| His Excellency 译文 Xi Jinping 习近平 习近平 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Xi in May 2019 习 2019 年 5 月 | |
| General Secretary of the Communist Party of China 中国共产党总书记 | |
| Incumbent 现任 | |
| Assumed office 15 November 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
| Chairman of the Central Military Commission | |
| Incumbent | |
Assumed office
| |
| Deputy | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
| President of the People's Republic of China | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 14 March 2013 | |
| Premier | Li Keqiang |
| Vice President |
|
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
| First Secretary of Secretariat of the Communist Party of China | |
In office 22 October 2007 – 15 November 2012 | |
| General Secretary | Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zeng Qinghong |
| Succeeded by | Liu Yunshan |
| Vice President of the People's Republic of China | |
In office 15 March 2008 – 14 March 2013 | |
| President | Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zeng Qinghong |
| Succeeded by | Li Yuanchao |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 15 June 1953(1953-06-15) Beijing, People's Republic of China |
| Political party |  Communist Party of China
|
| Spouse(s) |
|
| Children | Xi Mingze (daughter) |
| Parents |
|
| Residence | Zhongnanhai |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  People's Republic of China
|
| Service/branch |  People's Liberation Army
|
| Years of service | 1979–1982 |
| Unit | General Office of the Central Military Commission (1979–1982, as a secretary of Defense Minister Geng Biao) |
Central institution membership
Leading Groups and Commissions
Other offices held
the People's Republic of China
| |
Xi Jinping (born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has served as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) since 2012, and President of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 2013. Xi has been the paramount leader, the most prominent political leader in China, since 2012, and he officially received the title of "leadership core" from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 2016. Xi has also been a member of the 17th, 18th, 19th CCP Politburo Standing Committee since 2007.
习近平（生于 1953 年 6 月 15 日）是一位中国政治家，自 2012 年起担任中国共产党总书记和中央军委主席，自 2013 年起担任中华人民共和国 （PRC） 主席。自 2012 年以来，习一直是中国最高领导人、最杰出的政治领导人，并于 2016 年正式获得中国共产党 （CCP） 颁发的“领导核心”称号。自 2007 年以来，习还担任中共第十七、十八、十九届政治局常委。
The son of Chinese Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, he was exiled to rural Yanchuan County as a teenager following his father's purge during the Cultural Revolution, and lived in a cave in the village of Liangjiahe, where he joined the CCP and worked as the party secretary. After studying chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a "Worker-Peasant-Soldier student", Xi rose through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. Xi was Governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, before becoming Governor and Party Secretary of neighbouring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of the Party Secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to replace him for a brief period in 2007. He subsequently joined the Politburo Standing Committee and served as first secretary of the Central Secretariat in October 2007. In 2008 he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as paramount leader; to that end, Xi was appointed Vice President of the People's Republic of China and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
他是中共老兵习仲勋的儿子，十几岁时在文革期间父亲清洗后被流放到盐川县农村，住在梁家河村的一个山洞里，在那里他加入了中共并担任党委书记。在清华大学以“工农兵生”的身份学习化学工程后，习在中国沿海省份的政治地位不断上升。习于1999年至2002年担任福建省省长，2002年至2007年担任邻国浙江省省长兼省委书记。上海市委书记陈良宇被免职后，习于2007年被调职以短暂接替他。随后，他加入政治局常委，并于 2007 年 10 月担任中央书记处第一书记。2008 年，他被任命为胡锦涛的假定接班人，成为最高领导人;为此，习被任命为中华人民共和国副主席和中央军委副主席。
Xi is the first General Secretary born after the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Since assuming power, Xi has introduced far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and to impose internal unity. His anti-corruption campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired Communist Party officials, including members of the Politburo Standing Committee. He has also enacted or promoted a more assertive foreign policy, particularly with regard to China–Japan relations, China's claims in the South China Sea, and its advocacy for free trade and globalization. He has sought to expand China's African and Eurasian influence through the Belt and Road Initiative.
习是中华人民共和国成立后出生的第一位总书记。自上台以来，习采取了广泛的措施来加强党纪和加强内部团结。他的反腐运动导致包括政治局常委在内的著名现任和退休共产党官员下台。他还制定或推动了更加自信的外交政策，特别是在中日关系、中国在南海的主张以及倡导自由贸易和全球化方面。他寻求通过“一带一路”倡议扩大中国在非洲和欧亚的影响力。
As the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the People's Republic, Xi has significantly centralised institutional power by taking on a wide range of leadership positions, including chairing the newly formed National Security Commission, as well as new steering committees on economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the internet.[1] Xi's political thoughts have been written into the party and state constitutions, and a cult of personality has developed around him.[2][3][4] Xi has been labelled a dictator by some political observers, citing an increase of censorship and mass surveillance, deterioration in human rights, developing cult of personality, and the removal of term limits for the leadership under his tenure.[lower-alpha 1]
作为中华人民共和国第五代领导层的核心人物，习通过担任广泛的领导职务，包括主持新成立的国家安全委员会，以及新的经济和社会改革、军队重组和现代化以及互联网指导委员会，显著集中了机构权力。[1]习的政治思想已被写入党章和国家宪法，围绕他形成了个人崇拜。[2][3][4] 习被一些政治观察家贴上独裁者的标签，理由是审查和大规模监控的增加，人权的恶化，个人崇拜的发展，以及取消他任期内领导层的任期限制。[低 alpha 1]
Early life and education 早年生活和教育
Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953, the second son of Xi Zhongxun and his wife Qi Xin. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 by Mao Zedong, Xi's father held a series of posts, including Party propaganda chief, vice-premier, and Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress.[17] Xi had two older sisters, Qiaoqiao (Chinese: 桥桥), born in 1949 and An'an (Chinese: 安安), born in 1952.[18][19] Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi, and Xi could further trace his patrilineal descent from Xiying in Dengzhou, Henan.[20]
习近平于 1953 年 6 月 15 日出生于北京，是习仲勋和妻子齐欣的次子。1949 年毛泽东成立中华人民共和国后，习的父亲担任过一系列职务，包括党的宣传主任、副总理和全国人大副委员长。[17]习有两个姐姐，桥桥（中文：桥桥），生于1949年，安安（中文：安安），生于1952年。[18][19]习的父亲来自陕西富平县，习可以进一步追溯他的父系血统来自河南登州的西营。[20]
File：习近平， 习 Yuanping and 习 Zhongxun in 1958.jpg
1958 年，五岁的习近平（左）与弟弟习元平（中）和父亲习仲勋（右）
Xi went to the Beijing No. 25 School[21] in the 1960s. He became friends with Liu He, who attended Beijing No. 101 School in the same district, who later became China's vice-premier and a close advisor to Xi after he became China's paramount leader.[22][23] In 1963, when he was age 10, his father was purged from the Party and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan.[24] In May 1966, the Cultural Revolution cut short Xi's secondary education when all secondary classes were halted for students to criticise and fight their teachers. Student militants ransacked the Xi family home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, committed suicide from the pressure.[25] Later, his mother was forced to publicly denounce his father, as he was paraded before a crowd as an enemy of the revolution. His father was later thrown into prison in 1968 when Xi was aged 15. Without the protection of his father, Xi was sent to work in Liangjiahe Village, Wen'anyi Town, Yanchuan County, Yan'an, Shaanxi, in 1969 in Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement.[26] He worked as the party secretary of Liangjiahe, where he lived in a cave house.[27] After a few months, unable to stand rural life, he ran away to Beijing. He was arrested during a crackdown on deserters from the countryside and sent to a work camp to dig ditches.[28]
习 于 1960 年代就读于北京第 25 学校[21]。他与刘鹤成为朋友，刘鹤就读于同一区的北京第一百一学校，刘鹤后来成为中国副总理，并在成为中国最高领导人后成为习的亲密顾问。[22][23]1963 年，当他 10 岁时，他的父亲被清除出党，被送到河南洛阳的一家工厂工作。[24]1966年5月，文化大革命缩短了习的中学教育，所有中学课程都停课，让学生批评和打老师。学生激进分子洗劫了习家，习的一位姐姐习和平在压力下自杀。[25]后来，他的母亲被迫公开谴责他的父亲，因为他被当作革命的敌人在人群面前游行。他的父亲后来于 1968 年被投入监狱，当时习 15 岁。没有父亲的保护，习于 1969 年被派往陕西延安市延川县温安镇梁家河村参加毛泽东的“下乡”运动。[26]他担任梁家河市委书记，住在一个石窟房子里。[27]几个月后，他无法忍受农村生活，逃到了北京。他在镇压农村逃兵时被捕，并被送到一个劳动营挖沟。[28]
After being rejected seven times, Xi joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1971 by befriending a local official.[29] He reunited with his father in 1972, because of a family reunion ordered by Premier Zhou Enlai.[25] From 1973, he applied to join the Communist Party of China ten times and was finally accepted on his tenth attempt in 1974.[30][31]
在被拒绝七次后，习于 1971 年通过与当地官员成为朋友而加入了中国共青团。[29]他于 1972 年与父亲团聚，因为总理周恩来下令全家团聚。[25]从 1973 年开始，他十次申请加入中国共产党，最终在 1974 年第十次尝试中被录取。[30][31]
From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Beijing's Tsinghua University as a "Worker-Peasant-Soldier student". The engineering majors there spent about 15 percent of their time studying Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong thought and 5 percent of their time doing farm work and "learning from the People's Liberation Army".[32]
1975年至1979年，习在北京清华大学学习化学工程，学习“工农兵学生”。那里的工程专业学生花了大约 15% 的时间研究马列主义和毛泽东思想，5% 的时间做农活和“向人民解放军学习”。[32]
Rise to power 崛起
From 1979 to 1982, Xi served as secretary for his father's former subordinate Geng Biao, the then vice premier and secretary-general of the Central Military Commission. This gained Xi some military background.[29] In 1985, as part of a Chinese delegation to study U.S. agriculture, he stayed in the home of an American family in the town of Muscatine, Iowa. This trip, and his two-week stay with a U.S. family, is said to have had a lasting impression upon him and his views on the United States.[33]
1979年至1982年，习担任其父亲的前下属、时任中央军委秘书长耿彪的秘书。这为习赢得了一些军事背景。[29]1985 年，作为研究美国农业的中国代表团的一员，他住在爱荷华州马斯卡廷镇的一个美国家庭的家中。据说这次旅行以及他与一个美国家庭的两周逗留对他和他对美国的看法产生了持久的印象。[33]
In 1982, he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as deputy party secretary of Zhengding County. He was promoted in 1983 to secretary, becoming the top official of the county.[34] Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his regional political career: Hebei (1982–1985), Fujian (1985–2002), Zhejiang (2002–2007), and Shanghai (2007).[35] Xi held posts in the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990. In 1997, he was named an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. However, of the 151 alternate members of the Central Committee elected at the 15th Party Congress, Xi received the lowest number of votes in favour, placing him last in the rankings of members, ostensibly due to his status as a princeling.[note 1][36]
1982年，他被派往河北正定县，担任正定县党委副书记。他于 1983 年晋升为秘书，成为该县的最高官员。[34]习在其区域政治生涯中随后在四个省份任职：河北（1982-1985）、福建（1985-2002）、浙江（2002-2007）和上海（2007）。[35]习曾在福州市委任职，并于1990年成为福州市党校校长。1997 年，他被任命为中国共产党第十五届中央委员会候补委员。然而，在中共十五大选出的151名中央候补委员中，习获得的赞成票最少，在党员排名中排在最后，表面上是由于他的太子党身份。[注 1][36]
From 1998 to 2002, Xi studied Marxist theory and ideological education in Tsinghua University,[37] graduating from there with a doctorate in law and ideology in 2002.[38] In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Vice Governor of Fujian, then he became governor a year later. In Fujian, Xi made efforts to attract investment from Taiwan and to strengthen the private sector of the provincial economy.[39] In February 2000, he and then-provincial Party Secretary Chen Mingyi were called before the top members of the Party Central Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China – General Secretary Jiang Zemin, Premier Zhu Rongji, Vice-President Hu Jintao and Discipline Inspection Secretary Wei Jianxing – to explain aspects of the Yuanhua scandal.[40]
1998年至2002年，习在清华大学学习马克思主义理论和思想教育，[37]并于2002年毕业，获得法学和意识形态博士学位。[38]1999年，他被提升为福建省副省长，一年后成为省长。在福建省，习努力吸引台湾投资，并加强该省经济的私营部门。[39]2000年2月，他和时任省委书记陈明义被召见中共中央政治局常委——江泽民总书记、朱镕基总理、国家副主席胡锦涛和纪检部长魏健行——向中共中央政治局常委——解释远华丑闻。[40]
In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions in neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as provincial Party Committee Secretary after several months as acting governor, occupying a top provincial office for the first time in his career. In 2002, he was elected a full member of the 16th Central Committee, marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, Xi presided over reported growth rates averaging 14% per year.[41] His career in Zhejiang was marked by a tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials. This earned him a name in the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders.[42]
2002年，习离开福建，在邻国浙江担任领导政治职务。在担任代省长数月后，他最终接任省委书记一职，职业生涯中首次担任省级最高职务。2002 年，他当选为第 16 届中央委员会正式委员，标志着他登上了国家舞台。在浙江期间，习主持会议报告的平均年增长率为14%。[41]他在浙江的职业生涯的特点是反对贪官的强硬而直接的立场。这为他在国家媒体上赢得了名声，并引起了中国最高领导人的注意。[42]
Following the dismissal of Shanghai Party secretary Chen Liangyu in September 2006 due to a social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007 where he was the party secretary there for seven months.[43][44] In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy and was known for strictly observing party discipline. For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with him by arranging a special train to shuttle him between Shanghai and Hangzhou for him to complete handing off his work to his successor as Zhejiang party secretary Zhao Hongzhu. However, Xi reportedly refused to take the train, citing a loosely enforced party regulation which stipulated that special trains can only be reserved for "national leaders".[45] While in Shanghai, he worked on preserving unity of the local party organisation. He pledged there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite the fact many local officials were thought to have been implicated in the Chen Liangyu corruption scandal.[46] On most issues Xi largely echoed the line of the central leadership.[47]
2006 年 9 月，上海市委书记陈良玉因社保基金丑闻被免职后，习于 2007 年 3 月被调往上海，在那里担任了七个月党委书记。[43][44]在上海，习避免争议，以严格遵守党纪而闻名。例如，上海的管理人员试图赢得他的青睐，安排专车在上海和杭州之间穿梭，让他完成将工作交给继任者浙江省委书记赵洪柱。然而，据报道，习拒绝乘坐这趟火车，理由是党内规定执行松散，规定专车只能留给“国家领导人”。[45]在上海期间，他致力于维护当地党组织的团结。他承诺在他的执政期间不会进行“清洗”，尽管许多地方官员被认为与陈良玉腐败丑闻有关。[46]在大多数问题上，习在很大程度上呼应了中央领导的路线。[47]
Politburo Standing Committee member
政治局常委
政治局常委
2008 年 8 月，习近平向美国总统乔治 W. 布什致意
2010 年 9 月 28 日，习近平与俄罗斯总统德米特里·梅德韦杰夫
Xi was appointed to the nine-man Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007. He was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. In addition, Xi also held the first secretary of the Communist Party's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the 11th National People's Congress in March 2008, when Xi was elected as vice-president of the People's Republic of China.[48] Following his elevation, Xi has held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the new president of the Central Party School of the Communist Party of China, the cadre-training and ideological education wing of the Communist Party. In the wake of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited disaster areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. He made his first foreign trip as vice president to North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008.[49] After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of committee chair for the preparations of the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of the founding of the People's Republic of China. He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level Communist Party committee dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring social stability during a series of politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009.[50]
习在2007年10月的第十七次党代会上被任命为中国共产党九人政治局常委。他的排名高于李克强，这表明他将接替胡锦涛成为中国的下一任领导人。此外，习还担任中共中央书记处第一书记。这一评估在 2008 年 3 月的第十一届全国人民代表大会上得到了进一步支持，当时习当选为中华人民共和国副主席。[48]晋升后，习担任了广泛的职务。他负责 2008 年北京夏季奥运会的全面筹备工作，同时也是中央政府在港澳事务方面的领导人物。此外，他还成为中国共产党中央党校的新任校长，该校是共产党的干部培训和思想教育部门。2008 年四川地震后，习访问了陕西和甘肃的灾区。2008 年 6 月 17 日至 25 日，他作为副总统首次出访朝鲜、蒙古、沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔和也门。[49]奥运会后，习被任命为中华人民共和国成立60周年庆祝活动筹备委员会主席。据报道，他还领导着一个名为 6521 项目的共产党高层委员会，该委员会负责在 2009 年一系列政治敏感的周年纪念活动期间确保社会稳定。[50]
Xi's position as the apparent successor to become the paramount leader was threatened with the rapid rise of Bo Xilai, the party secretary of Chongqing at the time. Bo was expected to join the Politburo Standing Committee at the 18th Party Congress, with the possibility of creating a counterweight to Xi, or even replacing him.[51] Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations throughout China and received praise from Xi himself during Xi's visit to Chongqing in 2010. Records of praises from Xi were later erased after he became paramount leader. Xi's position as successor was secured with Bo's downfall after the Wang Lijun incident.[52]
习作为最高领导人的明显接班人的地位受到了当时重庆市委书记薄熙来迅速崛起的威胁。薄熙来有望在第十八次党代会上加入政治局常委，并有可能成为习的制衡力量，甚至取代他。[51]薄熙来在重庆的政策激发了中国各地的模仿，并在2010年习访问重庆期间受到习本人的赞扬。习的赞美记录后来在他成为最高领导人后被抹去。习作为继任者的地位是在王立军事件后薄熙来垮台而得到巩固的。[52]
Xi is considered one of the most successful members of the Crown Prince Party, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese Communist revolutionaries. Former prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, said he felt he was "a thoughtful man who has gone through many trials and tribulations".[53] Lee also commented: "I would put him in the Nelson Mandela class of persons. A person with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his personal misfortunes or sufferings affect his judgment. In other words, he is impressive".[54] Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson described Xi as "the kind of guy who knows how to get things over the goal line".[55] Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said that Xi "has sufficient reformist, party and military background to be very much his own man".[56]
习被认为是太子党最成功的成员之一，太子党是一个准政治家集团，是中国早期共产主义革命者的后代。新加坡前总理李光耀在被问及习时说，他觉得自己是“一个经历过许多考验和磨难的有思想的人”。“[53]李也评论说：”我会把他归入纳尔逊·曼德拉的一类人。一个情绪非常稳定的人，不允许他个人的不幸或痛苦影响他的判断力。换句话说，他令人印象深刻”。[54]美国前财政部长亨利·保尔森（Henry Paulson）将习描述为“那种知道如何让事情越过球门线的人”。[55]澳大利亚总理陆克文说，习“有足够的改革主义、党和军队背景，可以做他自己的人”。[56]
Trips as Vice President and Mexico commentary incident
作为副总统的旅行和墨西哥评论事件
In February 2009, in his capacity as vice-president, Xi Jinping embarked on a tour of Latin America, visiting Mexico,[57] Jamaica,[58] Colombia,[59] Venezuela,[60] and Brazil[61] to promote Chinese ties in the region and boost the country's reputation in the wake of the global financial crisis. He also visited Valletta, Malta, before returning to China.[62]
2009 年 2 月，习近平以副主席的身份开始了拉丁美洲之行，访问了墨西哥、[57]牙买加、[58]哥伦比亚、[59]委内瑞拉[60]和巴西[61]，以促进中国在该地区的关系，并在全球金融危机后提升该国的声誉。在返回中国之前，他还访问了马耳他的瓦莱塔。[62]
On 11 February, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of a group of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions to the financial crisis, saying that it was "the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China, to prevent its 1.3 billion people from hunger".[note 2] He went on to remark: "There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do than point fingers at us. First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there to be said?"[note 3][63] The story was reported on some local television stations. The news led to a flood of discussions on Chinese Internet forums and it was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then turned up on various Internet video websites.[64]
2月11日，在访问墨西哥期间，习在一群海外华人面前发表讲话，解释了中国对金融危机的贡献，称这是“中国为防止13亿人民免于饥饿而对全人类做出的最大贡献”。[注 2]他接着说：“有一些无聊的外国人，肚子吃饱了，除了指责我们之外，别无他法。首先，中国不输出革命;其次，中国不输出饥饿和贫困;第三，中国不会来让你头疼。还有什么好说的呢？[注 3][63]一些地方电视台报道了这个故事。这一消息在中国互联网论坛上引发了大量讨论，据报道，中国外交部对习的言论感到措手不及，因为实际视频是由一些随行的香港记者拍摄并在香港电视台播出，然后出现在各种互联网视频网站上。[64]
In the European Union, Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009.[65] He visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, and Myanmar on his Asian trip from 14 to 22 December 2009.[66] He later visited the United States, Ireland and Turkey in February 2012. This visit included meeting with then U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House[67] and then Vice President Joe Biden; and stops in California and Iowa, where he met with the family which previously hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official.[68]
在欧洲联盟，习于2009年10月7日至21日访问了比利时、德国、保加利亚、匈牙利和罗马尼亚。[65]他在 2009 年 12 月 14 日至 22 日的亚洲之行中访问了日本、韩国、柬埔寨和缅甸。[66]他后来于 2012 年 2 月访问了美国、爱尔兰和土耳其。这次访问包括在白宫会见时任美国总统奧巴馬[67]和时任副总统乔·拜登;并在加利福尼亚州和爱荷华州停留，在那里他会见了 1985 年作为河北省官员访问期间接待他的家人。[68]
Disappearance 消失
A few months before his ascendancy to the party leadership, Xi disappeared from official media coverage for several weeks beginning on 1 September 2012. On 4 September, he cancelled a meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and later also cancelled meetings with Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and a top Russian official. It was said that Xi effectively "went on strike" in preparation for the power transition in order to install political allies in key roles.[29] The Washington Post reported from a single source that Xi may have been injured in an altercation during a meeting of the "red second generation" which turned violent.[69]
在他登上党的领导层前几个月，习从2012年9月1日开始从官方媒体的报道中消失了数周。9月4日，他取消了与美国国务卿希拉里·克林顿的会晤，随后又取消了与新加坡总理李显龙和俄罗斯高级官员的会晤。据说，习实际上是“罢工”，为权力过渡做准备，以便将政治盟友安插在关键角色中。[29]《华盛顿邮报》从单一来源报道，习可能在“红二代”会议期间的一次争吵中受伤，这场争吵演变为暴力。[69]
Leadership 领导
Accession to top posts 加入 Top 帖子
Смотритетакже： 中国领导层的世代和中国的权力继承
On 15 November 2012, Xi was elected to the posts of general secretary of the Communist Party and chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission by the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. This made him, informally, the paramount leader and the first to be born after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The following day Xi led the new line-up of the Politburo Standing Committee onto the stage in their first public appearance.[70] The new Standing Committee reduced its number of seats from nine to seven, with only Xi himself and Li Keqiang retaining their seats from the previous Standing Committee; the remaining members were new.[71][72][73] In a marked departure from the common practice of Chinese leaders, Xi's first speech as general secretary was plainly worded and did not include any political slogans or mention of his predecessors.[74] Xi mentioned the aspirations of the average person, remarking, "Our people ... expect better education, more stable jobs, better income, more reliable social security, medical care of a higher standard, more comfortable living conditions, and a more beautiful environment." Xi also vowed to tackle corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would threaten the Party's survival; he was reticent about far-reaching economic reforms.[75]
2012 年 11 月 15 日，习被中共第十八届中央委员会选为中共中央总书记、中共中央军事委员会主席。这使他非正式地成为最高领导人，也是中华人民共和国成立后第一个诞生的人。第二天，习带领政治局常委新阵容首次公开亮相。[70]新一届常委会将席位从九席减少到七席，只有习本人和李克强保留了原常委会的席位;其余成员是新成员。[71][72][73]与中国领导人的普遍做法明显不同，习就任总书记后的第一次讲话措辞清晰，没有包括任何政治口号或提及他的前任。[74]习提到了普通人的愿望，他说：“我们的人民......期待更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更好的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高标准的医疗服务、更舒适的生活条件和更美丽的环境。习还誓言要解决最高层的腐败问题，暗示这将威胁到党的生存;他对影响深远的经济改革保持沉默。[75]
In December 2012, Xi visited Guangdong in his first trip outside Beijing since taking the Party leadership. The overarching theme of the trip was to call for further economic reform and a strengthened military. Xi visited the statue of Deng Xiaoping and his trip was described as following in the footsteps of Deng's own southern trip in 1992, which provided the impetus for further economic reforms in China after conservative party leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. On his trip, Xi consistently alluded to his signature slogan the "Chinese Dream". "This dream can be said to be the dream of a strong nation. And for the military, it is a dream of a strong military", Xi told sailors.[76] Xi's trip was significant in that he departed from the established convention of Chinese leaders' travel routines in multiple ways. Rather than dining out, Xi and his entourage ate regular hotel buffet. He travelled in a large van with his colleagues rather than a fleet of limousines, and did not restrict traffic on the parts of the highway he travelled.[77]
2012年12月，习访问广东，这是他上共以来首次出访北京。这次旅行的首要主题是呼吁进一步的经济改革和加强军队。习参观了邓小平的雕像，他的访问被描述为追随邓自己1992年南下的足迹，在1989年天安门广场抗议活动后，保守党领导人阻碍了邓的许多改革，这为中国进一步的经济改革提供了动力。在访问中，习一直提到他的标志性口号“中国梦”。“这个梦想可以说是一个强大国家的梦想。而对于军队来说，这是一支强大军队的梦想“，习告诉水手们。[76]习的访问意义重大，因为他以多种方式背离了中国领导人旅行惯例的既定惯例。习和他的随行人员没有外出就餐，而是吃了普通的酒店自助餐。他和同事一起乘坐一辆大型面包车，而不是一队豪华轿车，而且他所行驶的高速公路路段没有限制交通。[77]
Xi was elected President of the People's Republic of China on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote by the 12th National People's Congress in Beijing. He received 2,952 for, one vote against, and three abstentions.[70] He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after serving two terms.[78] In his new capacity as president, on 16 March 2013 Xi expressed support for non-interference in China–Sri Lanka relations amid a United Nations Security Council vote to condemn that country over government abuses during the Sri Lankan Civil War.[79] On 17 March, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with the chief executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his support for Leung.[80] Within hours of his election, Xi discussed cyber security and North Korea with U.S. President Barack Obama over the phone. Obama announced the visits of treasury and state secretaries Jacob Lew and John F. Kerry to China the following week.[81]
2013 年 3 月 14 日，习在北京第十二届全国人民代表大会上投票确认当选为中华人民共和国国家主席。他获得了 2,952 票赞成、1 票反对和 3 票弃权。[70]他接替了在任职两届后退休的胡锦涛。[78]2013年3月16日，习以新的国家主席身份表示支持不干涉中斯关系，联合国安理会投票谴责该国在斯里兰卡内战期间滥用政府权力。[79]3月17日，习和他的新部长安排与香港行政长官梁振英会晤，确认他对梁振英的支持。[80]在当选后的几个小时内，习与美国总统奧巴馬通过电话讨论了网络安全和朝鲜问题。奧巴馬宣布财政部长和国务卿雅各布·卢（Jacob Lew）和约翰·克里（John F. Kerry）将于下周访问中国。[81]
Anti-corruption campaign 反贪污运动
主条目：习近平领导下的反腐运动
Xi vowed to crack down on corruption almost immediately after he ascended to power at the 18th Party Congress. In his inaugural speech as general secretary, Xi mentioned that fighting corruption was one of the toughest challenges for the party.[82] A few months into his term, Xi outlined the "eight-point guide", listing rules intended to curb corruption and waste during official party business; it aimed at stricter discipline on the conduct of party officials. Xi also vowed to root out "tigers and flies", that is, high-ranking officials and ordinary party functionaries.[83]
习在中共十八大上台后几乎立即发誓要打击腐败。习在就任总书记的就职演说中提到，反腐败是党面临的最严峻挑战之一。[82]上任几个月后，习概述了“八点指南”，列出了旨在遏制党务中的腐败和浪费的规则;它旨在对党员官员的行为进行更严格的纪律处分。习还誓言要铲除“虎蝇”，即高级官员和普通党员。[83]
During the first three years of Xi's term, he initiated cases against former Central Military Commission vice-chairmen Xu Caihou and Guo Boxiong, former Politburo Standing Committee member and security chief Zhou Yongkang and former Hu Jintao chief aide Ling Jihua.[84] Along with new disciplinary chief Wang Qishan, Xi's administration spearheaded the formation of "centrally-dispatched inspection teams" (中央巡视组). These were essentially cross-jurisdictional squads of officials whose main task was to gain more in-depth understanding of the operations of provincial and local party organizations, and in the process, also enforce party discipline mandated by Beijing. Many of the work teams also had the effect of identifying and initiating investigations of high-ranking officials. Over one hundred provincial-ministerial level officials were implicated during a massive nationwide anti-corruption campaign. These included former and current regional officials (Su Rong, Bai Enpei, Wan Qingliang), leading figures of state-owned enterprises and central government organs (Song Lin, Liu Tienan), and highly ranked generals in the military (Gu Junshan). In June 2014, the Shanxi provincial political establishment was decimated, with four officials dismissed within a week from the provincial party organization's top ranks. Within the first two years of the campaign alone, over 200,000 low-ranking officials received warnings, fines, and demotions.[85]
在习任期的头三年里，他对前中央军委副主席徐才厚、郭伯雄、前政治局常委兼安全部长周永康和前胡锦涛首席助手令计划提起诉讼。[84]习政府与新任纪委长王岐山一起，率先组建了“中央巡视组”。这些基本上是跨司法管辖区的官员小组，他们的主要任务是更深入地了解省级和地方党组织的运作，并在此过程中执行北京规定的党纪。许多工作小组还起到了识别和启动对高级官员的调查的作用。100 多名省部级官员在一场大规模的全国反腐运动中受到牵连。这些人包括前任和现任地方官员（苏荣、白恩培、万庆良）、国有企业和中央国家机关的领导人物（宋林、刘铁男）以及军队中的高级将领（顾俊山）。2014 年 6 月，山西省政治建制遭到重创，一周内有四名官员从该省党组织的高层中被撤职。仅在该运动的头两年内，就有超过 200,000 名低级官员受到警告、罚款和降职。[85]
The campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired Communist Party officials, including members of the Politburo Standing Committee.[86] Xi's anti-corruption campaign is seen by critics as a political purge on a scale not seen since Chairman Mao, with the aim of removing potential opponents and consolidating power. Xi's establishment of a new anti-corruption agency, the National Supervision Commission, that is ranked higher than the supreme court, has been described by Amnesty International's East Asia director as a "systemic threat to human rights" which "places tens of millions of people at the mercy of a secretive and virtually unaccountable system that is above the law."[87][88]
这场运动导致包括政治局常委在内的著名现任和退休共产党官员下台。[86]批评者将习的反腐运动视为自毛主席以来从未见过的政治清洗，目的是消除潜在的反对者并巩固权力。习设立了一个新的反腐败机构——国家监察委员会，其地位高于最高法院，被国际特赦组织东亚主任描述为“对人权的系统性威胁”，它“使数千万人置于一个凌驾于法律之上的秘密且几乎不负责任的制度的摆布”。[87][88]
Censorship 审查
参见：中国的审查制度
"Document No. 9" is a confidential internal document widely circulated within the Communist Party of China in 2013 by the party's General Office.[89][90] It was first published in July 2012.[91] The document warns of seven dangerous Western values:
“9 号文件”是 2013 年中共办公厅在中国共产党内部广泛传阅的机密内部文件。[89][90]它于 2012 年 7 月首次发布。[91]该文件警告了七种危险的西方价值观：
- Constitutional democracy, which includes such tenets as multi-party systems, the separation of powers, general elections, and judicial independence;[92]
宪政民主，包括多党制、三权分立、大选和司法独立等原则;[92] - Universal values, a notion contrary to Maoist doctrine, whereby the Western value system transcends nation in class, and applies to China.[93][94]
普世价值，一个与毛泽东主义学说相反的概念，西方价值体系在阶级上超越了国家，适用于中国。[93][94] - Civil society, the notion that individual rights are paramount, rather than the collective rights established by the Party;
公民社会，认为个人权利至上的观念，而不是党建立的集体权利; - Pro-market neoliberalism, referring to libertarian economic values and globalization;[95]
亲市场新自由主义，指的是自由主义的经济价值观和全球化;[95] - Media independence, as Xi was especially hostile to Western ideas of journalism and the notion of a press that could criticize government and Party policies;
媒体独立，因为习特别敌视西方的新闻理念和可以批评政府和党的政策的新闻概念; - Historical nihilism, meaning the criticism of past errors; and
历史虚无主义，即对过去错误的批评;和 - Questioning the nature of Chinese style socialism.[96]
质疑中国式社会主义的本质。[96]
Coverage of these topics in educational materials is forbidden.[97] Although it predates Xi Jinping's formal rise to the top party and state posts, the release of this internal document, which has introduced new topics that were previously not "off-limits," was seen as Xi's recognition of the "sacrosanct" nature of Communist Party rule over China.[96]
禁止在教育材料中涵盖这些主题。[97]尽管它早于习近平正式升任党和国家最高职务，但这份内部文件的发布引入了以前并非“禁区”的新话题，被视为习承认共产党统治中国的“神圣不可侵犯”性质。[96]
Internet censorship 互联网审查
Смотритетакже： 中国的互联网审查制度
Since Xi became the CCP General Secretary, internet censorship in China has been significantly stepped up.[98][99] Chairing the 2018 China Cyberspace Governance Conference on 20 and 21 April 2018, Xi committed to "fiercely crack down on criminal offenses including hacking, telecom fraud, and violation of citizens' privacy."[100] His administration has also overseen more Internet restrictions imposed in China, and is described as being "stricter across the board" on speech than previous administrations.[101] Xi has taken a very strong stand to control internet usage inside China, including Google and Facebook,[102] advocating Internet censorship in the country as the concept of "internet sovereignty."[103][104] The censorship of Wikipedia has also been stringent; as of April 2019, all versions of Wikipedia have been blocked in China.[105] Likewise, the situation for users of Weibo has been described as a change from fearing that individual posts would be deleted, or at worst one's account, to fear of arrest.[106] A law enacted in September 2013 authorized a three-year prison term for bloggers who shared more than 500 times any content considered "defamatory."[107] The State Internet Information Department summoned a group of influential bloggers to a seminar instructing them to avoid writing about politics, the Communist Party, or making statements contradicting official narratives. Many bloggers stopped writing about controversial topics, and Weibo went into decline, with much of its readership shifting to WeChat users speaking to very limited social circles.[107] In 2017, telecommunications carriers in China were instructed by the government to block individuals' use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) by February 2018.[108]
自从习成为中共总书记以来，中国的互联网审查制度得到了显著加强。[98][99] 2018年4月20日至21日，习主席主持了2018年中国网络空间治理会议，承诺“严厉打击黑客攻击、电信诈骗、侵犯公民隐私等刑事犯罪行为”。[100]他的政府还监督了在中国实施的更多互联网限制，并被描述为比前几届政府对言论“全面严格”。[101]习采取了非常强硬的立场来控制中国境内的互联网使用，包括谷歌和Facebook，[102]倡导将中国的互联网审查作为“互联网主权”的概念。[103][104]维基百科的审查制度也很严格;截至 2019 年 4 月，所有版本的维基百科在中国都已被屏蔽。[105]同样，微博用户的情况也被描述为从担心个别帖子会被删除，或者最坏的情况是担心自己的账户被删除，转变为害怕被捕。[106]2013 年 9 月颁布的一项法律授权对博客作者判处三年徒刑，前提是他们分享了任何被视为“诽谤”的内容超过 500 次。[107]国家互联网信息部召集了一群有影响力的博客作者参加一个研讨会，指示他们避免撰写有关政治、共产党的文章，或发表与官方叙述相矛盾的言论。 许多博主不再写有争议的话题，微博也开始衰落，它的大部分读者转向了微信用户，这些用户与非常有限的社交圈子交谈。[107]2017 年，政府指示中国的电信运营商在 2018 年 2 月之前阻止个人使用虚拟专用网络 （VPN）。[108]
Winnie the Pooh caricature and censorship
小熊维尼 （Winnie the Pooh） 的漫画和审查制度
Template:PhotomontageThe Disney character Winnie the Pooh is systematically removed on Chinese internet following the spread of an internet meme in which photographs of Xi and other individuals were compared to the bear and other characters from the works of A. A. Milne.[109] The first heavily-censored viral meme can be traced back to the official visit to the United States in 2013 during which Xi was photographed by a Reuters photographer walking with then-US President Barack Obama in Sunnylands, California. A blog post where the photograph was juxtaposed with the cartoon depiction went viral,[110][111][112] but Chinese censors rapidy deleted it.[113] When Shinzo Abe met Xi the following year, a photograph of the meeting, again juxtaposed to a cartoon, went viral.[110][111] When Xi Jinping inspected troops through his limousine's sunroof, a popular meme was created with Winnie the Pooh in a toy car. The widely circulated image became the most censored picture of the year.[110]
模板：蒙太奇迪士尼角色小熊维尼在中国互联网上被系统地删除，此前一个互联网模因传播，其中习和其他个人的照片被比作A. A. Milne作品中的熊和其他角色。[109]第一个受到严格审查的病毒模因可以追溯到 2013 年对美国的正式访问，在此期间，习被路透社摄影师与时任美国总统奧巴馬在加利福尼亚州阳光明媚的地方散步。一篇将照片与卡通画并列的博客文章在网上疯传，[110][111][112]但中国审查员迅速删除了它。[113]次年，当安倍晋三会见习时，一张会晤的照片再次与卡通并列，在网上疯传。[110][111]当习近平通过他的豪华轿车的天窗检阅部队时，一个小熊维尼在玩具车里创造了一个流行的模因。这张广为流传的图片成为当年审查最严重的图片。[110]
In 2018, the Winnie the Pooh film Christopher Robin was denied a Chinese release,[112][114] following an incident where Chinese authorities censored a nine-year-old for comments about Xi's weight.[115]
2018 年，小熊维尼电影《克里斯托弗·罗宾》被拒绝在中国上映，[112][114] 此前中国当局审查了一名 9 岁儿童对 习 体重的评论。[115]
Consolidation of power 权力整合
习在北京的肖像，2015 年 9 月
Political observers have called Xi the most powerful Chinese leader since Chairman Mao Zedong, especially since the ending of presidential two-term limits in 2018.[116][117][118][119] Xi has notably departed from the collective leadership practices of his post-Mao predecessors. He has centralised his power and created working groups with himself at the head to subvert government bureaucracy, making himself become the unmistakable central figure of the new administration.[120] Beginning in 2013, the party under Xi has created a series of new "Central Leading Groups"; supra-ministerial steering committees, designed to bypass existing institutions when making decisions, and ostensibly make policy-making a more efficient process. The most notable new body is the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms. It has broad jurisdiction over economic restructuring and social reforms, and is said to have displaced some of the power previously held by the State Council and its premier.[121] Xi also became the leader of the Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization, in charge of cyber-security and Internet policy. The Third Plenum held in 2013 also saw the creation of the National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China, another body chaired by Xi which commentators have said would help Xi consolidate over national security affairs.[122][123] In the opinion of at least one political scientist, Xi "has surrounded himself with cadres he met while stationed on the coast, Fujian and Shanghai and in Zhejiang."[124] Control of Beijing is seen as crucial to Chinese leaders; Xi has selected Cai Qi, one of the cadres mentioned above, to manage the capital.[125]
政治观察家称习是自毛泽东主席以来最有权势的中国领导人，特别是自2018年国家主席两届任期结束以来。[116][117][118][119]习明显背离了后毛时代前任的集体领导实践。他集中了自己的权力，并成立了以自己为首的工作组，以颠覆政府的官僚主义，使自己成为新政府无可争议的核心人物。[120]从2013年开始，习领导的党创建了一系列新的“中央领导小组”;跨部级指导委员会，旨在在决策时绕过现有机构，表面上使政策制定成为一个更有效的过程。最引人注目的新机构是中央全面深化改革领导小组。它对经济结构调整和社会改革拥有广泛的管辖权，据说已经取代了以前由国务院及其总理掌握的部分权力。[121]习还成为中央互联网安全和信息化领导小组组长，负责网络安全和互联网政策。2013年举行的三中全会还见证了中国共产党国家安全委员会的成立，这是另一个由习担任主席的机构，评论员表示，这将有助于习巩固国家安全事务。[122][123]至少在一位政治学家看来，习“身边都是他在沿海、福建、上海和浙江驻扎时遇到的干部”。[124]对北京的控制被视为对中国领导人至关重要;习选择了上述干部之一蔡奇来管理首都。[125]
Cult of personality 个人崇拜
主条目：习近平的个人崇拜
Xi has had a cult of personality constructed around himself since entering office[3][4] with books, cartoons, pop songs and dance routines honouring his rule.[126] Following Xi's ascension to the leadership core of the CCP, he has been referred to as Xi Dada (Uncle or Papa Xi).[126][127] The village of Liangjiahe, where Xi was sent to work, has become a "modern-day shrine" decorated with Communist propaganda and murals extolling the formative years of his life.[128]
自上任以来，习一直围绕着自己构建了个人崇拜[3][4]，书籍、漫画、流行歌曲和舞蹈表演都尊重他的统治。[126]在习升任中共领导核心后，他被称为习达达（习叔叔或爸爸）。[126][127]习被派去工作的梁家河村已经成为一个“现代圣地”，装饰着共产主义的宣传和壁画，歌颂他生命中的成长岁月。[128]
The party's Politburo named Xi Jinping lingxiu (领袖), a reverent term for "leader" and a title previously only given to Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong and his immediate successor Hua Guofeng.[129][130][131] He is also sometimes called the "Great Helmsman" (大舵手), and in July 2018 Li Zhanshu, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, referred to Xi as the "eternal core" of the party.[132] On 25 December 2019, the politburo officially named Xi as "People's Leader" (人民领袖; rénmín lǐngxiù), a title only Mao held previously.[133]
中共政治局将习近平命名为“领袖”，这是对“领袖”的尊称，以前只有蒋介石、毛泽东和他的直接继任者华国锋才能获得这个称号。[129][130][131]他有时也被称为“大舵手”，2018年7月全国人大常委会委员长栗战书将习称为党的“永恒核心”。[132] 2019年12月25日，政治局正式任命习为“人民领袖”（人民领袖;rénmín lǐngxiù），以前只有毛担任过这个头衔。[133]
Removal of term limits 取消任期限制
In March 2018, the party-controlled National People's Congress passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, the creation of a National Supervisory Commission, as well as enhancing the central role of the Communist Party.[134][135] On 17 March 2018, the Chinese legislature reappointed Xi as president, now without term limits; Wang Qishan was appointed vice president.[136][137] The following day, Li Keqiang was reappointed premier and longtime allies of Xi, Xu Qiliang and Zhang Youxia, were voted in as vice-chairmen of the state military commission.[138] Foreign minister Wang Yi was promoted to state councillor and General Wei Fenghe was named defence minister.[139]
2018 年 3 月，中共控制的全国人民代表大会通过了一系列宪法修正案，包括取消国家主席和副主席的任期限制，成立国家监察委员会，以及加强共产党的核心作用。[134][135]2018年3月17日，中国立法机构再次任命习为国家主席，现在没有任期限制;王岐山被任命为副总裁。[136][137]第二天，李克强再次被任命为总理，习的长期盟友徐启亮和张友侠被选为国家军委副主席。[138]外交部长王毅升任国务委员，魏凤和将军被任命为国防部长。[139]
According to the Financial Times, Xi expressed his views of constitutional amendment at meetings with Chinese officials and foreign dignitaries. Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align two more powerful posts—General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC)—which have no term limits. However, Xi did not say whether he intended to serve as party general secretary, CMC chairman and state president, for three or more terms.[140]
据英国《金融时报》报道，习在会见中国官员和外国政要时表达了他对修宪的看法。习解释说，这一决定需要调整两个更强大的职位——中共总书记和中央军委主席——这两个职位没有任期限制。然而，习没有说他是否打算担任党总书记、中央军委主席和国家主席三个或更多任期。[140]
Economic policy 经济政策
Xi has increased state control over China's economy, voicing support for China's state-owned enterprises (SOEs),[141] while also supporting the country's private sector.[142] He has increased the role of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission at the expense of the State Council.[143] His administration made it easier for banks to issue mortgages, increased foreign participation in the bond market, and increased country's currency renminbi's global role, helping it to join IMF's basket of special drawing right.[144] In the 40th anniversary of the launching of Chinese economic reforms in 2018, he has promised to continue reforms but has warned that nobody "can dictate to the Chinese people".[145] Since the outbreak of the China-United States trade war in 2018, Xi has also revived calls for "self-reliance", especially on the matters of technology.[146]
习加强了国家对中国经济的控制，表达了对中国国有企业（SOE）的支持，[141]同时也支持该国的私营部门。[142]他以牺牲国务院为代价，增加了中央财经委员会的作用。[143]他的政府使银行更容易发行抵押贷款，增加了外国对债券市场的参与，并增加了该国货币人民币的全球作用，帮助它加入了国际货币基金组织的特别提款权篮子。[144]在2018年中国经济改革启动40周年之际，他承诺继续改革，但警告说，没有人“可以对中国人民发号施令”。[145]自2018年中美贸易战爆发以来，习也重新呼吁“自力更生”，特别是在技术问题上。[146]
Reforms 改革
Agenda announcement 议程公告
In November 2013, at the conclusion of the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee, the Communist Party delivered a far-reaching reform agenda that alluded to changes in both economic and social policy. Xi signaled at the plenum that he was consolidating control of the massive internal security organization that was formerly the domain of Zhou Yongkang.[147] A new National Security Commission was formed with Xi at its helm. The Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms—another ad hoc policy coordination body led by Xi—was also formed to oversee the implementation of the reform agenda.[148] Termed "comprehensive deepening reforms" (全面深化改革; quánmiàn shēnhuà gǎigé), they were said to be the most significant since Deng Xiaoping's 1992 "Southern Tour". In the economic realm, the plenum announced that "market forces" would begin to play a "decisive" role in allocating resources.[147] This meant that the state would gradually reduce its involvement in the distribution of capital, and restructure state-owned enterprises to allow further competition, potentially by attracting foreign and private sector players in industries that were previously highly regulated. This policy aimed to address the bloated state sector that had unduly profited from an earlier round of re-structuring by purchasing assets at below-market prices, assets which were no longer being used productively. The plenum also resolved to abolish the laogai system of "re-education through labour" which was largely seen as a blot on China's human rights record. The system has faced significant criticism for years from domestic critics and foreign observers.[147] The one-child policy was also abolished, resulting in a shift to a two-child policy from 1 January 2016.[149]
2013 年 11 月，在第十八届中央委员会第三次全体会议结束时，共产党提出了一项影响深远的改革议程，其中提到了经济和社会政策的变化。习在全会上表示，他正在巩固对以前属于周永康的庞大内部安全组织的控制。[147]一个新的国家安全委员会成立，由习掌舵。中央全面深化改革领导小组——另一个由习领导的特设政策协调机构——也成立，以监督改革议程的实施。[148] 被称为“全面深化改革”（全面深化改革;Quánmiàn shēnhuà gǎigé），据说它们是自邓小平 1992 年“南游”以来最重要的一次。在经济领域，全会宣布“市场力量”将开始在资源分配中发挥“决定性”作用。[147]这意味着国家将逐渐减少对资本分配的参与，并重组国有企业以允许进一步的竞争，可能通过吸引以前受到高度监管的行业的外国和私营部门参与者。这项政策旨在解决臃肿的国有部门问题，这些部门通过以低于市场的价格购买资产，从早期的重组中获得了不正当的利润，这些资产不再被用于生产。 全会还决定废除“劳教再教育”的劳改制度，这种制度在很大程度上被视为中国人权记录上的一个污点。多年来，该系统一直面临来自国内批评家和外国观察家的严厉批评。[147]一胎化政策也被废除，导致从 2016 年 1 月 1 日起转向二孩化政策。[149]
Legal reforms 法律改革
The party under Xi announced a raft of legal reforms at the Fourth Plenum held in the fall 2014, and he called for "Chinese socialistic rule of law" immediately afterwards. The party aimed to reform the legal system which had been perceived as ineffective at delivering justice and affected by corruption, local government interference and lack of constitutional oversight. The plenum, while emphasizing the absolute leadership of the party, also called for a greater role of the constitution in the affairs of state and a strengthening of the role of the National People's Congress Standing Committee in interpreting the constitution.[150] It also called for more transparency in legal proceedings, more involvement of ordinary citizens in the legislative process, and an overall "professionalization" of the legal workforce. The party also planned to institute cross-jurisdictional circuit legal tribunals as well as giving provinces consolidated administrative oversight over lower level legal resources, which is intended to reduce local government involvement in legal proceedings.[151]
习领导的党在2014年秋季举行的四中全会上宣布了一系列法律改革，随后他立即呼吁“中国式社会主义法治”。该党旨在改革法律制度，该制度曾被认为在伸张正义方面无效，并受到腐败、地方政府干预和缺乏宪法监督的影响。全会强调党的绝对领导，同时也呼吁加强宪法在国家事务中的作用，并加强全国人民代表大会常务委员会在解释宪法方面的作用。[150]它还呼吁提高法律程序的透明度，让普通公民更多地参与立法过程，以及法律工作者的整体“专业化”。该党还计划建立跨辖区巡回法院，并赋予各省对下级法律资源的统一行政监督，以减少地方政府对法律诉讼的参与。[151]
Xi has overseen significant reforms of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), CCP's highest internal control institution.[152] He and CCDI Secretary Wang Qishan further institutionalised CCDI's independence from the day-to-day operations of the CCP, improving its ability to function as a bona fide control body.[152]
习监督了中共最高内控机构中纪委（CCDI）的重大改革。[152]他和中纪委书记王岐山进一步将中纪委独立于中共的日常运作制度化，提高了其作为真正控制机构的能力。[152]
Military reforms 军事改革
另请参阅：中国人民解放军的现代化和 2015 年中华人民共和国军事改革
Since taking power in 2012, Xi has started a massive overhaul of the People's Liberation Army.[153] Xi has been active in his participation in military affairs, taking a direct hands-on approach to military reform. In addition to being the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and the leader of the Central Leading Group for Military Reform founded in 2014 to oversee comprehensive military reforms, Xi has delivered numerous high-profile pronouncements vowing to clean up malfeasance and complacency in the military, aiming to build a more effective fighting force. In addition, Xi held the "New Gutian Conference" in 2014, gathering China's top military officers, re-emphasizing the principle of "the party has absolute control over the army" first established by Mao at the 1929 Gutian Conference.[154]
自2012年掌权以来，习开始对中国人民解放军进行大规模改革。[153]习一直积极参与军事事务，直接亲身参与军事改革。除了担任中央军委主席和2014年成立的中央军事改革领导小组组长外，习还发表了许多高调声明，誓言要清理军队中的渎职和自满情绪，旨在建立一支更有效的战斗力量。此外，习于 2014 年召开了“新古田会议”，聚集了中国最高军事将领，再次强调毛在 1929 年古田会议上首次确立的“党对军队绝对控制”的原则。[154]
Xi has warned against the depoliticization of the PLA from the Communist Party, warning that it would lead to a collapse similar to that of the Soviet Union.[155][156] He said that "in the USSR, where the military was depoliticized, separated from the party and nationalized, the party was disarmed. When the Soviet Union came to crisis point, a big party was gone just like that. Proportionally, the Soviet Communist Party had more members than we do, but nobody was man enough to stand up and resist."[156]
习警告说，共产党对解放军的非政治化，警告说这将导致类似于苏联的崩溃。[155][156]他说，“在苏联，军队被去政治化，脱离党派并国有化，党被解除了武装。当苏联走到危机点时，一个盛大的派对就这样消失了。按比例计算，苏联共产党的党员比我们多，但没有人有足够的勇气站出来抵抗。[156]
Xi announced a reduction of 300,000 troops from the PLA in 2015, bringing its size to 2 million troops. Xi described this as a gesture of peace, while analysts have said that the cut was done to reduce costs as well as part of PLA's modernization.[157] On 2016, he reduced the number of theater commands of the PLA from seven to five.[158] He has also abolished the four autonomous general departments of the PLA, replacing them with 15 agencies directly reporting to the Central Military Commission.[153] Two new branches of the PLA were created under his reforms, the Strategic Support Force[159] and the Joint Logistics Support Force.[160]
习于 2015 年宣布从解放军裁员 300,000 人，使其规模达到 200 万。习将此描述为和平姿态，而分析人士表示，削减是为了降低成本，也是解放军现代化的一部分。[157]2016 年，他将解放军的战区司令部数量从 7 个减少到 5 个。[158]他还撤销了解放军的四个自治总部，取而代之的是15个直接向中央军委报告的机构。[153]在他的改革下，解放军成立了两个新的部门，即战略支援部队[159]和联合后勤支援部队。[160]
On 21 April 2016, Xi was named commander-in-chief of the country's new Joint Operations Command Center of the People's Liberation Army by Xinhua News Agency and the broadcaster China Central Television.[161][162] Some analysts interpreted this move as an attempt to display strength and strong leadership and as being more "political than military".[163] According to Ni Lexiong, a military affairs expert, Xi "not only controls the military but also does it in an absolute manner, and that in wartime, he is ready to command personally".[164] According to a University of California, San Diego expert on Chinese military, Xi "has been able to take political control of the military to an extent that exceeds what Mao and Deng have done".[165]
2016年4月21日，习被新华社和中国中央电视台任命为中国新成立的中国人民解放军联合作战指挥中心总司令。[161][162]一些分析人士将这一举动解释为试图展示实力和强大的领导能力，并且“政治性大于军事性”。[163]根据军事专家倪乐雄的说法，习“不仅控制军队，而且以绝对的方式行事，在战时，他随时准备亲自指挥”。[164]根据加州大学圣地亚哥分校（University of California， San Diego）的一位中国军事专家的说法，习“已经能够对军队进行政治控制，其程度超过了毛和邓所做的事情”。[165]
Foreign policy 外交政策
主条目： 习近平的外交政策
习于 2012 年在美国国务院发表演讲，背景是时任国务卿希拉里·克林顿和时任副总统乔·拜登。坐在前排的是前国务卿亨利·基辛格（Henry Kissinger）。
A Chinese nationalist,[166] Xi has reportedly taken a hard-line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more nationalistic and assertive China on the world stage.[166] His political program calls for a China more united and confident of its own value system and political structure.[167]
据报道，习是一位中国民族主义者，[166]在安全问题和外交事务上采取了强硬立场，在世界舞台上投射出一个更加民族主义和自信的中国。[166]他的政治纲领呼吁中国更加团结，并对自己的价值体系和政治结构充满信心。[167]
Under Xi, China has also taken a more critical stance on North Korea, while improving relationships with South Korea.[168] China–Japan relations have soured under Xi's administration; the most thorny issue between the two countries remains the dispute over the Senkaku islands, which China calls Diaoyu. In response to Japan's continued robust stance on the issue, China declared an Air Defense Identification Zone in November 2013.[169]
在习的领导下，中国也对朝鲜采取了更严厉的立场，同时改善了与韩国的关系。[168]在习政府下，中日关系恶化;两国之间最棘手的问题仍然是尖阁诸岛的争端，中国称之为钓鱼岛。作为对日本在这个问题上持续强硬立场的回应，中国于 2013 年 11 月宣布设立防空识别区。[169]
Xi has called China–United States relations in the contemporary world a "new type of great-power relations", a phrase the Obama administration had been reluctant to embrace.[170] Under his administration the Strategic and Economic Dialogue that began under Hu Jintao has continued. On China–U.S. relations, Xi said, "If [China and the United States] are in confrontation, it would surely spell disaster for both countries".[171] The U.S. has been critical of Chinese actions in the South China Sea.[170] In 2014, Chinese hackers compromised the computer system of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management,[172] resulting in the theft of approximately 22 million personnel records handled by the office.[173]
习称当代世界的中美关系为“新型大国关系”，这是奧巴馬政府一直不愿意接受的词。[170]在他的领导下，在胡锦涛领导下开始的战略与经济对话仍在继续。关于中美关系，习说：“如果（中美）处于对抗状态，肯定会给两国带来灾难”。[171]美国一直批评中国在南海的行动。[170]2014 年，中国黑客入侵了美国人事管理办公室的计算机系统，[172] 导致该办公室处理的大约 2200 万人事记录被盗。[173]
Xi has cultivated stronger relations with Russia, particularly in the wake of the Ukraine crisis of 2014. He seems to have developed a strong personal relationship with President Vladimir Putin. Both are viewed as strong leaders with a nationalist orientation who are not afraid to assert themselves against Western interests.[174] Xi attended the opening ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Under Xi, China signed a $400 billion gas deal with Russia; China has also become Russia's largest trading partner.[174]
习与俄罗斯建立了更牢固的关系，尤其是在 2014 年乌克兰危机之后。他似乎与弗拉基米尔·普京总统建立了牢固的私人关系。两人都被视为具有民族主义倾向的强势领导人，他们不怕反对西方利益。[174] 习出席2014年索契冬奥会开幕式。在习的领导下，中国与俄罗斯签署了 4000 亿美元的天然气协议;中国也已成为俄罗斯最大的贸易伙伴。[174]
金砖国家领导人弗拉基米尔·普京、纳伦德拉·莫迪、迪尔玛·罗塞夫、习近平和雅各布·祖马在澳大利亚布里斯班举行的 G20 峰会上，2014 年 11 月 15 日
Xi has also indirectly spoken out critically on the U.S. "strategic pivot" to Asia.[175] Addressing a regional conference in Shanghai on 21 May 2014, he called on Asian countries to unite and forge a way together, rather than get involved with third party powers, seen as a reference to the United States. "Matters in Asia ultimately must be taken care of by Asians. Asia's problems ultimately must be resolved by Asians and Asia's security ultimately must be protected by Asians", he told the conference.[176] In November 2014, in a major policy address, Xi called for a decrease in the use of force, preferring dialogue and consultation to solve the current issues plaguing the relationship between China and its South East Asian neighbors.[177]
习还间接地就美国向亚洲的“战略支点”发表了批评意见。[175]2014年5月21日，他在上海的一次区域会议上发表讲话，呼吁亚洲国家团结起来，共同开辟一条道路，而不是与第三方大国合作，后者被视为对美国的指涉。“亚洲的事情最终必须由亚洲人来处理。亚洲的问题最终必须由亚洲人来解决，亚洲的安全最终必须由亚洲人保护“，他在会议上说。[176]2014年11月，习在一项重要施政报告中呼吁减少使用武力，宁愿通过对话和协商来解决当前困扰中国与东南亚邻国关系的问题。[177]
2015年5月9日，习与第一夫人在莫斯科胜利日阅兵式上
In April 2015, new satellite imagery revealed that China was rapidly constructing an airfield on Fiery Cross Reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea.[178] In May 2015, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter warned the government of Xi Jinping to halt its rapid island-building in disputed territory in the South China Sea.[179]
In spite of what seemed to be a tumultuous start to Xi Jinping's leadership vis-à-vis the United-States, on 13 May 2017 Xi said at the Belt and Road Forum in Beijing: "We should foster a new type of international relations featuring 'win-win cooperation', and we should forge a partnership of dialogue with no confrontation, and a partnership of friendship rather than alliance. All countries should respect each other's sovereignty, dignity and territorial integrity; respect each other's development path and its social systems, and respect each other's core interests and major concerns... What we hope to create is a big family of harmonious coexistence.”[180]
2015 年 4 月，新的卫星图像显示，中国正在南海南沙群岛的永暑礁迅速建造机场。[178]2015年5月，美国国防部长阿什·卡特警告习近平政府停止在南海争议领土上快速建岛。[179]尽管习近平对美国的领导似乎开局动荡，但习近平于2017年5月13日在北京举行的“一带一路”高峰论坛上表示：“我们应该构建'合作共赢'的新型国际关系，建立不对抗的对话伙伴关系，建立友谊而非联盟的伙伴关系。各国都应该尊重彼此的主权、尊严和领土完整;尊重彼此的发展道路和社会制度，尊重彼此的核心利益和重大关切......我们希望创造的是一个和谐共生的大家庭。[180]
习与伊朗最高领袖阿里·哈梅内伊， 2016年1月23日
Starting in 2017, China's relationship with South Korea soured over the THAAD purchase of the latter[181] while China's relations with North Korea increased because of meetings between Xi and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un.[182] At the G20 meeting in Japan, Xi called for a "timely easing" of sanctions imposed on North Korea.[183]
从 2017 年开始，中国与韩国的关系因萨德系统购买后者而恶化[181]，而中国与朝鲜的关系因习与朝鲜领导人金正恩之间的会晤而加剧。[182]在日本举行的G20会议上，习呼吁“及时放松”对朝鲜的制裁。[183]
Relations with the U.S. soured after Donald Trump became president in 2016.[184] Since 2018, U.S. and China have been engaged in an escalating trade war.[185]
唐纳德·特朗普于2016年成为总统后，与美国的关系恶化。[184]自 2018 年以来，美国和中国一直在进行不断升级的贸易战。[185]
On 4 June 2019, Xi told the Russian news agency TASS that he was "worried" about the current tensions between the U.S. and Iran.[186] He later told his Iranian counterpart Hassan Rouhani during an SCO meeting that China would promote ties with Iran regardless of developments from the Gulf of Oman incident.[187]
2019 年 6 月 4 日，习告诉俄罗斯塔斯社，他对当前美国和伊朗之间的紧张局势感到“担忧”。[186]他后来在上海合作组织会议上告诉伊朗外长哈桑·鲁哈尼（Hassan Rouhani），无论阿曼湾事件如何发展，中国都将促进与伊朗的关系。[187]
美国总统唐纳德·特朗普抵达中国，2017 年 11 月 8 日
In the 2019, the Pew Research Center made a survey on attitude to Xi Jinping among six-country medians based on Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and South Korea. The survey indicated that a median 29% have confidence in Xi Jinping to do the right thing regarding world affairs, meanwhile a median of 45% have no confidence. These number are almost same with those of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un (23% confidence, 53% no confidence).[188]
2019 年，皮尤研究中心 （Pew Research Center） 对澳大利亚、印度、印度尼西亚、日本、菲律宾和韩国的六国中位数对习近平的态度进行了调查。调查显示，中位数 29% 的人相信习近平在世界事务上做正确的事情，而中位数 45% 的人没有信心。这些数字与朝鲜领导人金正恩的数字几乎相同（23% 的信心，53% 的无信心）。[188]
Foreign trips as paramount leader
作为最高领导人的国外访问
主条目：习近平国际旅行清单
Xi made his first foreign trip as China's paramount leader to Russia on 22 March 2013, about a week after he assumed the presidency. He met with President Vladimir Putin and the two leaders discussed trade and energy issues. He then went on to Tanzania, South Africa (where he attended the BRICS summit in Durban), and the Republic of the Congo.[189] Xi visited the United States at Sunnylands Estate in California in a 'shirtsleeves summit' with U.S. President Barack Obama in June 2013, although this was not considered a formal state visit.[190] In October 2013 Xi attended the APEC Summit in Bali, Indonesia.
2013 年 3 月 22 日，习作为中国最高领导人首次出访俄罗斯，大约在他就任国家主席一周后。他会见了弗拉基米尔·普京（Vladimir Putin）总统，两位领导人讨论了贸易和能源问题。然后，他继续访问坦桑尼亚、南非（在那里他参加了在德班举行的金砖国家峰会）和刚果共和国。[189] 2013年6月，习在加利福尼亚州的阳光之乡庄园与美国总统奧巴馬举行了“衬衫袖子峰会”，访问了美国，尽管这并不被认为是正式的国事访问。[190]2013年10月，习出席在印度尼西亚巴厘岛举行的亚太经合组织峰会。
In March 2014 Xi made a trip to Western Europe visiting the Netherlands, where he attended the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, followed by visits to France, Germany and Belgium.[191] He made a state visit to South Korea on 4 July 2014 and met with South Korean President Park Geun-hye.[192] Between 14 and 23 July, Xi attended the BRICS leaders' summit in Brazil and visited Argentina, Venezuela, and Cuba.[193]
2014 年 3 月，习访问了西欧，访问了荷兰，在那里他参加了在海牙举行的核安全峰会，随后访问了法国、德国和比利时。[191]他于 2014 年 7 月 4 日对韩国进行国事访问，并会见了韩国总统朴槿惠。[192]7月14日至23日，习出席巴西金砖国家领导人峰会，并访问阿根廷、委内瑞拉和古巴。[193]
习在对华沙进行正式访问时，与波兰总统安杰伊·杜达签署战略伙伴关系宣言
Xi went on an official state visit to India and met with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in September 2014; he visited New Delhi and also went to Modi's hometown in the state of Gujarat.[194] He went on a state visit to Australia and met with Prime Minister Tony Abbott in November 2014,[195] followed by a visit to the island nation of Fiji.[196] Xi visited Pakistan in April 2015, signing a series of infrastructure deals worth $45 billion related to the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. During his visit, Pakistan's highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Pakistan, was conferred upon him.[197] He then headed to Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia, to attend the Afro-Asian Leaders Summit and the 60th Anniversary events of the Bandung Conference.[198] Xi visited Russia and was the guest-of-honour of Russian President Vladimir Putin at the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade to mark the 70th Anniversary of the victory of the allies in Europe. At the parade, Xi and his wife Peng Liyuan sat next to Putin. On the same trip Xi also visited Kazakhstan and met with that country's president Nursultan Nazarbayev, and also met Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus.[199]
习对印度进行了正式国事访问，并于 2014 年 9 月会见了印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪;他访问了新德里，还去了莫迪在古吉拉特邦的家乡。[194]他对澳大利亚进行了国事访问，并于 2014 年 11 月会见了总理托尼·阿博特，[195]随后访问了岛国斐济。[196] 习于 2015 年 4 月访问巴基斯坦，签署了一系列与中巴经济走廊相关的价值 450 亿美元的基础设施协议。在他访问期间，他被授予巴基斯坦最高的平民奖 Nishan-e-Pakistan。[197]随后，他前往印度尼西亚的雅加达和万隆，参加亚非领导人峰会和万隆会议 60 周年纪念活动。[198] 习访问俄罗斯，并在 2015 年纪念盟国在欧洲胜利 70 周年的莫斯科胜利日阅兵式上作为俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京的荣誉嘉宾。阅兵式上，习和夫人彭丽媛坐在普京旁边。在同一次访问中，习还访问了哈萨克斯坦，会见了该国总统纳扎尔巴耶夫，并在白俄罗斯会见了亚历山大·卢卡申科。[199]
2015年10月21日，正在对英国进行为期四天的国事访问的习在威斯敏斯特向国会两院发表讲话
In September 2015, Xi made his first state visit to the United States.[200][201][202] In October 2015, he made a state visit to the United Kingdom, the first by a Chinese leader in a decade.[203] This followed a visit to China in March 2015 by the Duke of Cambridge. During the state visit, Xi met Queen Elizabeth II, British Prime Minister David Cameron and other dignitaries. Increased customs, trade and research collaborations between China and the UK were discussed, but more informal events also took place including a visit to Manchester City's academy.[204]
2015年9月，习对美国进行了首次国事访问。[200][201][202]2015年10月，他对英国进行了国事访问，这是十年来中国领导人的首次访问。[203]此前，剑桥公爵于 2015 年 3 月访问中国。在国事访问期间，习会见了英国女王伊丽莎白二世、英国首相戴维卡梅伦和其他政要。双方讨论了加强中英之间的海关、贸易和研究合作，但也举办了更多非正式活动，包括参观曼城的青训营。[204]
In March 2016, Xi visited the Czech Republic on his way to United States. In Prague, he met with the Czech president, prime minister and other representatives to promote relations and economic cooperation between the Czech Republic and the People's Republic of China.[205] His visit was met by a considerable number of protests by Czechs.[206]
2016 年 3 月，习在前往美国的途中访问了捷克共和国。在布拉格，他会见了捷克总统、总理和其他代表，以促进捷克共和国与中华人民共和国之间的关系和经济合作。[205]他的访问遭到了捷克人的大量抗议。[206]
世界各国领导人齐聚汉堡 G20 峰会合影留念
In January 2017, Xi became the first Chinese paramount leader to plan to attend the World Economic Forum in Davos.[207] On 17 January, Xi addressed the forum in a high-profile keynote, addressing globalization, the global trade agenda, and China's rising place in the world's economy and international governance; he made a series of pledges about China's defense of "economic globalization" and climate change accords.[207][208][209] Premier Li Keqiang attended the forum in 2015 and Vice-President Li Yuanchao did so in 2016. During the three-day state visit to the country in 2017 Xi also visited the World Health Organization, the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee.[209]
2017 年 1 月，习成为首位计划出席达沃斯世界经济论坛的中国最高领导人。[207]1月17日，习在论坛上发表了高调的主旨演讲，讨论了全球化、全球贸易议程以及中国在世界经济和国际治理中的地位上升;他做出了一系列关于中国捍卫“经济全球化”和气候变化协议的承诺。[207][208][209] 国务院总理李克强于 2015 年出席了该论坛，国家副主席李源潮于 2016 年出席了该论坛。在 2017 年对该国进行为期三天的国事访问期间，习还访问了世界卫生组织、联合国和国际奥林匹克委员会。[209]
On 20 June 2019, Xi Jinping visited Pyongyang, becoming the first Chinese leader to visit North Korea since his predecessor Hu Jintao's visit in 2004.[210] In 27 June, he attended the G20 summit in Osaka, becoming the first Chinese leader to visit Japan since 2010.[211]
2019 年 6 月 20 日，习近平访问平壤，成为自 2004 年前任胡锦涛访朝以来首位访问朝鲜的中国领导人。[210]6月27日，他出席了在大阪举行的G20峰会，成为自2010年以来首位访问日本的中国领导人。[211]
Belt and Road Initiative “一带一路”倡议
主条目： “一带一路”倡议
签署“一带一路”倡议相关合作文件的国家
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was unveiled by Xi in September and October 2013 during visits to Kazakhstan and Indonesia,[212] and was thereafter promoted by Premier Li Keqiang during state visits to Asia and Europe. Xi made the announcement for the initiative while in Astana, Kazakhstan, and called it a "golden opportunity".[213] BRI has been called Xi's "signature project", involving numerous infrastructure development and investment projects throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas.[214] BRI was added to the CCP Constitution at the closing session of the 19th Party Congress on 24 October 2017,[215] further elevating its importance.[216]
习于 2013 年 9 月和 10 月在访问哈萨克斯坦和印度尼西亚期间宣布了“一带一路”倡议 （BRI），[212] 此后由李克强总理在对亚洲和欧洲进行国事访问期间推动。习在哈萨克斯坦阿斯塔纳宣布了这一倡议，并称其为“千载难逢的机会”。[213]“一带一路”倡议被称为习的“标志性项目”，涉及亚洲、欧洲、非洲和美洲的众多基础设施开发和投资项目。[214]2017 年 10 月 24 日，中共第十九次全国代表大会闭幕会议上将“一带一路”倡议写入党章，[215]进一步提升了其重要性。[216]
Human rights policy 人权政策
主条目：中国人权
According to the Human Rights Watch, Xi has "started a broad and sustained offensive on human rights" since he became leader in 2012.[217] The HRW also said that repression in China is "at its worst level since the Tiananmen Square massacre."[218] Since taking power, Xi has cracked down on grassroots activism, with hundreds being detained.[219] He presided over the 709 crackdown on 9 July 2015, which saw more than 200 lawyers, legal assistants and human rights activists being detained.[220] His term has seen the arrest and imprisonment of activists such as Xu Zhiyong, as well as numerous others who identified with the New Citizens' Movement. Prominent legal activist Pu Zhiqiang of the Weiquan movement was also arrested and detained.[221]
据人权观察组织（Human Rights Watch）称，自2012年成为领导人以来，习“开始了一场广泛而持续的人权攻势”。[217] 人权观察并表示，中国的镇压已“达到天安门广场大屠杀以来最严重的程度”。[218]自上台以来，习镇压草根维权活动，数百人被拘留。[219]他主持了2015年7月9日的709镇压行动，导致200多名律师、法律助理和人权活动人士被拘留。[220]在他的任期内，许志永等活动人士以及许多其他认同新公民运动的人被逮捕和监禁。维权运动的著名法律活动人士浦志强也被逮捕和拘留。[221]
In 2017, the local government of the Jiangxi province told Christians to replace their pictures of Jesus with Xi Jinping as part of a general campaign on unofficial churches in the country.[222][223][224] According to local social media, officials "transformed them from believing in religion to believing in the party".[222] According to activists, "Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982", and according to pastors and a group that monitors religion in China, has involved "destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith".[225]
2017年，江西省地方政府告诉基督徒用习近平取代他们的耶稣照片，作为对中国非官方教堂的一般运动的一部分。[222][223][224]根据当地社交媒体，官员们“将他们从信仰宗教转变为信仰党”。[222]根据活动人士的说法，“习正在对基督教进行自1982年宗教自由被写入中国宪法以来最严重的系统性镇压”，根据牧师和一个监督中国宗教的组织的说法，包括“摧毁十字架、焚烧圣经、关闭教堂并命令信徒签署放弃信仰的文件”。[225]
Following several terrorist attacks in Xinjiang in 2013 and 2014, Xi launched the "people's war on terror" in 2014, which involved mass detention, and surveillance of ethnic Uyghurs there.[226][227] Xi made an inspection tour in Xinjiang between April 27 and April 30 in 2014.[228][229] As of 2019, China is holding one million ethnic Uyghurs in internment camps in Xinjiang.[230] Various human rights groups and former inmates have described the camps as “concentration camps”, where Uyghurs and other minorities have been forcibly assimilated into China's majority ethnic Han society.[231] Internal Chinese government documents leaked to the press in November 2019 showed that Xi personally ordered a security crackdown in Xinjiang, saying that the party must show “absolutely no mercy” and that officials use all the “weapons of the people's democratic dictatorship” to suppress those “infected with the virus of extremism”.[227][232] The documents also showed that Xi repeatedly discussed about Islamic extremism in his speeches, likening it to a "virus" or a "drug" which could be only addressed by "a period of painful, interventionary treatment.”[227] However, he also warned against the discrimination against Uyghurs and rejected proposals to eradicate Islam in China completely, calling that kind of viewpoint "biased, even wrong".[227]
继 2013 年和 2014 年新疆发生数次恐怖袭击后，习于 2014 年发动了“人民反恐战争”，其中包括对那里的维吾尔族人进行大规模拘留和监控。[226][227] 习于2014年4月27日至4月30日对新疆进行了考察。[228][229]截至 2019 年，中国在新疆的拘留营关押了 100 万维吾尔族人。[230]各种人权团体和前囚犯将这些集中营描述为“集中营”，维吾尔人和其他少数民族在这里被强行同化到中国占多数的汉族社会中。[231]2019年11月泄露给媒体的中国政府内部文件显示，习亲自下令对新疆进行安全镇压，称党必须“绝不留情”，官员们动用一切“人民民主独裁的武器”来镇压那些“感染了极端主义病毒”的人。[227][232]文件还显示，习在讲话中反复讨论伊斯兰极端主义，将其比作“病毒”或“药物”，只能通过“一段痛苦的干预治疗”来解决。[227]然而，他也警告人们不要歧视维吾尔人，并拒绝在中国彻底根除伊斯兰教的提议，称这种观点是“有偏见的，甚至是错误的”。[227]
On 8 July 2019, 22 countries signed a statement to the UN's High Commissioner for Human Rights in which they called for an end to mass detentions in China and expressed concerns over widespread surveillance and repression.[233][234]
2019 年 7 月 8 日，22 个国家签署了一份致联合国人权事务高级专员的声明，呼吁结束中国的大规模拘留，并对广泛的监控和镇压表示关切。[233][234]
In July 2019, 37 countries including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE, Sudan, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria, DR Congo, North Korea, Serbia, Russia, Venezuela, Philippines, Myanmar, Pakistan and Syria signed a joint letter to the UNHRC commending China's "remarkable achievements in the field of human rights" under President Xi, claiming "Now safety and security has returned to Xinjiang and the fundamental human rights of people of all ethnic groups there are safeguarded." Ultimately 50 countries and observer states including Iran, Iraq, Sri Lanka, Djibouti and Palestine signed the letter.[235][236][237]
2019年7月，沙特阿拉伯、埃及、阿联酋、苏丹、安哥拉、阿尔及利亚、尼日利亚、刚果民主共和国、朝鲜、塞尔维亚、俄罗斯、委内瑞拉、菲律宾、缅甸、巴基斯坦、叙利亚等37个国家联名致联合国人权理事会，赞扬中国在习主席领导下“在人权领域取得显著成就”，声称“现在新疆安全保障已回归，新疆各族人民的基本人权得到保障”。 最终，包括伊朗、伊拉克、斯里兰卡、吉布提和巴勒斯坦在内的 50 个国家和观察国签署了这封信。[235][236][237]
COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 大流行
Смотритетакже： 中国大陆的 COVID-19 大流行
German newspaper Der Spiegel reported that Xi Jinping pressured Tedros Adhanom, director-general of the World Health Organization in January 2020 to hold off on issuing a global warning about the coronavirus outbreak. The report published over the weekend said Xi urged the WHO chief to “delay a global warning” about the pandemic and hold back information on human-to-human transmission of the virus, but WHO denied German allegations.[238]
德国报纸《明镜周刊》报道称，习近平于 2020 年 1 月向世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞施压，要求其推迟发布有关冠状病毒爆发的全球警告。周末发布的报告称，习敦促世卫组织总干事“推迟对大流行的全球警告”，并隐瞒有关病毒人际传播的信息，但世卫组织否认了德国的指控。[238]
Political positions 政治立场
Elizabeth C. Economy argued in 2018:
Elizabeth C. Economy 在 2018 年争辩道：
- What makes Xi's revolution distinctive is the strategy he has pursued: the dramatic centralization of authority under his personal leadership; the intensified penetration of society by the state; the creation of a virtual wall of regulations and restrictions that more tightly control the flow of ideas, culture and capital into and out of the country; and the significant projection of Chinese power. It represents a reassertion of the state in Chinese political and economic life at home, and a more ambitious and expansive role for China abroad.[239]
习革命的独特之处在于他所追求的策略：在他的个人领导下戏剧性地集中权力;国家对社会的渗透加剧;建立一堵由法规和限制组成的虚拟墙，更严格地控制思想、文化和资本进出该国的流动;以及中国实力的重大投射。它代表着国家在中国国内政治和经济生活中的重新确立，以及中国在海外发挥的更雄心勃勃和更广泛的作用。[239]
Chinese Dream 中国梦
主条目： 中国梦
根据《求是》的说法，中国梦是关于中国的繁荣、集体努力、社会主义和国家荣耀。
Xi and Communist Party ideologues coined the phrase "Chinese Dream" to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the National Museum of China on 29 November 2012, where he and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a "national revival" exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era.[240][241] Since 2013, the phrase has emerged as the distinctive quasi-official ideology of the party leadership under Xi, much as the "Scientific Outlook on Development" was for Hu Jintao and the "Three Represents" was for Jiang Zemin. The origin of the term "Chinese Dream" is unclear. While the phrase has been used before by journalists and scholars,[242] some publications have posited the term likely drew its inspiration from the concept of the American Dream.[243] The Economist noted the abstract and seemingly accessible nature of the concept with no specific overarching policy stipulations may be a deliberate departure from the jargon-heavy ideologies of his predecessors.[244] While the Chinese Dream was originally interpreted as an extension of the American Dream, which emphasises individual self-improvement and opportunity,[244] the slogan's use in official settings since 2013 has taken on a noticeably more nationalistic character, with official pronouncements of the "Dream" being consistently linked with the phrase "great revival of the Chinese nation".[note 4]
习和共产党的理论家创造了“中国梦”这个词来描述他作为领导人对中国的总体计划。习在2012年11月29日高调访问中国国家博物馆时首次使用这个词，当时他和他的常委同事正在那里参加“民族复兴”展览。从那时起，这句话就成为习时代的标志性政治口号。[240][241]自2013年以来，这个词已成为习领导下党领导层独特的准官方意识形态，就像“科学发展观”之于胡锦涛和“三个代表”之于江泽民一样。“中国梦”一词的由来尚不清楚。虽然记者和学者以前曾使用过这个词，[242] 但一些出版物认为这个词的灵感可能来自美国梦的概念。[243]《经济学人》指出，这个概念抽象且看似易于理解，没有具体的总体政策规定，可能是故意背离了他的前辈们的行话繁重的意识形态。[244]虽然中国梦最初被解释为美国梦的延伸，强调个人的自我提升和机会，[244]但自 2013 年以来，该口号在官方场合的使用明显更具民族主义色彩，“梦想”的官方声明一直与“中华民族的伟大复兴”一词联系在一起。[注 4]
Cultural revival 文化复兴
As communist ideology plays a less central role in the lives of the masses in the People's Republic of China, top political leaders of the Communist Party of China such as Xi continue the rehabilitation of ancient Chinese philosophical figures like Han Fei into the mainstream of Chinese thought alongside Confucianism, both of which Xi sees as relevant. At a meeting with other officials in 2013, he quoted Confucius, saying "he who rules by virtue is like the Pole Star, it maintains its place, and the multitude of stars pay homage." While visiting Shandong, the birthplace of Confucius, in November, he told scholars that the Western world was "suffering a crisis of confidence" and that the CCP has been "the loyal inheritor and promoter of China's outstanding traditional culture."[245]
由于共产主义意识形态在中华人民共和国群众生活中的作用不那么重要，习等中国共产党最高政治领导人继续将韩非等中国古代哲学人物与儒家思想一起纳入中国思想的主流，习认为这两者都是相关的。在 2013 年与其他官员的一次会议上，他引用孔子的话说：“以德治国者就像北极星，它保持自己的位置，众星致敬。11月，他在访问孔子的诞生地山东时告诉学者们，西方世界正在“遭受一场信任危机”，而中共一直是“中国优秀传统文化的忠实继承者和推动者”。[245]
Han Fei gained new prominence with favourable citations. One sentence of Han Fei's that Xi quoted appeared thousands of times in official Chinese media at the local, provincial, and national levels.[246]
韩非凭借良好的引用获得了新的知名度。习引用的韩非的一句话在地方、省和国家级的官方中国媒体上出现了数千次。[246]
Xi has also overseen a revival of traditional Chinese culture, breaking apart from CCP's path which had often attacked it.[247] He has called traditional culture the "soul" of the nation and the "foundation" of the CCP's culture.[248] Hanfu, the traditional dress of Han Chinese, has seen a revival under him.[249]
习还见证了中国传统文化的复兴，打破了中共经常攻击它的道路。[247]他称传统文化是国家的“灵魂”，是中共文化的“根基”。[248]汉服，汉族的传统服饰，在他的领导下得到了复兴。[249]
Xi Jinping Thought 习近平思想
主条目： 习近平思想
在深圳宣传习近平思想的广告牌
In September 2017, the Communist Party Central Committee decided that Xi's political philosophies, generally referred to as "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era", would become part of the Party Constitution.[250][251] Xi first made mention of the "Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" in his opening day speech delivered to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. His Politburo Standing Committee colleagues, in their own reviews of Xi's keynote address at the Congress, prepended the name "Xi Jinping" in front of "Thought".[252] On 24 October 2017, at its closing session, the 19th Party Congress approved the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought into the Constitution of the Communist Party of China.[116][253]
2017 年 9 月，中共中央决定将习近平的政治哲学（通常称为“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想”）纳入党章。[250][251] 习在2017年10月中共第十九次全国代表大会开幕日讲话中首次提到《新时代中国特色社会主义思想》。他的政治局常委同事在他们自己对习近平在大会上的主旨演讲的评论中，在“思想”前面加上了“习近平”这个名字。[252]2017年10月24日，中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会闭幕会议批准将习近平思想写入中国共产党章程。[116][253]
Xi himself has described the Thought as part of the broad framework created around Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, a term coined by Deng Xiaoping that places China in the "primary stage of socialism". In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the Thought is said to be a continuation of Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the "Three Represents", and the Scientific Development Perspective, as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody "Marxism adopted to Chinese conditions" and contemporary considerations.[252]
习本人将《中国特色社会主义思想》描述为围绕中国特色社会主义建立的广泛框架的一部分，邓小平创造了这个词，将中国置于“社会主义初级阶段”。在党的官方文件和习的同事的声明中，《马克思思想》被认为是马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”和科学发展观的延续，是体现“马克思主义适应中国国情”和当代思考的一系列指导思想的一部分。[252]
《中国治理》不同语言版在上海图书馆展出
The concepts and context behind Xi Jinping Thought are elaborated in Xi's The Governance of China book series, published by the Foreign Languages Press for an international audience. Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017.[254]
习近平思想背后的概念和背景在习的《治理中国》系列丛书中进行了详细阐述，该系列丛书由外文出版社出版，面向国际读者。第一卷于 2014 年 9 月出版，第二卷于 2017 年 11 月出版。[254]
An app for teaching “Xi Jinping Thought” has become the most popular smartphone app in China, as the country's ruling Communist Party launched a new campaign that calls on its cadres to immerse themselves in the political doctrine every day. Xuexi Qiangguo, which translates to “Study powerful country”, is now the most downloaded item on Apple's domestic App Store, surpassing in demand social media apps such as WeChat and TikTok – known as Weixin and Douyin, respectively, in mainland China.[255]
随着中国执政的共产党发起了一项新的运动，呼吁其干部每天沉浸在政治学说中，一款用于教授“习近平思想”的应用程序已成为中国最受欢迎的智能手机应用程序。学西强国，翻译过来就是“学习强国”，现在是苹果国内应用商店下载量最大的项目，在需求量超过了微信和 TikTok（在中国大陆分别被称为微信和抖音）等社交媒体应用程序。[255]
Role of the Communist Party
共产党的作用
另请参阅：八点规定
In Xi's view, the Communist Party is the legitimate, constitutionally-sanctioned ruling party of China, and that the party derives this legitimacy through advancing the Mao-style "mass line Campaign"; that is the party represents the interests of the overwhelming majority of ordinary people. In this vein, Xi called for officials to practise mild self-criticism in order to appear less corrupt and more popular among the people.[256][257][258]
在习看来，共产党是中国合法的、受宪法认可的执政党，该党通过推进毛式的“群众路线运动”获得这种合法性;那就是党代表了绝大多数普通百姓的利益。在这方面，习呼吁官员进行温和的自我批评，以减少腐败和在人民中更受欢迎。[256][257][258]
Xi's position has been described as preferring highly centralized political power as a means to direct large-scale economic restructuring.[221] Xi believes that China should be "following its own path" and that a strong authoritarian government is an integral part of the "China model", operating on a "core socialist value system", which has been interpreted as China's alternative to Western values. However, Xi and his colleagues acknowledge the challenges to the legitimacy of Communist rule, particularly corruption by party officials. The answer, according to Xi's programme, is two-fold: strengthen the party from within, by streamlining strict party discipline and initiating a large anti-corruption campaign to remove unsavoury elements from within the party, and re-instituting the Mass Line Campaign externally to make party officials better understand and serve the needs of ordinary people. Xi believes that, just as the party must be at the apex of political control of the state, the party's central authorities (i.e., the Politburo, PSC, or himself as general secretary) must exercise full and direct political control of all party activities.[259]
习的立场被描述为更喜欢将高度集中的政治权力作为指导大规模经济结构调整的手段。[221]习认为，中国应该“走自己的路”，一个强大的威权政府是“中国模式”不可或缺的一部分，在“社会主义核心价值体系”上运行，这被解释为中国对西方价值观的替代。然而，习和他的同事们承认共产主义统治的合法性受到挑战，特别是党员官员的腐败。根据习的纲领，答案是双重的：从内部加强党，通过简化严格的党纪，发起大规模的反腐运动，清除党内的不良分子，并在外部重新开展群众路线运动，使党员官员更好地理解和服务普通民众的需求。习认为，正如党必须处于国家政治控制的最高层一样，党的中央（即政治局、社会党或他本人作为总书记）必须对党的所有活动进行全面和直接的政治控制。[259]
Hong Kong and Taiwan 香港和台湾
香港抗议者在国庆节向习近平肖像扔鸡蛋
Hong Kong 香港
Xi has supported and pursued a greater economic integration of Hong Kong to mainland China through projects such as the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge.[260] He has pushed for the Greater Bay Area project, which aims to integrate Hong Kong, Macau, and nine other cities in Guangdong.[260] Xi's push for greater integration has created fears of decreasing freedoms in Hong Kong.[261]
习通过港珠澳大桥等项目支持并追求香港与中国大陆的更大程度经济融合。[260]他推动了大湾区项目，该项目旨在整合香港、澳门和广东其他九个城市。[260] 习推动更大程度的融合，引发了人们对香港自由度下降的担忧。[261]
Xi has supported the Hong Kong Government and incumbent Chief Executive Carrie Lam against the protesters in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests.[262] He has defended the Hong Kong police's use of force, saying that "We sternly support the Hong Kong police to take forceful actions in enforcing the law, and the Hong Kong judiciary to punish in accordance with the law those who have committed violent crimes."[263] While visiting Macau on 20 December 2019 as part of the 20th anniversary of its return to China, Xi warned of "foreign forces" interfering in Hong Kong and Macau,[264] while also hinting that Macau could be a model for Hong Kong to follow.[265]
习支持香港政府和现任行政长官林郑月娥反对 2019-20 年香港抗议活动的抗议者。[262]他为香港警方使用武力辩护，说：“我们坚决支持香港警方采取有力行动执法，支持香港司法机关依法惩处暴力犯罪者。[263]2019年12月20日，作为澳门回归中国20周年纪念活动的一部分，习警告“外国势力”干预香港和澳门，[264]同时也暗示澳门可以成为香港效仿的榜样。[265]
Taiwan 台湾
习近平于 2015 年 11 月分别以中国大陆和台湾领导人的身份会见了台湾总统马英九。
The 2015 meeting between Xi and Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou marked the first time the political leaders of both sides of the Taiwan Strait have met since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1950.[266] Xi said that China and Taiwan are "one family" that can't be pulled apart.[267]
2015 年习与台湾总统马英九的会晤是自 1950 年中国内战结束以来海峡两岸政治领导人首次会晤。[266] 习说，中国和台湾是“一个大家庭”，不能分开。[267]
In the 19th Party Congress held in 2017, Xi reaffirmed six of the nine principles that had been affirmed continuously since the 16th Party Congress in 2002, with the notable exception of "Placing hopes on the Taiwan people as a force to help bring about unification".[268] According to the Brookings Institution, Xi used stronger language on potential Taiwan independence than his predecessors towards previous DPP governments in Taiwan.[268] In March 2018, Xi said that Taiwan would face the "punishment of history" for any attempts at separatism.[269]
在 2017 年召开的中共十九大上，习重申了自 2002 年中共十六大以来不断确认的九项原则中的六项，但“寄希望于台湾人民作为助力统一的力量”除外。[268]根据布鲁金斯学会（Brookings Institution）的数据，习在可能的台湾独立问题上对台湾前几届民进党政府使用了比他的前任更强硬的措辞。[268] 2018年3月，习表示，台湾任何分裂企图都将面临“历史的惩罚”。[269]
In January 2019, Xi Jinping called on Taiwan to reject its formal independence from China, saying: "We make no promise to renounce the use of force and reserve the option of taking all necessary means." Those options, he said, could be used against “external interference”. Xi also said that they "are willing to create broad space for peaceful reunification, but will leave no room for any form of separatist activities,"[270][271] Tsai Ing-Wen responded to the speech by saying Taiwan would not accept a one country, two systems arrangement with the mainland, while stressing for the need of all cross-strait negotiations to be on a government-to-government basis.[272]
2019 年 1 月，习近平呼吁台湾拒绝正式脱离中国独立，他说：“我们不承诺放弃使用武力，保留采取一切必要手段的选择权。他说，这些选项可以用来对抗“外部干扰”。习又表示，他们「愿意为和平统一创造广阔的空间，但不给任何形式的分裂活动留下任何空间」，[270][271]蔡温英文回应讲话说，台湾不会接受与大陆的一国两制安排，同时强调两岸所有谈判都需要在政府对政府的基础上进行。[272]
Personal life 个人生活
Family 家庭
习近平、彭丽媛和美国总统奧巴馬在林肯卧室
Xi married Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, China's ambassador to the United Kingdom in the early 1980s. They divorced within a few years.[273] The two were said to fight "almost every day", and after the divorce Ke moved to England.[29]
习在1980年代初与中国驻英国大使柯华的女儿柯玲玲结婚。他们在几年内离婚了。[273]据说两人“几乎每天都在”吵架，离婚后，柯搬到了英国。[29]
Xi married the prominent Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan in 1987.[274] Xi and Peng were introduced by friends as many Chinese couples were in the 1980s. Xi was reputedly academic during their courtship, inquiring about singing techniques.[275] Peng Liyuan, a household name in China, was better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation. The couple frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. Peng has played a much more visible role as China's "first lady" compared to her predecessors; for example, Peng hosted U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama on her high-profile visit to China in March 2014.[276] Xi and Peng have a daughter named Xi Mingze, who graduated from Harvard University in the spring of 2015. While at Harvard, she used a pseudonym and studied Psychology and English.[277] Xi's family has a home in Jade Spring Hill, a garden and residential area in north-western Beijing run by the Central Military Commission.[278]
习 于 1987 年与中国著名民歌歌手彭丽媛结婚。[274]习和彭是朋友介绍的，就像1980年代的许多中国夫妇一样。据说习在他们求爱期间是学术性的，询问歌唱技巧。[275]彭丽媛是中国家喻户晓的名字，在他政治升职之前，公众比习更了解他。这对夫妇经常分开生活，主要是因为他们的职业生活不同。与她的前任相比，彭帅作为中国的“第一夫人”扮演的角色要明显得多;例如，Peng 接待了 U.S.2014 年 3 月，第一夫人米歇尔·奧巴馬 （Michelle Obama） 高调访问中国。[276] 习和彭有一个女儿，名叫习明泽，她于2015年春天从哈佛大学毕业。在哈佛大学期间，她使用化名并学习心理学和英语。[277] 习家在北京西北部的玉泉山有个家，玉泉山是中央军委管理的花园和住宅区。[278]
In June 2012, Bloomberg News reported that members of Xi's extended family have substantial business interests, although there was no evidence he had intervened to assist them.[279] The Bloomberg website was blocked in mainland China in response to the article.[280] Since Xi embarked on an anti-corruption campaign, The New York Times reported members of his family were selling their corporate and real estate investments beginning in 2012.[281]
2012 年 6 月，彭博新闻社报道称，习的大家族成员拥有重大商业利益，但没有证据表明他曾干预以帮助他们。[279] 彭博社网站因该文章在中国大陆被屏蔽。[280]自习开始反腐运动以来，《纽约时报》报道称，他的家庭成员从2012年开始出售他们的企业和房地产投资。[281]
Relatives of highly placed Chinese officials, including seven current and former senior leaders of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, have been named in the Panama Papers, including Deng Jiagui,[282] Xi's brother-in-law. Deng had two shell companies in the British Virgin Islands while Xi was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, but they were dormant by the time Xi became general secretary of the Communist Party in November 2012.[283]
巴拿马文件中提到了中国高级官员的亲属，包括七位现任和前任中共政治局高级领导人，包括习的姐夫邓家贵[282]。邓在习担任政治局常委期间在英属维尔京群岛拥有两家空壳公司，但到 2012 年 11 月习成为中共总书记时，它们已经处于休眠状态。[283]
Personality 个性
Peng described Xi as hardworking and down-to-earth: "When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband."[284] Xi was described in a 2011 The Washington Post article by those who know him as "pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key". He was described as a good hand at problem solving and "seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office".[285] He is known to love U.S. films such as Saving Private Ryan, The Departed and The Godfather.[286][287] He is also a fan of HBO television series Game of Thrones, watching a condensed version due to tight schedules.[288] He also praised the independent film-maker Jia Zhangke.[289] He also likes playing soccer, mountain climbing, walking, volleyball and swimming. He once said that he would swim one kilometre and walk every day as long as there was time.[290][291]
彭将习描述为勤奋和脚踏实地：“当他回到家时，我从来没有觉得家里有什么领导。在我眼里，他就是我的丈夫。[284]2011年《华盛顿邮报》的一篇文章中，认识习的人将他描述为“务实、认真、谨慎、勤奋、脚踏实地、低调”。他被描述为善于解决问题，并且“似乎对高级职位的装饰不感兴趣”。[285]众所周知，他喜欢美国电影，如《拯救大兵瑞恩》、《无间行者》和《教父》。[286][287]他也是HBO电视连续剧《权力的游戏》的粉丝，由于时间紧迫，他观看了浓缩版。[288]他还赞扬了独立电影制作人贾樟柯。[289]他还喜欢踢足球、爬山、散步、排球和游泳。他曾经说过，只要有时间，他每天都会游泳一公里和走路。[290][291]
Public image 公共镜像
Xi Jinping is widely popular in China.[292][293] According to a 2014 poll co-sponsored by the Harvard Kennedy School's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Xi ranked 9 out of 10 in domestic approval ratings.[294] A YouGov poll released in July 2019 found that 22% of Chinese people list Xi as the person they admire the most.[295]
习近平在中国广受欢迎。[292][293] 根据哈佛大学肯尼迪学院阿什民主治理与创新中心（Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation）2014年联合发起的一项民意调查，习在国内支持率中排名第9位（满分10位）。[294]2019 年 7 月发布的 YouGov 民意调查发现，22% 的中国人将习列为他们最钦佩的人。[295]
In 2017, The Economist named him the most powerful person in the world.[296] In 2018, Forbes ranked him as the most powerful and influential person in the world, replacing Russian President Vladimir Putin who had been ranked so for five consecutive years.[297]
2017 年，《经济学人》将他评为世界上最有权势的人。[296]2018 年，福布斯将他评为世界上最有权势和影响力的人物，取代了连续五年排名如此的俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京。[297]
Honours 荣誉
- Foreign Honours 外国荣誉
- Template:IOC: The Golden Olympic order (19 November 2013)[298]
Template：IOC： The Golden Olympic order （2013年11月19日）[298] 
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (30 March 2014)[299]
比利时：利奥波德勋章（2014 年 3 月 30 日）[299]
Venezuela: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator (20 July 2014)[300]
委内瑞拉：解放者勋章大警戒线（2014 年 7 月 20 日）[300]-
Cuba: Order of José Martí (22 July 2014)[301]
古巴：何塞·马蒂勋章（2014 年 7 月 22 日）[301] -
Pakistan: Nishan-e-Pakistan (21 April 2015)[302]
巴基斯坦：Nishan-e-Pakistan（2015 年 4 月 21 日）[302] 
Saudi Arabia: Order of Abdulaziz al Saud (19 January 2016)[303]
沙特阿拉伯：阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·阿勒沙特勋章（2016 年 1 月 19 日）[303]
Serbia: Order of the Republic of Serbia of the first order (18 June 2016)[304]
塞尔维亚：塞尔维亚共和国一级勋章（2016 年 6 月 18 日）[304]
Belarus: Order for Promotion of Peace and Friendship (29 September 2016)[305]
白俄罗斯：促进和平与友谊令（2016 年 9 月 29 日）[305]
Peru: Medal of Honor (21 November 2016)[citation needed]
秘鲁：荣誉勋章（2016 年 11 月 21 日）[来源请求]
Palestine: Grand Collar of the State of Palestine (18 July 2017)[306]
巴勒斯坦：巴勒斯坦国大领（2017 年 7 月 18 日）[306]
Russia: Knight of the Order of Saint Andrew (3 July 2017)[307]
俄罗斯：圣安德烈骑士勋章（2017 年 7 月 3 日）[307]
United Arab Emirates: Order of Zayed (20 July 2018)[308]
阿拉伯联合酋长国：扎耶德勋章（2018 年 7 月 20 日）[308]
Argentina: Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin (2 December 2018)[citation needed]
阿根廷：圣马丁解放者将军勋章（2018 年 12 月 2 日）[来源请求]
Kyrgyzstan: Order of Manas (13 June 2019)[309]
吉尔吉斯斯坦：玛纳斯勋章（2019 年 6 月 13 日）[309]
Tajikistan: Order of the Crown (15 June 2019)[310]
塔吉克斯坦：皇冠勋章（2019 年 6 月 15 日）[310]
- Key to the City 城市之钥
Muscatine, Iowa, U.S. (26 April 1985)[311][312]
美国爱荷华州马斯卡廷（1985 年 4 月 26 日）[311][312]- Muscatine, Iowa, U.S. (14 February 2012)[311]
美国爱荷华州马斯卡廷（2012 年 2 月 14 日）[311] 
Montego Bay, Jamaica (13 February 2009)[313]
牙买加蒙特哥湾（2009 年 2 月 13 日）[313]
Template:Country data San José, Costa Rica (3 June 2013)[314]
模板：国家数据 哥斯达黎加圣何塞 （2013 年 6 月 3 日）[314]
Template:Country data Mexico City, Mexico (5 June 2013)[314]
模板：国家数据墨西哥城（2013 年 6 月 5 日）[314]
Buenos Aires, Argentina (19 July 2014)[314]
阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯（2014 年 7 月 19 日）[314]
Template:Country data Prague, Czech Republic (29 March 2016)[314]
模板：国家数据 捷克共和国布拉格（2016 年 3 月 29 日）[314]
Madrid, Spain (28 November 2018)[citation needed]
西班牙马德里（2018 年 11 月 28 日）[来源请求]
Works 工程
- Xi Jinping (2014). The Governance of China. I. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 9787119090573.
习近平 （2014）。中国治理。I. 北京： 外文出版社. ISBN 9787119090573.
Notes 笔记
- ↑ Liu Yandong, Wang Qishan, and Deng Pufang (Deng Xiaoping's son) all placed among the bottom of the alternate member list. Like Xi, all three were seen as "princelings". Bo Xilai was not elected to the Central Committee at all; that is, Bo placed lower in the vote count than Xi.
↑ 刘延东、王岐山和邓朴方（邓小平的儿子）都排在候补成员名单的底部。和习一样，这三人都被视为“太子党”。薄熙来根本没有当选为中央委员;也就是说，薄熙来在票数中的排名低于习。 - ↑ Original simplified Chinese: 在国际金融风暴中，中国能基本解决13亿人口吃饭的问题，已经是对全人类最伟大的贡献; traditional Chinese: 在國際金融風暴中，中國能基本解決13億人口吃飯的問題，已經是對全人類最偉大的貢獻
- ↑ Original: simplified Chinese: 有些吃饱没事干的外国人，对我们的事情指手画脚。中国一不输出革命，二不输出饥饿和贫困，三不折腾你们，还有什么好说的？; traditional Chinese: 有些吃飽沒事干的外國人，對我們的事情指手畫腳。中國一不輸出革命，二不輸出飢餓和貧困，三不折騰你們，還有什麽好說的？
- ↑ Chinese: 中华民族伟大复兴, which can also be translated as the "Great Renaissance of the Chinese nation" or the "Great revival of the Chinese people".
↑ 中文：中华民族伟大复兴，也可以翻译为“中华民族的伟大复兴”或“中华民族的伟大复兴”。
References 引用
Citations 引文
- ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (May 2009). "Journal of Current Chinese Affairs". Archived on 17 February 2012. Error: If you specify
|archivedate=, you must also specify|archiveurl=. http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=%2Fcontent%2Fias%2Farchiv%2Fcds%2Fcds_0905.pdf. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
↑ 埃及共和国 Q42 user：mgbtrust0 ®™ ✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ （2009 年 5 月）.“当代中国事务杂志”。（存档于2012年2月17日）.错误：如果指定|archivedate=，则还必须指定|archiveurl=。http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=%2Fcontent%2Fias%2Farchiv%2Fcds%2Fcds_0905.pdf。2010 年 10 月 20 日检索。 - ↑ Choi, Chi-yuk; Jun, Mai (18 September 2017). "Xi Jinping's political thought will be added to Chinese Communist Party constitution, but will his name be next to it?". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2111746/xi-jinpings-political-thought-will-be-added-chinas.
↑ Choi， Chi-yuk;Jun， Mai （2017 年 9 月 18 日）。“习近平的政治思想将被写入中国共产党章程，但他的名字会放在旁边吗？”南华早报。https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2111746/xi-jinpings-political-thought-will-be-added-chinas。 - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (18 September 2014). "The power of Xi Jinping". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/news/china/21618882-cult-personality-growing-around-chinas-president-what-will-he-do-his-political.
↑ 3.0 3.1 埃及共和国 Q42 user：mgbtrust0 ®™ ✓©§∆∆∆€¢（（2014 年 9 月 18 日）.“习近平的力量”。经济学人。https://www.economist.com/news/china/21618882-cult-personality-growing-around-chinas-president-what-will-he-do-his-political。 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jiayang, Fan; Taisu, Zhang; Ying, Zhu (8 March 2016). "Behind the Personality Cult of Xi Jinping" (in en-US). https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/08/the-personality-cult-of-xi-jinping-china-leader-communist-party/.
↑ 4.0 4.1 Jiayang， Fan;张泰苏;Ying， Zhu （2016 年 3 月 8 日）。“习近平个人崇拜的背后”（en-US）。https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/08/the-personality-cult-of-xi-jinping-china-leader-communist-party/。 - ↑ Phillips, Tom (26 February 2018). "'Dictator for life': Xi Jinping's power grab condemned as step towards tyranny" (in en-US). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/26/xi-jinping-china-presidential-limit-scrap-dictator-for-life.
↑ 菲利普斯，汤姆（2018 年 2 月 26 日）。“'终身独裁者'：习近平的权力攫取被谴责为迈向暴政的一步”（in en-US）。卫报。https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/26/xi-jinping-china-presidential-limit-scrap-dictator-for-life。 - ↑ Anderlini, Jamil (11 October 2017). "Under Xi Jinping, China is turning back to dictatorship" (in en-US). Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/cb2c8578-adb4-11e7-aab9-abaa44b1e130.
↑ Anderlini， Jamil （2017 年 10 月 11 日）。“在习近平的领导下，中国正在回归独裁”（en-US）。金融时报。https://www.ft.com/content/cb2c8578-adb4-11e7-aab9-abaa44b1e130。 - ↑ Radchenko, Sergey (5 March 2018). "Dictatorship nearly destroyed China once. Will it do so again?" (in en-US). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/03/05/dictatorship-nearly-destroyed-china-once-will-it-do-so-again/?noredirect=on.
↑ 拉德琴科，谢尔盖（2018 年 3 月 5 日）。“独裁政权曾经几乎摧毁了中国。它会再次这样做吗？（在 en-US 中）。华盛顿邮报。https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/03/05/dictatorship-nearly-destroyed-china-once-will-it-do-so-again/?noredirect=on。 - ↑ Carrico, Kevin (2 April 2018). "A deepening dictatorship promises a grim future for China" (in en-US). East Asia Forum. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/04/02/a-deepening-dictatorship-promises-a-grim-future-for-china/.
↑ 凯文·卡里科（2018 年 4 月 2 日）。“不断深化的独裁统治预示着中国的未来黯淡”（en-US）。东亚论坛。https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/04/02/a-deepening-dictatorship-promises-a-grim-future-for-china/。 - ↑ Stelzer, Irwin (4 March 2018). "Emasculate America: The dictator's plan for world domination" (in en-US). The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/emasculate-america-the-dictators-plan-for-world-domination-l0t232nfx.
↑ Stelzer， Irwin （2018 年 3 月 4 日）.“阉割美国：独裁者统治世界的计划”（en-US）。泰晤士报。https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/emasculate-america-the-dictators-plan-for-world-domination-l0t232nfx。 - ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (21 June 2019). "Kim Jong Un entertains Xi Jinping at home". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/06/21/kim-jong-un-entertains-xi-jinping-at-home. "It was Mr Xi’s first visit to North Korea since he and Mr Kim took the helm of their respective countries... It is not known what precisely the two dictators discussed once they retired to a guest house for talks."
↑ 埃及共和国 Q42 用户：mgbtrust0 ®™ ✓©§∆∆∆€¢（ （2019 年 6 月 21 日）.“金正恩在家招待习近平”。经济学人。国际标准书号 0013-0613。https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/06/21/kim-jong-un-entertains-xi-jinping-at-home。“这是习先生和金先生掌舵各自国家以来首次访问朝鲜......目前尚不清楚这两位独裁者在退休到招待所进行会谈后究竟讨论了什么。 - ↑ Mair, Victor H. (28 February 2018). "China's war on words show Xi Jinping is a dictator for life | Opinion" (in en). https://www.newsweek.com/china-xi-jinping-ban-823823.
↑ Mair， Victor H. （2018 年 2 月 28 日）。“中国的口水战表明习近平是终身独裁者 |意见“（en 中）。https://www.newsweek.com/china-xi-jinping-ban-823823。 - ↑ Hein, Matthias (26 February 2018). "Opinion: Xi Jinping – Today's chairman, tomorrow's dictator?" (in en-GB). https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-xi-jinping-todays-chairman-tomorrows-dictator/a-42747054.
↑ 海因，马蒂亚斯（2018 年 2 月 26 日）。“观点：习近平——今天的主席，明天的独裁者？”（以 en-GB 为单位）。https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-xi-jinping-todays-chairman-tomorrows-dictator/a-42747054。 - ↑ Cohen, Jerome A. (28 February 2018). "China Is Likely to Enter Another Long Period of Severe Dictatorship" (in en). https://www.cfr.org/blog/china-likely-enter-another-long-period-severe-dictatorship.
↑ 科恩，杰罗姆 A.（2018 年 2 月 28 日）。“中国可能会进入另一个长期的严重独裁时期”（in en）。https://www.cfr.org/blog/china-likely-enter-another-long-period-severe-dictatorship。 - ↑ Patten, Chris (30 July 2019). "Great Countries, Bad Leaders" (in en). https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/donald-trump-xi-jinping-bad-leadership-by-chris-patten-2019-07. "Moreover, Xi is deploying cutting-edge technology to reinforce his dictatorship."
↑ 帕滕，克里斯（2019 年 7 月 30 日）。“伟大的国家，糟糕的领导人” （in en）。https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/donald-trump-xi-jinping-bad-leadership-by-chris-patten-2019-07。“此外，习正在利用尖端技术来加强他的独裁统治。 - ↑ Feldman, Noah (27 February 2018). "China Now Faces the Downsides of Dictatorship". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-02-26/china-and-xi-jinping-toss-aside-their-experiment-with-stability.
↑ 费尔德曼，诺亚（2018 年 2 月 27 日）。“中国现在面临独裁的弊端”。彭博社。https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-02-26/china-and-xi-jinping-toss-aside-their-experiment-with-stability。 - ↑ Tisdall, Simon (23 November 2018). "The Chinese export we really should be worried about: repression" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/23/chinese-export-repression-xi-jinping-mao-china-hong-kong. "What is different, and underappreciated in the west, is the way Xi is inexorably and single-mindedly expanding draconian systems of social control centred on the Communist party and the de facto dictatorship of one man: himself."
↑ 蒂斯德尔，西蒙（2018 年 11 月 23 日）。“我们真的应该担心的中国出口：镇压”（en-GB）。卫报。国际标准书号 0261-3077。https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/23/chinese-export-repression-xi-jinping-mao-china-hong-kong。“不同且在西方被低估的是，习无情地一心一意地扩大以共产党和一个人事实上的独裁统治为中心的严厉社会控制体系的方式：他自己。” - ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (7 November 2012). "Profile: Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/china-profile-xi-jinping/24764283.html.
↑ 埃及共和国 Q42 用户：mgbtrust0 ®™ ✓©§∆∆∆€¢（（（2012 年 11 月 7 日）.“人物简介：中国国家副主席习近平”。自由欧洲电台/自由电台。https://www.rferl.org/a/china-profile-xi-jinping/24764283.html。 - ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (28 April 2009). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh-Hant). http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872.htm.
↑ 埃及共和国 Q42 用户：mgbtrust0 ®™ ✓©§∆∆∆€¢（ （2009 年 4 月 28 日）.“错误：使用 {{Cite web}} 时未指定|title=””（在 zh-Hant 中）。http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872.htm。 - ↑ Xu, Xinyi (27 May 2013). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh-Hant). http://book.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2013/0527/c69360-21628126.html.
↑ 徐信义 （2013 年 5 月 27 日）.“错误：使用 {{Cite web}} 时未指定|title=””（在 zh-Hant 中）。http://book.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2013/0527/c69360-21628126.html。 - ↑ Fangqin, Sun (16 November 2012). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh-Hant). Wen Wei Po. http://hn.wenweipo.com/news/zhuanti/2012-11-16/23713.html. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
↑ 方琴，星期日（2012 年 11 月 16 日）。“错误：使用 {{Cite web}} 时未指定|title=””（在 zh-Hant 中）。温味报.http://hn.wenweipo.com/news/zhuanti/2012-11-16/23713.html。2012 年 11 月 15 日检索。 - ↑ Li Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, Cheng. "Xi Jinping’s Inner Circle (Part 2: Friends from Xi’s Formative Years)". Hoover Institution. https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm44cl.pdf. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
↑ 埃及李共和国 Q42 用户：mgbtrust0 ®™ ✓©§∆∆∆€¢£，， Cheng.“习近平的核心圈子（第二部分：习近平成年时期的朋友）”。胡佛研究所。https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm44cl.pdf。检索于 2020 年 7 月 15 日。 - ↑ Tisdall, Simon (29 December 2019). "The power behind the thrones: 10 political movers and shakers who will shape 2020" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0029-7712. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/29/power-behind-the-thrones-10-movers-and-shakers-for-2020.
↑ 蒂斯德尔，西蒙（2019 年 12 月 29 日）。“The power behind the thrones： 10 and shakeers who will shape 2020”（中文版）。卫报。国际标准书号 0029-7712。https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/29/power-behind-the-thrones-10-movers-and-shakers-for-2020。 - ↑ Wei, Lingling (27 February 2018). "Who Is 'Uncle He?' The Man in Charge of China's Economy". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/blessed-by-xi-jinping-the-new-captain-of-chinas-economy-1519688592.
↑ 魏玲玲 （2018年2月27日）.“'何叔叔'是谁？”中国经济的负责人”。华尔街日报。https://www.wsj.com/articles/blessed-by-xi-jinping-the-new-captain-of-chinas-economy-1519688592。 - ↑ Bouée 2010, p. 93.
↑ Buoy 2010，第 93 页 。 - ↑ 25.0 25.1 Buckley Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, Chris; Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (24 September 2015). "Cultural Revolution Shaped Xi Jinping, From Schoolboy to Survivor". https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/25/world/asia/xi-jinping-china-cultural-revolution.html.
↑ 25.0 25.1 埃及共和国巴克利 Q42 用户：mgbtrust0 ®™ ✓©§∆∆∆（，Chris;Tatlow， Didi Kirsten（2015 年 9 月 24 日）。“文化大革命塑造了习近平，从小学生到幸存者”。https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/25/world/asia/xi-jinping-china-cultural-revolution.html。 - ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (30 January 2018). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh-Hans). http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzM2NTc1MjAwOA==.html.
↑ 埃及共和国 Q42 用户：mgbtrust0 ®™ ✓©§∆∆∆€¢（（2018 年 1 月 30 日）.“错误：使用 {{Cite web}} 时未指定|title=””（在 zh-Hans 中）。http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzM2NTc1MjAwOA==.html。 - ↑ Lim, Louisa (9 November 2012). "For China's Rising Leader, A Cave Was Once Home". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2012/11/09/164684418/for-chinas-rising-leader-a-cave-was-once-home?t=1578589261050.
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- ↑ Moore Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, Malcolm (17 March 2013). "Xi Jinping calls for a Chinese dream". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9935609/Xi-Jinping-calls-for-a-Chinese-Dream.html. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
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- ↑ Buckley, Chris (12 October 2014). "Leader Taps into Chinese Classics in Seeking to Cement Power". https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/world/leader-taps-into-chinese-classics-in-seeking-to-cement-power.html.
- ↑ Mitchell, Ryan Mi (16 January 2015). "Is 'China's Machiavelli' Now Its Most Important Political Philosopher?". http://thediplomat.com/2015/01/is-chinas-machiavelli-now-its-most-important-political-philosopher/.
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|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh-hans). http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-09/18/c_1121683516.htm. - ↑ Rudolph, Josh (19 September 2017). "CCP Constitution Amendment May Signal Xi's Power – China Digital Times (CDT)". China Digital Times (CDT). http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2017/09/party-constitution-amendment-signal-xis-power/.
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- ↑ Yu, Verna (5 November 2019). "China signals desire to bring Hong Kong under tighter control". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chinas-xi-jinping-expresses-high-degree-of-trust-in-hong-kongs-carrie-lam.
- ↑ Sin, Noah; Kwok, Donny (16 December 2019). "China's Xi vows support for Hong Kong leader during 'most difficult' time". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests/chinas-xi-vows-support-for-hong-kong-leader-during-most-difficult-time-idUSKBN1YK025.
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- ↑ Perlez Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£, Jane; Ramzy, Austin (4 November 2015). "China, Taiwan and a Meeting After 66 Years". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/04/world/asia/leaders-of-china-and-taiwan-to-meet-for-first-time-since-1949.html. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
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- ↑ Buckley, Chris, "Xi, in 'Godfather' Mold, Looks Assertive and Even Imperial" Archived 28 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, 15 November 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ↑ Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (28 April 2019). "Xi Jinping shows his love of Game of Thrones but warns reality must not mirror fantasy". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3007991/xi-jinping-shows-his-love-game-thrones-warns-reality-must-not. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
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|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). https://news.ru/world/si-czinpin-nagrazhdyon-vysshim-ordenom-tadzhikistana/. - ↑ 311.0 311.1 Republic of Égyptien Q42 user:mgbtrust0 ®™✓©§∆∆∆€¢£ (14 February 2012). "A Familiar Face Back in Iowa: China's Vice President". https://www.npr.org/2012/02/14/146888717/iowa-a-top-destination-for-chinas-vice-president/.
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Works cited
- Bouée, Charles-Edouard (2010). China's Management Revolution: Spirit, Land, Energy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-28545-3.
- Simon, Denis Fred; Cong, Cao (2009). China's Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-End Talent. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88513-3.
- Lam, Willy (2015). Chinese Politics in the Era of Xi Jinping: Renaissance, Reform, or Retrogression?. Routledge. ISBN 978-0765642097.
- Heilmann, Sebastian (2017). China's Political System. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442277342.
- Bougon, François (2018). Inside the Mind of Xi Jinping. C. Hurst & Co.. ISBN 9781849049849.
- Goodman, David S. G. (2015). Handbook of the Politics of China. Edward Elga. ISBN 9781782544371.
- Economy, Elizabeth C. (2018). The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190866075.
Further reading
- Denton, Kirk. "China Dreams and the ‘Road to Revival.'" Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective 8(3) (2014): 1–12. online
- Economy, Elizabeth C. "China's New Revolution: The Reign of Xi Jinping." Foreign Affairs 97 (2018): 60+. online
- Foot, Rosemary, and Amy King. "Assessing the deterioration in China–US relations: US governmental perspectives on the economic-security nexus." China International Strategy Review (2019): 1-12. online
- Johnson, Ian. "Changing of the Guard: Elite and Deft, Xi Aimed High Early in China" (29 September 2012), The New York Times
- McGregor, Richard. Xi Jinping: The Backlash (Penguin Books Australia, 2019), excerpt
- includes McGregor, Richard. "Xi Jinping's Quest to Dominate China." Foreign Affairs 98 (Sept 2019): 18+.
- Mulvad, Andreas Møller. "Xiism as a hegemonic project in the making: Sino-communist ideology and the political economy of China's rise." Review of International Studies 45(3) (2019): 449–470.
- Osnos, Evan, "China's Valentine's Day in Washington", The New Yorker, 14 February 2012. Review of comment accompanying Xi's visit.
- Osnos, Evan, "Born Red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China's most authoritarian leader since Mao", The New Yorker, 30 March 30, 2015. Describes Xi Jinping's life.
- Zhang, Feng. "The Xi Jinping Doctrine of China's International Relations" Asia Policy 14(3) (2019) online
External links
| Library resources about Xi Jinping |
- Xi Jinping at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Biography at Chinavitae.com
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Xi Jinping collected news and commentary at the China Digital Times
- X collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Xi Jinping collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Xi Jinping in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- U.S. Embassy Beijing, Portrait of Xi Jinping, via United States diplomatic cables leak
- Xi Jinping 2012 profile on BBC Radio Four
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