of momentum is still conserved.
This is to expand the scope of momentum conservation to different reference systems, that is, when observers moving with each other measure the momentum of the same object, the total quantity remains unchanged.
The philosophical idea is that the observer can only observe the state of motion, but cannot change the state of motion.
We then use the component form of (C–V) to analyze the formula m’c = m√ (c²– 2C·V + v²).
The three components of (C–V) are (Cx–Vx), (Cy–Vy), (Cz–Vz). Let the number of (C–V) be u, then:
u = √[(Cx–Vx)²+(Cy–Vy)²+(Cz–Vz)²]
=√(Cx²+Cy²+Cz²+Vx²+Vy²+Vz²- 2C·V)
=√(c²+ v²- 2C·V)
The situation is the same.
Multiplying both sides of m’ = m√ (1 - v²/c²) at the same time by the square of the scalar light speed can get the energy equation of relativity:
Energy = m’c² = mc²√(1 - v²/c²)
There are detailed arguments later.
25. Unified field theory dynamic equations
1. General definition of force
Force is the degree of change in the motion state of an object [or particle] in space relative to the motion of our observer [or the motion of the space around the object itself] in a certain space range [or a certain period of time].
Mathematically speaking, force is the derivative of an object's motion with respect to its position in space and time.
Forces are divided into inertia forces and interaction forces.
The inertial force is the derivative of the motion of an object with respect to its spatial position, which is the solid angle. Therefore, the force-receiving object has nothing to do with the distance between the force-exerting object and the observer. Inertial forces are relatively simple.
The interaction force is the derivative of the motion of the object with respect to the spatial position. This spatial position can be a volume, a curved surface, or a position vector.
Therefore, the force-receiving object is related to the force-exerting object and the distance from the observer.
There are inertial force and universal gravitation in Newtonian mechanics.
The inertial force of an object has nothing to do with the distance between the object receiving the force and the object exerting the force. The gravitational force is an interaction force and is related to distance.
In electromagnetism, the Lorenz force is an inertial force and the Ampere force is an interaction force.
In this section we will also extend the inertial force of Newtonian mechanics to electromagnetic force and nuclear force.
2. Write the four inertial forces of the universe in an equation
We use the degree of motion of a certain space point p in the space around particle o to describe the momentum P of point o = m (C–V). The momentum of point o has nothing to do with the distance between point o and point p, and has similar properties to the inertial force.
We follow the idea of Newtonian mechanics - inertial force is the derivative of momentum with respect to time. We can think that the degree of change of universal momentum P = m (C-V) with time t is the four inertial forces of the universe.
F = dP/dt = Cdm/dt - Vdm/dt + mdC/dt - mdV/dt
(C-V)dm/dt is the added mass force, and m(dC–dV)/dt is the acceleration force.
In the unified field theory, Cdm/dt is considered to be the electric field force, Vdm/dt is considered to be the magnetic field force, mdV/dt is the inertial force in Newton's second theorem, which is also equivalent to universal gravitation, and mdC/dt is the nuclear force.
mdC/dt This force is considered a nuclear force in the unified field theory for the following reasons:
The energy of an atomic bomb explosion can be calculated using the mass-energy equation e = m c² [E is not used here but e is used because this article stipulates that capital letters are vectors]. Therefore, the integral of the product of displacement and nuclear force along the direction of the nuclear force should be the same as mc². and similar forms, and mdC/dt meets this condition.
The dynamic equations of the unified field theory should include nuclear forces, because the unified field theory believes that all interaction forces come from the change of the motion state of the particle in space, or the change of the motion state of the space around the particle.
If we consider the mass-energy equation e = mc² in the theory of relativity, it can be reflected that the nuclear force [F = m(d/dt)C] is the work done by the object particles moving a distance R along the direction of the nuclear force. From the definition equation of work and energy, Then there are:
e=∫0,r F·dR = F·R
r in the above formula is the number of displacement vector R, and the integration range is between 0 and r.
e = F·R = mC·R(d/dt)
From the previous space-time identity equation R=Ct [differential formula dR/dt=C] we get:
e = F·R = mC·R(d/dt)= mC·C = mc²
The motion caused by the added mass force (C-V) dm/dt can also be called the added mass motion. The motion of adding mass is a discontinuous motion. The change in the speed of light when it is reflected back from the glass does not take time and is discontinuous. Light is a motion of adding mass.
Mass-added motion means that it takes time for the mass of an object to change with time. When the mass changes to zero, it can suddenly reach the speed of light from a certain speed. Observers who move with the object find that this motion process does not take time, and they start from Suddenly disappear in one place and suddenly appear in another place.
There is a discontinuous quality to changes in mass. The reason why the energy of electromagnetic wave radiation is discontinuous in quantum mechanics is:
A photon requires a fixed amount of energy that causes its mass to become zero before it can be excited into a photon. If the energy is less than this, the photon cannot be excited to move at the speed of light. When the energy of the photon reaches the excitation condition, it will move away at the speed of light. If more energy is added, it cannot be added.
If it is assumed that space is stationary, that is, C = 0, then the formula
F = dP/dt = Cdm/dt - Vdm/dt + mdC/dt - mdV/dt
C = 0, which returns to the dynamic formulas of relativity and classical mechanics:
F = dP/dt = - Vdm/dt - mdV/dt
Inertial force and interaction force are related, and they have both similarities and differences. For both forces, we can use the motion of a space point p in the space around the force-bearing particle o to examine the force on the particle o.
However, the inertial force has nothing to do with the distance r from point o to point p, while the interaction force is related to r.
We use solid angle to examine inertial force, and solid angle has nothing to do with distance. As for the interaction force, we use a three-dimensional cone or Gaussian surface to examine it. The three-dimensional cone or Gaussian surface is related to distance.
Twenty-six, explain Newton’s three major theorems
Newtonian mechanics includes three major theorems and the universal gravitation theorem.
The three major theorems of Newtonian mechanics are expressed as:
1. Any object [or particle] attempts to maintain a state of uniform linear motion or a state of rest until an external force changes.
2. When the force exerted on an object causes the object to accelerate, the resulting acceleration is directly proportional to the force received and inversely proportional to the mass of the object, and the direction of acceleration is consistent with the direction of the force.
3. An object exerting a force on another object always experiences an equal and opposite reaction force from the other object.
According to modern views, Newtonian mechanics should only be established relative to a certain observer.
Newton defined the mass m and velocity V of an object as momentum P = mV,
A careful analysis shows that the core of Newtonian mechanics is the concept of momentum. The concept of momentum originally came from Newtonian mechanics. Now we use the concept of momentum to restate Newton's three major theorems.
1. Relative to an observer, any particle point with mass m in space tries to maintain a certain momentum mV. V is the speed of the particle moving in a straight line in a certain direction, including when the speed is zero [the momentum must also be zero] static state.
2. When the particle is acted upon by an external force, the momentum will change. The rate of change of momentum P with time t is the external force F= dP/t = d(mV)/dt = m A
3. The momentum of a particle is conserved. In an isolated system, when the particles interact, the momentum gained by one particle is always lost by the other particle, and the total momentum remains unchanged.
In Newtonian mechanics, the mass m is considered to be an invariant, while the theory of relativity believes that the mass can change. However, the theory of relativity inherits some other views of Newtonian mechanics.
The momentum formula of the theory of relativity is the same as the form of Newtonian mechanics, except that in the theory of relativity the mass m can be a variable.
Unified field theory reveals the nature of mass and thus can completely explain Newtonian mechanics.
According to the view of unified field theory, Newton's three major theorems can be further understood as:
1. Compared to our observer, the space around any object moves outward at the vector speed of light C. Within the solid angle range of 4π, the number n of space displacements at the speed of light is the mass of the object m = k n/4π .
Therefore, when the object is at rest, it has a rest momentum mC. When we try to make the object move, we must apply a momentum [mass m times speed V,] to make mC change.
2. Force is the cause of changing the state of motion of the space around an object that diverges at the vector light speed C and moves at the speed V. It is also the cause of the change in momentum. Therefore, we use the derivative of momentum with respect to time to express force.
Force is defined as: Force is the amount of change in the motion state of an object moving in space [or the movement of the space around the object itself] in a certain space range [or a certain time].
3. Momentum is the composite m(C-V) of the motion of an object in space (mV) and the motion of the space around the object (mC), and is a conserved quantity. The forms of momentum measured by observers who move with each other are different. , and the total amount of momentum remains unchanged, regardless of the observation of the observer.
Twenty-seven, prove that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass
Newtonian mechanics believes that inertial mass reflects the degree to which an object is not easily accelerated, while gravitational mass reflects the ability to accelerate other objects.
In the above point o with mass m, when it is stationary relative to our observer, if there is a point p with mass m' far away from r, it will be affected by the gravitational force F of point o, which will make point p have a points to point o with acceleration - A, and
F= - (g m m’/r²)
F=-mA
Without giving any explanation, Newton equated the inertial mass m' in the formula F= - mA with the gravitational mass m' in the formula F= - (g m m'/r²) [R], and we got the following Mode:
A= -(g m /r²)【R】
r is the quantity of R, and [R] is the unit vector of R. This is what people often say that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass.
If we prove that the acceleration A from point p to point o is equal to the gravitational field generated by point o at point p, we can prove that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass.
Below we give the proof.
In the gravitational field equation A = - g k n R/Ω r³ given earlier, in order to facilitate the analysis of the problem, we set the number n of the light speed motion space displacement vector R = C t to 1, and the position vector from point o to point p, Let us use R to represent it, then the gravitational field equation is:
A= - g k R/Ωr³
In the above equation, we keep the quantity r of R constant, but the direction changes. In this way, the gravitational field A becomes the corresponding change between the direction of the spatial displacement R of the speed of light and the solid angle Ω.
Ω is a solid angle on the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² surrounding point o. When r takes a fixed value, the size of Ω is proportional to R·R = c²t².
Because although the quantity r of R remains unchanged, R is a vector, and an area can be drawn on the Gaussian sphere s through changes in two directions perpendicular to the radial direction of R, and this area is proportional to Ω. Because the size of Ω is equal to an area on the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² (r is set to 1 or a constant).
F:
A= - g k R/ c²t²r³
Since g, k, c, and r are all constants, combining the constants, we get:
A = - constant times R/t²
Taking the derivatives of R and t² with respect to t twice we get:
A= - constant times d²R/ dt²
Since Newtonian mechanics is the earliest mechanical system in human history, the above constants can be set to 1, just like the proportionality constant of Newton's second theorem can be set to 1. F:
A= - d²R/ dt²
Proof completed.
Twenty-eight, explain the nature of gravity
The most puzzling question about universal gravity for mankind is how the gravitational force between any two objects in the universe is generated, and how the gravitational force is transmitted to each other.
In fact, the nature of gravity is very simple.
For example, if a car is coming toward you, and the driver feels that he is stationary, he must think that you are moving towards the car. If a car is accelerating towards you and the driver feels that he is stationary, he must think that you are accelerating towards the car.
It doesn’t matter whether you are moving or the car is moving. The key and meaningful thing is that the space between the car and the person is changing.
The essence of universal gravitation is the change in spatial motion between particle points, a property displayed relative to our observers.
The motion change of the space between two mass points and the relative motion between the two mass points should essentially be the same thing.
Human beings are blinded by the word "force" called gravitation. They always think about what force is. What is force? The more I think about it, the more confused I become!
A girl walked by me. I said the girl was very beautiful. I had a knife. I said it was very sharp. Beauty is a quality we describe to a girl, and sharpness is a quality we describe to a knife.
Force is a property that we describe relative motion between objects. Force is not a specific thing.
When two objects move at a relative acceleration or have a tendency to move at a relative acceleration, we can say that there is a force acting between them.
Imagine that in China, a person holds a small ball in his hand. At a certain moment, the person puts down the small ball, and the small ball accelerates from a static state and hits the earth. According to the previous view, it can also be said that the ball is always stationary, and it is the earth that hits the ball.
Some people may object that if we put a small ball in Brazil, our symmetrical country, at the same time, wouldn't it mean that the small ball will fly into the air at an accelerated speed?
This rebuttal actually requires a premise: space is static and motionless, and all objects move in the static ocean of space like fish. The existence of space has nothing to do with the movement of particles.
The key point is: space itself is moving and changing all the time, and the movement of space and particles are closely linked. As for why space moves, please refer to the previous "Vertical Principle".
We observers stand on the earth and drop a stone casually. The stone does not receive any other force but is affected by the earth's gravitational force. It starts a free fall from a stationary state and falls toward the center of the earth. .
Without this stone, the space where the stone is still falls toward the center of the earth in the same way as the stone. If you could dye space with color, you would see that space is constantly falling toward the center of the earth. This is the essence of the gravitational field.
Compared to our observers, the movement of space around a single particle on the earth is uniform, the distribution of the gravitational field is also uniform, and there is no universal gravity.
When a stone with mass exists in the space around the earth, the uniform motion state of the earth and the space around the stone will be changed. The amount of change within a unit solid angle is the universal gravitation.
We set the stone as point p, use m to represent the mass of the stone, set the earth to point o, and use m’ to represent the mass of the earth.
According to our previous explanation of Newton’s three theorems, the gravitational force F on point p by point o can be expressed as:
F=mA
In the previous proof that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass, we know that the gravitational field A generated by the earth at point p (essentially the acceleration of space itself) and the acceleration of point p (the acceleration of an object in space) are equivalent. so:
A = - g m’R/r³
In the above formula, g is the universal gravitational constant, R is the position vector from point o to point p, and r is the distance between point o and point p.
The formula of universal gravitation is derived from the formulas F = - m A and A = g m’R/r³:
F = - g m m’R/r³
The above tells us that the essence of gravity comes from relative motion, and the essence of interaction force is also an inertial force. This is in line with the basic principle of the unified field theory mentioned above - all physical phenomena are formed by motion.
We regard the gravitational field A = - g m'R/r³ around the earth as the degree of motion in the space around the earth. If another particle p suddenly appears around the earth, the space around the particle p will also have the same motion as the space around the earth. In this way, the gravitational field A = - g m'R/r³ around the earth will change.
We understand the gravitational force F on the earth at point p as the degree of change in the gravitational field around the earth caused by the mass m at point p [m is proportional to n/4π].
The degree of change can certainly be expressed as n changes within the angle range of 4π
A = g m’R/r³, so,
F = - constant times n/4πg (m’R/r³) = - g m m’R/r³
An object with mass m’ generates a gravitational field A around it, and another object with mass m is in the gravitational field A, causing a change in A. The degree of change is the universal gravitation.
What we need to note is that the change in the gravitational field A here is not the degree of change of A with time and spatial position changes, but the change in A caused by A multiplied by the mass m of the object point p.
This is like a line segment multiplied by another line segment in the vertical direction, causing the original line segment to change and become a rectangle.
According to Newtonian mechanics, a satellite [represented by point p] above our earth [represented by point o] rotates in a perfect circle around the earth. At a certain moment, the acceleration A from point p to point o is the acceleration A produced by the earth at point p. gravitational field.
We can imagine that this satellite is very small, and its acceleration A toward the earth can still represent the size and direction of the gravitational field where point p is located.
According to the idea of unified field theory - the field is the movement of space itself. When we take away the satellite, only the space point where the satellite is located [we still use point p] rotates around the earth, and its acceleration towards the earth can still represent space. The magnitude and direction of the gravitational field where point p is located.
We use R to represent the position vector diameter from point o to point p. Then R and A are proportional to each other, but in opposite directions, satisfying the following relationship:
A = - k R
k is a constant. The above equation indicates that the gravitational field generated by a stationary object around it is a gradient field.
Since the gravitational field is equivalent to acceleration, we know that acceleration and displacement are proportional and opposite in direction, which is a wave process.
This shows that the gravitational field is volatile. This kind of fluctuation is the fluctuation of space itself, a spiral wave, and the speed of fluctuation is the speed of light.
If the size of the vector radius R remains unchanged and only changes in direction, one end is fixed and the other end circles around, and the above static gravitational field curl is zero, then:
∮A·dR = 0
The above indicates that the gravitational field generated by a stationary object in the surrounding space is a conservative field.
From the perspective of cylindrical spiral motion in space, the gravitational field is the acceleration part of the first circle of cylindrical spiral rotation in space that points toward the center.
The space around the earth and the sun [facing us as observers] both rotate counterclockwise. Where the rotations contact each other, the motion of space is in opposite directions, which offsets a part of the space, causing the space between the sun and the earth to decrease and approach each other, which is shown as mutual attraction.
Twenty-nine, space-time wave equation and gravitational field
As pointed out earlier, the space around the object moves divergently in a cylindrical spiral manner, and the vector displacement of the space point outside the particle changes with the position in space and with time.
The physical quantity [here is the displacement of the spatial point outside the particle point, referred to as the position vector] changes with the position in space and with time, and can be considered to have a wave process.
We know that there is a big difference between waves and cylindrical spiral motion. Waves are the propagation of vibration in the medium, unlike spiral motion, which is the movement of the position of the particle in space. But for this special thing called space, the two movements are compatible.
The movement of one space point will not have a fluctuation effect, but the situation is different for a group of space points.
You may remember a famous saying: There are no two identical leaves on a tree, but this is not true for points in space.
There is absolutely no difference between one space point and another space point. It can be concluded that the cylindrical spiral motion of space contains wave forms.
Next, we derive the wave equation of space-time from the previous space-time identification equation R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j +z k, and point out the relationship with the gravitational field.
Suppose there is a particle point o somewhere in the universe, which is stationary relative to our observer. According to the previous physical definition of time and the space-time identity equation, the time t between point o and the observer can be determined by the displacement R of a space point p around point o. (t) = Ct = x i+ y j +z k to represent.
We take the derivative of R with respect to time t, and the result is:
dR/dt = C
Square both sides of the above equation and the result is:
(dR/ dt)·(dR/dt )= c²= dr dr/dt dt
c is the scalar of the vector light speed C, and r is the scalar of R.
Let us now consider another space point p'. Point p' moves around point o. We use L to represent its displacement. L changes with time t and is a function of time t. From the relationship between R and t, we can conclude that L is R function.
We take the derivative of the displacement L of the space point p' with respect to the quantity r of the space displacement R twice, and the result is:
∂²L/ ∂r² = ∂²L/ c ² ∂t²
∂²L/∂x² + ∂²L/∂y² +∂²L/∂z² = ∂²L/c² ∂t²
r is the number of vectors R. The above differential sign d has been changed to the partial differential sign ∂.
Solving the partial differential equation ∂²L/∂t²=c²∂²L/∂r², the general solution is:
L(r, t) = f(t – r /c)+g(t + r /c)
f and g represent two independent functions. The equation L(r,t) = f(t - r/c) can be considered as a wave of space points traveling outward from the particle point o.
The equation L(r,t) = f(t + r/c) is traditionally believed to not exist in physics, and is considered to be a wave that converges to point o from infinite distance.
For ordinary media, it seems that there is no such physical meaning, but for a special medium like space, it does have physical meaning. This can actually explain the source of negative charges, which will be discussed in detail later.
The above equation also includes the form of straight-line motion in all directions with point o as the center, and the movement of straight lines from all directions converging to point o. This motion can be viewed as a limiting case where the amplitude of the spiral wave approaches zero.
The equation ∂²L/∂t²=c²∂²L/∂r² has two special solutions L = Acosω (t–r/c) and L = Asinω (t–r/c) that satisfy this equation.
The fluctuation speed c above is the speed of light, and the fluctuations in space-time are transverse waves.
If the continuity of motion is considered, the components Lx and Ly of the displacement L on the x-axis and y-axis are combined, and the motion form on the vertical plane of the z-axis should be a circle.
Therefore, in some cases, one of Lx and Ly takes a cosine wave, and the other takes a sine wave. Therefore, there is the following cylindrical spiral space-time wave equation:
Lx = Acosω(t–z/c)
Ly = Asinω(t–z/c)
In the unified field theory, the gravitational field is the source of fluctuations caused by space vibrations, while the electromagnetic field is the propagation of space vibrations, and the propagation speed is the speed of light.
Thirty, the defining equations of charge and electric field
1. The definition equation of charge
In the unified field theory, charge and mass are the motion effects of the space around the particle moving divergently in a cylindrical spiral at the speed of light. They have a common origin - the speed of light and spiral divergent motion of space.
Assume that the particle point o is stationary relative to our observer, and the position vector from point o to a surrounding space point p is R. We use the number r of R to build a Gaussian sphere s=4πr² to surround point o.
One endpoint of R is at point o, and the other endpoint p is moving in a cylindrical spiral, and the rotational motion will draw a solid angle Ω on the Gaussian surface s.
As pointed out earlier, point o with mass m can be expressed as:
m = k(1/Ω)
Mass m represents the solid angle 4π surrounding point o, passing through n light speed motion space displacement vectors R.
The formula m = k(1/Ω) is a simplification of the mass definition equation, which means that there happens to be an R on the unit solid angle Ω.
In the unified field theory, if the particle o carries a charge q, q represents the number of R that passes through the unit solid angle in unit time. That is to say, the degree of change of mass m with time t is the charge. Therefore, there is the definition equation of charge:
q = k’dm/dt = - k’k (dΩ/dt)/ Ω²
In the formula, k’ is a constant.
The above is the differential definition equation of charge, which can also be considered as the geometric form definition equation of charge.
This charge definition equation reflects that the size of the charge is related to the angular velocity of the solid angle of the rotational movement in space around the particle.
Since Ω is a solid angle, 4π is one of the most important values. This is the fundamental reason for charge quantization.
The change in (dΩ/dt) is a change in angle, and the change is reciprocating, so the change in time t is periodic.
It can be seen from this definition that the nature of charge is closely related to the rotation frequency of space.
The definition of charge here is partly an assumption and partly a reasoning. That is to say, the electric charge is the degree of motion of the space around the object particles diverging in a cylindrical spiral at the speed of light.
We get this charge-defining equation and see if it matches the knowledge we have. If it all agrees, it means that the charge-defining equation is correct and reliable.
This charge definition equation can only be applied to a single charged particle. For macroscopic objects, which contain many positively and negatively charged particles, it cannot be directly applied, because most of the positive and negative charges of macroscopic objects cancel each other out.
2. Prove the relativistic invariance of charge
In the theory of relativity, charge does not change with the speed of motion, but the theory of relativity does not prove it. Below we give the proof using the charge definition equation.
When the object particle point o is stationary relative to our observer, it carries a charge q. According to the above relationship equation between charge and mass:
q = k’dm/dt
We can easily see that when point o moves at speed v relative to our observer, mass m and time t [compared to the proper time] simultaneously increase by a relativistic factor √ (1- v²/c²), so, q Still unchanged.
3. Some issues we need to pay attention to regarding the definition of charge
The dm/dt in the definition of charge q indicates that the charge amount of the particle is proportional to the mass change rate of the particle. This does not seem to be consistent with the facts. In practice, we have not found that the mass of charged particles changes drastically, nor have we found any The continuous increase or decrease in quality over time.
The reason may be that the mass change of charged particles changes periodically, rather than changing to infinity with time.
Moreover, the frequency of this change may be extremely fast, just like alternating current. Because the frequency of change is so fast, we cannot feel and detect the change.
In the above mass definition equation m = k n/Ω, k is a constant. For a single object particle, when no other particles are close around it, the number n of spatial motion displacements will not change. The change is the change of the solid angle Ω. And we know that the change of solid angle is periodic.
If this situation is confirmed, then in quantum mechanics matter waves, particles have wavelengths and frequencies, which are likely to be related to this.
4. Geometric definition equation of electric field
Point o, which is stationary relative to our observer, carries charge q, and generates an electric field E at point p in the surrounding space. We surround point o with a Gaussian sphere s = 4πr². p is an inspection point on s, and points from o to p. The position vector is R, so the number of R is r.
The electric field definition equation given by Coulomb's theorem is E = q R/4πε. r³, 4π ε. is a constant, we don’t need to consider it, R is the spatial displacement vector, r is the radius of the Gaussian sphere, the only thing we don’t know is what the charge q means.
Once we understand the geometric meaning of charge q, we also completely understand the geometric meaning of electric field E. Therefore, we define the equation of charge q
q = k’dm/dt = - k’k (dΩ/dt)/ Ω²
Bring in E = q R/4πε. r³, the geometric definition equation of the electrostatic field E is given:
E = - k’k (dΩ/dt) R/Ω²4πε. r³
The electric field is expressed as the spatial displacement R passing through the Gaussian sphere s per unit time, and the density distributed on s has more time factors than mass.
When the direction of the electric field of a charged particle is consistent with the surrounding space displacement, it is a positive electric field, and on the contrary, it is a negative electric field.
5. Explain Coulomb’s law
Coulomb's law is expressed as follows:
Relative to our observer, the force F between two stationary point charges q (electricity is q) and q' (electricity is q') in vacuum is proportional to the product of their electric charges, and is proportional to the distance r between them. are inversely proportional to the square of , and the direction of the force is on the line connecting them.
Charges can be either positive or negative. Charges with the same sign repel each other and charges with different signs attract each other. The mathematical formula is:
F = (k q q’/r²)【R】= q q’R/4πε. r³
where k is the proportionality constant, ε. is the dielectric constant in vacuum, R is the position vector pointing from q to q’, its quantity is r, [R] is the unit vector along R.
From the above definition equations of charge and electric field, it can be seen that the electric field generated by charge q at q’ should be
E = - k’k (dΩ/dt)R/Ω²4πε. r³
Since the charge q’ = k’k (dΩ’/dt’)/Ω’² appears at point p near q, the electric field E of the charge q at point p changes.
We understand this kind of field change [because the nature of the field is to move space in a cylindrical spiral shape, in fact, the space is changing] as the force of q on q', and use the product of E and q' to express this change. The effect is the above Coulomb's theorem.
6. Positive and negative charge model
In the unified field theory, it is determined that particles are charged because the space itself around the particles moves in a cylindrical spiral at all times.
We know that cylindrical spiral motion can be decomposed into rotational motion and linear motion perpendicular to the rotation plane.
The particle carries a positive charge and generates a positive electric field around it. This is caused by the linear motion part of the space around the particle diverging in all directions relative to our observer with the particle as the center, and the rotating part rotating counterclockwise, and it satisfies the right-handed spiral.
The radial speed [note that it is different from the speed of motion in a straight line, but the rotational speed superimposed on the speed of motion in a straight line] is the vector speed of light, pointing from the positive charge to space at infinity.
Particles are negatively charged and generate a negative electric field around them. This is caused by the fact that the linear motion part of the space around the particle converges towards the particle from infinite distance relative to our observer, and the rotating part is also counterclockwise. The same applies to right-hand spirals.
Radial velocity is the vector speed of light, directed from infinity to negative charge in space.
The cylindrical spiral shape of the space around charged particles is the reason why the particles are charged. We know that cylindrical spiral motion is the superposition of rotational motion and linear motion in the vertical direction of the rotation plane. We can use the right-hand rule to explain.
We draw many rays from the positive charge to the surrounding space around the positive point charge. If we hold any one of the rays with our right hand, and the thumb is in the same direction as the ray, then the direction of rotation of the four fingers is the rotation direction of the space around the positive point charge.
We draw many rays around the negative point charge that point to the negative charge from any space. We hold any one of the rays with our right hand, and the thumb is in the same direction as the ray. Then the direction of rotation of the four fingers is the rotation direction of the space around the negative point charge. .
The space around positive and negative charges is a right-handed spiral space.
Space around a positive charge rotates counterclockwise toward us as an observer.
The space surrounding a negative charge rotates clockwise toward us as an observer.
The definition equations of electric field and charge given above are partly our assumptions and partly our logical reasoning.
If this equation is consistent with all the knowledge we already have, then these defining equations are reliable.
One thing we should also note is that the above definition equations of electric field and charge are not absolute and unique. We can give other forms of definition equations based on the nature of charge and electric field.
7. Geometric figures explain the repulsion of similar charges and the attraction of different charges
Since electric charge is formed by the cylindrical spiral divergent motion in the space around the object particles, can we use a cylindrical spiral motion model to explain all the laws of electric charge?
Also, when equal amounts of positive and negative charges come together, why do the charges cancel each other out to zero? Can this be rigorously proven mathematically?
The answer is yes, and the proof is similar to Gauss's theorem for magnetic fields. It is to use a tiny curved surface dS to intercept the vector displacement line of cylindrical spiral motion in space.
On a finite surface with a certain size, as many spatial displacement lines enter, there will definitely be as many spatial displacement lines coming out, and the two cancel each other out to zero. Integrate dS all over the Gaussian sphere surrounding the object particles, and the total result is zero.
Why do positive and negative charges attract each other?
In the figure above, red represents positive electric field lines and blue represents negative electric field lines.
When positive charges and negative charges of equal amounts are brought close to each other, the space around the charges moves in a cylindrical spiral. The radial part starts from the positive charges at the speed of light and ends with the negative charges.
Where rotating parts of space touch each other, they cancel each other out because they are in opposite directions.
Note that every electric field line has rotation. The electric field lines are actually cylindrical and spiral. For the sake of simplicity, not all the rotation lines are drawn in the above picture.
In this way, the amount of space between positive charges and negative charges is decreasing, and there is a tendency to contact each other, which is manifested as mutual attraction.
Whether the two charges move away from each other or approach each other depends on the cylindrical spiral rotating part of the space, because the speed of movement in the radial direction is the speed of light. According to the theory of relativity, the space moving at the speed of light shortens to zero, or it no longer belongs to where we are. space.
Once the positive and negative charges are very close to each other and are equivalent to a point, the surrounding linear motions cancel each other out due to their opposite directions, and the rotational motions also cancel out each other due to their opposite directions.
This is the reason why when equal amounts of positive and negative charges come together, the motion effect in the surrounding space [including stationary mass] disappears, and the charges can cancel each other out.
The picture above shows two equal positive charges approaching each other. Since the rotating parts of space are close together, the direction of movement is the same, which increases the amount of space.
Note that each electric field line has a rotation. The electric field lines are actually cylindrical and spiral. For the sake of simplicity, not all of them are drawn in the above picture.
In this way, the amount of space between the two positive charges is increasing, and they tend to move away from each other, showing mutual repulsion.
The picture above shows two equal negative charges approaching each other. Since the rotating parts of the space are close to each other, the direction of movement is the same, which increases the amount of space. In this way, the amount of space between the two negative charges is increasing, and they tend to move away from each other, showing mutual repulsion.
Thirty-one, velocity multiplied by the rate of change of mass with time is the electromagnetic field force
The momentum formula P = mV given by the theory of relativity and Newtonian mechanics is different from the momentum formula P = m (C-V) given by the unified field theory.
Dynamic equations of unified field theory:
F = dP/dt = (d/dt)m（C-V）
= Cdm/dt-Vdm/dt+mdC/dt- mdV/dt
where, m is the mass of the particle, C is the vector speed of light, V is the velocity of the particle, and t is time.
In the above formula, (C-V)dm/dt= Cdm/dt -Vdm/dt is the velocity multiplied by the force that the mass changes with time, which is referred to as the added mass force.
The unified field theory believes that its essence is the electromagnetic field force, where Cdm/dt is the electric field force and Vdm/dt is the magnetic field force.
According to the unified field theory, when the above point o is stationary in s', it has a rest mass m', and the surrounding space moves away from the point o at the vector light speed C', carrying a charge dm'/dt' [Why is this possible? Expression, refer to the previous charge definition equation], if it is affected by the electric field force of other charges, the electrostatic field force F static can be expressed as:
F static = C’dm’/dt’,
In the s system, when point o [moving mass is m] moves along the x-axis at speed V, the surrounding space leaves point o at the vector light speed C [the directions of C and C' are different, but exactly the same] and moves along V The motion in the parallel direction (that is, along the x-axis direction) subjected to the electric field force Fx can be expressed as:
Fx dynamic = Cx dm/dt,
The quantitative formula is:
fx motion = c dm/dt,
corresponding,
Fxstatic = Cx’dm’/dt’
The quantitative formula is:
fx static = c dm’/dt’
Since neither the speed of light c nor the charge changes with the speed V, that is, dm’/dt ’= dm/dt, so,
Fx static = Fx moving
c is a scalar for C, v is a scalar for V, and f is a scalar for force F. C’x represents the vector light speed C’ on the x-axis in the s’ system, and Cx represents the vector light speed C on the x-axis in the s system.
Note that t and t’ are different. The directions of C’ and C are different, but the modules are both scalar light speed c, and c is constant.
If the vector light speed C’ and C are in the vertical direction along V, they are subjected to electric field force:
In the s’ department,
Fyjing = Cy’dm’/dt’
The quantitative formula is:
fystatic = c dm’/dt’
In the S series,
Fy action = Cy dm/dt,
According to the relativistic velocity transformation, its quantitative formula is:
fy = [c√（1－v²/c²）]dm/dt
F:
√ (1-v²/c²) Fy static = Fy moving
The same reason can be derived:
√ (1-v²/c²) Fz static = Fz moving
The above conclusion is consistent with the transformation of relativistic electromagnetic force. Let the charge at point o be q, if the electrostatic field is expressed as:
E’=Fjing/q = (C’dm’/dt’)/q
The dynamic electric field is expressed as:
E =F moving/q = (Cdm/dt)/q
When point o moves in a straight line along the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V, the quantities of C and C' on the x-axis are the same, both are c. Since dm'/dt' and q are unchanged, so ,
Ex = Ex’
On the y-axis and z-axis, the quantity of C is c√(1-v²/c²), the quantity of C’ is c,
so,
Fy = (dm/dt) c√ (1-v²/ c²)
= (dm/dt )c[√(1-v²/ c²)] [√(1-v²/ c²)]/[√(1-v²/ c²)]
=(dm/dt)c(1-v²/c²)/√(1-v²/c²)
If we think Ey’=Fystatic/q = (Cy’dm’/dt’)/q
is the component of the electrostatic field E’ on the y-axis,
If Ey=(dm/dt)c/q√(1-v²/c²) is the component of the moving electric field E on the y-axis, then:
Ey’= Ey√（1－v²/c²）
Note, (dm'/dt') c/q = (dm/dt) c/q
The analysis of Ez will get the same result, which is the same as the electric field transformation of relativity theory.
We can also see that the moving electric field force in the vertical direction of the speed V can be written as;
F垂=（dm/dt ）c（1－v²/ c²）/√（1－v²/ c²）
It becomes two parts, one part has nothing to do with the speed V [the quantity is v], and the other part is related to the speed V.
If we think that (dm/dt) c/√ (1-v²/ c²)
is the electric field force, the part of the force related to the speed V [amount is v]
(dm/dt )c (v²/ c²)/√ (1-v²/ c²)
is the magnetic field [expressed by B] force, then E and B satisfy [expressed by vector] the following vector cross product relationship:
B= V×E/c²
This result is the same as the theory of relativity.
Thirty-two, the defining equation of nuclear force field
All fields can be obtained by changes in the gravitational field. The nuclear force field, like the electromagnetic field, can also be represented by changes in the gravitational field.
The electric field is generated when the mass in the gravitational field changes with time. The difference in the nuclear force field is that the position vector R [modulo r] of the space point in the gravitational field changes with time.
Gravitational field A= - g m R/r³= - g (k/Ω) R/ r³ R/r³ changes with time t, resulting in a nuclear force field:
D = - g m [d(R/r³)dt]
= - g m[(dR/ dt)- 3 (R/r)（dr/dt）]/ r³
= - g m[(C- 3 (R/r) (dr/dt) ]/ r³
C above is the vector speed of light.
The above formulas are just guesses. The nuclear force field is different from electric fields and magnetic fields. Human beings already have formulas to describe electric fields and magnetic fields. It’s just that humans don’t know what the charge is in the electric field and magnetic field formulas. Once we know the geometric form of the charge, we only need to put the charge By bringing the geometric form definition equations into the electric field and magnetic field formulas, the unified field theory can completely express the electric field and magnetic field in geometric form.
However, nuclear force fields are different. Human beings do not have any formulas about nuclear forces and nuclear force fields.
In addition, nuclear force comes from protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and protons and neutrons are always in motion. Therefore, even if the above nuclear force field formula is correct and reliable, it cannot be used directly and needs to be extended to moving particles. use.
Whether the above nuclear force field formula is reliable, as well as the precise formula of nuclear interaction force, requires humans to continue to explore theoretically and experimentally.
Regarding the nuclear interaction force, here is a guess: the nuclear force exerted by a particle (mass m) on a nearby particle p (mass m') is equal to the nuclear force field D generated by point o at point p (from the above The definition equation of the nuclear force field is given) times the mass m' of point p or cross times the momentum m'V of point p or the angular momentum R×m'V.
Thirty-three, the definition equation of magnetic field
In the unified field theory, the magnetic field and the electric field are not the same field, and they cannot directly interact or superpose.
Human beings have discovered that when charged particles move in a straight line at a uniform speed relative to our observer, they can cause changes in the electric field. We can think of the changing part of the electric field as a magnetic field, that is, the electric field that changes with the speed produces a magnetic field. The unified field theory inherits this. kind of view.
Imagine that in the inertial reference system s', a point o is stationary relative to our observer, has mass m' [m when moving at speed V], has a positive charge q, and is in the surrounding space p [point p can be seen It is a space point, which can also be regarded as a field point or an inspection point. An electrostatic field E' is generated at [if it is a negative charge, add a negative sign, and it is E when moving at a speed V], pointing from point o to point p. The vector diameter of is R' [R when moving at speed V].
We use the length r’ of R’ [r when moving at speed V] as the radius to make a Gaussian surface s’ = 4πr’² to surround point o.
In the inertial reference frame s, when point o moves in a straight line relative to us at a uniform speed V along the x-axis, it can cause changes in the electric field in the vertical direction of V. We can think of the changed part as the magnetic field B.
A very simple idea is that the moving electric field E multiplied by the speed V is the magnetic field B. Since the magnetic field generated when the speed V and the electric field E are perpendicular to each other, the magnetic field generated is the largest, so they should be a vector cross product, so there is the following relationship,
B = constant times (V×E)
In order to obtain the geometric form equation of the moving electric field E, we define the electrostatic field obtained from Coulomb’s theorem as the equation E’= q R’/4πε. r’³, corrected using the Lorenz positive transformation [because the charge o point is moving relative to our observer], we can get:
E =γq [( x-vt)i+ yj+zk]}/ 4πε。{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
so,
V×E =γq V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]/4πε. {√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
Let the vacuum permeability be μ. , because what we are discussing here is in a vacuum situation, then:
B=μ. {γq V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/4π{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
=μ. ε. {γq V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/ 4πε. {√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
=μ. ε. V×E
Because μ. ε. = 1/c²
Therefore, the above formula can also be written as B = V×E/c²
Therefore, the definition equation of magnetic field is:
B=μ. {γq V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/4π{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
In the above equation, humans have never been clear about the charge q before. Now once we understand the geometric form of the charge q, we can use the above charge definition equation q = kk' (1/Ω²)dΩ/dt to get the geometric form of the magnetic field. Define the equation:
B =μ。{γ[-kk' (1/Ω²)dΩ/dt] V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/4π{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²] }³
Let θ be the angle between the vector diameter R [the scalar is r=√[γ²(x-vt)²+y²+z²]] and the speed v, B can be expressed in polar coordinate form:
B=μ。{[-kk’ (1/Ω²)dΩ/dt]v sinθ/4πγ²r² [√（1- β ²sin²θ）] ³}【r】
β=v/c in the formula, c is the speed of light, v is the scalar form of V, [r] is the unit vector of the vector R (the scalar is r).
Using the relationship between mass and charge q =k’dm/dt, the definition equation of the magnetic field containing mass can be obtained:
B =μ。{γ（k’dm/dt,）V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/4π{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
In the figure below, a positively charged particle o point that is stationary relative to us generates an electrostatic field E' at the surrounding space point p. When point o moves in a straight line with a uniform speed along the x-axis at a speed V relative to our observer, an electrostatic field E' can be generated. Magnetic field B, the essence of this magnetic field is that space rotates with the vector velocity V as the central axis. The rotation of B and V satisfy the right-handed spiral relationship.
The magnetic field B, the moving electric field E and the charge velocity V satisfy the following relationships:
B = V×E/c²
According to the custom of ordering the vector cross product and Stokes' theorem, the y cross multiplied by z forms a vector surface element in the x direction, the z cross multiplied by x forms a vector surface element along the y direction, and the x cross multiplied by y A vector surface element along the z direction is formed, and the three components satisfy the following right-handed spiral relationship:
Bx = 0
By = -V×Ez/c²
Bz = V×Ey/c²
where V is the velocity of the charged particle o along the x-axis.
According to the unified field theory, when the object particle is stationary, the moving speed of the surrounding space points is the vector speed of light C’. When the object particle moves at the speed V, the moving speed of the surrounding space points is C-V.
When point o is stationary, the surrounding space point p is moving at the vector speed of light C'. When point o moves in a straight line along the x-axis at speed V, the vector light speed of point p is consistent with E, and a movement speed -V is also superimposed. It is exactly opposite to the movement speed V of point o.
When we place the inspection point at point p, we should replace the movement speed of point o with the movement speed of space point p. The above component relationship becomes the following left-handed spiral:
Bx = 0
By = V×Ez/c²
Bz = -V×Ey/c²
When we examine the situation of point p in space, it is more direct and convenient to use this component formula.
In the figure below, when the charge point o starts from point a and moves in a circular motion at a uniform speed to point b, the rotational motion of space enters and exits on the positive and negative sides of the circle. The side that enters is the S pole, and the side that comes out is the S pole. The side is called the N pole.
Judging from the geometric form of the magnetic field, there are no magnetic monopoles in nature.
Thirty-four, derivation of Maxwell’s equations
The four equations of Maxwell's equations can describe all the laws of electromagnetic phenomena, but they are not the most basic.
Maxwell's four equations can be derived using the defining equations of electric and magnetic fields, Gauss's theorem and Stokes' theorem in field theory, and the Lorenz transformation in relativity theory.
1. Curl of electrostatic field E’
For a stationary charge point o, with a charge q, the electrostatic field E’ is generated around it, and the electric field is used to define the equation
E’ = f (dΩ/dt) R/Ω²r³
Directly finding the curl, we get:
▽×E’ = 0
Note that only R/r³ is a variable on the right side of the formula.
The above equation can be decomposed into the following three equations:
∂Ez’/∂y’ – ∂Ey’/∂z’= 0
∂Ex'/∂ z' － ∂Ez'/∂x'= 0
∂Ey'/∂ x' － ∂Ex'/∂y'= 0
2. Divergence of electrostatic field E’
Define the equation for the electric field
E’= f (dΩ/dt) R/Ω²r³
Find the divergence directly. Note that only R/r³ is a variable on the right side of the formula, we get:
▽·E’ = 0
r in the above formula is the radius of the Gaussian sphere s surrounding point o. When r approaches zero [it can also be said that the inspection point on the Gaussian sphere - the space point p is infinitely close to the charge point o], and point o can When viewed as an infinitesimal charged sphere, the equation appears to be 0/0. Using the Dirac delta function, we can get:
▽·E’ = ∂Ex’/∂ x’+ ∂Ey’/∂y’+ ∂Ez’/∂z’= ρ’/ε。
ρ’ is the density of charges, ε, in the Gaussian sphere s surrounding charge point o [the volume of s is very small and infinitely close to point o]. is the vacuum dielectric constant.
What we need to note is that if point o is outside the Gaussian sphere s, s does not surround point o, and its divergence is always zero.
3. Derive Gauss’ theorem of the moving electric field E
Assume that the charge point o is stationary in the s' system. Although the charge q is an invariant, the charge q moves in a straight line along the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V in the s system. According to the theory of relativity, the movement causes space to shrink. Its volume will shrink to 1/γ [γ = 1/√ (1 - v²/c²) is the relativistic factor] times, and the corresponding charge density of q will increase to γ times.
Therefore, the density ρ of q in the s system is greater than the density ρ in the s’ system by a relativistic factor γ.
ρ = γρ’
The charge q moves in a straight line along the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V [scalar is v] in the s system, so there is a current density:
J = i ρv = i γv ρ’
i is the unit vector along the x-axis.
From the Lorenz positive transformation of x'=γ(x-vt) we get ∂x'/∂x =γ, and then from the relativistic transformation of the electric field Ex = Ex', Ey = γ Ey', Ez = γ Ez', and Divergence of electrostatic field E':
▽•E’ = ∂Ex’/∂ x’ + ∂Ey’/∂y’ + ∂Ez’/∂z’ = ρ’/ε。
Gauss's theorem for the moving electric field E can be derived:
▽•E = ∂Ex/∂ x + ∂Ey/∂y + ∂Ez/∂z
= γ(∂Ex’/∂ x’ + ∂Ey’/∂y’ + ∂Ez’/∂z’)
= γρ’/ε. =ρ/ε.
4. Derive Gauss’ theorem of magnetic field
Using the above differential operators ∂/ ∂y = ∂/ ∂y’, ∂/ ∂z = ∂/ ∂z’,
The relationship satisfied by the magnetic field B and the electric field E at the previous space point p:
Bx = 0,
By = v Ez /c²,
Bz = -v Ey’/c²,
The first formula of curl when electrostatic field E’ is applied
∂Ez’/∂y - ∂Ey ’/∂z’= 0
Relativistic transformation formula plus electric field
γEz’=Ez, γEy’=Ey,
Gauss's theorem for magnetic fields can be derived:
▽•B = ∂Bx/∂ x + ∂By/∂y + ∂Bz/∂z
= 0 + (v Ez /c²)∂/∂y - (v Ey /c²)∂/∂z
= 0 +(γv Ez’/c²)∂/∂y’- (γv Ey’/c²)∂/∂z’
= γ(v/c²)(∂Ez’/∂y’－ ∂Ey ’/∂z’)= 0
5. Derive Faraday’s electromagnetic induction theorem
From the first formula of the curl of the electrostatic field E’
（∂Ez’/∂y’）－（∂Ey’ /∂z’）= 0
From the relativistic transformation of the electric field Ez’= Ez/γ, Ey’= Ey/γ, ∂y = ∂y’, ∂z= ∂z’, it is derived:
（Ez/γ)(∂/∂y）－（Ey/γ)(∂/∂z）
= (1/γ)(（∂Ez/∂y）－（Ey/∂z）=0
so,
∂Ez/∂ y - ∂Ey/∂z = 0
The second formula for the curl of the electrostatic field E’
（∂Ex’/∂ z’）－（∂Ez’/∂x’）= 0，
From the relativistic transformation of the electric field Ex'= Ex, Ez'= Ez/γ, ∂z = ∂z', and from the partial differential of the Lorenz positive transformation x'=γ(x-vt), we get γ/∂x'= 1/∂x, derived:
∂Ex/∂z - (1/γ²) (∂Ez/∂x)=0
∂Ex/∂z - (1-v²/c²) (∂Ez/∂x)=0
∂Ex/∂z －（∂Ez/∂x）= －(v²/c²)(∂Ez/∂x）
Derive v/∂x= 1/∂t from v=dx/dt
so:
∂Ex/∂z－∂Ez/∂x = -（v/c²）∂Ez/∂t
From the relationship By = v Ez /c² satisfied by the magnetic field B and electric field E at the space point p, we get:
∂Ex/∂z－∂Ez/∂x = −By /∂t
The third formula of the curl of the electrostatic field E’
∂Ey’/∂ x’- ∂Ex’/∂y’= 0,
From the relativistic transformation of the electric field Ex’= Ex, Ey’= Ey/γ, and then from the above differential operator of the Lorenz positive transformation γ/∂x’=1/∂x, ∂y=∂y’,
get:
(1/γ²)∂Ey/∂ x-∂Ex/∂y=0
(1 - v²/c²)∂Ey/∂ x-∂Ex/∂y=0
∂Ey/∂ x－∂Ex/∂y =（v²/c²）∂Ey/∂ x
From v/∂x = 1/∂t
get:
∂Ey/∂ x－∂Ex/∂y =（v/c²）∂Ey/∂ p
From the relationship Bz = -v Ey/c² satisfied by the electric field E and magnetic field B at the space point p, we get:
∂Ey/∂ x-∂Ex/∂y =-Bz/∂ t
From Tokes’ theorem:
▽×E = (∂Ez/∂y−∂Ey/∂z) i+ (∂Ex/∂z−∂Ez/∂x) j + z (∂Ey/∂x−∂Ex/∂y) k
= 0 i － （∂By/∂t）j －（∂Bz/∂t）k
=－（∂Bx/∂t）i－（∂By/∂t）j－（∂Bz/∂t）k
= -∂B/∂t
6. Derive current and change electric field to generate magnetic field
The relationship satisfied by the electric field E and magnetic field B at the space point p
Bz = -v Ey/c², By = v Ez/c², we can get:
∂Bz/∂y －∂By/∂z = -（∂/∂y)(v/c²）Ey －（∂/∂z)(v/c²）Ez
= -v/c²（∂Ey/∂y＋ ∂Ez/∂z）
= -μ. ε. v(ρ/ε.-∂Ex/∂x)
Note that μ. ε. =1/c², ρ is the charge body density of point o in the s system. Gauss’ theorem of the moving electric field E is used here.
▽•E = ∂Ex/∂ x + ∂Ey/∂y + ∂Ez/∂z =ρ/ε。
so,
-μ. ε. v(ρ/ε.-∂Ex/∂x)
= -μ. vρ+μ. ε. v ∂Ex/∂x
The above is obtained from the investigation at the space point p, because the movement speed v of the charge point o is exactly opposite to the movement speed -v of the point p.
μ. v ρ is the current. If the above formula represents the magnetic field generated by the current and the changing magnetic field, the negative sign must be removed. Then v/∂x = 1/∂t, so the vector expression of the above formula can be written as:
μ. J + μ. ε. (∂Ex/∂t)i
i is the unit vector of the electric field E along the x-axis, and J is the current.
由Bx=0，Bz = - v Ey/c²，v/∂x=1/∂t，so：
∂Bx/∂z－∂Bz/∂x = - ∂Bz/∂x
= (v/c²)∂Ey/∂x
=(1/c²)∂Ey/∂t
=μ. ε. ∂Ey/∂t
From Bx=0, By = v Ez/c², v/∂x=1/∂t, so:
∂By/∂x－∂Bx/∂y = ∂By/∂x
= (v/c²)∂Ez/∂x
= (1/c²)∂Ez/∂t
=μ. ε. ∂Ez/∂t
According to Stokes' theorem,
▽×B = (∂Bz/∂y−∂By/∂z) i+ (∂Bx/∂z−∂Bz/∂x) j + z (∂By/∂x−∂Bx/∂y) k
= (μ.J +μ.ε·∂Ex /∂t) i+(μ·ε·∂Ey /∂t )j+ (μ·ε·∂Ez/∂t ) k
=μ. J+μ. ε. (∂E /∂t)
Thirty-five, the gravitational field that changes with time produces an electric field
In the unified field theory, the gravitational field is the parent field, the electric field, magnetic field, and nuclear force field are all formed by changes in the gravitational field, and charges are formed by changes in mass.
In turn, changes in the electric field, magnetic field, and nuclear force field can also form a gravitational field, but the form of this change is more complicated, while the change of the gravitational field to form other fields is simpler.
We first find out how the changing gravitational field produces an electric field when point o of the object particle is stationary relative to our observer. Next, we find out the electric field generated by changes in the gravitational field when the object particles move relative to us.
convert the gravitational field equation
A = - g m R/r³ = - g k (1/Ω)R/r³
Taking the partial derivative of (1/Ω) with respect to time t, we get:
∂A/∂t = g k (1/Ω²)(dΩ/dt)R/r³
From the above electrostatic field geometry definition equation
E = - k’k (dΩ/dt)R/Ω²4πε. r³
You can get:
E = -(k’/g 4πε.)dA/dt
Since g, k’ ,4π,ε. are all constants, and the combined constant is f, then:
E = - f dA/dt
From this we get the relationship between the three components:
Ex = - f ∂Ax /∂t
Ey = - f ∂Ay /∂t
Ez = - f ∂Az /∂t
When the charged object particle o point moves with uniform velocity V [scalar is v] along the positive direction of the x-axis relative to us in a straight line, the electric field of the moving object can be calculated by using the relativistic transformation of the electric field and the relativistic transformation of the gravitational field. and the gravitational field satisfy the relationship.
In order to distinguish, we use primed letters to represent the electric field and gravitational field generated when point o is stationary, and unprimed letters represent the electric field and gravitational field generated when point o is moving.
The relationship between the electric field and the gravitational field when point o is stationary:
E’x = - f ∂A’x /∂t’
E’y = - f ∂A’y /∂t’
E’z = - f ∂A’z /∂t’
From the Lorenz transformation of the electric field in the theory of relativity, we know: Ex = E’x, Ey =γE’y, Ez =γE’z, where γ=1/√ (1- v²/c²).
From the previous relativistic transformation of the gravitational field, it can be seen that: Ax =γAx, Ay=γ²Ay, Az =γ²Az.
For the Lorenz time positive transformation t’ =γ(t-vx/c²) in the theory of relativity, partial differentiation of time is obtained, and the time of motion is extended:
∂ t’/∂t=γ (∂ t/∂t - v²/c²)
∂ t’/∂t =γ(1 - v²/c²)=γ/γ²=1/γ
∂ /∂t’ =γ∂ /∂t
From the above, we can find the relationship between the moving electric field E and the moving gravitational field A when point o moves:
Ex= - f ∂Ax /∂t
Ey= - f ∂Ay /∂t
Ez = - f ∂Az /∂t
From the calculation results, it can be seen that the relationship between the electric field and the gravitational field is the same when the object particles are stationary and moving in a straight line at a uniform speed.
36. Changes in the gravitational field of an object moving in a straight line at a uniform speed produce an electric field
It is pointed out above that when the object particle point o is stationary relative to our observer, the divergence of the surrounding gravitational field A is:
∇·A= ∂Ax/∂x' + ∂Ay/∂y + ∂Az/∂z'
Ax, Ay, and Az are the components of A on the three coordinate axes respectively.
When point o moves in a straight line with a uniform speed in the positive direction of the x-axis at a speed V [scalar is v] relative to us, the divergence of the gravitational field A is:
∇·A = ∂Ax/ ∂x + ∂Ay/∂y + ∂Az/∂z
Calculate the partial differential of the Lorenz positive transformation x'=γ(x-vt), and get ∂/γ∂x=∂/∂x', plus ∂y=∂y', ∂z= ∂z', and then The above relativistic transformation of the gravitational field yields:
∇·A’ =（∂Ax/γ）/γ∂x + ∂Ay/γ²∂y + ∂Az/γ²∂z
=(1/γ²)∇·A
From the above we can get:
∇·A’=（1- v²/c²）∇·A
= ∂Ax/∂x + ∂Ay/∂y + ∂Az/∂z - (v²/c²)∂Ax/∂x - (v²/c²)∂Ay/∂y - (v²/c²)∂Az/∂ z
= ∂Ax/∂x + ∂Ay/∂y + ∂Az/∂z - (v/c²)v ∂Ax/∂x - (v/c²)v ∂Ay/∂y - (v/c²)v ∂ Az/∂z
Change the above formula into vector form. Since this is divergence, not curl, we use the point product of the three components of the velocity V [along the x direction, the scalar is v] and the gravitational field A.
∇·A’=（1- v²/c²）∇·A
= ∂Ax/∂x + ∂Ay/∂y + ∂Az/∂z - （v/c²）V·∂Ax i /∂x - （v/c²）V·∂Ay j /∂y -（v/ c²）V·∂Az k /∂z
In the above formula, i, j, and k are the unit vectors of the three components Ax, Ay, and Az of the gravitational field A on the x, y, and z axes respectively. According to the vector dot product theorem in mathematics, we can get:
∇·A’=（1- v²/c²）∇·A
= ∂Ax/∂x + ∂Ay/∂y + ∂Az/∂z - （v/c²）v ∂Ax /∂x
= ∂Ax/∂x + ∂Ay/∂y + ∂Az/∂z -（v/c²）∂Ax /∂t
=∂Ax/∂x + ∂Ay/∂y + ∂Az/∂z +（v/c²）Ex /f
Note that the above formula uses the relationship between the component Ex of the electric field E on the x-axis and the component Ax of the gravitational field A on the x-axis Ex= - f ∂Ax /∂t, and v ∂/∂x = ∂/∂t.
The above shows that when the object particle o is stationary relative to our observer, it generates a gravitational field A in the surrounding space. When it moves in a straight line with a uniform speed V [scalar is v] along the x-axis, the gravitational field changes [after change]. The gravitational field, represented by A, has become two parts. One part has nothing to do with speed, and the other part has to do with the speed of movement. The part that is related to speed and distributed along the x-axis is actually the electric field.
Using the relationship between the gravitational field and the electric field of moving object particles, the relationship between the curl of the magnetic field and the changing gravitational field can also be derived.
Bring the above relationship E = - f ∂A/∂t between the moving electric field E and the moving gravitational field A into Maxwell's equations:
μ. J + (1/c²)∂E /∂ t = ∇×B
, get:
μ。J -（1/c²）f ∂²A/∂ t ²= ∇×B，
In the formula, J is the density ρ [ρ/ε. = ∇·E】The electric current formed by the electric charge body moving along the x-axis at speed V,
μ. J【μ. J=μ. ε. Vρ/ε. =(1/c²)Vρ/ε. ] In Maxwell's equations it can be written as (V/c²)∇·E【∇·E=ρ/ε. ], so the above formula can be written as:
（V/c²）∇·E -（1/c²）f ∂²A/∂ t ²= ∇×B
so:
（1/c²）f ∂²A/∂ t ²=（V/c²）∇·E - ∇×B
∂²A/∂ t²=（V/ f）∇·E - ∇×B（c²/f）
The above formula shows that a changing gravitational field can produce an electric field or a magnetic field.
This situation is similar to Maxwell's equations. The gravitational field can be incorporated into Maxwell's equations as an expanded form of Maxwell's equations.
Thirty-seven, the magnetic field of moving charges produces a gravitational field
1. The magnetic field of charges moving in a straight line at a uniform speed produces a gravitational field
The core of unified field theory is that a changing gravitational field can produce an electric field, and conversely, a changing electromagnetic field can also produce a gravitational field.
Relativity and electromagnetism believe that moving charges not only produce electric fields, but also produce magnetic fields.
The unified field theory further believes that moving charges not only generate a magnetic field, but also a gravitational field. Next, we find the relationship between the electromagnetic field and the gravitational field generated by the moving charges.
Above we pointed out that the direction of the electric field produced by changing the gravitational field does not change. The directions of the gravitational field and the electric field are consistent, and the electric field is generally perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. Therefore, the direction of the gravitational field and the direction of the magnetic field are generally in the same direction. Also vertical.
Let's explore the relationship between the curl of the gravitational field and the magnetic field, because curl describes the change of the field along the vertical direction, while divergence describes the change of the field along the parallel direction.
Imagine a point charge o, starting from the origin at time 0, moving in a straight line at a uniform speed in the positive direction of the x-axis at a speed V [scalar is v] relative to our observer. The point charge o generates an electric field E at the surrounding space point p. Magnetic field B and gravitational field A, as shown below.
We take the space point p as the inspection point to carry out the analysis.
The surrounding directions of the gravitational field A and the electric field E are the same, and both are left-handed spirals. However, near a certain point on the surrounding line, A and E are perpendicular to each other.
In order to prove that the electric field E, the magnetic field B, and the gravitational field A satisfy the relationship shown in the figure above, we first find the curl of A:
∇×A = (∂Az/∂y - ∂Ay/∂z)i+(∂Ax/∂z - ∂Az/∂x)j + (∂Ay/∂x-∂Ax/∂y) k
When the previous object is at rest, the curl of the gravitational field is zero, that is: ∇×A=0, and the component form is:
∂A’z/∂y’ - ∂A’y/∂z’ = 0
∂A’x/∂z’ - ∂A’z/∂x’ = 0
∂A’y/∂x’- ∂A’x/∂y’ = 0
Then through the relativistic transformation of the gravitational field, we get:
∂Az/∂y' - ∂Ay/∂z' =∂Az/γ²∂y - ∂Ay/γ²∂z
= ∂Az/∂y - ∂Ay/∂z =0
γ=1/√(1- v²/c²) is the relativistic factor, ∂y=∂y’, ∂z=∂z’.
Taking the partial differential of the Lorenz positive transformation x’=γ(x-vt) of the theory of relativity, we get ∂/γ∂x=∂/∂x’, and then using the relativistic transformation of the gravitational field, we get:
From ∂Ax/∂z’ - ∂Az/∂x’ = 0, we get:
∂Ax/γ∂z - ∂Az/γ³∂x = 0，so：
∂Ax/∂z - ∂Az/γ²∂x = 0
∂Ax/∂z - （1- v²/c²）∂Az/∂x = 0
∂Ax/∂z - ∂Az/∂x = -（v²/c²）∂Az/∂x
∂Ax/∂z - ∂Az/∂x = -（v/c²）v ∂Az/∂x
From v ∂/∂x = ∂/ ∂t, so:
∂Ax/∂z - ∂Az/∂x = -（v/c²）∂Az/∂t
From ∂Ay/∂x’ - ∂Ax/∂y’ = 0 and the relativistic transformation of the gravitational field, plus the above ∂/γ∂x=∂/∂x’, we get:
∂Ay/γ³∂x - ∂Ax/γ∂y = 0，so：
∂Ay/γ²∂x - ∂Ax/ ∂y = 0
（1- v²/c²）∂Ay/∂x - ∂Ax/ ∂y = 0
∂Ay/∂x - ∂Ax/∂y =（v/c²）v ∂Ay/∂x
From v ∂/∂x = ∂/ ∂t, so:
∂Ay/∂x - ∂Ax/∂y = （v/c²）∂Ay/∂t
From the previous relationship between the gravitational field and the electric field of the moving object:
Ex= - f ∂Ax /∂t
Ey= - f ∂Ay /∂t
Ez = - f ∂Az/∂t
You can get:
∂Az/∂y - ∂Ay/∂z =0
∂Ax/∂z - ∂Az/∂x = （v/c²）This is /f
∂Ay/∂x - ∂Ax/∂y = -（v/c²）Ey /f
We pointed out earlier that when the charge moves in a straight line with a uniform speed in the positive direction of the x-axis at a speed V [scalar is v], we use a space point p around the charge as an inspection point. The movement speed of point p -V, the electric field E and the magnetic field B are three components satisfy the following relationship:
Bx = 0
By = (v/c²)Ez
Bz = -(v/c²)Ey
From this, we can get:
∂Az/∂y - ∂Ay/∂z = Bx
∂Ax/∂z - ∂Az/∂x = By /f
∂Ay/∂x - ∂Ax/∂y = Bz/f
Combining the above three equations, we can get the relationship satisfied by the curl of the gravitational field A and the magnetic field B:
∇×A= B /f
This is the basic relationship equation that satisfies the magnetic field and the gravitational field. This equation tells us that when the charge moves in a straight line at a constant speed at a certain speed, the magnetic field generated can be expressed in the form of the curl of the gravitational field.
At a certain moment [due to the unification of space and time, or at a certain point in space], the magnetic field, electric field, and gravitational field are perpendicular to each other.
This equation may be the final explanation of the AB effect in quantum mechanics.
Dot multiply both sides of the equation ∇×A= B /f by the vector surface element dS [which can be regarded as a small area on the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² surrounding the point o of the charged particle, with its positive direction, that is, the normal direction outward], Using Stokes' theorem in field theory, we can get the integral equation of the relationship between the magnetic field B and the gravitational field A:
∮ A·dL= (1/f)∮ B·dS
2. Magnetic fields that change over time produce electric fields and gravitational fields
Imagine that a point charge o starts from the origin at time 0 and moves in a straight line at a uniform speed V [scalar is v] in the positive direction of the x-axis relative to our observer. The point charge o is generated at any surrounding space point p. Moving electric field E, uniform magnetic field B:
B= V×E/c²
When point o moves relative to us in the positive direction of the x-axis with acceleration -A, charge o generates a moving electric field E, a magnetic field dB/dt that changes with time t, and a gravitational field A at any surrounding space point p.
We take the space point p as the inspection point, and calculate the derivative of the magnetic field definition equation B= V×E/c² with respect to time t, as follows:
dB/dt=dV/dt×E/c²+(V×dE/dt)/c²
If we can prove that dB/dt= (V×dE/dt)/c² means:
A change in the magnetic field produces a changing electric field, which is the Faraday principle of electromagnetic induction. Correspondingly, dB/dt=dV/dt×E/c² should be a changing magnetic field that produces a gravitational field.
Because dV/dt=A is the acceleration of space point p, according to the unified field theory, the acceleration of space itself is equivalent to the gravitational field.
We first prove that dB/dt= (V×dE/dt)/c² is Faraday’s principle of electromagnetic induction.
Since the inspection point is no longer at point o, but at point p in space, we use the left-handed spiral formula for the relationship between magnetic field B and electric field E:
Bx = 0
By = (v/c²)Ez
Bz = -(v/c²)Ey
The three components of dB/dt= (V×dE/dt)/c² are as follows [the differential sign d is changed to the partial differential sign ∂]:
∂Bx/∂t = 0
∂By/∂t = (v ∂Ez/∂t)/c²
∂Bz/∂t = -(v ∂Ey/∂t)/c²
Since the curl of the electrostatic field is zero ∂Ex'/∂z' - ∂Ez'/∂x'=0, and Ex= Ex', ∂z' = ∂z, γEz'= Ez, ∂ in the Lorenz transformation /γ∂x=∂/∂x', γ=1/√(1- v²/c²), we get:
∂Ex/∂z – (1/γ²)∂Ez/∂x = 0
∂Ex/∂z – (1- v²/c²)∂Ez/∂x = 0
∂Ex/∂z – ∂Ez/∂x = -（v²/c²）∂Ez/∂x
From v ∂/∂x = ∂/ ∂t, we get:
∂Ex/∂z – ∂Ez/∂x = -（v/c²）∂Ez/∂t
Similar to the above operation, you can get:
∂Ey/∂x – ∂Ex/∂y = （v/c²）∂Ey/∂t
Combine these two equations with the three components of dB/dt= (V×dE/dt)/c² above as follows:
∂Bx/∂t = 0
∂By/∂t = (v ∂Ez/∂t)/c²
∂Bz/∂t = -(v ∂Ey/∂t)/c²
By comparison, we can get:
∂Ez/∂y – ∂Ey/∂z = 0
∂Ex/∂z – ∂Ez/∂x = - ∂By/∂t
∂Ey/∂x – ∂Ex/∂y = - ∂Bz/∂t
Combining the above three equations, it is Faraday’s electromagnetic induction equation:
∇×E= - ∂B/∂t
Next, we analyze the equation dB/dt=dV/dt×E/c² that produces the gravitational field A due to changes in the magnetic field B.
The three components of this equation are as follows:
∂Bx/∂t = 0
∂By/∂t = （∂V/∂t） ×Ez/c²=A ×Ez/c²
∂Bz/∂t = -（∂V/∂t） ×Ey/c²= - A×Ey/c²
The above equation can be written as dB/dt=A×E/c², and this equation can be understood as:
When the positively charged point o accelerates in the positive direction of the x-axis, at any point p in the surrounding space, an electric field E and a gravitational field A in the opposite direction of acceleration are generated.
A, E, and dB/dt satisfy the cross product relationship. When the three are perpendicular to each other, the value is the largest.
3. The relationship between the electric field, magnetic field and gravitational field of accelerating moving charges
Since the gravitational field generated by a changing electromagnetic field is the core of the unified field theory and the key to the application of artificial field technology, below, another method is used to deduce the gravitational field generated by accelerating positive charges.
The various relationships between electric fields, magnetic fields, and gravitational fields can be seen as derivatives of the basic relationship B = V×E/c², which defines the magnetic field, and can all be derived from this basic equation.
The formula dB/dt = A×E/c² can only be applied to certain microscopic single elementary particles. The object particles we see macroscopically are composites of many tiny charged particles. Their positive and negative charges cancel each other out, and the magnetic fields also cancel each other out. .
The gravitational field formula derived above from a changing magnetic field, dB/dt = A×E/c², may only apply to positive charges, because the space around positive charges moves divergently at the speed of light, which can distort the space [including accelerating electric fields, accelerating magnetic fields and The gravitational field formed by the changing electric field spreads out at the speed of light.
However, the speed of light in the space around negative charges converges inward, so it is logical that the space distortion effect cannot be diverged. However, according to the Lorenz transformation, the space where the speed of light moves is shortened to zero and is no longer the same space as ours. It is unobservable to us observers and there is uncertainty. Therefore, whether this formula can be applied to negative charges requires further theoretical discussion and practice to judge.
In order to further understand the relationship between the electric field, magnetic field, and gravitational field of accelerating electric charges, we will analyze it with an example.
Imagine a point charge o that is stationary relative to our observer, with a positive charge of charge q, generating an electrostatic field E at the surrounding space point p.
At zero moment, when point o suddenly accelerates in the positive direction of the x-axis with vector acceleration G [amount is g] relative to us.
According to the unified field theory, the accelerated motion of point o will cause the space point p to come out of point o and move outward at the vector light speed C, while superimposing an acceleration -G.
According to the definition of the gravitational field of the unified field theory - the gravitational field is the acceleration motion of the space point itself. The gravitational field A [amount is a] is equivalent to the acceleration -G of the space point p. Therefore, the location of the space point p, A gravitational field will be generated due to the acceleration of point o:
A【Quantity is a】=–G.
Let us find the relationship between the electrostatic field Er, the accelerating twisting electric field Eθ, and the gravitational field A.
Assume that the positive point charge o is always stationary at the origin o of the Cartesian coordinate system relative to our observer, and starts from time t = 0 to move in a straight line with uniform acceleration along the positive direction of the x-axis with an acceleration G [amount of g].
At time t = τ, point o stops accelerating when it reaches point d. At this time, the speed reaches v = gτ. From then on, it continues to move uniformly along the x-axis at speed v until it reaches point q.
As shown below:
For the sake of simplicity, we consider that v is much smaller than the speed of light c, and the od distance is much smaller than oq.
Next we consider the electric field distribution around the charge o at any time t (t is much larger than τ).
During the period from time 0 to time τ, the electric field lines around it are distorted due to the accelerated motion of the positive point charge o, and this distorted state will also extend outward at the speed of light c.
The unified field theory clearly points out that the electric field line of a positive charge is the motion displacement of a point in space moving at the speed of light around the charge.
The above twisted state moves outward at the speed of light, just like a faucet that sprays water all around at a constant speed. Once the faucet shakes, it causes the water flow to twist. This twisted state will definitely extend outward at the speed of the water flow.
The twisted state of the electric field caused by the accelerating charge o extends outward at the speed of light c. In the figure above, you can see that the thickness of the twisted state is cτ, sandwiched between two spherical surfaces.
The latter spherical surface has spread a distance of c (t-τ) to all directions at time t. This spherical surface is centered at point q and has a diameter of c (t-τ).
The previous spherical surface has spread a distance of ct to all sides at time t. This spherical surface is centered at point o and has a diameter of ct.
Since the charge o moves at a uniform speed starting from time t=τ, the electric field distributed in this spherical surface with a diameter of c (t-τ) should be the electric field of the charge moving in a straight line at a uniform speed.
According to our previous setting, the moving speed v of charge o is much smaller than the speed of light c, so the electric field in this spherical surface is approximately an electrostatic field at any time.
The electric field line of this electric field at time t is a straight line along the radius drawn from the position q of point o at this time.
Since t is much larger than τ and c is much larger than v, r=ct is much larger than vτ/2 (that is, the distance from point o to point d). Therefore, the two spherical surfaces at the front and rear edges of the twisted state are almost concentric circles.
As time goes by, the radius (ct) of the above twisted state continues to expand, extending and spreading outward at the speed of light.
We know from the equations defining charge and electric field in the unified field theory that when the electric field lines are distorted, the number of electric field lines will not change and they will still be continuous. Therefore, the number of electric field lines on the front and rear sides of the twisted state is equal.
When v is much smaller than c, this twisted electric field line can be treated as a straight line.
We choose the electric field line that forms an angle θ with the x-axis for analysis.
Since the distance od from point o to point d is much smaller than r = ct, we can regard points o and d as one point (that is, od is close to zero).
And oq =vτ/2+v(t-τ)≈vt
The electric field E in the twist zone can be divided into two components Er [radial electric field, which exists when the charge is stationary, and its quantity is er,] and Eθ [transverse electric field, which can be regarded as a variation of Er, and its quantity is eθ] .
As can be seen from the above figure
eθ/er= vt sinθ/cτ= g t sinθ/c = g r sinθ/c²
In the unified field theory, the essence of the gravitational field is the acceleration of a point in space. However, the direction of the gravitational field is opposite to that of the position vector R [amount r] of the gravitational field source pointing to the gravitational field point p.
Therefore, the gravitational field here can be expressed by A [the quantity is a = -g], so there is:
Eθ/er = A×R/c²
In the above formula, the position r =ct pointing from point o to point p in space is represented by vector R instead.
The above electric field Eθ is perpendicular to the propagation direction of the electromagnetic field (here is the direction of Er), and only exists in the twisted state. Therefore, it is the transverse twisted electric field generated when point o of charge accelerates.
Eθ can be regarded as the change in Er caused by the accelerated motion of the charge.
The above formula gives the relationship between the electric field Er that originally exists when the charge o is stationary, the change form Eθ of Er caused by the accelerated motion, and the gravitational field A generated by the accelerated motion of the charge o.
Next, we find the relationship between the changing magnetic field around an accelerating point charge and the resulting gravitational field.
According to Maxwell's equations, when the electric field changes in a vacuum, a changing magnetic field will inevitably occur.
Both unified field theory and relativity theory believe that when charge o moves at speed V, electric field E and magnetic field B satisfy a basic relationship:
B = V×E/ c²
The relationship satisfied by the transverse electric field Eθ and the transverse magnetic field Bθ [the number is bθ] generated by the accelerated motion of the charge does not jump out of B =V×E/ c².
Only at this time, the movement speed V is not the movement speed of the charge, but the movement speed of the space point p [which can also be said to be a field point, inspection point] around the charge.
The unified field theory points out that any space point around a stationary object moves divergently in all directions at the vector light speed C'. When the object moves in a straight line with a uniform speed V, the motion speed of the space point becomes C-V. Therefore, the original vector light speed of the space point There is a change in the comparison between C' and C - speed V.
However, the speed of charge here is much smaller than the speed of light, so the speed of space point p can still be regarded as the vector speed of light C.
Since the twisted state propagates at the speed of light, coupled with the concept of vector light speed of the unified field theory, the moving speed of the space point is the vector light speed C, so there is the formula:
Bθ= C×Eθ/ c²
The quantity form is:
c bθ= eθ
Comparing the above formula with the formula Eθ/er = A×R/c² [note that er is the number of Er], we have:
Bθ/er= A×R/c³
The above formula expresses the relationship between the gravitational field A and the changing magnetic field Bθ produced by the electric field Er [the quantity is er] that exists when the charge is stationary and changes due to the accelerated movement of the charge.
Using the space-time unified equation R=Ct, the above formula Bθ/er= A×R/c³ can also be rewritten as:
Bθ= er(A×[R])t/c²
[R] is the unit vector of vector R, which is consistent with the direction of C. The direction of er is also consistent with [R], so,
er【R】= Er
F:
Bθ= (A×Er)t/c²
Taking the derivative of the above two sides with respect to time t, we get:
dBθ/dt = A×Er/c²
In fact, this formula, and the previous magnetic field definition equation B= V×E/c², take the derivative with respect to time t:
dB/dt =(dV/dt)×E/c²= A×E/c²
It is consistent. To describe it in words is:
The accelerating positive charge generates a gravitational field with opposite acceleration direction in the surrounding space, and spreads to the west at the speed of light.
It can be seen that the changing electromagnetic field produces changing electric field and gravitational field equations. It does not jump out of the basic relationship equation B = V×E/c² that magnetic field and electric field satisfy. All relationships among electric field, magnetic field and gravitational field are just variations of this equation.
The above describes the accelerated movement of positive charges, causing changes in the electric field, producing a changing magnetic field and a gravitational field, and gives the relationship between the accelerating electric field, the accelerating magnetic field, and the gravitational field [including the direction].
Thirty-eight, the experimental situation of changing the electromagnetic field to generate the gravitational field.
The experiment of changing the electromagnetic field to produce a gravitational field has applied for a patent - "an electromagnetic conversion gravitational field device".
Artificial fields are gravitational fields generated by changing electromagnetic fields that can be artificially controlled. Artificial fields can replace the popular electrical energy on our planet and bring mankind into the light-speed virtual era.
If artificial fields are to become a reality on Earth, the most critical thing is the successful experiment of changing the electromagnetic field to generate a gravitational field.
On November 2, 2023, I discovered for the first time in my experiment that accelerating positive charges generate a gravitational field with the opposite acceleration direction.
On March 1, 2024, I discovered during the experiment that the changing magnetic field produces a vortex gravitational field, causing all objects to rotate.
1. Accelerating positive charges produce a linear gravitational field test with opposite acceleration direction
In the picture below,
The positive and negative poles of the wires are not in contact, but are separated by 6 cm and covered with plexiglass tubes.
Use a thin wire to hang a light and thin sheet-like object [any material], punch a hole in the center, put it on the plexiglass tube, but do not touch the plexiglass tube, and place it in the middle of the 6 cm gap between the positive and negative electrodes.
When the positive and negative poles are connected to a high-voltage DC power supply of more than 30,000 volts, and the power switch is pressed, the hanging object will move in the positive direction.
Turn around the positive and negative poles, and the suspended object will still move in the positive direction.
When the switch is pressed, the positive charges in the line accelerate and vibrate in situ, and the accelerating electromotive force generated between the positive and negative poles includes the gravitational field. The mathematical formula is:
Eθ/er = A×R/c²
In the above formula, Eθ is the twisted positive electric field generated by the accelerated motion of the charge, er is the electrostatic field generated when the charge is stationary, R is the position vector directed by the charge to an inspection point in space, A is the gravitational field, and c is the speed of light.
For detailed mathematical derivation, add Zhang Xiangqian WeChat 18714815159 to get the electronic version of the information,\
This gravitational field generated by the accelerating electric field causes the suspended object to accelerate.
The plexiglass tube is put on to prevent the ion wind effect and the electrostatic motor effect. The suspended object is made into a thin sheet in order to suppress the polarization and depolarization effects of the suspended object.
The experiment was also successful under vacuum conditions.
In the above test, because the plexiglass tube was inconvenient to bend, the wire joints at both ends of the plexiglass tube were prone to generate ion wind. Later, soft silicone tubes were used instead of the plexiglass, which achieved ideal results.
In the picture below:
Use a silicone tube 190 cm long, 3 mm outer diameter [or 2 mm], and 1 mm inner diameter to cover two enameled copper wires 90 cm long and 0.8 mm in diameter. The two wires do not touch and are 4.5 cm apart.
If the wire cannot be inserted into the silicone tube, you can drop lubricating oil into the silicone tube, or use a medical injection needle to inject oil into it.
Wires and silicone tubes are suspended beneath a wooden shelf.
Make a 4cm×11cm plastic skin with a thickness of 0.15mm and hang it with a thin cotton thread at the center point of the gap between the two wires. Punch a hole in the center of the plastic skin and put it on the silicone tube without touching the silicone tube.
The two wires are connected to the positive and negative poles of the two series-connected high-voltage packages. The power supply for the two high-voltage packages can be a battery or a power supply chassis [input 220v AC, output DC 0-30v, you can buy it on Taobao]. If the two high-voltage packages are powered independently, the effect will be better.
You can buy a high-voltage package by searching "DC 2000Kv high-voltage generator high-voltage module" on Taobao's homepage. Choose the input DC voltage 7.4v.
The high-voltage package output of 2000Kv is a virtual standard of the merchant, and the actual measurement is around 30kv.
How to identify the positive and negative poles of the two wires at the high-voltage output end of the high-voltage package?
Separate the two wires of the high-voltage output end by 8 to 10 centimeters, light a candle underneath, and energize the high-voltage package. The side where the flame is biased is the negative pole. Or use a high voltage DC meter to measure.
When I was testing, I pressed the power button and the plastic skin moved towards the positive pole. When I reversed the positive and negative poles, the plastic skin still moved towards the positive pole.
According to the "Unified Field Theory" theory, when the switch is pressed, the accelerating positive charges generate a gravitational field with the opposite acceleration direction.
The positive charges in the line accelerate and vibrate in situ, and the electromotive force generated between the positive and negative electrodes contains a gravitational field. This gravitational field accelerates the movement of the suspended object.
The wires are covered with silicone tubes to prevent ion wind effects and electrostatic motor effects. The hanging object is made into a thin sheet in order to suppress the polarization and depolarization effects of the hanging object.
The key to the test is to thoroughly insulate and seal the wires [especially the wire joints], and cover the high-voltage package so that the wires and high-voltage package cannot produce ionizing wind and electrostatic motor effects to the outside world.
When testing, be careful not to repeat the test in a short period of time, otherwise the polarization and depolarization effects will be serious and the movement direction of the plastic skin may be disordered.
The high-voltage package is not necessary. The pulsed DC clutter output by the high-voltage package is serious and interferes with the test. Several series and parallel connections are even more serious. The high-voltage package is just cheap. Other DC high voltages above 20,000 volts have better effects.
The above is a circuit diagram for a series test of two high-voltage packages.
The following is a test model with 14 high-voltage packages combined.
2. Tests where changes in the magnetic field produce a vortex gravitational field that causes all objects to rotate
In the picture below:
Use enameled copper wire with a diameter of 0.57 mm to wind two spiral coils 19 cm long and 3.7 cm in diameter. In the middle of the coil is a paper tube with a thickness of 1 mm.
One end of the coil above is connected to the negative pole of two series-connected high-voltage packages [the input of the high-voltage package is DC 7.4 volts and the output is high-voltage pulses. The Taobao merchant's label is 2 million volts, which is a virtual label], and one end is placed in the vacuum tank [diameter 10 cm] superior.
The upper end of the lower coil is attached to the vacuum tank, and the lower end is connected to the positive electrode of the high-voltage package. The two coils are 10 cm apart and not connected to each other.
The vacuum tank placed horizontally in the middle has been evacuated, and a small red polyethylene ball is hung with a thin cotton thread inside. One end of the thin cotton thread is fixed on the inner wall of the vacuum tank with AB glue.
When the power switch is pressed, the polyethylene ball spins. The experiment found that the magnetic field line is the axis of rotation.
The above tests can eliminate electrostatic motor effects and ion wind effects under vacuum conditions. Because ion wind is formed by ionization of air, there is no air in a vacuum, so there is no ion wind effect.
The electrostatic motor effect is formed by the positive and negative wires ejecting charges or ions onto the polyethylene balls.
The electrode is outside the vacuum tank, and the charge cannot be sprayed into the vacuum tank through the thick glass of the vacuum tank.
However, the polarization effect of the electric field cannot be ruled out, because the polarization effect of high voltage not only exists in vacuum, but can also easily pass through the thick glass of the vacuum tank.
In this coil up and down structure, the coil is parallel to the thin wire hanging the polyethylene ball, so that the force generated by the polarization effect is along the parallel direction of the thin wire, and the polyethylene ball rotates with the thin wire as the axis. In this way, the polarization effect has a strong influence on the rotation. There is no contribution.
In this case, the influence of the polarization effect on the speed of rotation can be basically eliminated. In addition, the electrostatic motor effect and the ion wind effect are eliminated, leaving only the effect of the changing magnetic field of the unified field theory to generate a vortex gravitational field to rotate all objects. .
It should be noted that the polarization effect and the linear gravitational field effect produced by the changing electric field interfere with the rotation direction of the suspended object to a certain extent.
Therefore, when testing, the test cannot be repeated continuously. Repeated tests will seriously polarize the material.
Using fine enameled wire to wind the coil with a large number of turns can highlight the rotational effect of the magnetic field and reduce the linear motion effect of the electric field.
Use thin enameled wire to wind the coil. The number of turns of the coil is large, and the total mass of the coil is relatively large, which can increase the inductance energy of the coil. When the power is turned off, the energy stored in the coil can still rotate the hanging object.
In this case, the polarization effect and the effect of the changing electric field causing the object to move linearly disappear, leaving only the effect of the changing magnetic field producing a vortex gravitational field to cause the object to rotate. This facilitates our analysis.
In the picture below:
A stainless steel Faraday cage with a diameter of 7 cm and a height of 18 cm, in which a small red polyethylene ball of 5 cm in height and 2.7 cm in diameter is suspended with a thin cotton thread.
Place a 3.7 cm diameter and 19 cm long [wound with a 0.57 mm diameter enameled wire on a 1 mm thick paper tube] on the left and right sides of the Faraday cage. The coil is connected to the positive and negative poles of two series-connected high-voltage packages [labeled 7.4V2000kv]. . Use a DC power supply chassis to power the high voltage package.
A plastic pipe with a diameter of 0.6 cm and a height of 21 cm is bonded to the bottom of the stainless steel Faraday cage with AB glue. The bottom of the plastic pipe is inserted into a casing to allow the Faraday cage to fall straight without swinging around.
A cotton thread is bonded with AB glue inside the plastic tube, and the other end of the cotton thread is tied to the leakage protection switch below.
The cover on the stainless steel Faraday cage is fixed. When the leakage switch is pulled down and the power is cut off, the cotton thread connected to the leakage switch will open the Faraday cage and the lower part of the Faraday cage will fall down.
When I was experimenting, when I turned on the power, the polyethylene ball in the Faraday cage did not move.
According to the unified field theory theory, when the circuit is turned on and off, the positive charges inside accelerate and vibrate in situ, generating a twisted positive electric field. This twisted positive electric field includes a vortex magnetic field and a vortex gravitational field.
This gravitational field is different from the linear divergence gravitational field of the earth. It cannot penetrate the Faraday cage near the field source. This principle is similar to the magnetic transformation of Faraday electromagnetic induction. If the magnetism is shielded, there will be no electricity.
The gravitational field here is generated by accelerating the electric field. The Faraday cage shields the electric field, so there is no gravitational field.
When I press the leakage switch below, the power is cut off. Later, the cotton thread connected to the leakage switch opens the Faraday cage. Expose the small red polyethylene ball inside.
It was found that the red ball continued to rotate after the power was cut off.
This test is important because the polyethylene ball is still rotating when the power is turned off. This test can eliminate polarization effects, electrostatic motor effects, and ion wind effects.
These three effects are only available when the power is on.
Moreover, the polyethylene balls will not be affected by the polarization effect and magnetic field effect when they stay in the Faraday cage when the circuit is just energized.
This test shows that when the power is turned off, there is still a vortex effect. This changing electromagnetic field without a unified field theory produces a gravitational field, which cannot be explained without a field effect.
You may have a question:
The moment the power is turned off, the changing electromagnetic field disappears, and the gravitational field generated by it disappears. Why does the polyethylene still move?
According to the unified field theory, when the circuit is turned on and off, it will cause the positive charges to accelerate and vibrate in situ, generating a twisted positive electric field. This twisted positive electric field contains the vortex magnetic field and the vortex gravitational field, and this twisted positive electric field moves toward the center at the speed of light. Spread around.
From an energy perspective, it is the inductive energy of the coil.
From the perspective of field effect, it is the distortion effect of the twisted positive electric field propagating at the speed of light on space.
When the coil is energized, the coil stores inductive energy. When there is a hanging polyethylene ball nearby, the energy stored in the magnetic field is released by causing the ball to rotate in the vortex gravitational field.
In subsequent experiments, I connected the positive and negative poles of the high-voltage package output to a large coil with a silicon steel sheet in the center, which increased the inductance energy of the line. As a result, the polyethylene ball rotated for a longer time.
If instead of a polyethylene ball hanging nearby, a light bulb is connected, the energy stored in the magnetic field will be released in the form of the electric field causing the light bulb to glow.
In this experiment, the main power supply was turned off, and there was no interference from the ion wind effect, the electrostatic motor effect, the polarization effect, and the depolarization effect, which made it easier for us to carry out analysis and simplify the analysis problem.
It is also important to note that this test cannot be repeated continuously in a short period of time.
Thirty-nine, unified field theory energy equation
1. Definition of energy:
Energy is the amount of movement of a particle in space [or the space around the particle itself] relative to our observer within a certain spatial range [due to the unification of time and space, it can also be said to be within a certain time period].
The definitions of energy and momentum are similar, reflecting the degree of motion of the particle and space relative to our observer. The difference is that momentum is a vector and energy is a scalar, and the angles described are different.
Note that none of the four conditions of space, material point, observer, and motion must be missing, otherwise, energy will lose its meaning.
Space that exists alone does not contain objects, that is, pure vacuum has no energy. Without an observer, or without specifying an observer, energy cannot be determined.
2. Unified field theory energy equation
Multiplying both sides of the scalar form of the unified field theory momentum equation m’c = mc√ (1 - v²/c²) by the scalar light speed c is the unified field theory energy equation:
e = m’c² = mc²√(1 - v²/c²)
m’c² is the rest energy of point o. When the moving speed of the particle is v=0, the above energy equation is the same as the mass-energy equation of relativity e = mc².
mc² is the energy at rest at point o, which is consistent with the theory of relativity.
The mass of a particle at rest relative to our observer is m’. The theory of relativity believes that there is a rest energy E = mc², which means the square of the vector light speed at n space points around the particle. The size of n depends on the mass m’.
The basic assumption in the unified field theory: When any object in the universe is stationary, the surrounding space diverges in all directions at the speed of vector light, which can directly explain the relativistic rest energy.
In the unified field theory, mc²√(1- v²/c²) is the energy when point o moves at speed v, which is equal to the rest energy m’c².
This is slightly different from the view of relativity.
The theory of relativity holds that the energy mc² when point o is stationary is different from the energy mc² when it is moving at speed v.
The unified field theory believes that when point o moves at speed v, the energy mc²√(1- v²/c²) and the rest energy mc² are equal.
Unified field theory holds that the amount of particle energy must be meaningful relative to a certain observer.
An observer in the s’ system finds that point o is at rest with energy mc².
In the s system, the observer finds that point o moves relative to itself at speed v, and the energy is mc²√(1- v²/c²). 0
But it is impossible for any observer to observe that the energy of point o is mc².
The unified field theory emphasizes that different observers see energy in different forms, but the total amount of energy has nothing to do with the observer. This view should be more reasonable than the view of relativity.
We can imagine that a train with mass m moves in a straight line at a uniform speed V [amount is v] relative to our observer on the ground. The observer on the ground thinks that the train has kinetic energy mv²/2, while the observer on the train thinks that the train has kinetic energy mv²/2. The velocity is zero, so the kinetic energy is zero.
Therefore, modern physics believes that kinetic energy is not conserved relative to different reference systems, and the kinetic energy of an object looks different to different observers.
However, unified field theory takes a different view. The unified field theory holds that an object has energy 0, which appears to be the same amount to observers moving with each other, and the energy is still conserved for different reference systems. Different observers see only different forms of particle motion, but the total energy of the particles remains unchanged.
3. The relationship between the unified field theory energy equation and the kinetic energy formula of classical mechanics
Classical mechanics believes that when a particle point o with mass m moves at a speed V [quantity is v] relative to our observer, it has kinetic energy Ek = 1/2 mv² from the perspective of our observer.
Unified field theory and relativity have the same kinetic energy equation:
(m - m’)c² = Ek,
Ek is also the kinetic energy in Newtonian mechanics,
Unify the field theory energy equation
In e = mc²√(1- v²/c²), √(1- v²/c²) can be expanded by series as
1- v²/2c²·····
Omitting the following higher-order terms, we get:
e ≈ mc²-mv²/2
mv²/2 is the kinetic energy Ek of Newtonian mechanics,
From e = mc², we know that mv²/2≈ mc² - mc² = c² (m - m’). This shows that classical kinetic energy is the amount of change that causes the rest mass of an object to change when it moves at speed v.
4. The relationship between momentum and kinetic energy in unified field theory
The rest momentum of the unified field theory is P’ = m’C, and the motion momentum is P = m (C- V) [the scalar formula is p = mc√ (1-v²/c²)].
Unified field theory holds that the amount of rest momentum and motion momentum of a particle are equal.
p = mc√(1-v²/c²) = mc
m’ is the rest mass of object point o, and m is the mass of point o when it moves at speed V [scalar is v].
The energy equation given by the unified field theory holds that the particle o has energy mc² when it is at rest, and it has energy mc²-Ek when it moves at speed v, and is the same, and:
mc² - Ek = mc²
Among them, Ek ≈ (1/2)m v² is the kinetic energy of point o.
Using the above formula, the relationship between the kinetic energy Ek of the photon and the momentum P [the number is p] of the photon can be found,
Replace mc² in the formula mc² - Ek = mc² with p² = m’²c², we have:
mc² - Ek = p²/m’
For the photon quantity m’ = 0, in the formula mc² – Ek = mc²
mc² = 0. From this, the kinetic energy of the photon Ek = mc² is derived. The field theory energy equation m'c² = mc²√ (1 - v²/c²) divided by the speed of light c, \The momentum equation of the unified field theory is mc√ (1-v² /c\²) = mc, according to this idea, we divide the energy equation of the photon e = mc² by the speed of light c to get the momentum equation of the photon:
p=mc
The vector formula is P = mC
The photon’s momentum p and energy e satisfy the following relationship:
P = e/c
It can be seen that the energy formula given by the unified field theory has the same parts as the theory of relativity, but also has different parts.
The rest mass of the photon is zero, so its rest energy m’c² is also zero, and the total energy of the photon’s motion mc²√ (1 - v²/c²) is also zero, because the photon’s moving speed v = c.
However, the photon motion energy is divided into positive and negative parts, any part of which is
mc², so when a photon moves, its motion energy can also be expressed as mc².
The above shows that photons still obey the conservation of energy.
Regarding the relationship between unified field theory energy and unified field theory momentum, the momentum formula of unified field theory can be obtained by dividing both sides of the energy equation by the scalar light speed c.
For the relationship between unified field theory energy and relativistic momentum P’=mV [the quantity is p= mv].
For the unified field theory energy equation e = m’c² = mc²√ (1 - v²/c²) squared on both sides, we can get:
e²= m’²c²c² = m²c²c² - m²c²v²
From this we get:
m²c²c² = m²c²v² + m’²c²c²
m²c²c² = p’²c² + m’²c²c²
This result looks the same as the theory of relativity, however, the theory of relativity holds that m²c²c² is the square of the total energy e² = m²c²c².
The unified field theory believes that the total energy e squared is:
e²= m’²c²c² = m²c²c² - p²c²
Forty, photon model
Charges accelerating relative to our observer will produce an accelerating electromagnetic field in the surrounding space. The accelerating electromagnetic field can produce an anti-gravitational field. The anti-gravitational field can cause the accelerating charges or the mass and charge of certain nearby electrons to disappear.
The mass and charge of the electron disappear, causing the surrounding force field and electromagnetic properties to disappear and then become excited, moving outward at the speed of light. This is an electromagnetic wave, also known as light.
One photon model consists of a single excited electron moving in a spiral away from us relative to our observer, and the center of the rotation is a straight line, and the speed in this straight line direction is the speed of light.
The second is that two excited electrons rotate around a straight line, and at the same time move at the speed of light in the parallel direction of this straight line. The result is that they move away from our observer in a cylindrical spiral, and the two electrons are in the center of this straight line. The vertical direction is symmetrical.
The momentum of the photon is P = m C,
m is the moving mass of the photon, and C is the vector speed of light. The photon's rest momentum and rest mass are both zero.
The motion energy of photons is e = m c²
After the electron is affected by the added mass force (C-V) dm/dt, it is in an excited state with zero rest mass. This is a photon. The photon always moves at the speed of light relative to the observer.
The space around any object particle in the universe is centered on the particle and radiates in all directions at the speed of light. Photons actually stay stationary in space and move with the space.
The particle nature of photons is because photons are composed of excited electrons. The wave nature of photons is the fluctuation of space itself. Space is always fluctuating, and the speed of fluctuation is the speed of light.
Appendix: Main applications of unified field theory—artificial field scanning technology
Table of contents:
1. How many parts does the artificial field scanning equipment consist of?
Second, what are the specific uses of artificial field scanning?
Third, what steps need to be completed to create an artificial field scan?
Artificial field scanning is a device that uses positive and anti-gravitational fields generated by changing electromagnetic fields [different from anti-gravity, gravity and gravitational fields have different dimensions], and works under the control of a computer program.
Artificial field scanning equipment is similar to the electrical energy devices on our earth and is a basic power source. The principle is similar to Faraday's electromagnetic and magnetic transformation, which utilizes the mutual transformation of electromagnetic field and gravitational field.
Artificial fields are upgraded products of electricity that can replace the popular electricity on our planet.
The theoretical basis of artificial field scanning is provided by "Unified Field Theory", which can be obtained by adding Zhang Xiangqian's WeChat.
1. How many parts does the artificial field scanning equipment consist of?
Artificial field scanning equipment consists of two parts, one is the artificial field scanning hardware equipment, and the other is the software that controls the artificial field scanning equipment.
Artificial field hardware equipment can be placed in the sky, and can remotely and non-contactly emit artificial fields to the ground, and can penetrate walls to exert effects on internal objects without any obstacles.
Generators on our planet convert other energy into electrical energy, and then use transmission lines to transport the energy to motors or electrical appliances for users to use.
A generator converts other energy into electrical energy. The generator itself does not create energy.
Artificial field scanning transmitters are like generators. They cannot create energy themselves, but only convert other energy [especially electrical energy and solar energy] into field energy.
Artificial fields illuminate an object, which can change the object's mass, charge, speed, position, temperature, space, and time. Or transmit field energy to the energy recipient through vacuum.
Generators transmit energy to electric motors through wires, while artificial field scanning can transmit energy to energy recipients over long distances through vacuum.
Compared with electric energy, artificial field generators do not require wires and can transmit force and energy over long distances and non-contactly through vacuum. This is the most important advantage of artificial field generators. Because this allows products and equipment to be centralized and virtualized, a small number of products and equipment can serve the needs of everyone around the world.
For example, in the future, billions of people around the world will share a giant computer.
Therefore, the emergence of artificial factories can significantly reduce the number of global products.
Second, what are the specific uses of artificial field scanning?
We know that electrical energy can make objects move, heat and cool objects, produce sound, produce light, generate electromagnetic fields, process information, etc.
In addition to having all the functions of electric energy, artificial field scanning can also affect space and time, that is, it can illuminate space and affect the length of space within a local range and the length of time for things to happen in space.
It can also affect time and space and then affect objects existing in space to make objects move.
The positive gravitational field emitted by the artificial field scanning equipment can increase the mass of the object by irradiating it; the anti-gravitational field generated by irradiating the object can reduce the mass of the object, all the way to zero.
Once an object is in an excited state of zero mass, it suddenly moves at the speed of light.
Once the object is in a quasi-excited state close to zero mass, although it will not move at the speed of light, it can pass through the wall, and both the object and the wall will be intact.
These unique characteristics of artificial field scanning can not only replace electricity, but are an upgraded product of electricity, and also have the following uses.
1. Create an aircraft that can fly at the speed of light.
Artificial field scanning can illuminate the aircraft to make the mass of the aircraft zero. As long as the mass of the aircraft becomes zero, it will suddenly move at the speed of light. This is also the principle of flying saucers.
2. Cold welding in construction and industrial manufacturing
Artificial field scanning illuminates objects, which can put the objects in a quasi-excited state. Two objects in a quasi-excited state can cut into each other without resistance. When the artificial field is removed, the objects will be welded together. This is called cold welding.
Artificial field scanning can enable the use of cold welding on a large scale, increase the speed of house building, engineering, and industrial manufacturing by a hundred times, and reduce the cost by a hundred times. It can create miracles in all aspects of human production, life, and medical care.
3. Artificial information field scanning.
Artificial fields work under the control of complex electronic computer programs and are called artificial information fields.
The artificial information field can detect, cold weld, excite, and heat the human body. It can perform functions such as high-speed cutting and transportation. It can accurately position, identify, and operate molecules and atoms in batches.
Artificial information fields can also operate inside the human body without affecting the outside. During surgery, objects can be instantly removed inside the human body without opening the intestines.
It can quickly and completely remove cancer cells, viruses and other harmful substances from the human body. It is simple and crude and does not require finding the pathogenesis.
These incredible abilities of the artificial information field, as well as the perfect combination with electronic computers, can enable humans to completely treat various infectious diseases, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and other acute and chronic diseases, and can enable humans to enter a drug-free state. era.
The effects of artificial information fields on weight loss, plastic surgery, and sculpting the human body are incredible, and there is no pain.
4. Movement disappears instantly - Global Sports Network
Using artificial field scanning, a global motion network can be created. The Global Movement Network is built and placed in space. When everyone travels, they only need to bring a mobile phone and send their exercise request to Global Sports Network. Global Sports Network uses artificial field scanning to illuminate people, and the people disappear immediately and appear where they want.
The Global Movement Network allows people and goods to appear anywhere in the world within a second, including in sealed rooms. However, the scope of the Global Movement Network can only be on one planet. To reach other planets, you can only travel by light-speed aircraft, or flying saucers.
5. Large-scale global conduction without wires
If we do not strictly distinguish the difference between electric energy and field energy, calling it field energy or electric energy is just what we people call it.
The non-conductive conductive center of the ball is understood as the global central energy field, which provides energy to all energy users around the world remotely and non-contactly from several satellites in space.
6. Concentrated solar receiver
Artificial field scanning equipment illuminates the space, and by affecting and compressing the space, it can absorb the photons emitted by the sun in the space. It can receive tens of thousands of square meters of solar energy on one square meter, solving the human energy crisis. Moreover, the energy is cheap, almost Free.
Concentrated solar receivers can also artificially reduce the solar energy in a certain place, and combine it with computer analysis to powerfully control and adjust the weather to avoid the occurrence of harmful weather, because the source of harmful weather is solar energy.
7. Infinite compression space storage and transmission information technology.
Any space in the universe can store the information of the entire universe, and space can be infinitely compressed.
Using artificial field scanning to process information, since the essence of the field is a cylindrical spiral moving space, which is equivalent to using space to store and transmit information, artificial field scanning can upgrade human information technology.
8. Virtual buildings and light virtual human bodies.
Use artificial fields to exert influence on space, such as affecting a plane to generate field force on this plane, which can generate blocking force on objects moving through it.
Then use an artificial field to lock the light and dye the plane with color. In this way, a virtual plane can be generated. This virtual plane can be used as a cement wall. Various virtual buildings can be formed using this virtual wall.
Artificial field scanning can also virtualize the human body, and virtual human bodies composed of light will become popular on a large scale on the earth.
Artificial field scanning technology can make many products virtual. In the future, computers, mobile phones, and products related to processing information can be completely virtualized.
Billions of people around the world can use a virtual mobile phone or computer. Users can quickly have three-dimensional virtual images and sounds around them. When not in use, they can disappear immediately with a wave of their hands.
9. Space-time refrigerator.
We store food in a space-time refrigerator. Although the temperature inside is the same as the temperature outside, under the illumination of this kind of space-time refrigerator, we have been outside for a year and only one second has passed inside. Therefore, This kind of refrigerator can preserve food freshness to a degree that ordinary refrigerators cannot match.
On the other hand, it can also be achieved if a year passes inside and only a second passes outside.
The basic principle of the space-time refrigerator is that the artificial field illuminates the space, which can change the speed of the passage of time for all events in the space.
10. Field scanning technology for consciousness reading and storage.
Human consciousness and thinking are formed by the movement of charged particles and ions moving in the human brain, which will exert a disturbing effect on space.
Artificial field scanning equipment emits fields, an invisible substance that penetrates deep into the human brain. It can scan and record the movement patterns of these charged particles without damage, and can also record the disturbance effects in the space around the human brain.
In this way, human consciousness and memory information can be completely read and recorded, and the human consciousness information can be further copied, digitized, and stored in an electronic computer.
After a few hundred years, human science and technology will develop to a certain level, and then these consciousness information will be installed in the body of an artificial young person without independent consciousness, or in a biological body, to resurrect the person, so that human immortality can become a reality. .
This field scanning technology can also change the education model, and can transfer rote knowledge to the human brain at high speed, greatly shortening the learning time.
Artificial field scanning emits an invisible substance called fields, which is the only feasible and ideal medium for connecting the human brain with computers and the Internet. When wires, electromagnetic waves, ultrasound, x-rays, electrons, lasers and other things penetrate deep into the human brain, they will damage the human brain.
Third, what needs to be done to create an artificial field scan?
The first step is to theoretically point out the essence and defining equations of electromagnetic field and gravitational field. This is the basic equation.
This basic equation has been completed by myself.
The second step is to theoretically point out the mathematical equations that changing the gravitational field produces an electromagnetic field, and changing the electromagnetic field produces positive and anti-gravitational fields.
I have completed this step.
Step 3: Design experiments based on the equations defining the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field, the basic relationship equations between the electric field and the magnetic field, and the mathematical equations of changing the gravitational field to produce an electromagnetic field, and changing the electromagnetic field to produce a gravitational field, to verify that changing the electromagnetic field produces positive and negative gravitational fields.
In particular, the anti-gravitational field generated by changing electromagnetic fields can reduce the mass of objects by irradiating them.
At this step, I have made important progress. On November 2, 2023, I discovered for the first time that a changing electromagnetic field produces a weak gravitational field effect.
Later trials finalized:
The accelerating positive charge generates a gravitational field with the opposite acceleration direction.
On March 1, 2024, the experiment found that the changing magnetic field produces a vortex gravitational field, which can make all objects rotate.
Step 4: Based on the basic definition equations, improve various related application equations, especially the quantitative equation that changes the electromagnetic field to produce a gravitational field, that is, how much charge, how fast the movement is, how much acceleration, and how strong the gravitational field is generated at how far away , where the direction of the generated gravitational field points, and then the artificial field scanning equipment model is designed and built based on this quantitative equation.
Step 5: Design various computer programs that serve the artificial field scanning equipment.
Among all the applications in artificial fields, the artificial field scanning equipment is the same except for its size and power. Different applications only use different software programs.
Just like the electricity generated by power plants is the same, it is just that electricity can be used in different fields, resulting in ever-changing application forms.
For example, the artificial field scanning program that makes objects move and creates virtual buildings is very simple, but the artificial field scanning program that treats human diseases and scans people's brain consciousness is very complex.
Most applications of artificial field scanning equipment require computer program manipulation.
Step 6: Expand the application of artificial field scanning equipment in various fields.
In particular, it completely replaces electric energy, replaces all human electrical appliances, and extends artificial fields to areas where electric energy cannot be used, such as rockets.
Artificial field scanning is a major basic science research project that can have drastic impacts on humanity as a whole. The cost of research and development may reach the level of the Manhattan Project in the United States. However, the most important thing in developing artificial fields is to experimentally discover that changing electromagnetic fields produce positive and negative gravitational fields, and I have already completed this experiment.
Artificial fields are room-temperature technologies that do not involve low or high temperatures. Therefore, the material requirements are not strict. The difficulty is that the principles are profound and involve essential issues such as time, space, field, mass, charge, and energy.
Since the essence of the field is a cylindrical spiral motion space, artificial field technology can also be called space-time technology.
However, the research and development of artificial fields still requires the cooperation and participation of many people. If there is cooperation with polytechnic universities and theoretical calculations and experiments are carried out simultaneously, it is estimated that most of the 10 major applications of artificial field scanning can be completed within 1 to 5 years.
Chapter 2: Revealing the mystery of the nature of gravity
Note 1: Unless otherwise noted in this article, capital letters are vectors.
Note 2: For the convenience and simplicity of description, this article regards the object as a point, called a particle. This article only describes the movement of the particle in the vacuum and the movement of the space itself, and does not describe the movement of the shape object in the medium.
Note 3: You can see more detailed background information in Baidu Unified Field Theory 7th Edition.
Table of contents:
1. What is the essence of gravity?
2. What is the medium that transmits gravity?
3. What are the things that make up the universe?
4. What is the difference between things and things?
5. How do physical concepts arise?
6. How to describe the movement of space itself
7. Why do objects and spaces in the universe move?
8. Basic assumptions
9. Why is the universe three-dimensional?
10. It is meaningless to talk about movement without the observer
11. Why is it said that the counterclockwise rotation of the space around an object produces universal gravitation?
12. The nature and physical definition of time
13. Physical definition of time and space-time identity equation
14. Strict definition of field
15. Definition equations of gravitational field and mass
16. Three forms of gravitational field
17. The essence and strict definition of force
18. Explain Newton’s three major theorems
19. Prove that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass
Twenty, derive the formula of universal gravitation
Twenty-one, derive the wave equation of space
22. The relationship between the volatility of space and the gravitational field
Newton's universal gravitation theorem is expressed as:
Any two objects in the universe are attracted to each other, and the magnitude of the attraction is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance. The direction of gravity is along the line connecting the two objects.
This theorem seems simple, but its essence involves the core secret of the universe. If humans want to explain gravity clearly, they must have a deeper understanding of motion and understand basic physical concepts such as time, space, mass, momentum, gravitational field, acceleration, and force that are closely related to gravity. The essence of nature and the nature of gravity are closely connected.
If someone claims to have deciphered the nature of gravity, but his paper does not mention essential issues such as time, space, mass, momentum, gravitational field, acceleration, force, etc., such a paper is worthless and not worth reading.
1. What is the essence of gravity?
The most puzzling question for mankind about gravity is:
1. How is the gravitational force between any two objects in the universe generated?
2. How do two objects transfer gravity to each other?
3. What medium do objects use to transmit gravity to each other?
In fact, the nature of gravity is very simple.
For example, if a car is moving towards you in a straight line at a constant speed, the driver feels that he is stationary and must think that you are moving towards the car.
If a car is accelerating towards you and the driver feels that he is stationary, he must think that you are accelerating towards the car.
It doesn’t matter whether you are moving or the car is moving. The key and meaningful thing is that the space between the car and the person is changing.
The essence of universal gravitation is that the space between the particles is moving, and the degree of change relative to the change in the motion state of our observers.
Simply put, the essence of gravity is:
Relative to our observer, two objects in space are moving at a relative acceleration, or have a tendency to move at a relative acceleration.
There are two issues we need to realize:
One is that for all objects in the universe, the surrounding space is always moving and changing.
Another is that describing the gravitational force between objects must be relative to a clear observer. All physical quantities related to gravitation have physical meaning only relative to a clear observer.
Without an observer, or the observer cannot be specified, the result is uncertain or meaningless.
The movement change of the space between two particle points and the relative motion of the two particle points in space should essentially be the same thing. The two displacement quantities can be superimposed on each other.
Human beings are blinded by the word "force" called gravity. I always think about what force is. What is force? The more I think about it, the more confused I become!
An object has volume, length, width, and height, which reflect a property of the object, and gravitation is also a property manifested by changes in the motion state of the relative space between objects.
A girl walked by me, I said the girl was very beautiful, a knife, I said very sharp, beauty is a quality we describe to girls, sharpness is a quality we describe to a knife.
Force is a property that we describe of the relative motion [or tendency of relative motion] of objects. Force is not a specific thing. It is the degree to which we change the motion state of an object in space, or the degree of change in the motion state of the space around the object. a property described.
If two objects have relative acceleration, or even though they are stationary, they have a tendency to move relative to each other, we can say that there is a force acting between them.
Imagine that in China, a person holds a small ball in his hand. At a certain moment, the person puts down the small ball, and the small ball accelerates from a static state and hits the earth. According to the previous view, it can also be said that the small ball is always stationary. In space, it is the earth that hits the ball.
Some people may object that if we put a small ball in our symmetrical country, Brazil, at the same time, wouldn't it mean that the ball will fly into the air at an accelerated speed?
This rebuttal actually requires a premise:
Space is static and motionless. All objects exist and move in the static ocean of space like fish. The existence of space has nothing to do with the movement of particles.
The key key is:
Space itself is moving and changing all the time, and the movement of space and particles are closely linked.
We hold a stone in our hand and put it down. The stone falls freely from the air toward the center of the earth. It can be said that the stone is stationary in space and falls toward the center of the earth along with the space.
If we could dye the space with color, without stones, the space would still be accelerating towards the center of the earth from all directions at all times.
This is the essence of gravity that we describe in language.
In this article, we will also use strict mathematical methods to describe our above understanding of the nature of gravity.
2. What is the medium that transmits gravity?
The moon revolves around the earth. What does the earth transmit its gravity to the moon?
If it is believed that the earth transmits gravity to the moon through a special substance, could this special substance be made of tiny things? If it is made up of smaller things, how does gravity pass between the gaps in these tiny things?
If the medium cannot be divided into many tiny things and the internal structure is infinitely continuous, how does the property of this medium come from? This makes it difficult for us to understand this special medium.
This article believes that any object in the universe can affect the surrounding space, and then affect the objects existing in space.
Objects interact with each other by first affecting the surrounding space and then affecting the objects existing in the space.
Space itself is moving all the time. The earth transmits gravity to the moon through space. The medium of interaction between objects is space.
Gravity is just a property. The moon, the earth, and everything in the universe have relative acceleration or a tendency of relative acceleration relative to our observers. We can say that there is an interaction force between them.
3. What are the things that make up the universe?
The basic assumptions of unified field theory are:
The universe is composed of objects and space, and there is no third thing that coexists with it. The rest [including time] is our observer's description of the movement of objects and the movement of space itself.
If there is no description by the observer, the universe is just space and objects, and the rest does not exist.
The so-called dark matter, dark energy, God particle, graviton, and ether do not exist.
4. What is the difference between things and things?
For example, a tree, a river, and a mountain in front of us are objects. The growth of trees and the flow of river water are things.
In the universe, matter and space are "things", and the rest, such as time, displacement, mass, charge, field, energy, speed, momentum, force, temperature, and sound------are all "things" and are "things" "A property described by our observer when it moves relative to our observer.
Without the observer, things do not exist, but things still exist. This is the main difference between things and things.
5. How do physical concepts arise?
The universe is composed of space and particles, and all physical phenomena are caused by the movement of particles in space relative to our observers or the movement of the space itself around the particles.
We observers form physical concepts by summarizing physical phenomena.
The essence of time, gravitational field, electromagnetic field, nuclear force field, speed of light, charge, mass, energy, momentum, force, sound, and heat are all the movement of a particle in space or the movement of the space itself around a particle, as described by our observers a property that emerges.
6. How to describe the movement of space itself
Speaking of the movement of space itself, how do we describe the movement of space itself qualitatively and quantitatively?
We divide the space into many small pieces, each piece is called a spatial geometric point, or a space point for short, and the route traveled by the space point is called a space line. By describing the movement of these space points, the movement of space itself can be described.
7. Why do objects and spaces in the universe move?
Physics is our description of the geometric world [composed of space and objects]. Physics and geometry are corresponding. A physical phenomenon can always find its corresponding geometric state.
The state of motion we describe in physics corresponds to the vertical state in geometry.
The state of motion is actually the result of our observer's description of the vertical state of the three-dimensional space in geometry [that is, up to three mutually perpendicular straight lines can be drawn through any point in the three-dimensional space].
Any object in the universe, any space point in the three-dimensional vertical state of the surrounding space, must move relative to our observer, and the changing direction of movement and trajectory can reconstitute a vertical state.
This can be called the vertical principle.
The ever-changing direction of motion must be curved motion. Circular motion can make up to two mutually perpendicular tangent lines. Space is three-dimensional, and any point on its motion trajectory must be able to make three mutually perpendicular tangent lines.
We should reasonably think that the motion in space is continuous, so the motion must extend in the vertical direction of the circular plane. A reasonable view is that the points in space move in a cylindrical spiral.
Ultimately, the movement of objects is caused by the movement of space itself. Objects exist in space and move due to the motion of space itself.
What we need to note is that spatial motion refers to the motion of the space around an object. It is meaningless to talk about pure spatial motion without the object.
It is meaningless to talk about motion in space without an observer, or without knowing which observer.
8. Basic assumptions
When any object in the universe [including the body of our observer] is at rest relative to our observer, the surrounding space is centered on the object and moves in a cylindrical spiral [the combination of rotational motion and uniform linear motion perpendicular to the rotation plane]. The vector light speed C [Unified field theory believes that the speed of light can be a vector, represented by the capital letter C (quantity or module, or scalar is c, c is unchanged), the direction of the vector light speed C can change] moves divergently around.
This spiral motion is a right-handed spiral.
The motion in the space around the object in the picture above spreads out in a cylindrical spiral.
Judging from the above assumptions, the Big Bang theory is wrong. The universe has no beginning and no end. The universe has always existed.
The strong evidence for the modern Big Bang theory of the universe is - how is space expanding relative to any observer?
The real reason for the expansion of space is that the surrounding space of any object in the universe, including any observer, moves divergently in a cylindrical spiral at the speed of light, and the stars in the space also move away from our observer.
Then why don't the moon and the sun move away from us observers at the speed of light?
There is another constraint here, which is related to the initial state of motion of objects and planets.
For example, the earth remains stationary with us observers from the beginning, and the moon remains close to stationary with us [compared to the speed of light]. Only very distant planets, which have little relevance to us observers, are moving away from us very quickly.
9. Why is the universe three-dimensional?
We know that up to three mutually perpendicular directed straight lines can be drawn along any point in space, which is called a three-dimensional space. Why does it happen to be three, not two, or four?
This reason is caused by the movement of space. If the space moves in a straight line, it produces a one-dimensional space. If the space moves in a curve, it produces a two-dimensional space. The real situation is that the space moves in a cylindrical spiral, so what is produced is a three-dimensional space. .
The reason why space is three-dimensional is that space moves in a cylindrical spiral at all times.
Since the three directions of space are equal, no direction is special. When space moves, it must move in all three directions. Coupled with the continuity of movement, space can only move in a cylindrical spiral. .
In other words, space moves in a cylindrical spiral to form a three-dimensional space. These two statements are causal to each other.
The space we live in is a right-handed spiral space, that is, the thumb of the right hand points in the direction of linear movement in space, and the direction in which the four fingers of the right hand circle is the direction of circular movement in space.
As for whether there is a left-handed spiral space in the universe, there is no logical analysis. Assuming that a left-handed spiral space exists, it will be repelled by the universal right-handed spiral space. After hundreds of millions of years, it will be repelled to the infinity of the universe. That is Yes, we can't find it.
Two right-handed spiral spaces [facing us as observers, both rotating counterclockwise] collide with each other. The spaces where the rotations touch each other will decrease, showing mutual attraction. When the left-handed spiral space and the right-handed spiral space meet, they will repel each other.
It is not ruled out that humans can artificially create a left-handed spiral space in the future.
The universe we live in is a right-handed spiral space.
As for why this is the case? It can only be said that in the universe we live in, right-handed spirals are positive, and right-handed spirals have universal advantages.
Mathematically, Green's formula and Stokes' theorem believe that we walk on a certain curved surface while turning left, and finally walk a circular line. If the direction of the four fingers of our right hand is the same as the direction of the circular line we are walking, Then the positive direction of the surface surrounded by this circle line is the direction of our right thumb
The space around positive and negative charges is also a right-handed spiral space, but the space around positive charges is divergent.
Space converges around negative charges.
10. It is meaningless to talk about movement without the observer
The theory of relativity believes that many physical concepts such as time, displacement, force, and mass are relative, and may have different values when measured by different observers moving with each other. The word "relative" is extended to mean relative to our observers. .
If there is no observer, or if the observer is not specified, time, displacement, force, mass --- many physical concepts lose their meaning.
Since time, displacement, force, mass---these physical concepts come from the movement of the particle in space relative to our observer, or the movement of the surrounding space itself, it is meaningless to describe movement without the observer (us) of.
At first glance, the above view seems to be a kind of idealism. However, idealism believes that once there are no observers and no one, everything is gone. This is also wrong. The correct view should be this:
All movements in the universe are relative to us humans. Once there are no humans, the scene the universe gives us is like a freeze-frame shot of a camera, rather than non-existence.
The state of motion in physics is a vertical state from a geometric point of view. It is the same phenomenon, but we observers see different results from different angles.
The state of motion is the result of our constant affirmation, negation, affirmation, negation, affirmation, negation of the position of the object in space---such description.
Simply speaking, if there is no observer for us, there is no state of motion, but there is no state of rest either. It is meaningless to discuss motion or rest.
Some people believe that the universe was still moving before humans existed, so the existence of motion has nothing to do with humans.
In fact, the sentence "before there were humans" is a wrong sentence. "There were no humans" already excludes humans. How can you use humans to define before?
Without humans, where would the pre-human beings come from? Because everything before or after is defined by people.
In the same way, without us people, where would the front and back, up and down, left and right, east, west, north and south come from? Where does it come from?
Note that the movement described in physics must have three things: space, particle, and observer. Otherwise, the movement will lose its meaning. Describing the change of time is a bit special. The observer and the particle are actually the same thing.
To describe the movement of space itself, we need to rely on the particle as the starting point or end point of the movement.
To describe the motion of a particle, it is necessary to understand the changes in the position of the particle in space.
Humanity's understanding of movement has a developmental process.
Newtonian mechanics believes that to describe the motion of an object, one must find a reference object that is considered stationary. As a reference object, the description of motion emphasizes the distance traveled by the object in space during a certain period of time.
Newtonian mechanics holds that the measurement of lengths of time and space has nothing to do with the movement of the observer.
The theory of relativity inherits the basic views of Newtonian mechanics, but the theory of relativity emphasizes that different observers may measure different values of certain physical quantities such as time, space, mass, and force.
The theory of relativity holds that the measurement of time and space length is related to the speed of movement of the observer. At low speeds, the relationship is not obvious, but when it is close to the speed of light, it is particularly obvious.
Unified field theory believes that describing motion must be relative to a certain observer. Without an observer, or without specifying that observer, it is meaningless to describe motion. Choosing a reference to describe movement is sometimes unreliable.
11. Why is it said that the counterclockwise rotation of the space around an object produces universal gravitation?
Any object in the universe is always moving in a cylindrical spiral in the surrounding space. The cylindrical spiral motion is a combination of rotational motion and linear motion perpendicular to the rotation plane.
The electromagnetic field, gravitational field, and nuclear force field together form a cylindrical spiral motion space, and the gravitational field belongs to the part of the cylindrical spiral that rotates toward the acceleration of the rotation center.
And because the rotational motion of the space we live in is counterclockwise, in some cases, it can simply be said that the universal gravitational field and universal gravity are caused by the counterclockwise rotation of the space around the object.
This is the reason why the eight planets around the sun rotate counterclockwise around the sun.
12. The nature and physical definition of time
All physical concepts are our observer's description of the movement of a particle in space or the movement of the space itself around the particle.
The sources of many physics concepts are:
The movement of particles in space gives us a feeling. We observers analyze and summarize these feelings to produce physical concepts.
Time can also be thought of as a feeling given to us by the movement of something in space. What moves through space that gives us a sense of time?
We send a person in a spaceship to an area of space tens of billions of light years away. After dropping the person off, the spacecraft immediately flies back.
Other planets in this space area are very, very far away. It is conceivable that this person still has a sense of time? What movement of particles gives this person a sense of time? In this case, there is only this person's body.
The correct and reasonable view is:
Time is how we observers feel about the movement of our bodies in space.
When any object in the universe (including the observer's body) is stationary, the surrounding space moves in a cylindrical spiral at the vector light speed C in all directions.
Therefore, time can be considered to be directly proportional to the distance the observer travels in a straight line at the speed of light in space.
With the help of the concept of space point, it can be considered that:
Time is the feeling given to us by the divergent movement of the space around our observer in all directions at the speed of light. It is directly proportional to the distance traveled by the geometric points in the space around our observer at the speed of light.
Some people think that the universe before humans still had time, so the idea that time is human perception is wrong.
In fact, the sentence "before there were humans" is a wrong sentence. "There were no humans" already excludes humans. How can you use humans to define before?
Without humans, where would the pre-human beings come from? Because everything before or after is defined by people.
In the same way, without us people, where would the front and back, up and down, left and right, east, west, north and south come from? Where does it come from?
"Time" is precisely a physical concept derived from people's description of the movement of the space around their bodies.
13. Physical definition of time and space-time identity equation
Imagine that there is a particle point o in a certain space area, which is stationary relative to our observer. We use point o as the origin to establish a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system x, y, z.
Any space point p in the space around point o starts from point o at time t'. After a period of time t, it reaches the position x, y, z of point p at time t", that is, point p is at time t". The spatial coordinates of are x, y, and z are functions of time t and change with time t. The missing path from point o to point p is R.
R(t) =(x,y,z,t)
The unified field theory believes that time is proportional to the distance traveled by a point in space moving at the vector light speed C, so it has the following formula:
R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j + z k
i, j, k are unit vectors along the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis respectively.
Square both sides of the above equation, the result is:
r² = c²t²= x²+ y² + z²
r is the number of vectors R. The above equation also appears in the theory of relativity, which is considered to be a four-dimensional space-time distance. The real situation is that the essence of time is space moving at the speed of light.
The unified field theory believes that the actual trajectory of point p is a cylindrical spiral. As long as any one dimension of the three-dimensional space moves relative to our observer at the speed of light, we can call this dimension space time. The theory of relativity obviously does not understand At this point, this is clearly a flaw in the theory of relativity.
The equation R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j + z k indicates that the essence of time is the space moving at the speed of light. Therefore, this equation can also be called the space-time identity equation.
Time and space are actually the same thing. This is because we humans do not know that the essence of time is space moving at the speed of light. The feeling that space moving at the speed of light gives us is called time.
Some useful formulas can be obtained from the space-time identity equation R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j + z k. Derivative of this equation with respect to time t:
dR/dt = C= Cx + Cy + Cz
Cx, Cy, Cz are the components of the vector light speed C on the x, y, and z axes respectively.
Dot-multiply the above equation by itself, we get:
dR·dR = c² dt dt
= cx ²+ cy ²+ cz ²
Note that dR not only represents the small increment of change in the radial direction of the vector, but also represents the increment of change in the two directions perpendicular to the radial direction of R due to the change in direction.
14. Strict definition of field
In mathematics a field is defined as:
If each point in space (or a certain part of space) corresponds to a certain quantity, then such a space is called a field. When the quantity corresponding to each point in the space is a quantity, then the space is a quantity field. When the space When the quantity corresponding to each point in is a vector, then such a space is called a vector field.
It can be seen from the definition of mathematical field that a field is represented by a point function in space. On the contrary, if a certain point function in space is given, a field is given.
We have done a lot of analysis before, connecting the gravitational field (referred to as the gravitational field), the electromagnetic field and the nuclear force field with the movement of space itself, and identified four major fields in physics:
The essence of gravitational field, electric field, magnetic field, and nuclear force field is the space of cylindrical spiral motion.
Therefore, we give a unified definition of the four major fields of physics here:
Relative to our observer, at any spatial geometric point p in the space around the particle o, the displacement vector R (referred to as the position vector) pointing to the particle changes with the spatial position x, y, z or changes with the time t. Such a space is called The physical field can also be called the physical force field.
In a simple sentence, the essence of the four major fields of physics is the space of motion and change. This is also in line with the basic principle of the unified field theory we mentioned earlier: all physical phenomena are caused by the movement of the particle in space or the movement of the space around the particle relative to our observer.
From the above definition, we can know that the four major fields of physics are all vector fields, and different fields only have different properties in the motion space. , Since the space is formed by the cylindrical spiral movement of space, it can be said that the four types of out are a segment of this spiral movement. The four major situations together form a cylindrical spiral.
Note that the field is a property manifested by the changes in the movement of the space around the particle relative to our observer. Space, the particle, and the observer cannot be missing, otherwise the field will lose its meaning.
15. Definition equations of gravitational field and mass
Defining equations for gravitational field and mass
In the unified field theory, the mass m of object point o represents the number of spatial displacements of cylindrical spiral divergent motion at the speed of light within a 4π solid angle around point o.
The gravitational field A generated around point o represents the number of spatial displacements that move divergently at the speed of light through the Gaussian sphere s surrounding point o.
1. The definition equation of gravitational field:
Imagine that there is a particle point o that is stationary relative to our observer, and any space point p in the surrounding space starts from point o at the vector light speed C at time zero, and moves in a cylindrical spiral in a certain direction, after time t, At time t' it reaches the position where p will be later.
We let point o be at the origin of the rectangular coordinate system xyz, and the vector radius R from point o to point p is given by the previous space-time identity equation R = C t = x i+ y j + zk:
R is a function of spatial position x, y, z and time t, which changes with the change of x, y, z, t, and is recorded as:
R = R(x,y,z,t)
Note that the trajectory of point p in space is a cylindrical spiral. We can also think that one endpoint o of R does not move, and the other endpoint p moves and changes, making R trace a cylindrical spiral trajectory in space. .
We take the scalar length r of R in R = Ct as the radius and construct a Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² [In general, the Gaussian sphere may not be a regular sphere, but the sphere is continuous and cannot have holes] surrounding the particle o.
We divide the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² evenly into many small pieces. We select a small vector surface element ΔS where the p point is located [We use N to represent the ΔS direction, and its number is the surface Δs]. We inspect and find that there are Δn displacement vectors of space points similar to p pass through vertically.
Note: The radius of the Gaussian sphere s may not be equal to the scalar length of R. We set it to be equal. The advantage is that the inspection point p happens to fall on the Gaussian sphere s.
In this way, the gravitational field A generated by point o at space p [a quantity is a]:
a = constant times Δn/Δs
The definition of the gravitational field given by the above formula is simple and clear, but it is too rough and cannot express the vector properties of the gravitational field, nor does it bring the spatial displacement R moving at the vector speed of light into the formula.
In order to achieve the above purpose, we mainly examine the situation around point p.
The vector displacement R = C t of point p passes perpendicularly through ΔS. In general, the vector displacement R = C t may not be perpendicular through ΔS, and may have an angle θ with the normal direction N of the vector surface element ΔS.
At point o, it is stationary relative to our observer. The motion of the space around point o is uniform, and no direction is special. Moreover, the Gaussian sphere we use is a perfect round sphere. Under these conditions, the vector R = C t is the vertical passage through the vector surface element ΔS.
In this way, the gravitational field A [vector form] generated by point o at point p in the surrounding space can be written as:
A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs
In the formula, g is the gravitational constant and k is the proportionality constant. Note that A is in the opposite direction to the position vector R pointing from point o to point p in space.
Imagine that there are n space displacement vectors similar to R around point o, with point o as the center, distributed in a radial shape, but the directions of any two are different.
The physical meaning of n multiplied by R = nR means that the directions of n spatial displacements are all the same and are superimposed together.
Therefore, when the above R is a vector, it has physical meaning only when Δn=1. However, we should note that n multiplied by r [r is the quantity of R], when n is an integer greater than 1, it still has physical meaning.
So there is the formula:
A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs = - g k (R/r)/Δs
Since R/r = ▽r
▽ is the Hamiltonian operator.
Therefore, the above formula can also be written as:
A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs = - g k ▽r/Δs
Why is the unit vector R/r of R used in the above formula instead of using the vector R directly?
This is because we can only examine the direction and number of vector R on the Gaussian sphere s, but not the length of vector R, so the formula Δn R/Δs has no physical meaning.
If R is not completely vertical through the vector surface element ΔS [the number is Δs], and has an angle θ with the direction N of the vector surface element, when the number n of the spatial point displacement R is set to 1, the above equation also It can be expressed using the vector dot product formula.
A·ΔS = - a Δs cosθ = - g kΔn
In the above formula, a is the quantity of gravitational field A.
The gravitational field A is determined by two quantities: magnitude and direction cosine.
The size refers to the density (1/Δs) of the distribution of the spatial displacement R of the speed of light on the Gaussian sphere s.
1/Δs or Δn/Δs is a function with two independent variables, which changes as Δn and Δs change.
The direction cosine is the cosine of the angle θ between the normal directions N and R of ΔS, which is cosθ.
The direction cosine cosθ is a function containing only one independent variable, and this function changes as θ changes.
The physical meaning of the formula a = constant multiplied by Δn/s and A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs tells us that on the Gaussian sphere s=4πr², a small piece of vector surface element ΔS passes vertically through The density of the through-space vector displacement R [R = C t] reflects the gravitational field strength there.
We express Δs in the formula A = - g k Δn (R/r)/Δs by the solid angle Ω and the radius r of the Gaussian sphere, that is, Δs = Ωr².
A = - g k Δn (R/r)/Ωr²
= - g k ΔnR/Ω r³
In the figure above, we represent a small vector surface element Δs in the Gaussian sphere as ds. but:
ds = r dθ r sinθ dφ
= r² dθ sinθ dφ = r²dΩ
2. The definition equation of mass
What is the essence of quality? What is the relationship between mass and gravitational field?
Since the concept of mass originated from Newtonian mechanics, we compare the above definition equation of the unified field theory gravitational field geometric form A = - g k ΔnR/Ω r³ with the Newtonian mechanics gravitational field equation A = - g m R/r³, and we can get The mass definition equation of object point o should be:
m = kΔn/Ω
The differential is:
m = k dn /dΩ
Since space can be divided infinitely, the above differential of n, that is, dn, is meaningful.
The above k is a constant. Integrate around the right side of the above equation, and the integration area is between 0 and 4π, then:
m = k∮dn / ∮dΩ =k n /4π
The physical meaning of the above formula is:
The mass m of point o represents that there are n spatial displacement vectors R = C t distributed within the surrounding solid angle 4π.
The above m = k/dn /dΩ is the geometric definition equation of mass.
In many cases, we set n to 1 and get a simplified definition of mass:
m = k /Ω
Once we know the nature of mass, we can explain the gravitational field equation A = - g m R/r³ in Newtonian mechanics.
According to Newtonian mechanics, we take the earth [represented by point o, our observer is standing on the earth] as an example. There is a satellite [represented by point p] above the earth, and the position vector from point o to point p [indirect position vector] Expressed by R [the quantity is r].
Then the gravitational field A = - g m R/r³ generated by point o at point p is expressed on the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² with radius r, divided into a small vector surface element ΔS, and ΔS passes through 1 Vector R , and R and A are in opposite directions.
The number of ΔS The reciprocal of Δs reflects the size of the gravitational field, and the opposite direction of ΔS is the direction of the gravitational field.
What we need to pay attention to is that the gravitational field equation of the unified field theory reflects the situation at a certain moment, or at a certain moment.
Calculate the curl of the stationary gravitational field A = - g k Δn R/Ω r³ of the unified field theory. When Δn and Ω are constants [that is, the mass is a constant], the result is zero:
▽×A = 0
Find the divergence of the stationary gravitational field A = - g k Δn R/Ω r³. When (m = kΔn/Ω) is a constant, the result is also zero:
▽·A = 0
But when r approaches zero [it can also be said that the space point p approaches point o infinitely], and point o can be regarded as an infinitesimal sphere, the formula appears 0/0. Using Dirac δ function, we can get:
▽·A =4π g u
g is the gravitational constant, u = m/ΔxΔyΔz is the density of object point o.
The curl and divergence of the gravitational field definition equation given by the unified field theory are consistent with the divergence and curl of the gravitational field given by Newtonian mechanics.
4. Derive the relativistic mass-speed relationship from the mass definition equation
The theory of relativity uses momentum conservation and the relativistic speed transformation formula to derive the relativistic mass-speed relationship - the mass increases as the object's speed increases.
The theory of relativity also uses the mass-velocity relationship to derive the relativistic mass-energy equation, so the mass-velocity relationship is very important.
Below we use the definition equation of mass to directly derive the mass-velocity relationship.
Imagine a particle o with mass m’, always resting on the coordinate origin o of the s’ system.
The s system moves in the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V [scalar is v] relative to the s’ system, and the x-axis of the s system and the x’-axis of the s’ system coincide with each other.
From the perspective of an observer in the s system, the mass of point o is m. We use the above mass geometric definition equation m∮dΩ =k ∮dn to find the mathematical relationship between V, m, and m’.
When point o moves, we should reasonably believe that it will not cause a change in the number n of the spatial point vector displacement R, but may cause a change in the solid angle Ω. Therefore, we only need to find the difference between the movement speed V and Ω. If the relationship between them is satisfied, the relationship between m' and m can be found.
The solid angle Ω is defined as:
On the spherical surface s with point o as the center and radius r = 1, divide a small piece Δs, with Δs as the base and point o as the vertex, to form a cone h, then Δs is equal to the solid angle of the cone h.
The solid angle Ω of the cone h is the ratio of the base area Δs of the cone to the square of the radius r of the sphere. When Δs becomes infinitely small, it becomes ds, which is:
dΩ = ds/r²
When r = 1, the above equation becomes dΩ = ds.
The above is to use the base area of the vertebral body to define the solid angle. Now we generalize the above definition of the solid angle and use the volume of the vertebral body to define the solid angle.
Divide a small piece of Δs on the spherical surface s with point o as the center and radius r = 1. With Δs as the base and point o as the vertex, a cone h is formed. Then the volume Δv of the cone h is equal to the cone. The solid angle of body h.
The solid angle Ω of the cone h is the ratio of the volume Δv of the cone to the radius r cube of the sphere. When Δv becomes infinitely small, it becomes dv, which is:
dΩ = dv/r³
When r = 1, the above equation becomes dΩ = dv.
With the above preparatory knowledge, let us consider that the above point o is in the s’ system, and the mass at rest is
m’ = k∮dn/∮dΩ’
We use a unit sphere volume with a radius of 1, divide it into a cone with a vertex at point o and a volume of dv’, and replace dΩ’ in the above formula, then:
m’ = k∮dn/∮dv’
Correspondingly, in the s system, when point o moves in a straight line at a uniform speed V [scalar is v], the mass
m = k∮dn/∮dv
Note that n is the same in the s’ system and the s system, that is, the movement speed V of point o cannot change the number n of geometric point displacement.
We only need to find the relationship between dv’ = dxdydz’ and dv = dx dy dz, and then we can find the relationship between m and m’.
According to the Lorenz positive transformation in the theory of relativity [because we default to the observer I in the s system, the particle o is moving relative to me]:
x’ = (x - vt )/√ (1- v²/c²)
y’ = y
z’ = z
t’ = (t - v x/c²)/√ (1- v²/c²)
We get the differential:
dx’ = dx/√（1- v²/c²）
dy’ = dy
dz’ = dz
from that we get:
m’ = k∮dn/∮dv’ = k ∮dn/∮dx’dy’dz’
m = k ∮dn/∮dv = k∮dn/∮dx dy dz
由∮dx’dy’dz’ = ∮dy dz dx/√（1- v²/c²）
Can export:
m’= m√(1- v²/c²)
When point o moves at speed V, the mass increases by a relativistic factor √ (1- v²/c²). This result is consistent with the theory of relativity.
16. Three forms of gravitational field
Since the essence of the gravitational field, electromagnetic field and nuclear force field is the derivative of the motion of the three-dimensional space itself [relative to our observer] with respect to time or spatial position, we can say how much the motion of the space is within a certain three-dimensional range. What is the amount of motion in space within a two-dimensional plane, and what is the amount of motion in space within a certain curve. In this way, the corresponding gravitational field has three forms:
1. The distribution of gravitational field in three dimensions.
2. Distribution of gravitational field on two-dimensional curved surfaces [including planes].
3. The distribution of gravitational field on one-dimensional curves [including straight lines].
Note that in 1 above, although the three-dimensional space does not appear to be a vector, in practical applications, the vectoriality of the three-dimensional space and the divergence in the field theory must be considered, and the vertical lines of the three mutually perpendicular surfaces of the cube are used as the three-dimensional direction of space.
Three-dimensional space also has positive and negative characteristics. The outward divergent movement of the space around an object is positive space, and the inward convergence movement of the space around an object is negative space.
In the above 2, the surface can be directional. The direction of the convex surface of the surface is positive, and the direction of the concave surface is negative.
The above three curves can also have directions.
For the gravitational field, there are differential and integral equations for the distribution of the gravitational field in three-dimensional space.
There are differential and integral equations for the distribution of gravitational fields in two-dimensional surfaces.
There are differential and integral equations for the distribution of gravitational fields in one-dimensional curves.
Gaussian divergence theorem can describe the mathematical relationship between the distribution of gravitational fields in three-dimensional space and their distribution on curved surfaces.
Stokes curl theorem can describe the mathematical relationship between the distribution of the gravitational field on the surface and the distribution on the curve.
The mathematical relationship describing the distribution of the gravitational field in three-dimensional space and the distribution between curves is the gradient theorem.
Since the essence of the gravitational field is the derivative of the spatial displacement n R with respect to time t, or the derivative of the three-dimensional space volume dxdydz, the two-dimensional space surface S, and the one-dimensional space curve L.
We can use the space-time identity equation R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j + z k, and we can easily derive the field of the derivative of the spatial displacement with respect to the spatial position from the field equation form of the derivative of the spatial displacement with respect to time. Equation form.
Vice versa, the same is true.
The space-time identity equation can explain Gauss's theorem of constant speed of light, electromagnetic field, gravitational field, changing electric field to produce magnetic field, changing magnetic field to produce electric field, and space wave equations. The fundamentals and powerful advantages of the space-time identity equation are completely unknown to modern physics. Arrived.
17. The essence and strict definition of force
Force is defined as:
Relative to our observers, force is the change in the amount and direction of an object moving in space [or the movement of the space around the object] within a certain spatial range [or a certain period of time].
18. Explain Newton’s three major theorems
Newtonian mechanics includes three major theorems and the universal gravitation theorem.
The three major theorems of Newtonian mechanics are expressed as:
1. Any object [or particle] attempts to maintain a state of uniform linear motion or a state of rest until an external force changes.
2. When the force exerted on an object causes the object to accelerate, the resulting acceleration is directly proportional to the force received and inversely proportional to the mass of the object, and the direction of acceleration is consistent with the direction of the force.
3. An object exerting a force on another object always experiences an equal and opposite reaction force from the other object.
According to modern views, Newtonian mechanics should only be established relative to a certain observer.
Newton defined the mass m and velocity V of an object as momentum P = mV,
A careful analysis shows that the core of Newtonian mechanics is the concept of momentum. The concept of momentum originally came from Newtonian mechanics. Now we use the concept of momentum to restate Newton's three major theorems.
1. Relative to an observer, any particle point with mass m in space tries to maintain a certain momentum mV. V is the speed of the particle moving in a straight line in a certain direction, including when the speed is zero [the momentum must also be zero] static state.
2. When the particle is acted upon by an external force, the momentum will change. The rate of change of momentum P with time t is the external force F= dP/t = d(mV)/dt = m A
3. The momentum of a particle is conserved. In an isolated system, when the particles interact, the momentum gained by one particle is always lost by the other particle, and the total momentum remains unchanged.
In Newtonian mechanics, the mass m is considered to be an invariant, while the theory of relativity believes that the mass can change. However, the theory of relativity inherits some other views of Newtonian mechanics.
The momentum formula of the theory of relativity is the same as the form of Newtonian mechanics, except that in the theory of relativity the mass m can be a variable.
Unified field theory reveals the nature of mass and thus can completely explain Newtonian mechanics.
According to the view of unified field theory, Newton's three major theorems can be further understood as:
1. Compared to our observer, the space around any object moves outward at the vector speed of light C. Within the solid angle range of 4π, the number n of space displacements at the speed of light is the mass of the object m = k n/4π . Therefore, when the object is at rest, it has a rest momentum mC. When we try to make the object move, we must apply a momentum [mass times speed,] to make mC change.
2. Force is the cause of changing the state of motion of the space around an object that diverges at the vector light speed C and moves at the speed V. It is also the cause of the change in momentum. Therefore, we use the derivative of momentum with respect to time to express force.
Force is defined as: Force is the amount of change in the motion state of an object moving in space [or the movement of the space around the object itself] in a certain space range [or a certain time].
3. Momentum is the composite m(C-V) of the motion of an object in space (mV) and the motion of the space around the object (mC). It is a conserved quantity. The forms of momentum measured by observers moving with each other are different. The total amount of momentum remains unchanged regardless of the observer's observations.
19. Prove that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass
Newtonian mechanics believes that inertial mass reflects the degree to which an object is not easily accelerated, while gravitational mass reflects the ability to accelerate other objects.
In the above point o with mass m, when it is stationary relative to our observer, if there is a point p with mass m' far away from r, it will be affected by the gravitational force F of point o, which will make point p have a points to point o with acceleration - A, and
F= - (g m m’/r²)
F=-mA
Without giving any explanation, Newton equated the inertial mass m' in the formula F= - mA with the gravitational mass m' in the formula F= - (g m m'/r²) [R], and we got the following Mode:
A= -(g m /r²)【R】
r is the quantity of R, and [R] is the unit vector of R. This is what people often say that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass.
If we prove that the acceleration A from point p to point o is equal to the gravitational field generated by point o at point p, we can prove that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass.
Below we give the proof.
In the gravitational field equation A = - g k n R/Ω r³ given earlier, in order to facilitate the analysis of the problem, we set the number n of the light speed motion space displacement vector R = C t to 1, and the position vector from point o to point p, Let us use R to represent it, then the gravitational field equation is:
A= - g k R/Ωr³
In the above equation, we keep the quantity r of R constant, but the direction changes. In this way, the gravitational field A becomes the corresponding change between the direction of the spatial displacement R of the speed of light and the solid angle Ω.
Ω is a solid angle on the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² surrounding point o. When r takes a fixed value, the size of Ω is proportional to R·R = c²t².
Because although the quantity r of R remains unchanged, R is a vector, and an area can be drawn on the Gaussian sphere s through changes in two directions perpendicular to the radial direction of R, and this area is proportional to Ω. Because the size of Ω is equal to an area on the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² (r is set to 1 or a constant).
F:
A= - g k R/ c²t²r³
Since g, k, c, and r are all constants, combining the constants, we get:
A = - constant times R/t²
Taking the derivatives of R and t² with respect to t twice we get:
A= - constant times d²R/ dt²
Since Newtonian mechanics is the earliest mechanical system in human history, the above constants can be set to 1, just like the proportionality constant of Newton's second theorem can be set to 1. F:
A= - d²R/ dt²
Proof completed.
20. Derive the formula of universal gravitation
We observers stand on the earth and drop a stone casually. The stone does not receive any other force but is affected by the earth's gravitational force. It starts a free fall from a stationary state and falls toward the center of the earth.
According to the unified field theory, when there is no stone, the space where the stone is still falls toward the center of the earth in the same way as the stone.
If you could dye space with color, you would see that space is constantly falling toward the center of the earth. This is the essence of gravity.
We set the stone as point p, use m to represent the mass of the stone, set the earth to point o, and use m’ to represent the mass of the earth.
According to our previous explanation of Newton’s three theorems, the gravitational force F on point p by point o can be expressed as:
F=mA
In the previous proof that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass, we know that the gravitational field A generated by the earth at point p (the acceleration of space itself pointing toward the earth) and the acceleration of point p (the acceleration of an object in space) are equivalent ,so:
A = - g m’R/r³
In the above formula, g is the universal gravitational constant, R is the position vector from point o to point p, and r is the distance between point o and point p.
The formula of universal gravitation is derived from the formulas F = - m A and A = g m’R/r³:
F = - g m m’R/r³
Since the gravitational force points toward the observer and is opposite to the direction of the position vector, it is negative.
The above tells us that the essence of gravity comes from relative acceleration motion, and the essence of interaction force is also an inertial force.
We regard the gravitational field A = - g m'R/r³ around the earth as the degree of motion in the space around the earth. If another particle p suddenly appears around the earth, the space around the particle p will also have the same motion as the space around the earth. In this way, the gravitational field A = - g m'R/r³ around the earth will change.
We understand the gravitational force F on the earth at point p as the degree of change in the gravitational field around the earth caused by the mass m at point p [m is proportional to n/4π].
The degree of change must be within the angle range of 4π, changing n A = g m’R/r³, so,
F = - constant times n/4πg (m’R/r³) = - g m m’R/r³
According to Newtonian mechanics, a satellite [represented by point p] above our earth [represented by point o] rotates in a perfect circle around the earth. At a certain moment, the acceleration A from point p to point o is the earth at point p The gravitational field produced.
We can imagine that this satellite is very small, and its acceleration A toward the earth can still represent the size and direction of the gravitational field where point p is located.
According to the idea of unified field theory - the field is the movement of space itself. When we take away the satellite, only the space point where the satellite is located [we still use p] rotates around the earth, and its acceleration towards the earth can still represent the space point. The magnitude and direction of the gravitational field where p is located.
We use R to represent the position vector diameter from point o to point p. Then R and A are proportional to each other, but in opposite directions, satisfying the following relationship:
A = - k R
k is a constant. The above equation indicates that the gravitational field generated by a stationary object around it is a gradient field.
Since the gravitational field is equivalent to acceleration, we know that acceleration is proportional to displacement, but in opposite directions, which is a wave process.
This shows that the gravitational field is volatile. This kind of fluctuation is the fluctuation of space itself. It is a spiral wave and a transverse wave. The wave direction is perpendicular to the vibration displacement direction, and the wave speed is the speed of light.
If the size of the vector radius R remains unchanged and only changes in direction, one end is fixed and the other end circles around, then:
∮A·dR = 0
The above indicates that the gravitational field generated by a stationary object in the surrounding space is a conservative field.
Extending the above idea, we let go of a stone in our hands on the surface of the earth, and the stone begins to fall from a stationary state toward the center of the earth at an accelerated rate. If there were no stone, the space where the stone is located would still be accelerating towards the center of the earth in the same way as the stone.
If we could color the space around the Earth, we would see that space is constantly falling from all directions toward the center of the Earth.
This is the nature of the gravitational field. From the perspective of cylindrical spiral motion in space, the gravitational field is the acceleration part of the first circle of cylindrical spiral rotation in space that points toward the center.
21. Deriving the volatility of space
As pointed out earlier, the space around the object moves divergently in a cylindrical spiral manner, and the vector displacement of the space point outside the particle changes with the position in space and with time.
The physical quantity [here is the displacement of the spatial point outside the particle] changes with the position in space and with time, and can be considered to have a wave process.
We know that there is a big difference between waves and cylindrical spiral motion. Waves are the propagation of vibration in the medium, unlike spiral motion, which is the movement of the position of the particle in space. But for this special thing called space, the two movements are compatible.
The movement of one space point will not have a fluctuation effect, but the situation is different for a group of space points.
In addition, since there is absolutely no difference between one space point and another space point, it can be concluded that the cylindrical spiral motion of space contains wave forms.
Next, we derive the wave equation of space-time from the previous space-time identification equation R(t) = Ct = x i+ y j +z k.
Suppose there is a particle point o somewhere in the universe, which is stationary relative to our observer. According to the previous physical definition of time and the space-time identity equation, the time t between point o and the observer can be determined by the displacement R of a space point p around point o. (t) = Ct = x i+ y j +z k to represent.
We take the derivative of R with respect to time t, and the result is:
dR/dt = C
Square both sides of the above equation and the result is:
(dR/ dt)·(dR/dt )= c²= dr dr/dt dt
c is the scalar of the vector light speed C, and r is the scalar of R.
Let us now consider another space point p'. Point p' moves around point o. We use L to represent its displacement. L changes with time t and is a function of time t. From the relationship between R and t, we can conclude that L is R function.
We take the derivative of the displacement L of the space point p' with respect to the quantity r of the space displacement R twice, and the result is:
∂²L/ ∂r² = ∂²L/ c ² ∂t²
∂²L/∂x² + ∂²L/∂y² +∂²L/∂z² = ∂²L/c² ∂t²
r is the number of vectors R. The above differential sign d has been changed to the partial differential sign ∂.
Solving the partial differential equation ∂²L/∂t²=c²∂²L/∂r², the general solution is:
L(r, t) = f(t – r /c)+g(t + r /c)
f and g represent two independent functions. The equation L(r,t) = f(t - r/c) can be considered as a wave of space points traveling outward from the particle point o.
The equation L(r,t) = f(t + r/c) is traditionally believed to not exist in physics, and is considered to be a wave that converges to point o from infinite distance.
For ordinary media, it seems that there is no such physical meaning, but for a special medium like space, it does have physical meaning. This can actually explain the source of negative charges, which will be discussed in detail later.
The above equation also includes the form of straight-line motion in all directions with point o as the center, and the movement of straight lines from all directions converging to point o. This motion can be viewed as a limiting case where the amplitude of the spiral wave approaches zero.
The equation ∂²L/∂t²=c²∂²L/∂r² has two special solutions L = a cosω (t–r/c) and L = a sinω (t–r/c) that satisfy this equation.
The fluctuation speed c above is the speed of light, and the fluctuations in space-time are transverse waves.
If the continuity of motion is considered, the components Lx and Ly of the displacement L on the x-axis and y-axis are combined, and the motion form on the vertical plane of the z-axis should be a circle.
Therefore, in some cases, one of Lx and Ly takes a cosine wave, and the other takes a sine wave. Therefore, there is the following cylindrical spiral space-time wave equation:
Lx = r cosω(t–z/c)
Ly = r sinω (t–z/c)
22. The relationship between the volatility of space and the gravitational field
Mass and gravitational fields are the sources of space fluctuations, and electromagnetic fields are the propagation of fluctuations, and the speed of propagation is the speed of light.
Consider extending the displacement of geometric points to three-dimensional space, that is, the displacement R [amount of r] of geometric points not only changes with the z-axis, but also changes with the x and y axes. Change x or y to r , the corresponding wave equation is:
∂²r/∂x² + ∂²r/∂y² +∂²r/∂z² = （∂²r/∂t²）/ c².
This wave equation can also be expressed as
▽²• r = (∂²r/∂t²)/c².
From this, we gain the following view: the existence of space around an object is a wave process, and the speed of fluctuation is the speed of light. The changes in the displacement of spatial geometric points with time and with the change of spatial position can reflect the gravitational field around the object. Both are equivalent.
The propagation of the gravitational field around an object has a wave nature, and the speed of the wave is the speed of light.
Why the speed of light?
The previous analysis believes that the mass of an object and the gravitational field generated around it are caused by the movement of light in the space around the object, and universal gravity is the degree of change in the gravitational field.
When the motion state of this object changes, the changed form will definitely spread outward at the speed of light. For example, if we use a faucet to spray water in all directions, we shake the faucet to make the water flow bend. This curved form will definitely spread out in the direction of light. The speed of the water jet spreads in all directions, so the propagation speed of gravity is the speed of light.
Chapter 3: Revealing the mystery of the nature of electric charge and electromagnetic field
Table of contents:
1. Basic principles
2. Basic assumptions
3. How to describe the movement of space itself
4. Why do spaces and objects move?
5. Physical definition of time
6. Space-time identity equation
7. Definition of field
8. Geometric definition equations of gravitational field and mass
1. The defining equation of the gravitational field
2. The definition equation of mass
9. Definition equations of charge and electric field
1. The definition equation of charge,
2. Prove the relativistic invariance of charge
3. Some issues with the definition of charge
4. Geometric definition equation of electric field
5. Explain Coulomb’s law
6. Positive and negative charge model
10. Definition equation of magnetic field
11. Magnetic monopoles do not exist
12. The velocity multiplied by the rate of change of mass with time is the electromagnetic field force
13. Derive Maxwell’s equations
The curl of the electrostatic field E’
2. Divergence of electrostatic field E’
3. Derive Gauss’ theorem of the moving electric field E
4. Derive Gauss’ theorem of magnetic field
5. Derive Faraday’s electromagnetic induction theorem
6. Derive current and change electric field to generate magnetic field
14. Why do like poles of magnetic fields repel each other and opposite poles attract each other?
15. Why can positive and negative charges cancel each other out?
The capital letters in this article are vector,
The concept of mass point that appears in this article is for the convenience of describing the movement of objects in space, without considering the shape and line length of the object, and idealizing the object as a point, which is called a mass point.
It is meaningless to discuss the volume and geometric length of the particle in this article, because it violates our convention.
This article only describes the movement of particles in vacuum and does not describe the movement of shaped objects in media.
Baidu Unified Field Theory 7th Edition, you can see detailed background analysis.
Unified field theory believes that the essence of a field is: relative to our observer, the space around an object moves in a cylindrical spiral.
In order to uncover the nature of electric charges and electromagnetic fields, we first need to prepare some basic knowledge.
1. Basic principles
The universe is composed of space and objects, and the rest does not exist. The rest is the description of the movement of objects and the movement of the space itself around the objects by our observers.
2. Basic assumptions
Relative to our observers, the space around any object in the universe moves at the vector light speed C [In the unified field theory, the direction of the vector light speed C can change, and its modulus is the scalar light speed c, c is constant], with the object as the center, and The cylindrical spiral moves divergently in all directions.
Space is centered on positive charges and radiates to infinity at the speed of vector light.
Space converges toward negative charges from all directions, from infinity, and at the speed of vector light.
3. How to describe the movement of space itself
We divide the space into many small pieces, each small piece is called a space point, and the trajectory of the space point is called a space line. By describing the movement of the space points, we can describe the movement of the space itself.
4. Why do spaces and objects move?
Physics is our human description of geometry.
Therefore, any phenomenon in physics always has a corresponding geometric form.
The physical phenomenon of motion corresponds to the vertical state in geometry.
The three-dimensional vertical state of space in geometry [that is, three mutually perpendicular line segments can be drawn through any point in space], after our human description, it is the physical state of motion.
The position of any space point in a three-dimensional vertical state must move relative to our observer, and the changing direction of movement and trajectory can reconstitute a vertical state.
If the direction of motion is constantly changing [when z motion is continuous], it must be a curved motion. Common curvilinear motions include circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, etc.
When the particle is stationary relative to our observer, the distribution of motion in the space around the particle should be uniform, and there should be no particular direction.
Therefore, a reasonable view is that space points are in circular motion, not ellipses or other forms of motion such as parabolas and hyperbolas.
Since space is three-dimensional, the circular motion of a space point will not be limited to a plane. A reasonable view is that it extends in the vertical direction of the plane.
Therefore, for any particle point o, from the perspective of our observers, any space point p in the space outside point o always moves in a cylindrical spiral [which is the superposition of rotational motion and linear motion perpendicular to the plane of rotation].
In the unified field theory, the movement of objects is caused by the movement of space itself.
5. Physical definition of time
The space around any object in the universe [including our observer's body] is centered on the object, moves in a cylindrical shape, and radiates around at the vector light speed C. This movement in space gives us the observer the feeling of time.
With the help of the concept of space points, time can be considered to be proportional to the distance traveled by the space points around the observer at the vector speed of light C.
6. Space-time identity equation
Since time t is proportional to the spatial displacement R of a point in space moving at the speed of light c, so:
R(t) =ct【r】= xi + yj + zk
[r] is the unit vector of vector R, i, j, and k are unit vectors along the x, y, and z axes respectively.
If it is considered that the speed of light can be a vector under certain circumstances [represented by a capital letter C, the direction of the vector speed of light can change, and the modulus c remains unchanged], then:
R(t) =Ct= xi+ yj + zk
r² = c²t² = x²+y² + z²
7. Definition of field
Relative to our observer, the displacement vector R (x, y, z) from the particle o to any spatial geometric point p in the surrounding space changes with the spatial position (x, y, z) or changes with the time t. Such a space is called It is a field, which can also be called a physical force field or a physical vector field.
The above is the unified definition of the four major fields: electric field, magnetic field, gravitational field, and nuclear force field.
Since the field is the movement of space itself, there are distribution of the field on the curve, distribution of the field on the curved surface, and distribution of the field on the three-dimensional solid.
We must realize that the same field, such as the distribution of the electric field on a curve and the distribution on a curved surface, cannot be directly added or subtracted.
However, the electric field distributed on the curve around a charge may directly add or subtract from the magnetic field distributed on the surface. Cause The magnetic field can be seen as a variation of the electric field, and the electric field can also be seen as a variation of the magnetic field.
8. Geometric definition equations of gravitational field and mass
In the unified field theory, the mass m of object point o represents the number of spatial displacements of cylindrical spiral divergent motion at the vector speed of light within a 4π solid angle around point o.
The gravitational field A generated around point o represents the number of spatial displacements that move divergently at the speed of light through the Gaussian sphere s surrounding point o.
1. The defining equation of the gravitational field
Imagine that there is a particle point o that is stationary relative to our observer. Any space point p in the surrounding space starts from point o at the vector light speed C at zero time and moves in a cylindrical spiral in a certain direction after time t. At time t' it reaches the position where p will be later.
We let point o be at the origin of the rectangular coordinate system xyz, and the vector radius R from point o to point p is given by the previous space-time identity equation R = C t = x i+ y j + zk:
R is a function of spatial position x, y, z and time t, which changes with the change of x, y, z, t, and is recorded as:
R = R(x,y,z,t)
Note that the trajectory of point p in space is a cylindrical spiral. We can also think that one endpoint o of R does not move, and the other endpoint p moves and changes, making R trace a cylindrical spiral trajectory in space. .
We take the scalar length r of R in R = Ct as the radius and construct a Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² [In general, the Gaussian sphere may not be a regular sphere, but the sphere is continuous and cannot have holes] surrounding the particle o.
We divide the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² evenly into many small pieces. We select a small vector surface element ΔS where the p point is located [We use N to represent the ΔS direction, and its number is the surface Δs]. We inspect and find that there are Δn displacement vectors of space points similar to p pass through vertically.
Note: The radius of the Gaussian sphere s may not be equal to the scalar length of R. We set it to be equal. The advantage is that the inspection point p happens to fall on the Gaussian sphere s.
In this way, the gravitational field A generated by point o at space p [a quantity is a]:
a = constant times Δn/Δs
The definition of the gravitational field given by the above formula is simple and clear, but it is too rough and cannot express the vector properties of the gravitational field, nor does it bring the spatial displacement R moving at the vector speed of light into the formula.
In order to achieve the above purpose, we mainly examine the situation around point p.
The vector displacement R = C t of point p passes perpendicularly through ΔS. In general, the vector displacement R = C t may not be perpendicular through ΔS, and may have an angle θ with the normal direction N of the vector surface element ΔS.
At point o, it is stationary relative to our observer. The motion of the space around point o is uniform, and no direction is special. Moreover, the Gaussian sphere we use is a perfect round sphere. Under these conditions, the vector R = C t is the vertical passage through the vector surface element ΔS.
In this way, the gravitational field A [vector form] generated by point o at point p in the surrounding space can be written as:
A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs
In the formula, g is the gravitational constant and k is the proportionality constant. Note that A is in the opposite direction to the position vector R pointing from point o to point p in space.
Imagine that there are n space displacement vectors similar to R around point o, with point o as the center, distributed in a radial shape, but the directions of any two are different.
The physical meaning of n multiplied by R = nR means that the directions of n spatial displacements are all the same and are superimposed together.
Therefore, when the above R is a vector, it has physical meaning only when Δn=1. However, we should note that n multiplied by r [r is the quantity of R], when n is an integer greater than 1, it still has physical meaning.
So there is the formula:
A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs = - g k (R/r)/Δs
Why is the unit vector R/r of R used in the above formula instead of using the vector R directly?
This is because we can only examine the direction and number of vector R on the Gaussian sphere s, but not the length of vector R, so the formula Δn R/Δs has no physical meaning.
If R is not completely vertical through the vector surface element ΔS [the number is Δs], and has an angle θ with the direction N of the vector surface element, when the number n of the spatial point displacement R is set to 1, the above equation also It can be expressed using the vector dot product formula.
A·ΔS = - a Δs cosθ = - g kΔn
In the above formula, a is the quantity of gravitational field A.
The gravitational field A is determined by two quantities: magnitude and direction cosine.
The size refers to the density (1/Δs) of the distribution of the spatial displacement R of the speed of light on the Gaussian sphere s.
1/Δs or Δn/Δs is a function with two independent variables, which changes as Δn and Δs change.
The direction cosine is the cosine of the angle θ between the normal directions N and R of ΔS, which is cosθ.
The direction cosine cosθ is a function containing only one independent variable, and this function changes as θ changes.
The physical meaning of the formula a = constant multiplied by Δn/s and A = - g kΔn (R/r)/Δs tells us that on the Gaussian sphere s=4πr², a small piece of vector surface element ΔS passes vertically through The density of the through-space vector displacement R [R = C t] reflects the gravitational field strength there.
We express Δs in the formula A = - g k Δn (R/r)/Δs by the solid angle Ω and the radius r of the Gaussian sphere, that is, Δs = Ωr².
A = - g k Δn (R/r)/Ωr²
= - g k ΔnR/Ω r³
In the figure above, we represent a small vector surface element Δs in the Gaussian sphere as ds. but:
ds = r dθ r sinθ dφ
= r² dθ sinθ dφ = r²dΩ
2. The definition equation of mass
What is the essence of quality? What is the relationship between mass and gravitational field?
Since the concept of mass originated from Newtonian mechanics, we compare the definition equation of the geometric form of the gravitational field in the unified field theory above, A = - g k ΔnR/Ω r³, with the gravitational field equation of Newtonian mechanics, A = - g m R/r³, and we can get The mass definition equation at point o of the object should be:
m = kΔn/Ω
The differential is:
m = k dn /dΩ
Since space can be divided infinitely, the above differential of n, that is, dn, is meaningful.
The above k is a constant. Integrate around the right side of the above equation, and the integration area is between 0 and 4π, then:
m = k∮dn / ∮dΩ =k n /4π
The physical meaning of the above formula is:
The mass m of point o represents that there are n spatial displacement vectors R = C t distributed within the surrounding solid angle 4π.
The above m = k/dn /dΩ is the geometric definition equation of mass.
In many cases, we set n to 1 and get a simplified definition of mass:
m = k /Ω
9. Definition equations of charge and electric field
1. The definition equation of charge
In the unified field theory, charge and mass are the motion effects of the space around the particle moving divergently in a cylindrical spiral at the speed of light. Both have a common origin - the divergent motion of space at the speed of light.
Assume that the particle o is stationary relative to our observer, and a surrounding space point p moves away from point o in a cylindrical spiral at time 0. The position vector from point o to point p is R. We use the number r of R to make a Gaussian The sphere s=4πr² surrounds point o.
Because the endpoint p of R moves in a cylindrical spiral, moving along a straight line, and superimposed on the vertical rotational movement along the straight line, the result of the rotation will draw a solid angle Ω on the Gaussian surface s.
As pointed out earlier, point o with mass m can be expressed as:
m = k(1/Ω)
Mass m means that within the solid angle 4π surrounding point o, it has passed through n light speed motion space displacement vectors R. The formula m = k (1/Ω) is a simplification of the mass definition equation, which means that there happens to be one line at the unit solid angle Ω. R.
In the unified field theory, if the particle o carries a charge q, q represents the number of R that passes through the unit solid angle in unit time. That is to say, the degree of change of mass m with time t is the charge. Therefore, there is the definition equation of charge:
q = k’dm/dt = - k’k (dΩ/dt)/ Ω²
In the formula, k’ is a constant.
The above is the differential definition equation of charge, which can also be considered as the geometric form definition equation of charge.
This charge definition equation reflects that the size of the charge is related to the angular velocity of the solid angle of the rotational movement in space around the particle.
Since Ω is a solid angle, 4π is one of the most important values. This is the fundamental reason for charge quantization. The change in (dΩ/dt) is a change in angle, and the change is reciprocating, so the change in time t is periodic.
It can be seen from this definition that the nature of charge is closely related to the rotation frequency of space.
The definition of charge here is partly reasoning, that is to say, electric charge is the degree of motion of the space around an object particle diverging in a cylindrical spiral at the speed of light, and partly it is assumption.
We get this charge-defining equation and see if it matches the knowledge we have. If it all agrees, it means that the charge-defining equation is correct and reliable.
This charge definition equation can only be applied to a single charge. For macroscopic objects, which contain many positively and negatively charged particles, it cannot be directly applied, because most of the positive and negative charges of macroscopic objects cancel each other out.
2. Prove the relativistic invariance of charge
In the theory of relativity, charge does not change with the speed of motion, but the theory of relativity does not prove it. Below we give the proof using the charge definition equation.
When the object particle point o is stationary relative to our observer, it carries a charge q. According to the above relationship equation between charge and mass:
q = k’dm/dt
We can easily see that when point o moves at speed v relative to our observer, mass m and time t increase simultaneously by a relativistic factor √ (1- v²/c²), so q remains unchanged.
3. Some issues with the definition of charge
The dm/dt in the definition of charge q indicates that the charge amount of the particle is proportional to the change in mass rate of the particle. This does not seem to be consistent with the facts. In practice, we have not found that the mass of charged particles changes drastically, nor have we found any The continuous increase or decrease in quality over time.
The reason may be that the mass change of charged particles changes periodically, rather than changing to infinity with time.
Moreover, the frequency of this change may be extremely fast, just like alternating current. Because the frequency of change is so fast, we cannot feel and detect the change.
In the above mass definition equation m = k n/Ω, k is a constant. For a single object particle, when no other particles are close around it, the number n of spatial motion displacements will not change. The change is the change of the solid angle Ω. And we know that the change of solid angle is periodic.
If this situation is confirmed, then in quantum mechanics matter waves, particles have wavelengths and frequencies, which are likely to be related to this.
4. Geometric definition equation of electric field
Point o, which is stationary relative to our observer, carries charge q, and generates an electric field E at point p in the surrounding space. We surround point o with a Gaussian sphere s = 4πr². p is an inspection point on s, and points from o to p. The position vector is R, so the number of R is r.
The electric field definition equation given by Coulomb's theorem is E = q R/4πε. r³, 4π ε. is a constant, we don’t need to consider it, R is the spatial displacement vector, r is the radius of the Gaussian sphere, the only thing we don’t know is what the charge q means.
Once we understand the geometric meaning of charge q, we also completely understand the geometric meaning of electric field E. Therefore, we define the equation of charge q
q = k’dm/dt = - k’k (dΩ/dt)/ Ω²
Bring in E = q R/4πε. r³, the geometric definition equation of the electrostatic field E is given:
E = - k’k (dΩ/dt) R/Ω²4πε. r³
The electric field is expressed as the spatial displacement R passing through the Gaussian sphere s per unit time, and the density distributed on s has more time factors than mass.
Combining the constants in the above formula, a relatively simple geometric definition equation of the electric field can be obtained:
E = f (dΩ/dt) R/Ω²r³
5. Explain Coulomb’s law
Coulomb's law is expressed as follows:
Relative to our observer, the force F between two stationary point charges q (charge is q) q' (charge is q') in vacuum is proportional to the product of their charges, and is proportional to the distance r between them. are inversely proportional to the square, and the direction of the force is on the line connecting them.
Charges can be either positive or negative. Charges with the same sign repel each other and charges with different signs attract each other. The mathematical formula is:
F = (k q q’/r²)【R】= q q’R/4πε. r³
where k is the proportionality constant, ε. is the dielectric constant in vacuum, R is the position vector pointing from q to q’, its quantity is r, [R] is the unit vector along R.
From the above definition equations of charge and electric field, it can be seen that the electric field generated by charge q at q’ should be
E = - k’k (dΩ/dt)R/Ω²4πε. r³
Since the charge q’ = k’k (dΩ’/dt’)/Ω’² appears at point p near q, the electric field E of the charge q at point p changes.
We understand this kind of field change [because the nature of the field is to move space in a cylindrical spiral shape, in fact, the space is changing] as the force of q on q', and use the product of E and q' to express this change. The effect is the above Coulomb's theorem.
6. Positive and negative charge model
In the unified field theory, it is determined that particles are charged because the space itself around the particles moves in a cylindrical spiral at all times.
We know that cylindrical spiral motion can be decomposed into rotational motion and linear motion perpendicular to the rotation plane.
Particles carry a positive charge and generate a positive electric field around them. This is caused by the fact that the linear motion part of the space around the particle moves divergently around the particle at the speed of light relative to our observer, with the particle as the center, and the rotating part rotates counterclockwise, and satisfies the right hand spiral.
Particles are negatively charged and generate a negative electric field around them. This is caused by the fact that the linear motion part of the space around the particle converges towards the particle from infinite distance at the speed of light relative to our observer, and the rotating part is also counterclockwise. The same applies to right-hand spirals.
The cylindrical spiral shape in the space around charged particles is the reason why the particles are charged. We know that the cylindrical spiral motion is the superposition of rotational motion and linear motion in the vertical direction of the rotation plane. We can use the right-hand rule to explain.
We draw many rays from the positive charge to the surrounding space around the positive point charge. If we hold any one of the rays with our right hand, and the thumb is in the same direction as the ray, then the direction of rotation of the four fingers is the rotation direction of the space around the positive point charge.
We draw many rays around the negative point charge that point to the negative charge from any space. We hold any one of the rays with our right hand, and the thumb is in the same direction as the ray. Then the direction of rotation of the four fingers is the rotation direction of the space around the negative point charge. .
The space around positive and negative charges is a right-handed spiral space.
Space around a positive charge rotates counterclockwise toward us as an observer.
The space surrounding a negative charge rotates clockwise toward us as an observer.
The definition equations of electric field and charge given above are partly our assumptions and partly our logical reasoning.
Are these defining equations reliable? If this equation is consistent with the knowledge we already have, then these defining equations are reliable.
One thing we should also note is that the above definition equations of electric field and electric charge are not absolute and unique. We can give other forms of definition equations based on the nature of electricity and electric field.
10. Definition equation of magnetic field
In the unified field theory, the magnetic field and the electric field are not the same field, and they cannot directly interact or superpose.
Human beings have discovered that when charged particles move in a straight line at a uniform speed relative to our observer, they can cause changes in the electric field. We can think of the changing part of the electric field as a magnetic field, that is, the electric field that changes with the speed produces a magnetic field. The unified field theory inherits this. kind of view.
The magnetic field B given by the unified field theory is defined as:
Imagine that in the inertial reference system s', a point o is stationary relative to our observer, has a mass m' [m when moving at a speed V], carries a charge q, and generates an electrostatic field E in the surrounding space p. ' [When moving at speed V, it is E], and the vector diameter from point o to point p is R' [When it is moving at speed V, it is R].
We use the length r’ of R’ [r when moving at speed V] as the radius to make a Gaussian surface s’ = 4πr’² to surround point o.
In the inertial reference frame s, when point o moves in a straight line relative to us at a uniform speed V along the x-axis, it can cause changes in the electric field, and we can think of the changed part as the magnetic field B.
A very simple idea is that the moving electric field E multiplied by the speed V is the magnetic field B. Since the magnetic field generated when the speed V and the electric field E are perpendicular to each other, the magnetic field generated is the largest, so they are vector cross products, so there is the following relationship,
B = constant times (V×E)
In order to obtain the geometric form equation of the moving electric field E, we define the electrostatic field obtained from Coulomb’s theorem as the equation E’= q R’/4πε. r’³, corrected using the Lorenz positive transformation [because the charge o point is moving relative to our observer], we can get:
E =γq [( x-vt)i+ yj+zk]}/ 4πε。{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
so:
V×E =γq V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]/4πε。{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
Let the vacuum permeability be μ. , because what we are discussing here is in a vacuum situation, then:
B =μ。{γq V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/4π{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
=μ。ε。{γq V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/ 4π。{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
=μ. ε. V×E
Because μ. ε. = 1/c²
Therefore, the above formula can also be written as B = V×E/c²
Therefore, the definition equation of magnetic field is:
B =μ。{γq V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/4π{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
In the above formula, humans have never been clear about the charge q before. Now once we understand the geometric form of the charge q, we can use the above charge definition equation q = -kk' (1/Ω²)dΩ/dt to get the geometry of the magnetic field. Define the equation in the form:
B=μ. {γ[-kk’ (1/Ω²)dΩ/dt] V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/4π{√[γ²(x-vt)²+y²+z²]}³
Let θ be the angle between the vector diameter R [the scalar is r=√[γ²(x-vt)²+y²+z²]] and the speed v, B can be expressed in polar coordinate form:
B=μ。{[-kk’ (1/Ω²)dΩ/dt]v sinθ/4πγ²r² [√（1- β ²sin²θ）] ³}【r】
β=v/c in the formula, c is the speed of light, v is the scalar form of V, [r] is the unit vector of the vector R (the scalar is r).
Using the relationship between mass and charge q =kdm/dt, the definition equation of the magnetic field containing mass can be obtained:
B =μ。{γ（k’dm/dt,）V×[( x- vt)i+ yj+zk]}/4π{√[γ²（x-vt）²+y²+z²]}³
11. Magnetic monopoles do not exist.
The unified field theory believes that a charged particle point o that is stationary relative to us generates an electrostatic field in the surrounding space. When point o moves in a straight line with a uniform speed V relative to our observer, a magnetic field can be generated. The essence of this magnetic field is that the space is The vector velocity V is the rotation of the central axis.
In the figure below, when point o starts from point a and moves in a circular motion at a uniform speed to point b, the rotational motion of space enters and exits on the positive and negative sides of the circle. The side that enters is the S pole, and the side that comes out is the S pole. One side is called N pole.
Judging from the geometric form of the magnetic field, there are no magnetic monopoles in nature.
12. The velocity multiplied by the rate of change of mass with time is the electromagnetic field force
The momentum formula P = mV given by the theory of relativity and Newtonian mechanics is different from the momentum formula P = m (C-V) given by the unified field theory.
Dynamic equations of unified field theory:
F = dP/dt = (d/dt)m（C-V）
= Cdm/dt-Vdm/dt+mdC/dt- mdV/dt
where, m is the mass of the particle, C is the vector speed of light, V is the velocity of the particle, and t is time.
In the above formula, (C-V)dm/dt= Cdm/dt -Vdm/dt is the velocity multiplied by the force that the mass changes with time, which is referred to as the added mass force.
The unified field theory believes that its essence is the electromagnetic field force, where Cdm/dt is the electric field force and Vdm/dt is the magnetic field force.
According to the unified field theory, when the above point o is stationary in s', it has a rest mass m', and the surrounding space moves away from the point o at the vector light speed C', carrying a charge dm'/dt' [Why is this possible? Expression, refer to the previous charge definition equation], if it is affected by the electric field force of other charges, the electrostatic field force F static can be expressed as:
F static = C’dm’/dt’,
In the s system, when point o [moving mass is m] moves along the x-axis at speed V, the surrounding space moves away from point o at the vector light speed C [the directions of C and C' are different] and moves in the parallel direction of V [ That is, the movement along the x-axis direction when subjected to the electric field force Fx can be expressed as:
Fx dynamic = Cx dm/dt,
The quantitative formula is:
fx motion = c dm/dt,
corresponding,
Fxstatic = Cx’dm’/dt’
The quantitative formula is:
fx static = c dm’/dt’
Since neither the speed of light c nor the charge changes with the speed V, that is, dm’/dt ’= dm/dt, so,
Fx static = Fx moving
c is a scalar for C, v is a scalar for V, and f is a scalar for force F. C’x represents the vector light speed C’ on the x-axis in the s’ system, and Cx represents the vector light speed C on the x-axis in the s system.
Note that t and t’ are different. The directions of C’ and C are different, but the modules are both scalar light speed c, and c is constant.
If the vector light speed C’ and C are in the vertical direction along V, they are subjected to electric field force:
In the s’ department,
Fyjing = Cy’dm’/dt’
The quantitative formula is:
fystatic = c dm’/dt’
In the S series,
Fy action = Cy dm/dt,
According to the relativistic velocity transformation, its quantitative formula is:
fy = [c√（1－v²/c²）]dm/dt
F:
√ (1-v²/c²) Fy static = Fy moving
The same reason can be derived:
√ (1-v²/c²) Fz static = Fz moving
The above conclusion is consistent with the transformation of relativistic electromagnetic force.
Let the charge at point o be q. If the electrostatic field is expressed as E’=Fstatic/q = (C’dm’/dt’)/q
The dynamic electric field is expressed as:
E=F moving/q = (Cdm/dt)/q
When point o moves in a straight line along the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V, the quantities of C and C' on the x-axis are the same, both are c, plus dm'/dt' and q are unchanged, so,
Ex=Ex’
On the y-axis and z-axis, the quantity of C is c√(1-v²/c²), the quantity of C’ is c,
so,
Fy = (dm/dt) c√ (1-v²/ c²)
= (dm/dt )c[√(1-v²/ c²)] [√(1-v²/ c²)]/[√(1-v²/ c²)]
=(dm/dt)c(1-v²/c²)/√(1-v²/c²)
If we think Ey’=Fy static/q = (Cy’dm’/dt’)/q
is the component of the electrostatic field E’ on the y-axis,
If Ey=(dm/dt)c/q√(1-v²/c²) is the component of the moving electric field E on the y-axis, then:
Ey’= Ey√（1－v²/c²）
Note, (dm'/dt') c/q = (dm/dt) c/q
The analysis of Ez will get the same result, which is the same as the electric field transformation of relativity theory.
We can also see that the moving electric field force in the vertical direction of the speed V can be written as;
Fvert=(dm/dt)c(1-v²/c²)/√(1-v²/c²)
It becomes two parts, one part has nothing to do with the speed V [the quantity is v], and the other part is related to the speed V.
If you think
(dm/dt)c/√(1-v²/c²)
is the electric field force, the part of the force related to the speed V [amount is v]
(dm/dt )c (v²/ c²)/√ (1-v²/ c²)
is the magnetic field [expressed by B] force, then E and B satisfy [expressed by vector] the following vector cross product relationship:
B= V×E/c²
This result is the same as the theory of relativity.
13. Derive Maxwell’s equations
The four equations of Maxwell's equations can describe all the laws of electromagnetic phenomena, but they are not the most basic.
Using the defining equations of electric and magnetic fields, Gauss's theorem and Stokes' theorem in field theory, and the Lorenz transformation in relativity theory, Maxwell's four equations can be derived.
1. Curl of electrostatic field E’
For a stationary charge point o, with a charge q, the electrostatic field E’ is generated around it, and the electric field is used to define the equation
E’ = f (dΩ/dt) R/Ω²r³
Directly finding the curl, we get:
▽×E’ = 0
Note that only R/r³ is a variable on the right side of the formula.
The above equation can be decomposed into the following three equations:
∂Ez’/∂y’ – ∂Ey’/∂z’= 0
∂Ex'/∂ z' － ∂Ez'/∂x'= 0
∂Ey'/∂ x' － ∂Ex'/∂y'= 0
2. Divergence of electrostatic field E’
Define the equation for the electric field
E’= f (dΩ/dt) R/Ω²r³
Find the divergence directly. Note that only R/r³ is a variable on the right side of the formula, we get:
▽·E’ = 0
r in the above formula is the radius of the Gaussian sphere s surrounding point o. When r approaches zero [it can also be said that the inspection point on the Gaussian sphere - the space point p is infinitely close to the charge point o], and point o can When viewed as an infinitesimal charged sphere, the equation appears to be 0/0. Using the Dirac delta function, we can get:
▽·E’ = ∂Ex’/∂ x’+ ∂Ey’/∂y’+ ∂Ez’/∂z’= ρ’/ε。
ρ’ is the density of charges, ε, in the Gaussian sphere s surrounding charge point o [the volume of s is very small and infinitely close to point o]. is the vacuum dielectric constant.
What we need to note is that if point o is outside the Gaussian sphere s, s does not surround point o, and its divergence is always zero.
3. Derive Gauss’ theorem of the moving electric field E
Assume that the charge point o is stationary in the s' system. Although the charge q is an invariant, the charge q moves in a straight line along the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V in the s system. According to the theory of relativity, the movement causes space to shrink. Its volume will shrink to 1/γ [γ = 1/√ (1 - v²/c²) is the relativistic factor] times, and the corresponding charge density of q will increase to γ times.
Therefore, the density ρ of q in the s system is greater than the density ρ in the s’ system by a relativistic factor γ.
ρ = γρ’
The charge q moves in a straight line along the positive direction of the x-axis at a uniform speed V [scalar is v] in the s system, so there is a current density:
J = i ρv = i γv ρ’
i is the unit vector along the x-axis.
From the above preparations and adding the following differential operators, we can derive Gauss's theorem of the moving electric field E in the s system.
Lorenz positive transformation
x’=γ(x-vt)
y’= y
z’= z
t’=γ(t - vx/c²)
To find the partial derivative [note that for the right side of the Lorenz positive transformation formula, we only take one of the variables, the result obtained is different from the total derivative], we can get the following partial differential [may be used in the future] Operator:
∂x’/ ∂x = γ
∂x’/∂y = 0
∂x’/∂z = 0
∂x’/∂t = -γv
∂y’/∂x = 0
∂y’/ ∂y = 1
∂y’/∂z = 0
∂y’/∂t = 0
∂z’/∂x = 0
∂z’/∂y = 0
∂z’/ ∂z = 1
∂z’/∂t = 0
∂t’/∂x = -γv/c²
∂t’/∂y = 0
∂t’/∂z = 0
∂t’/ ∂t = γ
Using the above ∂x’/∂x =γ, and then using the relativistic transformation of the electric field to Ex = Ex’, Ey = γ Ey’, Ez = γ Ez’, and the divergence of the electrostatic field E’:
▽•E’ = ∂Ex’/∂ x’ + ∂Ey’/∂y’ + ∂Ez’/∂z’ = ρ’/ε。
Gauss's theorem for the moving electric field E can be derived:
▽•E = ∂Ex/∂ x + ∂Ey/∂y + ∂Ez/∂z
= γ(∂Ex’/∂ x’ + ∂Ey’/∂y’ + ∂Ez’/∂z’)
= γρ’/ε. =ρ/ε.
4. Derive Gauss’ theorem of magnetic field
Using the above differential operators ∂/ ∂y = ∂/ ∂y’, ∂/ ∂z = ∂/ ∂z’,
The relationship satisfied by the magnetic field B and the electric field E in the theory of relativity:
Bx = 0,
By = - v Ez /c²,
Bz = v Ey’/c²,
The first formula of curl when electrostatic field E’ is applied
∂Ez’/∂y - ∂Ey ’/∂z’= 0
Relativistic transformation formula plus electric field
γEz’=Ez, γEy’=Ey,
Gauss's theorem for magnetic fields can be derived:
▽•B = ∂Bx/∂ x + ∂By/∂y + ∂Bz/∂z
= 0 + (－v Ez /c²)∂/∂y + (v Ey /c²)∂/∂z
= 0 +(-γv Ez’/c²)∂/∂y’+ (γv Ey’/c²)∂/∂z’
= －γ(v/c²)(∂Ez’/∂y’－ ∂Ey ’/∂z’)= 0
5. Derive Faraday’s electromagnetic induction theorem
From the first formula of the curl of the electrostatic field E’
（∂Ez’/∂y’）－（∂Ey’ /∂z’）= 0
From the relativistic transformation of the electric field Ez’= Ez/γ, Ey’= Ey/γ, and from the above differential operators ∂y = ∂y’, ∂z= ∂z’, it is derived:
（Ez/γ)(∂/∂y）－（Ey/γ)(∂/∂z）
= (1/γ)(（∂Ez/∂y）－（Ey/∂z）=0
so,
∂Ez/∂ y - ∂Ey/∂z = 0
The second formula for the curl of the electrostatic field E’
（∂Ex’/∂ z’）－（∂Ez’/∂x’）= 0，
From the relativistic transformation of the electric field Ex’= Ex, Ez’= Ez/γ, and then from the above partial differential operator ∂z = ∂z’, γ/∂x’=1/∂x of the Lorenz transformation, it is derived:
∂Ex/∂z - (1/γ²) (∂Ez/∂x)=0
∂Ex/∂z - (1-v²/c²) (∂Ez/∂x)=0
∂Ex/∂z －（∂Ez/∂x）= －(v²/c²)(∂Ez/∂x）
From the above differential operators ∂x’/∂x =γ, ∂x’/∂t = -γv, we can get:
v/∂x= - 1/∂t
so:
∂Ex/∂z－∂Ez/∂x =（v/c²）∂Ez/∂t
From the relationship satisfied by the magnetic field B and the electric field E, Bx = 0, By =-v Ez /c², Bz = v Ey’/c², we get:
∂Ex/∂z－∂Ez/∂x = −By /∂t
The third formula of the curl of the electrostatic field E’
∂Ey’/∂ x’- ∂Ex’/∂y’= 0,
From the relativistic transformation of the electric field Ex’= Ex, Ey’= Ey/γ, and then from the above differential operator of the Lorenz positive transformation γ/∂x’=1/∂x, ∂y=∂y’,
get:
(1/γ²)∂Ey/∂ x-∂Ex/∂y=0
(1 - v²/c²)∂Ey/∂ x-∂Ex/∂y=0
∂Ey/∂ x－∂Ex/∂y =（v²/c²）∂Ey/∂ x
From v/∂x = -1/∂t
get:
∂Ey/∂ x－∂Ex/∂y =－（v/c²）∂Ey/∂ p
From the relationship satisfied by the electric field E and the magnetic field B, Bz = v Ey/c², we get:
∂Ey/∂ x-∂Ex/∂y =-Bz/∂ t
From Tokes’ theorem:
▽×E = (∂Ez/∂y−∂Ey/∂z) i+ (∂Ex/∂z−∂Ez/∂x) j + z (∂Ey/∂x−∂Ex/∂y) k
= 0 i － （∂By/∂t）j －（∂Bz/∂t）k
=－（∂Bx/∂t）i－（∂By/∂t）j－（∂Bz/∂t）k
= -∂B/∂t
6. Derive current and change electric field to generate magnetic field
The relationship satisfied by the electric field E and the magnetic field B
Bz = v Ey/c², By = -v Ez/c², and adding the above differential operators, we can get:
∂Bz/∂y －∂By/∂z = （∂/∂y)(v/c²）Ey －（∂/∂z）【-（v/c²）Ez】
= v/c²（∂Ey/∂y＋ ∂Ez/∂z）
=μ. ε. v(ρ/ε.-∂Ex/∂x)
Note that μ. ε. =1/c², ρ is the charge density of point o in the s system. Gauss’ theorem of the moving electric field E is used here.
▽•E = ∂Ex/∂ x + ∂Ey/∂y + ∂Ez/∂z =ρ/ε。
so,
μ. ε. v(ρ/ε.-∂Ex/∂x)
=μ. vρ-μ. ε. v ∂Ex/∂x
The vector form can be written as:
μ. J + μ. ε. (∂Ex/∂t)i
i is the unit vector of the electric field E along the x-axis, and J is the current.
Since Bx=0, Bz = v Ey/c², so:
∂Bx/∂z－∂Bz/∂x = −∂Bz/∂x
= -(v/c²)∂Ey/∂x
From v/∂x=-1/∂t, we get:
(1/c²)∂Ey/∂t = μ. ε. ∂Ey/∂t
Because Bx=0, By = -v Ez/c², so:
∂By/∂x－∂Bx/∂y = ∂By/∂x = －（v/c²）∂Ez/∂x，
From v/∂x=-1/∂t, the above formula is equal to
(1/c²)∂Ez/∂t = μ. ε. ∂Ez/∂t
According to Stokes' theorem,
▽×B = (∂Bz/∂y−∂By/∂z) i+ (∂Bx/∂z−∂Bz/∂x) j + z (∂By/∂x−∂Bx/∂y) k
= (μ.J +μ.ε·∂Ex /∂t) i+(μ·ε·∂Ey /∂t )j+ (μ·ε·∂Ez/∂t ) k
=μ. J+μ. ε. (∂E /∂t)
14. Why do like poles of magnetic fields repel each other and opposite poles attract each other?
Human beings have discovered that some objects are magnetic. Magnetic objects produce magnetic fields in the surrounding space, and the magnetic field has N poles and S poles.
When two magnets are close to each other, the same sex repels and the opposite sex attracts? What is the reason for this?
The magnetic field is formed by the movement of electric charges. Imagine a point charge q moving along the positive x-axis of the coordinate reference system s at a speed V.
The speed V can cause changes in the electric field E in the vertical direction of V. The part where the electric field changes is called the magnetic field B. Human beings have discovered that B can be defined as:
B = E×V/c²
In the above formula, c is the speed of light. Since c² is a constant, it can be set to 1 and is irrelevant.
The above formula shows that B, E, and V satisfy the cross product relationship. When they are perpendicular to each other, the B value is the largest.
As can be seen in the above figure, there are many electric field lines like E, because as the charge velocity V changes, the magnetic field B generated has many lines, which together form a surrounding shape. Therefore, the magnetic field surrounds the shape, as shown below:
Two energized wires have the same current direction and the same direction of rotation in the surrounding space. Where they contact each other, the amount of space is reduced due to the opposite direction of rotation. In this way, the two wires have a tendency to contact each other, which is manifested as mutual attraction.
As shown below:
If the current directions of two wires are opposite, the rotation of the surrounding space is in the contact part, because the direction of movement is the same, so the amount of space between the two wires increases, and there is a tendency to move away from each other, showing mutual repulsion.
When we bend the wire into a circle, the rotation of the magnetic field enters from one side of the circle and comes out from the opposite side of the circle. The side that goes in is called the S pole and the side that comes out is called the N pole.
The N pole and the S pole attract each other because the above space rotation directions are opposite and offset. The space is reduced due to the offset. The reduction in space distance is manifested as mutual attraction.
The N pole repels the N pole, and the S pole repels the S pole. The reason is that the above space rotation direction is the same, which increases the amount of space, and shows mutual repulsion.
15. Why can positive and negative charges cancel each other out?
Object particles carry charges and electric fields, which are formed because the space around the object moves in a cylindrical spiral.
Note that it is the movement of space itself, not that other things are moving.
This kind of cylindrical spiral motion has not only one strip around the object particle, but many strips distributed around it. With the object particle as the center, it moves evenly in all directions at the vector light speed.
We know that cylindrical spiral motion is a combination of planar rotational motion and vertical linear motion. Correspondingly, there are rotational movement direction and linear movement direction.
The linear motion part of the space around the positive charge diverges in all directions, and the radial velocity is the vector speed of light.
The space around the negative charge converges toward the negative charge from infinity, and the radial velocity is also the vector speed of light.
Whether it is a positive charge or a negative charge, the spiral motion of the surrounding cylinder satisfies the right-handed spiral.
That is, we hold this cylindrical spiral with our right hand, and the four fingers are circling in the same direction as the cylindrical spiral, and the thumb points in the same direction as the straight line in the cylindrical spiral.
Since electric charge is formed by the cylindrical spiral motion in the space around object particles, can we use a cylindrical spiral motion model to explain all the laws of electric charge? The answer is yes.
We have one more question:
When equal amounts of stationary positive charges and negative charges are brought together, the motion of the surrounding space will cancel each other out to zero. Can this be rigorously proven mathematically?
The answer is yes, and the proof is similar to Gauss's theorem for magnetic fields. It is to use a tiny curved surface dS to intercept the vector displacement lines of cylindrical spiral motion in space. On a finite, fixed-sized curved surface, as many spatial displacement lines enter, there will definitely be as many spatial displacement lines coming out. 2. cancel each other out to zero. Integrate dS all over the Gaussian sphere surrounding the object particles, and the total result is zero.
When equal amounts of positive and negative charges come together, why do the charges cancel each other out to zero?
In the picture above, equal amounts of + charges and - charges are close to each other, and the space around the charges moves in a cylindrical spiral. The radial part starts from the positive charges at the speed of light and ends with the negative charges. The rotating part of the space also starts from the positive charges. Start and move to the end of the negative charge.
Where the rotating parts touch each other, they cancel each other out because they are in opposite directions. In this way, the amount of space between positive charges and negative charges is decreasing, and there is a tendency to contact each other, which is manifested as mutual attraction.
Once the positive and negative charges are very close to each other and are equivalent to a point, the surrounding linear motions cancel each other out due to their opposite directions, and the rotational motions also cancel out each other due to their opposite directions.
This is the reason why when equal amounts of positive charges and negative charges come together, the motion effect in the surrounding space disappears, and the charges (including rest mass) can cancel each other out.
The separation and approach of two charges from each other depends on the cylindrical spiral rotating part of space, because the speed of movement in the radial direction is the speed of light. According to the theory of relativity, the space where the speed of light moves is shortened to zero, or it no longer belongs to where we are. space.
The picture above shows two people with equal positive charges approaching each other. Due to the rotating part of space [note that every electric field line is rotated, and the electric field lines are actually cylindrical and spiral. For the sake of simplicity, not all of them are drawn in the picture above. 】Where they are close together, the direction of movement is the same, which increases the amount of space.
In this way, the amount of space between the two positive charges is increasing, and they tend to move away from each other, showing mutual repulsion.
The picture above shows two equal negative charges approaching each other. Since the rotating parts of the space are close to each other, the direction of movement is the same, which increases the amount of space. In this way, the amount of space between the two negative charges is increasing, and they tend to move away from each other, showing mutual repulsion.
When a positron and a negative electron, with the same electric charge, collide with each other, the charges will cancel each other out and be excited into photons. The photons formed by this reason are modeled like this:
It is two electrons that always maintain a state of linear symmetry, rotating together around an axis, and the speed of movement along the axis is the speed of light. As shown above.
The motion of photons is also a right-handed spiral.
Chapter 4, Zhang Xiangqian’s mathematical theory
Table of contents
1. A branch of mathematics from aliens---trend analysis
2. Use trend analysis to prove Goldbach’s conjecture
3. The simplest proof of Fermat’s large number theorem
4. Prove that if any two unequal prime numbers are divided, if they can be divided, the divisors can only be 2 and 5.
1. A branch of mathematics from aliens---trend analysis
Alien has a very important branch of mathematics - "trend analysis".
The most important mathematical tool on our planet is calculus, and they mainly use "trend analysis". The trend analysis part overlaps with calculus and covers all the content of calculus, but there are also different parts.
Their "trend analysis" mainly uses strict means to analyze things qualitatively and quantitatively.
The trend of animal development and evolution can be accurately predicted.
Trend analysis is defined as:
To predict the outcome of an event
1. Use the same, similar, familiar events to make analogies.
2. Enlarge or reduce certain parameters in this event to make a judgment.
3. Use parts to infer the whole. Use a certain space region to predict another space region, and use a certain time period to predict another time period.
We know that 0 cannot be used as a divisor, but in practice we often encounter situations where the divisor is 0.
If we discuss how 0 was obtained and how it became 0, we can solve this problem by replacing 0 with approaching 0. This is an important application of trend analysis.
For example, in the theory of relativity, the internal space and time of a spacecraft moving at the speed of light, the space and time of photons, etc., we often encounter this type of problem.
Let's use a few examples to illustrate.
1. Question:
We know that bearings are mainly composed of steel balls and bearing sleeves. When manufacturing bearings, given the same materials, let's consider: In which case will the bearing sleeve wear faster if the steel balls in the bearing are larger or smaller?
At first glance, this question seems difficult to answer.
We imagine that if the diameter of the steel ball is gradually reduced, the diameter of the steel ball will be gradually reduced, and it will become like the tip of a knife, which will definitely cause severe wear on the bearing sleeve. So, the conclusion is:
The smaller the steel ball, the greater the wear on the bearing sleeve.
2. Use trend analysis to prove Goldbach’s conjecture
The proposition of Goldbach's conjecture is that any even number greater than or equal to 4 can represent the sum of two prime numbers.
For an even number K, we subtract all prime numbers greater than 2 and less than K from K. There are N results obtained, and some of the results may be prime numbers.
Experiments have found that when K is not very large, these prime numbers can form n prime number pairs. In this way, different K has different n. We realize that as the value of K increases, n also increases.
The K value is 10, which can be expressed as 3+7, 5+5. There are 2 prime number pairs, that is, the value of n is 2.
The K value is 30, which can be expressed as 7+23, 11+19, 13+17, there are 3 of them, that is, n is 3.
K is 100 and n is 6.
It can be seen that when the K value is not very large, n increases with the increase of the K value and does not decrease. However, the rate of increase is not as fast as that of K.
Next, we use geometric figures to analyze the changing trends of the values of n and K as they become larger and larger.
In the picture below,
On the line n(K), n increases as K increases, but not as fast as K. However, it is always increasing. As the K value increases, n =1 A line is getting further and further away, and it will never get close to the line n=1. This means that when the value of K is relatively large, n will never be less than 1. K has at least a pair of prime sums. This proves that Goldbach's conjecture is correct.
The relationship between K and n is similar to a parabola. It is possible that K = n² when K tends to infinity. However, if this is correct, its proof may be more difficult than Goldbach's conjecture.
3. Use trend analysis to find the right-angled inflection point of the space curve.
Find the equation of the right-angled inflection point of the parabola on the two-dimensional plane in the first quadrant, and find the coordinates of the inflection point.
In the figure below, there are a series of parabolas such as y = x², y = x ³, y= x⁴... When y=x to the nth power, the larger n is, the closer the parabola is to point (0,1). We guess that when n =∞, the parabola coincides with point (0,1). Obviously, point (0, 1) It is the inflection point of the parabola y = the infinity power of x. The coordinates of this inflection point are (0,1).
We use trend analysis to rigorously prove this guess.
In the figure below, the value of x in the parabola y = x raised to the infinity power is 1, and y is equal to 1. If x is less than 1, even if it is only slightly smaller than 1, y = 0.
If x is greater than 1, even slightly larger than 1, y = ∞.
In this way, for every value of x less than 1, y=0
For every value of x greater than 1, y=∞
In this way, it can be concluded that the coordinates of the inflection point of the right angle of the parabola y=x to the infinity power are on (0,1).
Using the same method, we can find the circle equation x²+y² =1. When 2 is replaced by ∞, the circle becomes a square, and the equation of the right-angled inflection point of the circle is:
x∞+y∞ =1
Its four inflection points are (1, 1), (-1, 1), (1,-1), and (-1,-1).
The above methods can be used to find the right-angled inflection point equations of various curves such as ellipses, hyperbolas, sine lines, cosine lines, etc.
The right-angled inflection point equation of a curve is a manifestation of the transition from space continuity to discontinuity. Obviously, at the right-angled inflection point, space is discontinuous.
Exploring the right-angled inflection point equation of space curves has amazing value if combined with physics.
Here is just a brief introduction to "trend analysis". It is far away from the real branch of mathematics of aliens - "trend analysis". However, it can serve as a starting point. I hope more people will pay attention to trend analysis. , hoping that trend analysis will become an important branch of mathematics on earth.
The trend analysis of aliens coupled with their space information field theory [the basic idea is that any space in the universe can contain all the information of the past, present, and future of this universe] can interpret the past and future information hidden in the space. , decipher. Its function can predict the future and decipher the past and future information hidden in space.
For example, on our planet, we can obtain video data from the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty from the space information field.
If this mathematical branch of trend analysis is established, it can play a role in disaster weather control, economic forecasting, predicting new virus epidemics, stock predictions, big numbers and other fields.
3. Concise proof of Fermat’s last theorem
The proposition of Fermat's last theorem is:
The equation "a to the nth power + b to the nth power = c to the nth power" When a, b, c, and n are all non-zero positive integers, the value of n can only be 1 and 2.
The proof is given below.
If n is 1, a, b, c can be positive integers without proof.
Now we take n as a fixed positive integer greater than 1, and let a and b each start from 1, then to 2, then to 3, then to 4, then to 5... This way, they gradually increase with positive integers.
We find that the value of c follows Fermat’s equation [We define Fermat’s equation as (Definition 1): a to the nth power + b to the nth power = c to the nth power, where a, b, c, n are all non-zero positive integers, n>1] The corresponding rule increases with the increase of a and b. The values of c (before they are positive integers) are all 1/nth power of a series of positive integers. irrational numbers [Conclusion 1].
Moreover, the value of c cannot be less than 2 [Conclusion 2, prove: because the minimum value of a and b is 1]
The value of c increases as a and b increase. Within the range of K, if we suddenly find that the value of c appears to be a positive integer [we call this number Fermat's number, and Fermat's number is defined as ( Definition 2): In the equation "a to the nth power + b to the nth power = c to the nth power" [a, b, c, n are all non-zero positive integers, n>1] the value of c].
The above K is greater than or equal to c raised to the nth power.
At this time, c is greater than a and b, but less than a+b, and c, a, and b are all positive integers. Therefore, we can use a triangle P to represent the number axis c, a, and b.
Let θ be the angle between a and b, c be the largest side, and θ be the largest angle, so that θ is greater than 60 degrees.
According to the Pythagorean theorem, if θ is equal to 90 degrees, the value of n is 2 [Conclusion 3].
Conclusion 4: When n is greater than 2, θ is less than 90 degrees. The reasons are as follows:
When n is larger, a+b-c is larger, causing c to be smaller than a+b, and the angle θ corresponding to c is smaller.
For example, compare 5² = 3²+ 4² with (4.497····)³= 3³+4³.
When n is equal to 2, a+b-c = 2, when n is equal to 3, a+b-c = 2.503·····
Conclusion 5: The three sides of the above triangle, a, b, c [c is the largest side, a, b, c are all positive integers], c can start from 1 by a and b, then to 2, then to 3, and then to 4, and then to 5...obtained by changing according to the triangle corresponding rules. Because any triangle can be formed according to the triangle correspondence rules.
Conclusion 6: According to the previous analysis, within the range of K, the Fermat number c (refer to definition 2) can be obtained by letting a and b gradually increase from 1 according to the corresponding rules of the Fermat equation (refer to definition 1). ; It can also be obtained by letting a and b gradually increase from 1 according to the triangle corresponding rule c² = a²+ b² - 2ab cosθ.
Deduced from conclusion 6-----Conclusion 7:
Within the range of K, the corresponding rule for Fermat's equation is included in the corresponding rule for the three sides of a triangle [Note: The inverse theorem "The corresponding rule for the three sides of a triangle is included in the corresponding rule for Fermat's equation" may not be true. However, it is proved that Fermat Horse's theorem does not require this inverse theorem to be true]. In other words, the correspondence rule of the three sides of a triangle includes many correspondence rules, one of which is consistent with the correspondence rule of Fermat's equation.
Conclusion 8 is derived from conclusion 7:
Within the range of K, each set of numbers a, b, c obtained according to the corresponding rule of Fermat's equation [that is, each of a and b takes a number, and c is obtained according to the corresponding rule of Fermat's equation], can be obtained by using three triangles. The edge correspondence rule c² = a²+ b² - 2ab cosθ is obtained.
Since θ is greater than 60 degrees and less than or equal to 90 degrees, the value of 2cosθ is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1 [Conclusion 9].
When Fermat's equation is used in the case where n is greater than 1 and the values of a and b are both 1, if it does not violate conclusion 8, conclusion 2, and conclusion 1, refer to conclusion 9, the value of 2ab cosθ must be equal to 0, according to conclusion 3 , it is possible for the value of n to be 2, but it cannot be concluded that it will definitely be true. Fortunately, we have found from practice that n = 2 Fermat's equation can be true. 【Conclusion 10】
Certification completed.
We let a and b gradually increase. If we use the corresponding rule of the three sides of a triangle to get a series of c, the value of c may be an irrational number with the square root of a positive integer, an irrational number with the square root of a fraction, and an irrational number with the square root of a positive integer. Numbers raised to the power of 2, and a series of c obtained using the corresponding rule of Fermat's equation, the value of c can only be an irrational number of positive integers raised to the nth power.
The two can only match when n=2. This seems to be able to prove Fermat's theorem, but this proof is obviously too rough.
There are two corollaries:
1. When n is greater than 2, Fermat's equation has no rational solution.
2. We cannot draw an irrational number to the power of n (n is a positive integer greater than 2) on the plane using a ruler and compass. This is also the geometric essence of Fermat's last theorem.
4. Prove that if any two unequal prime numbers are divided, if they can be divided, the divisors can only be 2 and 5.
prove:
If two unequal prime numbers A and B can be divided, it can be expressed as
A÷B = integer÷10-----n zeros.
The denominator on the right side of the above equation can only factor out two prime numbers, 2 and 5. Evidence comparison.
Chapter 5, a concise version of Zhang Xiangqian’s unified field theory
Author Zhang Xiangqian communicates on WeChat 18714815159
Capital letters in this article are vector.
You can see the original text on Baidu Unified Field Theory 6th Edition.
1. Physical definition:
Physics is our description of the changes in motion in the geometric world. The geometric world is our description of objects and space.
2. Definition of particle:
In order to facilitate the description of the movement of objects in space, we do not consider the shape and line length of the object, but idealize the object and regard it as a point, called a particle.
3. The composition of the universe and the basic principles of unified field theory.
The universe is composed of a particle and the space around it. There is no third thing that coexists with it. All physical phenomena are our description of the movement of the particle and the movement of space itself.
4. Definition of matter:
Matter is composed of objects and space. Matter exists objectively and does not depend on the description of our observers.
5. How did the concept of physics come about?
Except for the particle and space, all other physical concepts, such as displacement, time, field, mass, charge, speed, speed of light, force, momentum, energy, heat, sound, color-----are all our observers' perceptions of the particle. The essence of motion in space and the motion of space itself around a particle can be expressed by displacement.
6. How to describe the movement of space itself?
We infinitely divide the three-dimensional space into many small pieces. Each small piece is called a spatial geometric point, or a geometric point for short, or a space point. The route along which a point in space moves is called a geometric line. Describing the movement of these space points can describe the movement of space itself.
7. The description of the state of motion in physics cannot be separated from the observer.
The state of motion comes from the description of our observers. It is our observer's affirmation of the object's position in space---to denial---then to affirmation---to negation---to affirmation---and then to negative----.
If there is no observer, or if the observer is not specified, the state of motion does not exist, and the state of rest does not exist. Whether space and objects are moving or stationary cannot be determined, and describing motion is meaningless.
8. Vertical principle.
The physical world is the description of the geometric world by our observers, so any geometric state can always find the corresponding physical state.
The three-dimensional vertical state of space in geometry is equivalent to the physical state of motion. After our human description, the three-dimensional vertical state is the physical state of motion.
Any space point [or particle] in a vertical state in three-dimensional space must move relative to our observer, and the changing direction of movement and trajectory can reconstitute a vertical state.
9. Why is space three-dimensional?
The linear motion in space constitutes one-dimensional space, the rotational motion in the plane constitutes two-dimensional space, and the rotation extends in the vertical direction of the rotation plane [it is a cylindrical spiral] to produce three-dimensional space.
Relative to us observers, space moves in a cylindrical spiral at all times to form a three-dimensional space.
10. Spiral law.
In the universe, as small as electrons and protons, as large as the earth, moon, sun, and the Milky Way—all particles freely existing in space are moving in a spiral, including space itself, which is also moving in a cylindrical spiral.
11. Parallel principle.
The parallel state described in physics corresponds to the proportional property in mathematics.
If two mutually parallel physical quantities can be represented by line segments, they must be directly proportional to each other.
12. Geometric symmetry is equivalent to physical conservation.
Conservation properties described in physics are equivalent to symmetries in geometry.
A conserved physical quantity, if it can be represented by a line segment, is line symmetric in geometric coordinates. If it can be expressed by area, it is plane symmetrical in geometric coordinates. If it can be expressed in volume, it is stereosymmetric in geometric coordinates.
Thirteen, space can store information infinitely.
Any space in the universe can store unlimited information, or it can store all the information in the entire universe today, in the past, and in the future.
14. The physical definition of time and the speed of light.
The space around any object in the universe (including our human body) moves radially in all directions at the vector light speed C, in a cylindrical spiral, with the observer as the center. This movement in space gives us the observer the feeling of time.
Cylindrical spiral motion is a combination of rotational motion and linear motion in the vertical direction of the rotation plane. Due to the uniformity of the motion in the surrounding space when the object is stationary, the rotational motions will cancel each other out to zero, leaving only the linear motion at the speed of light C.
The amount of time is proportional to the distance traveled by the geometric point in space around our observer at the speed of light C [the capital letters in this article are vectors].
The speed of light reflects the identity of space and time, that is, the essence of time is the movement of space at the speed of light. The speed of light can be a vector, the direction of the vector speed of light can change, the module remains unchanged, and the scalar speed of light does not change.
15. Three-dimensional spiral space-time equation
Establish the coordinate system oxyz with the point o of the material particle that is stationary relative to us as the origin. Any space point p in the oxyz system starts from point o at time t' = 0. After a period of time t, it reaches p at time t" The position x, y, z of the point, x, y, z are functions of time t. The position deviation from point o to point p [abbreviated as the position vector] is R (the quantity is r).
R(t)=(x,y,z,t)
R(t)= Ct = (a sinωt)J + (bcosωt)L +Vt
ω is the angular velocity, J and L are unit vectors.
When point o is stationary,
(a sinωt)J = (bcosωt)L = 0, Vt= Ct
16. Space-time identity equation
Since time is proportional to the distance traveled by a point in space moving at the speed of light c, so:
R(t) =ct【r】= xi + yj + zk
If you think that the speed of light can be a vector under certain circumstances, then:
R(t) = Ct= xi+ yj + zk
r² = c²t²= x²+y² + z²
17. The movement of space is volatile.
∂²r/∂x² + ∂²r/∂y² +∂²r/∂z² = （∂²r/∂t²）/c².
▽² R = (∂²R/∂t²)/c².
18. Definition of field.
Relative to our observer, the displacement vector from the particle to any space point in the surrounding space changes with the spatial position or with time. Such a space is called a field, or it can also be called a physical force field.
Different fields are different degrees of motion shown by the derivative of spatial displacement with respect to spatial position or the derivative with respect to time.
Since the essence of the field is the derivative of the displacement of space itself [relative to our observer] with respect to time and spatial position, we can say what is the amount of motion of space within a certain three-dimensional range, and what is the amount of motion of space in a certain plane , what is the amount of motion in space within a certain curve. In this way, the corresponding fields have three forms:
1. The distribution of fields in three dimensions.
2. Field distribution on a two-dimensional surface.
3. Field distribution on a one-dimensional curve.
The Gaussian divergence theorem of field theory describes the relationship between the field distribution in the three-dimensional space and the field distribution on the two-dimensional surface.
Stokes' theorem describes the relationship between the distribution of a field on a two-dimensional surface and the distribution of a field on a one-dimensional curve.
The gradient theorem of field theory describes the relationship between the distribution of fields in three-dimensional space and the distribution of fields on one-dimensional curves.
19. Geometric definition of gravitational field and mass.
Imagine that there is a particle point o that is stationary relative to our observer. Any space point p in the surrounding space starts from point o at the vector light speed C at time zero, moves in a certain direction, goes through time t, and arrives at time t' p's subsequent location.
We let point o be at the origin of the rectangular coordinate system xyz, and the vector radius R from point o to point p is given by the previous space-time identity equation R = C t = x i+ y j + zk:
We take the scalar length r of R in R = Ct as the radius and construct a Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² surrounding the particle o.
We divide the Gaussian sphere s = 4πr² evenly into many small pieces. We select a small vector surface element ΔS where the p point is located [We use N to represent the ΔS direction, and its number is the surface Δs]. We inspect and find that there is Δn on Δs. The displacement vector of a point in space similar to p passes vertically through it.
The gravitational field A generated by point o at space p [amount is a]:
A = - kΔn[R/r]/Δs
The mass definition equation of object point o is:
m = (k/g)Δn/Ω
The differential is:
m = (k/g) dn /dΩ
In the above formula, d is the differential sign, n is the number of strips, and Ω is the solid angle.
20. The changing gravitational field produces an electric field.
In the gravitational field A = gk n R/Ωr³ generated by point o in the above formula in the surrounding space, the mass m = k n /Ω changes with time to generate an electric field.
E = gk【d(kn/Ω)/dt】R/Ωr³g =k’【dm/dt】 R/Ωr³
where g, k’ are constants.
21. Geometric definition of charge
If the above particle o has charge q, then:
q = 4πε·k’g(dm/dt)= 4πε·k’g [k d(n/Ω)/dt]
Among them ε. is the dielectric constant.
Note that charge is formed by changes in mass, but in practice people find that the mass of charge does not seem to change. This change may be a periodic change with extremely high frequency, just like the frequency of alternating current changes so fast that people cannot feel the change.
The charge is also caused by the cylindrical spiral motion of the surrounding space. The cylindrical spiral includes rotational motion and linear motion perpendicular to the plane of rotation.
The linear motion part of the space around the positive charge is radiative divergent motion at the speed of light with the charge as the center. Part of the rotational motion in space around a positive charge is counterclockwise.
The space around the negative charge converges toward the charge from infinity at the speed of light. Space around negative charges rotates clockwise.
Twenty-two, changing electric fields produce magnetic fields.
When the above charge o point moves at a speed V relative to our observer, it can cause changes in the electric field E in the vertical direction of V. The changing part can be called magnetic field B. B = constant times (V × E), unified field Both theory and relativity believe that this constant is c², so there is B = V× E/c²
23. The changing gravitational field produces a nuclear force field.
Gravitational field A = g m R /r³ = g k n R/Ω r³ in which R =Ct changes with time t, resulting in nuclear force field D = gm(dR/dt) /r³ = g mC /r³
24. The magnetic field B that changes with time generates the surrounding electric field E and the surrounding gravitational field
The magnetic field B passes perpendicularly through the curved surface S. When B changes with time t, it can generate the surrounding electric field E and the surrounding gravitational field A along the edge of S [changing the direction of the magnetic field can generate an anti-gravitational field].
dB/dt =A×E/c²
Twenty-five, unified field theory momentum formula
When the object is stationary, the surrounding space moves at the vector light speed C, so it has rest momentum P’ = m’C, and the scalar is: p’ = m’c
When an object moves at speed V, its momentum P = m (C- V)
The scalar formula is:
P = mc√(1-v²/c²) = p’ = m’c
26. Definition of force.
Force is the degree to which the state of motion of an object in space or the state of motion of the space itself around the object changes.
27. Unified field theory dynamic equations.
F = dP/dt = Cdm/dt - Vdm/dt +mdC/dt-mdV/dt
(C-V)dm/dt is the mass force, Cdm/dt is the electric field force, Vdm/dt is the magnetic field force, mdV/dt is the Newtonian inertia force, which is also the universal gravitation force, and mdC/dt is the nuclear force.
28. Definition of energy:
Energy is the degree of motion of an object in space [equivalent to us as an observer] or the motion of the space itself around the object.
29. Unified field theory energy equation
mc² = mc²√(1-v²/c²)
m’c² is the rest energy of point o,
The energy of point o moving with speed v relative to us is mc²√(1-v²/c²)
Where mc² - Ek = m’c², Ek ≈ (1/2) mv² is kinetic energy.
30. Photon model.
Light is the accelerating negative charge that generates an anti-gravitational field, which offsets the rest mass of nearby (or itself) electrons. The rest mass of the electron disappears and is in an excited state. It is stationary in space [speed of light in space time] and moves at the speed of light.
The electron is acted upon by the mass-added force F = C dm/dt (electric field force) - V dm/dt (magnetic field force), and its mass disappears. It is in an excited state and moves at the speed of light. C is the vector speed of light, and V is the speed of electrons.
Momentum of moving photon P = m C
m is the moving mass of the photon, and C is the vector speed of light.
The energy of a moving photon is mc²
One photon model is that two excited electrons rotate around an axis and move at the speed of light in the vertical direction of the rotation plane.
A single excited electron moves in a columnar spiral.
The particle nature of light is because photons are excited electrons, the wave nature is because photons are stationary in space and move with the fluctuation of space, and the wave nature of light is because of the fluctuation of space itself.
Thirty-two, the principle of alien flying saucer flying:
If you change the mass of any object in the universe to zero, the object will suddenly move at the speed of light.
Thirty-three, the main applications of unified field theory.
1. Create an alien flying saucer that can fly at the speed of light
2. Artificial sites where cold welding can be used on a large scale
3. An artificial information field that can completely cure any disease
4. Movement disappears instantly----Global Sports Network
5. Large-scale global conduction without wires
6. Concentrated solar receiver
7. Infinitely compressed space to process information
8. Space-time refrigerator.
9. Virtual buildings and virtual human bodies.
10. Field scanning records the internal consciousness information of the human brain and can realize the connection between the human brain and the computer.
Chapter 6: Revealing the Essence of Light
Humans first thought that light was a tiny particle, represented by Newton. Later, British physicist Thomas Young's double-slit interference experiment proved that light has wave properties. Later, Scottish physicist Maxwell pointed out that light is a part of electromagnetic waves. During this period of mankind, the wave theory of light occupied the mainstream.
From the mid-to-late 19th century to the early 20th century, Einstein's discovery of the photoelectric effect showed that light has the nature of particles, and Maxwell's wave theory of light was seriously challenged.
Planck studied black body radiation and believed that the energy radiated outward by objects in the form of electromagnetic waves is discontinuous. Einstein accepted Planck's idea and proposed the light quantum hypothesis based on the photoelectric effect.
Later, de Broglie proposed that not only light, but any physical particles (as small as electrons and protons, as large as footballs and the sun) have wave-particle duality, and pointed out that the frequency and wavelength of waves are related to the energy and momentum of particles. The relationship between.
E = hν,
p = h /λ.
At this point, quantum mechanics was formally established based on the concept of wave-particle duality.
However, this result is very unsatisfactory. Why is light both a wave and a particle? Why can light, as a wave, propagate in a vacuum without a medium?
We know that sound waves propagate through the air. On the moon, people around you cannot hear your words.
These problems cannot be explained by the mainstream scientific community at present.
The emergence of unified field theory [Baidu Unified Field Theory 6th Edition] can give a thorough explanation.
Unified field theory holds that charges moving in a straight line at a uniform speed produce a uniform magnetic field, and charges that accelerate their motion can produce a changing magnetic field.
The changing magnetic field can generate electric fields and positive and anti-gravitational fields. Accelerating the movement of negative charges can cause changes in the electric and magnetic fields around the negative charges.
In the unified field theory, the integral formula for the electric field and gravitational field generated by a changing magnetic field is:
∮[(dB/dt)·dS ] = - u∮A·dR’ + ∮E·dR
∮ is the surrounding integral, the integration range is from 0 to 2π, B is the magnetic field, t is time, d is the differential sign, S is the vector surface element, A is the gravitational field, u is a constant, E is the electric field, R' and R are both is the edge curve of surface S.
The anti-gravitational field generated by the accelerating negative charge can offset the mass of the electron itself, causing the mass to become zero. As long as the mass becomes zero, the charge also becomes zero.
Because, in the unified field theory, when all objects in the universe are stationary relative to our observer, the surrounding space moves divergently at the speed of light.
Charge and mass are caused by the outward motion of the space around the object particles at the speed of light.
When an object moves relative to us at the speed of light, the original speed of light motion in the surrounding space will return to zero. The reason is that the speed of light does not change and the speed of light cannot be superimposed.
The disappearance of the light speed motion in the space around the object means that the mass and charge disappear, because the mass and charge are a motion effect of the divergent motion of the light speed in the space.
Conversely, we can say that any object in the universe, as long as its mass becomes zero, will be in an excited state and must suddenly move at the speed of light, and will continue to move at the speed of light in the future without changes from external factors. The inertia motion continues at the speed of light.
The electron changes from a normal mass to zero and is in an excited state, which requires a fixed energy. Less than this energy, the electron cannot be in an excited state and cannot move at the speed of light.
It is impossible to exceed this energy. It is thought that once the energy value is reached, the electrons will become excited and move away at the speed of light. If you want to add energy to the electrons, you will not be able to add more energy.
This fixed energy is Planck's discovery that when electromagnetic waves are radiated, the radiated energy is always an integer multiple of the smallest unit.
Electromagnetic radiation energy is discontinuous for the above reasons. This is also the fundamental explanation of quantum in quantum mechanics.
The above is the basic principle of photon formation. The flying principle of alien flying saucers is the same as that of photons.
The flight principle of photons is completely different from the flight principle of gun bullets. The fundamental difference is that they each obey different conservation of momentum.
The conservation of momentum that photons obey is P = mC,
In the above formula, P is the momentum of the photon when it is moving, m is the moving mass of the photon, and C is the vector speed of light.
In the unified field theory, the direction of the vector speed of light can change, but modulus c is the scalar speed of light and cannot change.
An object particle is at rest relative to us and has rest momentum P static = m’C’
When this object moves with speed V relative to us, the momentum of motion is
P = m(C-V)
From the above formula, we can see that if the object particle movement speed V = C, the speed part of the momentum C-V is equal to zero.
The momentum m (C-V) in the unified field theory is still quantitatively conserved. C-V equals zero, which causes m to tend to infinity.
Infinity is unacceptable to us, and there is another possibility. That is, the rest mass m’ of the object particle becomes zero.
In the unified field theory, the quantity m’c of the rest momentum m’C’ is equal to the quantity mc√(1 - v²/c²) of the moving momentum m(C-V).
m’c = mc√(1 - v²/c²)
Divide the above equation by the scalar light speed c, and the result is the mass-speed relationship equation in the theory of relativity.
m’ = m√(1 - v²/c²)
It can be seen from the mass velocity relationship equation that when the object particles move at the speed of light, if the rest mass is zero, the moving mass can be an appropriate amount and will not be infinite.
The momentum conservation observed by the movement principle of gun bullets is P = mV, V is the speed of gun bullets, and m is the mass of gun bullets.
In Newtonian mechanics, the mass m is an invariant. If a gun bullet is stressed in a system, the momentum changes. Since the mass m is constant in Newtonian mechanics, the change in momentum causes the gun bullet speed V to change. The change can change from 0 [the speed of the gun bullet when it is originally stationary] to a certain speed V.
The movement of photons and the objects we see macroscopically are all subject to the conservation of momentum, except that the momentum observed by photons is mass multiplied by the vector speed of light, while the momentum observed by gun bullets is mass multiplied by the normal speed of motion.
The wave nature of photons is the fluctuation of space itself. The space we live in moves at the speed of light all the time. Photons are stationary in space and move with space.
When all objects in the universe are stationary relative to us, the surrounding space always moves divergently in a cylindrical spiral [a cylindrical spiral is a combination of rotational motion and linear motion of the rotation center, where the linear motion part is the vector speed of light] , the spiral motion of space also includes fluctuations. The fluctuations in space are transverse waves, and the speed of fluctuations is the speed of light.
Most of the movements observed by humans are a combination of the movement of an object in space and the movement of the space around the object.
For example, we use the momentum mV and the dynamic equation F = mA in Newtonian mechanics to describe an object moving in space at a speed V or an acceleration A. Why do we need to carry a mass m?
In the unified field theory, this mass m represents the number of spatial displacements around the object particles moving at the speed of vector light, and the space is fluctuating all the time.
This is the reason behind why any physical particles in quantum mechanics (as small as electrons and protons, as large as footballs and the sun) have wave-particle duality.
The motion of ordinary objects is a combination of motion in space and motion in surrounding space. Photons only move in space, and the movement in the surrounding space completely disappears.
In the unified field theory, electromagnetic waves are twisted electromagnetic fields generated by accelerating electric charges. The essence of the twisted electromagnetic fields generated by the acceleration of electric charges is still space. According to the unified field theory, this twisted electromagnetic field includes the anti-gravitational field.
Only when this twisted electromagnetic field [including the anti-gravitational field] sweeps up certain electrons, causing their mass and charge to disappear, excite them, and move at the speed of light, is this a photon.
Therefore, electromagnetic waves are not equal to photons.
However, we want to design experiments to verify that those are pure twisted electromagnetic fields [which are still space in nature], and those that do not contain electrons are not easy.
Because we use instruments to receive the twisted electromagnetic field of accelerated charges, the interaction force between the twisted electromagnetic field and the instrument can also cause the instrument to receive energy.
However, I am designing a special ideal experiment here to verify what photons are.
Imagine that we use one cubic centimeter of copper atoms to make a coil, use this coil to make a generator, and then connect it to a 100-watt light bulb.
We use external force to connect the belt to drive the generator to rotate. As long as the rotation speed is fast enough, the electricity generated can make this 100-watt light bulb continue to shine.
Taking visible light as an example, the energy of a photon is about 2 to 3 electron volts, which corresponds to an energy of 4 times 10 to the power of negative 19 joules.
For a 100W incandescent lamp, the electro-optical conversion efficiency is calculated as 10%, so the luminous power is about 10W, which means that it radiates 10 joules of photon energy per second, and the corresponding number of photons is about 2.5 times 10 to the 19th power. .
One cubic centimeter of copper has approximately 2.45 times 10 to the power of 21 electrons.
According to this calculation, this bulb can only be lit for 100 seconds, which seems inconsistent with practice.
This experiment is not difficult. I hope that qualified netizens can do this experiment.
If this light bulb can continue to light up for many years without losing its brightness at all, it can only mean that the visible light we humans see is almost all distorted electromagnetic fields, and its essence is still space.
The light we humans see is not made up of excited electrons, but is just the result of the stimulation of our eyeballs by the distorted electromagnetic field (which is still space in nature).
If this is the case, the double-slit interference experiment of light can be well explained.
In addition to the distorted electromagnetic field without physical particles, light should contain photons composed of excited electrons, especially photons with very high frequencies, which are likely to contain excited electrons.
There are two common photon models composed of excited electrons,
1. The photon generated by the accelerating negative charge is a single excited electron, moving in a cylindrical spiral.
The photons generated by the encounter between positrons and negative electrons are two electrons rotating around a central axis, and both move in a straight line at the speed of light in a direction perpendicular to the rotation plane, which is also a cylindrical spiral motion.
Since we humans on earth use photons to observe photons, and the shape of the photons changes when we observe them, humans have not been able to directly observe photons until now.
Aliens use artificial field scanning to observe photons. Artificial fields are essentially artificial manipulations of space, and space can be divided infinitely and can observe matter smaller than photons. Therefore, the model of photons can be clearly observed.
If we Earthlings invented artificial field scanning, we could verify the two common photon models I mentioned above.
Chapter 7: Successful experiment of changing electromagnetic field to generate gravitational field (with theoretical derivation)
Experiments on gravitational field generated by changing electromagnetic field and simplified theoretical derivation
The experiment of changing the electromagnetic field to produce a gravitational field has applied for a patent - "an electromagnetic conversion gravitational field device".
Artificial fields are gravitational fields generated by changing electromagnetic fields that can be artificially controlled. Artificial fields can replace the popular electrical energy on our planet and bring mankind into the light-speed virtual era.
If artificial fields are to become a reality on Earth, the most critical thing is the successful experiment of changing the electromagnetic field to generate a gravitational field.
On November 2, 2023, I discovered for the first time in my experiment that accelerating positive charges generate a gravitational field with the opposite acceleration direction.
On March 1, 2024, I discovered during the experiment that the changing magnetic field produces a vortex gravitational field, causing all objects to rotate.
1. Accelerating positive charges produce a linear gravitational field test with opposite acceleration direction
In the picture below,
The positive and negative poles of the wires are not in contact, but are separated by 6 cm and covered with plexiglass tubes.
Use a thin wire to hang a light and thin sheet-like object [any material], punch a hole in the center, put it on the plexiglass tube, but do not touch the plexiglass tube, and place it in the middle of the 6 cm gap between the positive and negative electrodes.
When the positive and negative poles are connected to a high-voltage (about 30,000 volts) DC power supply, and the power switch is pressed, the hanging object will move in the direction of the positive pole.
Turn around the positive and negative poles, and the suspended object will still move in the positive direction.
When the switch is pressed, the positive charges in the line accelerate and vibrate in place, and the electromotive force generated between the positive and negative electrodes contains a gravitational field. This gravitational field accelerates the movement of the suspended object.
The plexiglass tube is put on to prevent the ion wind effect and the electrostatic motor effect. The suspended object is made into a thin sheet in order to suppress the polarization and depolarization effects of the suspended object.
This test under vacuum conditions was also successful.
2. Tests where changes in the magnetic field produce a vortex gravitational field that causes all objects to rotate
In the picture below:
Use enameled copper wire with a diameter of 0.57 mm to wind two spiral coils 19 cm long and 3.7 cm in diameter.
One end of the coil above is connected to a high-voltage package [The input of the high-voltage package is 7.4 volts DC, and the output high-voltage pulse is 26,000 volts DC. The merchant's label on Taobao is 2 million volts. That is a false label. Search "DC 7.4v2000kv high voltage generator" on Taobao. You can place an order to buy the negative electrode of ] and place one end on the vacuum tank [diameter 10 cm].
The upper end of the lower coil is attached to the vacuum tank, and the lower end is connected to the positive electrode of the high-voltage package. The two coils are 10 cm apart and not connected to each other.
The vacuum tank placed horizontally in the middle has been evacuated, and a small red polyethylene ball is hung with a thin cotton thread inside. One end of the thin cotton thread is fixed on the inner wall of the vacuum tank with AB glue.
When the power switch is pressed, the polyethylene ball spins.
The experiment found that rotating with the magnetic field line as the axis satisfies the left-handed spiral, and the positive and negative poles are reversed, the rotation direction is opposite.
The above tests can eliminate electrostatic motor effects and ion wind effects under vacuum conditions. Because ion wind is formed by ionization of air, there is no air in a vacuum, so there is no ion wind effect.
The electrostatic motor effect is formed by the positive and negative wires ejecting charges or ions onto the polyethylene balls.
The electrode is outside the vacuum tank, and the charge cannot be sprayed into the vacuum tank through the thick glass of the vacuum tank.
However, the polarization effect of the electric field cannot be ruled out, because the polarization effect of high voltage not only exists in vacuum, but can also easily pass through the thick glass of the vacuum tank.
In this coil up and down structure, the coil is parallel to the thin wire hanging the polyethylene ball, so that the force generated by the polarization effect is along the parallel direction of the thin wire, and the polyethylene ball rotates with the thin wire as the axis. In this way, the polarization effect has a strong influence on the rotation. There is no contribution.
In this case, the influence of the polarization effect on the speed of rotation can be basically eliminated. In addition, the electrostatic motor effect and the ion wind effect are eliminated, leaving only the effect of the changing magnetic field of the unified field theory to generate a vortex gravitational field to rotate all objects. .
It should be noted that the polarization effect and the linear gravitational field effect produced by the changing electric field interfere with the rotation direction of the suspended object to a certain extent.
Therefore, when testing, the test cannot be repeated continuously. Repeated tests will seriously polarize the material.
Using fine enameled wire to wind the coil with a large number of turns can highlight the rotational effect of the magnetic field and reduce the linear motion effect of the electric field.
Use thin enameled wire to wind the coil. The coil has many turns and the total mass of the coil is relatively large. Silicon steel sheets are inserted into the coil to increase the inductance energy of the coil. When the power is turned off, the energy stored in the coil can still rotate the hanging object.
In this case, the polarization effect and the effect of the changing electric field causing the object to move linearly disappear, leaving only the effect of the changing magnetic field producing a vortex gravitational field to cause the object to rotate. This facilitates our analysis.
However, it should be noted that when the power is turned on and off, the rotation direction of the vortex gravitational field generated is opposite.
[Appendix] Theoretical derivation of the gravitational field test produced by changing electromagnetic fields.
The following is the theoretical derivation process of changing electromagnetic field to generate gravitational field. For the detailed derivation process, see "Unified Field Theory". You can get the electronic version of "Unified Field Theory" by adding me on WeChat.
1. Basic assumptions
Any object in the universe always moves in the surrounding space in a cylindrical spiral at the vector light speed C’ [the capital letters in this article are vectors].
The linear motion part of the cylindrical spiral motion is the electric field, the rotational motion part is the magnetic field, and the acceleration of the rotation toward the central axis is the gravitational field.
The three fields are perpendicular to each other.
There is also a magnetic field around a stationary object. However, as many magnetic field lines pass through a curved surface, as many magnetic field lines pass through, they cancel each other out and have no external effect.
The above basic assumption mentions that space itself is in motion.
In order to describe the movement of space itself, we divide the space into many small blocks, each small block is called a space point. By describing the movement of space points, we can describe the movement of space itself.
The above basic assumption mentions the vector speed of light.
This article believes that the speed of light can be extended to vectors, and the direction of the vector light speed can change. The modulus is the scalar light speed, represented by the lowercase letter c, and c remains unchanged.
When the object particle point o is stationary relative to our observer, a surrounding space point p moves divergently in all directions at the vector light speed C'. When point o moves relative to us at the speed V, the speed of point p relative to our observer is expressed as a vector The speed of light C represents.
C’ and C are equal in size and have different directions. Does the relationship between C’ and C conform to the Lorenz transformation of relativity theory?
According to Lorenz’s velocity transformation, the relationship between the three components of C’, Cx’, Cy’, and Cz’ and the three components of C, Cx, Cy, and Cz, is:
Cx’ = (Cx – v)/[1- (Cx v/c²)]
Cy’ = [Cy√（1-v²/c²)]/ [1- (Cx v/c²)]
Cz’ = [Cz√（1-v²/c²)]/ [1- (Cx v/c²)]
From the above it can be derived:
(Cx’)²+(Cy’)²+(Cz’)²
= [(Cx– v)²+ Cy² (1-v²/c²) + Cz² (1-v²/c²) ]/[1- (Cx v/c²)]²
= c²c²[Cx²+ Cy²+ Cz²-2 Cx v+ v²-(c²-Cx²)v²/c²]/(c²-Cx v)²
= c²c²[c²-2 Cx v+ v²-(c²-Cx²)v²/c²]/(c²-Cx v)²
= c²[c²c²-2 c²Cx v+ Cx²v²]/（c²-Cx v)²
=c²
It is derived from this that the vector light speeds C and C’ satisfy the following relationship:
C’·C’ = C·C = c²
The directions of C and C’ are different, but the quantities are the same.
When point o moves at a speed V relative to our observer, let the speed of point p relative to point o be U. Since C is the combination of U and V, that is, C=U+V,
so:
U=C-V
2. Understand the gravitational field
We stand on the earth and drop a stone casually. The stone falls towards the center of the earth with accelerated free fall.
If there were no stone, the space where the stone is located would still be falling toward the center of the earth in that way.
The essence of the gravitational field is the acceleration of the space surrounding an object itself toward the object.
The gravitational field has two important properties:
The position vector pointing from an object to a point in the gravitational field [we call it a field point, or an inspection point] is opposite to the direction of the gravitational field.
The gravitational field can accelerate objects made of all materials.
3. Understand the magnetic field
Human beings have discovered that charged particles move in a straight line at a uniform speed relative to our observer, causing changes in the electric field in the vertical direction of the motion speed. The part of the electric field change can be considered as a magnetic field, that is, the electric field that changes with the speed produces a magnetic field.
In the figure below, a positively charged particle o, which is stationary relative to us, generates an electrostatic field E’ at the surrounding space point p. When point o moves in a straight line at a uniform speed in the positive direction of the x-axis at a speed V relative to our observer, a magnetic field B can be generated.
The essence of this magnetic field is that space rotates with the vector velocity V as the central axis, and the rotation of B and V satisfy the right-handed spiral relationship.
B = V×E/c²
According to the custom of ordering the vector cross product and Stokes' theorem, the y cross multiplied by z forms a vector surface element in the x direction, the z cross multiplied by x forms a vector surface element along the y direction, and the x cross multiplied by y A vector surface element along the z direction is formed, and the three components satisfy the following right-handed spiral relationship:
Bx = 0
By = -V×Ez/c²
Bz = V×Ey/c²
Point o is the positive charge, Ez is the component of the positive electric field generated at point o along the z-axis, and Ey is the component on the y-axis.
The positive electric field generated at point o points from point o to point p. According to the previous basic assumption, when point o moves in the positive direction of the x-axis at a speed V, there is exactly an opposite speed -V at point p.
If our inspection point is set at point p, then the above right-handed spiral relationship needs to be changed to a left-handed spiral relationship:
Bx = 0
By = V×Ez/c²
Bz =﹣V×Ey/c²
When we examine the motion of point p somewhere in the analysis space, it is more direct and convenient to use this component formula.
4. Magnetic fields that change over time produce electric fields and gravitational fields
Imagine a point charge o point, starting from the origin at time 0, moving in a straight line at a uniform speed V [scalar is v] along the positive direction of the x-axis relative to our observer. Point o moves at any surrounding space point p. Electric field E, uniform magnetic field B:
B= V×E/c²
When point o moves in the positive direction of the x-axis with acceleration -A relative to us, the charge o generates a moving electric field E, an unsteady magnetic field dB/dt and a gravitational field A at any surrounding space point p.
We take point p somewhere in space as the inspection point, and calculate the derivative of the magnetic field definition equation B= V×E/c² with respect to time t, we have:
dB/dt=dV/dt×E/c²+(V×dE/dt)/c²
If we can prove that dB/dt= (V×dE/dt)/c² means:
Changes in the magnetic field produce a changing electric field [also called a vortex electric field], which is the Faraday principle of electromagnetic induction. Correspondingly, dB/dt=dV/dt×E/c² should be a changing magnetic field that produces a gravitational field.
Because dV/dt=A is the acceleration of space point p. According to our previous understanding of the gravitational field, the acceleration of space itself is equivalent to the gravitational field.
We first prove that dB/dt= (V×dE/dt)/c² is Faraday’s principle of electromagnetic induction.
Since the inspection point is no longer at point o, but at point p in space, we use the left-handed spiral formula for the relationship between magnetic field B and electric field E:
Bx = 0
By =（v/c²）Ez
Bz = -(v/c²)Ey
The three components of dB/dt= (V×dE/dt)/c² are as follows [the differential sign is changed to a partial differential sign]:
∂Bx/∂t = 0
∂By/∂t = (v ∂Ez/∂t)/c²
∂Bz/∂t = -(v ∂Ey/∂t)/c²
Since the curl of the electrostatic field is zero ∂Ex'/∂z' - ∂Ez'/∂x'=0, and Ex= Ex', ∂z' =∂z, γEz'= Ez in the Lorenz forward transformation, ∂/γ∂x=∂/∂x', γ=1/√(1- v²/c²), we get:
∂Ex/∂z–(1/γ²)∂Ez/∂x = 0
∂Ex/∂z–(1- v²/c²)∂Ez/∂x = 0
∂Ex/∂z–∂Ez/∂x = -（v²/c²）∂Ez/∂x
Define dv/dt=v from the velocity, and get v ∂/∂x = ∂/ ∂t, so:
∂Ex/∂z–∂Ez/∂x = -（v/c²）∂Ez/∂t
Since the curl of the electrostatic field is zero ∂Ey'/∂x' - ∂Ex'/∂y'=0, and Ex= Ex', ∂z' =∂z, γEy'= Ey in the Lorenz forward transformation, ∂/γ∂x=∂/∂x', γ=1/√(1- v²/c²), we get:
(1/γ²)∂Ey/∂x –∂Ex/∂y = 0
∂Ey/∂x–∂Ex/∂y- (v²/c²)∂Ey∂x = 0
From dv/dt=v, we get v ∂/∂x = ∂/ ∂t, so:
∂Ey/∂x–∂Ex/∂y = （v/c²）∂Ey/∂t
Combine these two equations with the three components of dB/dt= (V×dE/dt)/c² above:
∂Bx/∂t = 0
∂By/∂t = (v ∂Ez/∂t)/c²
∂Bz/∂t = -(v ∂Ey/∂t)/c²
By comparison, we can get:
∂Ez/∂y–∂Ey/∂z = 0
∂Ex/∂z–∂Ez/∂x = - ∂By/∂t
∂Ey/∂x–∂Ex/∂y = - ∂Bz/∂t
Combining the above three equations, it is Faraday’s electromagnetic induction equation:
∇×E= - ∂B/∂t
Next, we analyze the equation dB/dt = (dV/dt) × E/c² that produces the gravitational field A due to changes in the magnetic field B.
The three components of this equation are as follows:
∂Bx/∂t = 0
∂By/∂t =（∂V/∂t） ×Ez/c²=A ×Ez/c²
∂Bz/∂t = -（∂V/∂t） ×Ey/c²= - A×Ey/c²
The differential sign d has been changed to the partial differential sign ∂. The direction of A is the acceleration direction of space point p, which is opposite to the positive direction of the x-axis.
The above equation can be written as dB/dt=A×E/c², and this equation can be understood as:
When the positive charge point o accelerates along the positive direction of the x-axis, at any point p in the surrounding space, a changing magnetic field dB/dt, an electric field E, and a gravitational field A in the opposite direction of acceleration are generated.
A, E, and dB/dt are perpendicular to each other, satisfy the cross product relationship, and construct a cylindrical spiral. In the unified field theory, the essence of the field is the space that moves in a cylindrical spiral.
This is our first experiment - the theoretical explanation of the linear gravitational field generated by accelerating positive charges in the opposite direction of acceleration.
For the vortex gravitational field generated by magnetic field changes, the basic principle is the same as above.
The essence of the magnetic field is that space rotates with the vector velocity V as the central axis.
In the picture above, there is a straight line from point a to point b, and the magnetic field surrounds it in a cylindrical spiral.
In the figure below, when there is a circle from point a to point b, the rotational motion of space enters and exits on the positive and negative sides of the circle. The side entering is the S pole, and the side coming out is called the N pole.
When the wire is a straight line, the magnetic field surrounds the wire as its axis. When the wire is a circle, the magnetic field still surrounds the circular wire as its axis.
In a long straight wire, the positive charge accelerates in a straight line along the direction of the wire, producing a gravitational field parallel to the direction of the wire. This gravitational field accelerates the object to move in a straight line in a direction parallel to the wire.
We can imagine that when the wire is bent into a circle, the object moves along the circle wire, so rotation occurs.
In the picture below:
According to the right-hand rule, when we hold the wire with our right hand and point our thumb from the positive pole to the negative pole, the direction of the four fingers is the direction of the magnetic field.
In the figure above, the suspended object moves from the negative pole to the positive pole, so the suspended object rotates around the magnetic field line, and the rotation satisfies a left-handed spiral.
From the equation dB/dt=dV/dt×E/c²+(V×dE/dt)/c²:
(V×dE/dt)/c² represents the vortex electric field generated by changes in the magnetic field, which is Faraday’s principle of electromagnetic induction. dB/dt=dV/dt×E/c² is the vortex gravitational field generated by changes in the magnetic field.
Since the magnetic field changes produce a vortex electric field, it satisfies the left-handed helix. The vortex gravitational field generated by the changing magnetic field should also be a left-handed spiral, because dV/dt×E/c² and (V×dE/dt)/c² are both positive signs.
Now after a lot of experiments, this has been confirmed.
Chapter 8: Application report for research and development of artificial field scanning technology
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Table of contents:
1. How many parts does the artificial field scanning equipment consist of?
Second, what are the specific uses of artificial field scanning?
Third, what steps need to be completed to create an artificial field scan?
Artificial field scanning is a device that uses positive and anti-gravitational fields generated by changing electromagnetic fields [different from anti-gravity, gravity and gravitational fields have different dimensions], and works under the control of a computer program.
Artificial field scanning equipment is similar to the electrical energy devices on our earth and is a basic power source. The principle is similar to Faraday's electromagnetic and magnetic transformation, which utilizes the mutual transformation of electromagnetic field and gravitational field.
Artificial fields are upgraded products of electricity that can replace the popular electricity on our planet.
The theoretical basis of artificial field scanning is provided by "Unified Field Theory", which can be obtained by adding Zhang Xiangqian's WeChat.
1. How many parts does the artificial field scanning equipment consist of?
Artificial field scanning equipment consists of two parts, one is the artificial field scanning hardware equipment, and the other is the software that controls the artificial field scanning equipment.
Artificial field hardware equipment can be placed in the sky, which can remotely and non-contactly emit artificial gravitational fields to the ground, and can penetrate walls without obstacles to exert effects on internal objects.
Generators on our planet convert other energy into electrical energy, and then use transmission lines to transport the energy to motors or electrical appliances for users to use.
A generator converts other energy into electrical energy. The generator itself does not create energy.
Artificial field scanning transmitters are like generators. They cannot create energy themselves, but only convert other energy [especially electrical energy, nuclear energy, and solar energy] into field energy.
Artificial fields illuminate an object, which can change the object's mass, charge, speed, position, temperature, space, and time. Or transmit field energy to the energy recipient through vacuum.
Generators transmit energy to electric motors through wires, while artificial field scanning can transmit energy to energy recipients over long distances through vacuum.
Compared with electric energy, artificial field generators do not require wires and can transmit force and energy over long distances and non-contactly through vacuum. This is the most important advantage of artificial field generators. Because this allows products and equipment to be centralized and virtualized, a small number of products and equipment can serve the needs of everyone around the world.
For example, in the future, billions of people around the world will share a giant computer or mobile phone. When the user swipes around, a virtual screen will appear.
Therefore, the emergence of artificial factories can significantly reduce the number of global products.
Second, what are the specific uses of artificial field scanning?
We know that electrical energy can make objects move, heat and cool objects, produce sound, produce light, generate electromagnetic fields, process information, etc.
In addition to having all the functions of electric energy, artificial field scanning can also affect space and time, that is, it can illuminate space and affect the length of space within a local range and the length of time for things to happen in space.
It can also affect time and space and then affect objects existing in space to make objects move.
The positive gravitational field emitted by the artificial field scanning equipment can increase the mass of the object by irradiating it; the anti-gravitational field generated by irradiating the object can reduce the mass of the object, all the way to zero.
Once an object is in an excited state of zero mass, it suddenly moves at the speed of light.
Once the object is in a quasi-excited state close to zero mass, although it will not move at the speed of light, it can pass through the wall, and both the object and the wall will be intact.
These unique characteristics of artificial field scanning can not only replace electricity, but are an upgraded product of electricity, and also have the following uses.
1. Create an aircraft that can fly at the speed of light.
Artificial field scanning can illuminate the aircraft to make the mass of the aircraft zero. As long as the mass of the aircraft becomes zero, it will suddenly move at the speed of light. This is also the flying principle of the light speed flying saucer.
2. Cold welding in construction and industrial manufacturing
Artificial field scanning illuminates objects, which can put the objects in a quasi-excited state. Two objects in a quasi-excited state can cut into each other without resistance. When the artificial field is removed, the objects will be welded together. This is called cold welding.
Artificial field scanning can enable the use of cold welding on a large scale, increase the speed of house building, engineering, and industrial manufacturing by a hundred times, and reduce the cost by a hundred times. It can create miracles in all aspects of human production, life, and medical care.
3. Artificial information field scanning.
Artificial fields work under the control of complex electronic computer programs and are called artificial information fields.
The artificial information field can detect, cold weld, excite, and heat the human body. It can perform functions such as high-speed cutting and transportation. It can accurately position, identify, and operate molecules and atoms in batches.
Artificial information fields can also operate inside the human body without affecting the outside. During surgery, objects can be instantly removed inside the human body without opening the intestines.
It can quickly and completely remove cancer cells, viruses and other harmful substances from the human body. It is simple and crude and does not require finding the pathogenesis.
These incredible abilities of the artificial information field, as well as the perfect combination with electronic computers, can enable humans to completely treat various infectious diseases, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and other acute and chronic diseases, and can enable humans to enter a drug-free state. era.
The effects of artificial information fields on weight loss, plastic surgery, and sculpting the human body are incredible, and there is no pain.
4. Movement disappears instantly - Global Sports Network
Using artificial field scanning, a global motion network can be created. The Global Movement Network is built and placed in space. When you travel, you only need to send your exercise request to the Global Sports Network. The Global Sports Network will use artificial field scanning to illuminate the person, and the person will disappear immediately and appear where you want.
The Global Movement Network allows people and goods to appear anywhere in the world within a second, including in sealed rooms. However, the scope of the Global Movement Network can only be on one planet. To reach other planets, you can only travel by light-speed aircraft, or flying saucers.
5. Large-scale global conduction without wires
If we do not strictly distinguish the difference between electric energy and field energy, calling it field energy or electric energy is just what we people call it.
The spherical wireless conductive center is understood as the global central energy field, which provides energy to all energy users around the world remotely and non-contactly from several satellites in space.
6. Concentrated solar receiver
Artificial field scanning equipment illuminates the space, and by affecting and compressing the space, it can absorb the photons emitted by the sun in the space. It can receive tens of thousands of square meters of solar energy on one square meter, solving the human energy crisis. Moreover, the energy is cheap, almost Free.
Concentrated solar receivers can also artificially reduce the solar energy in a certain place, and combine it with computer analysis to powerfully control and adjust the weather to avoid the occurrence of harmful weather, because the source of harmful weather is solar energy. It is equivalent to installing a large air conditioner on the earth.
7. Infinite compression space storage and transmission information technology.
Any space in the universe can store the information of the entire universe, and space can be infinitely compressed.
Using artificial field scanning to process information, since the essence of the field is a cylindrical spiral moving space, which is equivalent to using space to store and transmit information, artificial field scanning can upgrade human information technology.
The field emitted by the artificial field is actually the space of cylindrical spiral motion, which is infinitely divisible. It has super penetrability to objects, can detect and scan the interior of the earth, detect the depths of the universe, take pictures of the microscopic world such as photons, and can replace electromagnetic waves as a communication medium.
8. Virtual buildings and light virtual human bodies.
Use artificial fields to exert influence on space, such as affecting a plane to generate field force on this plane, which can generate blocking force on objects moving through it.
Then use an artificial field to lock the light and dye the plane with color. In this way, a virtual plane can be generated. This virtual plane can be used as a cement wall. Various virtual buildings can be formed using this virtual wall.
Artificial field scanning can also virtualize the human body, and virtual human bodies composed of light will become popular on a large scale on the earth. It can be considered an upgrade of modern holographic projection technology.
Artificial field scanning technology can make many products virtual. In the future, computers, mobile phones, and products related to processing information can be completely virtualized.
Billions of people around the world can use a virtual mobile phone or computer. Users can quickly have three-dimensional virtual images and sounds around them. When not in use, they can disappear immediately with a wave of their hands.
9. Space-time refrigerator.
We store food in a space-time refrigerator. Although the temperature inside is the same as the temperature outside, under the illumination of this kind of space-time refrigerator, we have been outside for a year and only one second has passed inside. Therefore, This kind of refrigerator can preserve food freshness to a degree that ordinary refrigerators cannot match.
On the other hand, it can also be achieved if a year passes inside and only a second passes outside.
The basic principle of the space-time refrigerator is that the artificial field illuminates the space, which can change the speed of the passage of time for all events in the space.
10. Field scanning technology for consciousness reading and storage.
Human consciousness and thinking are formed by the movement of charged particles and ions moving in the human brain, which will exert a disturbing effect on space.
Artificial field scanning equipment emits fields, an invisible substance that penetrates deep into the human brain. It can scan and record the movement patterns of these charged particles without damage, and can also record the disturbance effects in the space around the human brain.
In this way, human consciousness and memory information can be completely read and recorded, and the human consciousness information can be further copied, digitized, and stored in an electronic computer.
After a few hundred years, human science and technology will develop to a certain level, and then these consciousness information will be installed in the body of an artificial young person without independent consciousness, or in a biological body, to resurrect the person, so that human immortality can become a reality. .
This field scanning technology can also change the education model, and can transfer rote knowledge to the human brain at high speed, greatly shortening the learning time. It can also change the way people communicate with each other.
Artificial field scanning emits an invisible substance called fields, which is the only feasible and ideal medium for connecting the human brain with computers and the Internet. When wires, electromagnetic waves, ultrasound, x-rays, electrons, lasers and other things penetrate deep into the human brain, they will damage the human brain.
Third, what needs to be done to create an artificial field scan?
The first step is to theoretically point out the essence and defining equations of electromagnetic field and gravitational field. This is the basic equation.
This basic equation has been completed by myself.
The second step is to theoretically point out the mathematical equations that changing the gravitational field produces an electromagnetic field, and changing the electromagnetic field produces positive and anti-gravitational fields.
I have completed this step.
Step 3: Design experiments based on the equations defining the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field, the basic relationship equations between the electric field and the magnetic field, and the mathematical equations of changing the gravitational field to produce an electromagnetic field, and changing the electromagnetic field to produce a gravitational field, to verify that changing the electromagnetic field produces forward and anti-gravitational fields.
In particular, the anti-gravitational field generated by changing electromagnetic fields can reduce the mass of objects by irradiating them.
I have already completed this step. The test of changing the electromagnetic field to generate a gravitational field achieved its first breakthrough in the early morning of November 2, 2023. After a large number of repeated tests, it was determined that the test was successful.
Step 4: Based on the basic definition equations, improve various related application equations, especially the quantitative equation that changes the electromagnetic field to produce a gravitational field, that is, how much charge, how fast the movement is, how much acceleration, and how strong the gravitational field is generated at how far away , where the direction of the generated gravitational field points, and then the artificial field scanning equipment model is designed and built based on this quantitative equation.
Step 5: Design various computer programs that serve the artificial field scanning equipment.
Among all the applications in artificial fields, the artificial field scanning equipment is the same except for its size and power. Different applications only use different software programs.
Just like the electricity generated by a power plant is the same, it is just that electricity can be used in different fields, resulting in ever-changing forms.
For example, the artificial field scanning program that makes objects move and creates virtual buildings is very simple, but the artificial field scanning program that treats human diseases and scans people's brain consciousness is very complex.
Most applications of artificial field scanning equipment require computer program manipulation.
Step 6: Expand the application of artificial field scanning equipment in various fields.
In particular, it completely replaces electric energy, replaces all human electrical appliances, and extends artificial fields to areas where electric energy cannot be used, such as rockets.
Artificial field scanning is a major basic science research project that can have drastic impacts on humanity as a whole. The cost of research and development may reach the level of the Manhattan Project in the United States. However, the key to developing artificial fields is to experimentally discover that changing electromagnetic fields produce positive and negative gravitational fields, and this experiment has already achieved a breakthrough.
Artificial fields are room-temperature technologies that do not involve low or high temperatures. Therefore, the material requirements are not strict. The difficulty is that the principles are profound and involve essential issues such as time, space, field, mass, charge, and energy.
Since the essence of the field is motion space, artificial field technology can also be called space-time technology.
However, the research and development of artificial fields still requires the cooperation and participation of many people. If there is cooperation with polytechnic universities and theoretical calculations and experiments are carried out simultaneously, it is estimated that most of the 10 major applications of artificial field scanning can be completed within 1 to 5 years.
"Unified Field Theory" Zhang XQ_240701 UFT
Written in Lujiang, Anhui on July 1, 2024
Zhang Xiangqian’s main works
"Adventures on the Planet Gok"
Also known as "Anhui Farmers' One-month Experience on Extraterrestrial Planet"
"The Society and Daily Life of Aliens"
Contains "Introduction to Alien Sex"
"The Parasitic Race of Fruit Nemesis"
"What do the Gokexians look like?"
"Revealing the Mystery of Prophecy's Special Functions"
Contains "Revealing the Mystery of the Prophet's Prophecies"
"Unified Field Theory"
Contains "Uncovering the Nature of Gravity"
"Revealing the Essence of Electric Charge and Electromagnetic Field"
"Legendary Farmer from Anhui Reveals the Mysteries of the Human Body, Life, Death, Reincarnation, Consciousness, and Soul"
Contains "Revealing the Mystery of Human Life and Death"
"How people feel when they die"
"The Origin of Human Suffering"
"The Introducer's Past Life Love"
"The latest scientific theory proves the reality of reincarnation of life"
"Uncovering the Mystery of Alien Flying Saucers"
"Material and Information"
"The Nature of Time, Space and the Core Secret of the Universe"
"A Brief Introduction to Anhui Farmer Zhang Xiangqian"
"Human Nature, Beauty, Ugliness, Wisdom, Ignorance, Slavility"
"Religion, Science, Philosophy, Culture and Art"
"We are actually all farmers"
"Seeing through the essence of Chinese people at a glance"
"Zhang Xiangqian's Love Novel"
"Zhang Xiangqian predicts the future"
"Secrets, Anecdotes, Weird Things"
"Uncovering the Mystery of the Origin of Nations"
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